var g_txt=[
{t:"CRY OF THE URBAN POOR",p:2,x:116,y:485,w:429,h:37},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:2,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:2,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"1",p:2,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"CRY OF THE URBAN POOR",p:3,x:130,y:427,w:401,h:37},
{t:"REACHING THE SLUMS OF ",p:3,x:191,y:467,w:285,h:24},
{t:"TODAY ’S MEGA-CITIES",p:3,x:210,y:491,w:240,h:24},
{t:"VIV GRIGG",p:3,x:274,y:522,w:112,h:26},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:3,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:3,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"3",p:3,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:4,x:91,y:197,w:134,h:17},
{t:"Copyright © 2004 by Viv Grigg",p:4,x:91,y:241,w:193,h:17},
{t:"Revised and updated edition 2005 by Authentic Media",p:4,x:91,y:277,w:327,h:17},
{t:"First edition 1992 by Marc Publications",p:4,x:91,y:295,w:238,h:17},
{t:"09 08 07 06 05 04 ",p:4,x:91,y:331,w:112,h:17},
{t:"10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1",p:4,x:211,y:331,w:116,h:17},
{t:"ISBN 1-932805-13-3",p:4,x:91,y:349,w:127,h:17},
{t:"Published by Authentic Media",p:4,x:91,y:385,w:180,h:17},
{t:"129 Mobilization Drive, Waynesboro, GA 30830, USA  authenticusa@stl.org",p:4,x:91,y:403,w:461,h:17},
{t:"and 9 Holdom Avenue, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, Bucks, MK1 1QR, UK",p:4,x:91,y:421,w:436,h:17},
{t:"Published in partnership with World Vision",p:4,x:91,y:457,w:258,h:17},
{t:"34834 Weyerhaeuser Way South, P.O. Box 9716, Federal Way, WA 98063 USA",p:4,x:91,y:475,w:478,h:17},
{t:"www.worldvision.org",p:4,x:91,y:493,w:131,h:17},
{t:"All scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from The Holy ",p:4,x:91,y:529,w:467,h:17},
{t:"Bible, Revised Standard Version 1952, the authorized revision of the American ",p:4,x:91,y:547,w:480,h:17},
{t:"Standard Version of 1901, Copyright © 1946, 1952, 1973 by the Division of ",p:4,x:91,y:565,w:463,h:17},
{t:"Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in the United ",p:4,x:91,y:583,w:483,h:17},
{t:"States of America.",p:4,x:91,y:601,w:111,h:17},
{t:"Scripture quotations marked NIV are taken from the HOLY BIBLE, NEW ",p:4,x:91,y:637,w:443,h:17},
{t:"INTERNATIONAL VERSION®. NIV®. Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984 by ",p:4,x:91,y:655,w:458,h:17},
{t:"International Bible Society. Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights ",p:4,x:91,y:673,w:441,h:17},
{t:"reserved.",p:4,x:91,y:691,w:54,h:17},
{t:"All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without ",p:4,x:91,y:727,w:475,h:17},
{t:"permission in writing from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations ",p:4,x:91,y:745,w:465,h:17},
{t:"embodied in critical articles or reviews.",p:4,x:91,y:763,w:233,h:17},
{t:"Cover design by Paul Lewis",p:4,x:91,y:799,w:166,h:17},
{t:"Interior design: Angela Duerksen",p:4,x:91,y:817,w:200,h:17},
{t:"Editorial team: Tom Richards",p:4,x:91,y:835,w:178,h:17},
{t:"Printed in the United States of America",p:4,x:91,y:871,w:236,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:4,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:4,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"4",p:4,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"To my wife, Iêda,",p:5,x:256,y:370,w:148,h:22},
{t:"beautiful companion, joyful friend, lover of God.",p:5,x:160,y:399,w:340,h:21},
{t:"And to those who follow.",p:5,x:225,y:451,w:211,h:22},
{t:"For strategizing is a form of loving those",p:5,x:186,y:481,w:289,h:21},
{t:"who in the future will walk this path;",p:5,x:203,y:503,w:255,h:21},
{t:"a way of fulfilling Micah 6:8",p:5,x:233,y:525,w:195,h:21},
{t:"in its command to do justice.",p:5,x:228,y:547,w:205,h:21},
{t:"By thinking ahead, one is better able",p:5,x:199,y:569,w:263,h:21},
{t:"to create just structures",p:5,x:246,y:591,w:169,h:21},
{t:"that deal kindly with future missionaries.",p:5,x:189,y:613,w:288,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:5,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:5,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"5",p:5,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"Contents",p:6,x:280,y:114,w:101,h:30},
{t:"Introduction",p:6,x:91,y:209,w:78,h:21},
{t:"1",p:6,x:562,y:209,w:8,h:21},
{t:"PART 1 THE CONTEXT: NEW MEGA-CITIES",p:6,x:162,y:276,w:337,h:24},
{t:"1. Sorry . . . The Frontier Has Moved!",p:6,x:91,y:322,w:248,h:21},
{t:"9",p:6,x:562,y:322,w:8,h:21},
{t:"2. The City Beckons",p:6,x:91,y:352,w:134,h:21},
{t:"21",p:6,x:554,y:352,w:16,h:21},
{t:"3. The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:6,x:91,y:381,w:234,h:21},
{t:"39",p:6,x:554,y:381,w:16,h:21},
{t:"4. Who Made Us Poor?",p:6,x:91,y:411,w:156,h:21},
{t:"69",p:6,x:554,y:411,w:16,h:21},
{t:"5. International Causes of Urban Poverty",p:6,x:91,y:440,w:271,h:21},
{t:"83",p:6,x:554,y:440,w:16,h:21},
{t:"6. Where Are the Churches of the Poor?",p:6,x:91,y:470,w:268,h:21},
{t:"95",p:6,x:554,y:470,w:16,h:21},
{t:"7. From Latin Growth to Asian Need",p:6,x:91,y:499,w:239,h:21},
{t:"109",p:6,x:546,y:499,w:25,h:21},
{t:"8. Pilgrimage Among The Poor",p:6,x:91,y:529,w:205,h:21},
{t:"115",p:6,x:546,y:529,w:25,h:21},
{t:"PART 2 CHURCH-PLANTING MODELS",p:6,x:188,y:596,w:286,h:24},
{t:"9. Enter! The Man of Peace",p:6,x:91,y:642,w:183,h:21},
{t:"133",p:6,x:546,y:642,w:25,h:21},
{t:"10. Patterns of Proclamation",p:6,x:91,y:672,w:189,h:21},
{t:"141",p:6,x:546,y:672,w:25,h:21},
{t:"11. Works of the Spirit of God",p:6,x:91,y:701,w:197,h:21},
{t:"145",p:6,x:546,y:701,w:25,h:21},
{t:"12. Biblical Theology for Poor People’s Churches",p:6,x:91,y:731,w:326,h:21},
{t:"155",p:6,x:546,y:731,w:25,h:21},
{t:"13. Group Structures for Squatter Churches",p:6,x:91,y:760,w:290,h:21},
{t:"165",p:6,x:546,y:760,w:25,h:21},
{t:"14. Pastoring the Poor",p:6,x:91,y:790,w:149,h:21},
{t:"185",p:6,x:546,y:790,w:25,h:21},
{t:"15. An Inside Perspective on Squatter Churches",p:6,x:91,y:819,w:320,h:21},
{t:"199",p:6,x:546,y:819,w:25,h:21},
{t:"16. Squatter Culture and the Church",p:6,x:91,y:849,w:241,h:21},
{t:"213",p:6,x:546,y:849,w:25,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:6,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:6,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"7",p:6,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"17. From Churches to Movements",p:7,x:91,y:115,w:227,h:21},
{t:"221",p:7,x:546,y:115,w:25,h:21},
{t:"18. Leadership for Multiplying Movements",p:7,x:91,y:145,w:278,h:21},
{t:"231",p:7,x:546,y:145,w:25,h:21},
{t:"19. Developing Church Planting Teams",p:7,x:91,y:174,w:261,h:21},
{t:"247",p:7,x:546,y:174,w:25,h:21},
{t:"20. Help! Help! I’m Dying!",p:7,x:91,y:204,w:170,h:21},
{t:"259",p:7,x:546,y:204,w:25,h:21},
{t:"21. The Role of the Affluent Church",p:7,x:91,y:233,w:235,h:21},
{t:"283",p:7,x:546,y:233,w:25,h:21},
{t:"22. Finale",p:7,x:91,y:263,w:66,h:21},
{t:"289",p:7,x:546,y:263,w:25,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:7,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:7,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"8",p:7,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"1",p:8,x:564,y:919,w:6,h:17},
{t:"Introduction",p:8,x:196,y:150,w:159,h:32},
{t:"“Blessed are you poor for yours is the kingdom of ",p:8,x:196,y:189,w:361,h:23},
{t:"Heaven,” declared Jesus.",p:8,x:196,y:213,w:185,h:23},
{t:"“Blessed are you poor, for poverty is blessed,” ",p:8,x:196,y:237,w:339,h:23},
{t:"misinterpreted the old priest sadly. ",p:8,x:196,y:261,w:254,h:23},
{t:"“Blessed are you poor, for you are God’s central ",p:8,x:196,y:285,w:353,h:23},
{t:"interest in the historical class struggle,” added the ",p:8,x:196,y:309,w:364,h:23},
{t:"new priest knowingly. ",p:8,x:196,y:333,w:160,h:23},
{t:"“Blessed are who?” queried the uninvolved ",p:8,x:196,y:357,w:315,h:23},
{t:"evangelical naively. ",p:8,x:196,y:381,w:146,h:23},
{t:"But the true disciples asked in obedience, “How do ",p:8,x:196,y:405,w:372,h:23},
{t:"we bring this blessing of the kingdom to the poor?” ",p:8,x:196,y:429,w:371,h:23},
{t:"And they went about preaching, teaching, and ",p:8,x:196,y:453,w:338,h:23},
{t:"healing everywhere. And the poor heard them ",p:8,x:196,y:477,w:337,h:23},
{t:"gladly.",p:8,x:196,y:501,w:47,h:23},
{t:"Genesis of a book",p:8,x:91,y:604,w:157,h:24},
{t:"In an earlier book, Companion to the Poor, I dealt with the ",p:8,x:121,y:635,w:454,h:21},
{t:"struggle to find a theology and practical basis for estab lishing ",p:8,x:91,y:657,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the kingdom of God in the Catholic context of a Ma nila slum. ",p:8,x:91,y:679,w:484,h:21},
{t:"While preparing to get teams into other Asian cities, I extended ",p:8,x:91,y:701,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this former work, seeking universal prin ciples for church-planting ",p:8,x:91,y:723,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the poor and integrating data from a worldwide context.",p:8,x:91,y:745,w:464,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor is a report on those two years of ",p:8,x:121,y:774,w:454,h:21},
{t:"walking the slums of the great cities of Asia and more re cently ",p:8,x:91,y:796,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of Latin America and the United States. It tells of our search for ",p:8,x:91,y:818,w:484,h:21},
{t:"God among the poor. It describes our efforts to discover how the ",p:8,x:91,y:840,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:8,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:8,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"1",p:8,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"2",p:9,x:91,y:919,w:6,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:9,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"great mission surge of the last decades has established the church ",p:9,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the urban poor.",p:9,x:91,y:138,w:165,h:21},
{t:"It is also an introduction for middle class Christian workers ",p:9,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"who would accept the call to plant churches among the urban poor ",p:9,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the Third World.",p:9,x:91,y:211,w:143,h:21},
{t:"These urban poor now constitute an unreached people’s bloc ",p:9,x:121,y:241,w:454,h:21},
{t:"that is the third largest in the world, the most respon sive to the ",p:9,x:91,y:263,w:484,h:21},
{t:"gospel, and one that is doubling every decade.",p:9,x:91,y:285,w:338,h:21},
{t:"The cries of these poor call us to devote every effort to one ",p:9,x:121,y:314,w:454,h:21},
{t:"task—that of finding men and women who can initiate kingdom ",p:9,x:91,y:336,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements among these poor. But structures need creating ",p:9,x:91,y:358,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to serve such laborers. They need to be taught a theology that ",p:9,x:91,y:380,w:484,h:21},
{t:"will enable them to understand the patterns of such kingdom ",p:9,x:91,y:402,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements, and they need a demonstration of the demands of life ",p:9,x:91,y:424,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the poor.",p:9,x:91,y:446,w:119,h:21},
{t:"Evangelicals are beginning to understand the needs, but have ",p:9,x:121,y:476,w:454,h:21},
{t:"largely been unable to achieve any practical break throughs. At ",p:9,x:91,y:498,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the Lausanne II Congress in Manila, the urban squatters became ",p:9,x:91,y:520,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a central theme. Statements were read to this gathering of 4,000 ",p:9,x:91,y:542,w:484,h:21},
{t:"evangelical leaders from 190 countries, expressly purposing that ",p:9,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these poor be reached with the gospel.",p:9,x:91,y:586,w:280,h:21},
{t:"Some major questions have needed answering:",p:9,x:121,y:615,w:343,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:9,x:121,y:645,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Where are the men and women who, like Jesus, will ",p:9,x:151,y:645,w:386,h:21},
{t:"choose to live as poor among the poor, establishing and ",p:9,x:151,y:667,w:411,h:21},
{t:"tending newly formed churches day and night, exhibiting ",p:9,x:151,y:689,w:424,h:21},
{t:"what I term the incarnational lifestyle?",p:9,x:151,y:711,w:283,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:9,x:121,y:740,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Is living among the poor a necessary approach if we ",p:9,x:151,y:740,w:386,h:21},
{t:"would establish the kingdom among the poor? Is it the ",p:9,x:151,y:762,w:403,h:21},
{t:"wis est approach?",p:9,x:151,y:784,w:125,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:9,x:121,y:814,w:13,h:21},
{t:"What are other critical factors in patterns of kingdom ",p:9,x:151,y:814,w:394,h:21},
{t:"movements among the poor? What models do we have?",p:9,x:151,y:836,w:410,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:9,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:9,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"2",p:9,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"3",p:10,x:564,y:919,w:6,h:17},
{t:"Introduction",p:10,x:497,y:76,w:74,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:10,x:121,y:116,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Have other groups integrated community organization ",p:10,x:151,y:116,w:402,h:21},
{t:"techniques with evangelism among the urban poor?",p:10,x:151,y:138,w:377,h:21},
{t:"What has been written?",p:10,x:91,y:178,w:205,h:24},
{t:"Literature on church planting and establishing move ments ",p:10,x:121,y:209,w:454,h:21},
{t:"among the urban poor is limited. The most notable is the literature ",p:10,x:91,y:231,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that emerged from Kagawa of Japan (Davies, Cyril, Kagawa, ",p:10,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Epworth ",p:10,x:91,y:275,w:67,h:21},
{t:"Press, ",p:10,x:166,y:275,w:47,h:21},
{t:"1960) some decades ",p:10,x:221,y:275,w:167,h:21},
{t:"ago, ",p:10,x:396,y:275,w:35,h:21},
{t:"the ",p:10,x:439,y:275,w:26,h:21},
{t:"journals ",p:10,x:473,y:275,w:63,h:21},
{t:"and ",p:10,x:544,y:275,w:31,h:21},
{t:"subsequent literature about John Wesley, and William Booth’s ",p:10,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In Darkest England and The Way Out (Salvation Army, 1890). ",p:10,x:91,y:319,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Various works on the French worker priests (Perrin, Henri, ",p:10,x:91,y:341,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Priest and Worker: The Autobiography of Henri Perrin, Holt ",p:10,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Rinehart and Win ston, 1964), Mother Theresa and other Catholic ",p:10,x:91,y:385,w:484,h:21},
{t:"workers among the poor, such as Sister Emmanuel’s work on the ",p:10,x:91,y:407,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slums of Cairo, also give a great deal of understanding as to the ",p:10,x:91,y:429,w:484,h:21},
{t:"incarnational lifestyle of ministering among the poor.",p:10,x:91,y:451,w:391,h:21},
{t:"But recent works on establishing the church among the poor ",p:10,x:121,y:481,w:454,h:21},
{t:"are difficult to find. David Wilkerson’s literature, Bruce Kenrick’s ",p:10,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Come out in the Wilderness (Fontana, 1965) documenting tradi-",p:10,x:91,y:525,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tional work, and John Perkins’ books (Perkins, John, With Justice ",p:10,x:91,y:547,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for All, Regal Books, 1982), deal with church-planting among the ",p:10,x:91,y:569,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor of the United States. Jackie Pullinger’s Chasing the Dragon ",p:10,x:91,y:591,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(Hodder and Stoughton, 1980), which describes her ministry in ",p:10,x:91,y:613,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Hong Kong, and some inadequate books about the work of Mark ",p:10,x:91,y:635,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Buntain in Calcutta express two mission approaches. Donald ",p:10,x:91,y:657,w:484,h:21},
{t:"McGavran, in his original masterpiece on church growth, has ",p:10,x:91,y:679,w:484,h:21},
{t:"several chapters that discuss the interrelation ships of church ",p:10,x:91,y:701,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth and issues of poverty and econom ics.",p:10,x:91,y:723,w:330,h:21},
{t:"Much literature exists on development and aid for the poor, ",p:10,x:121,y:752,w:454,h:21},
{t:"but the list is too extensive to document thoroughly here. The ",p:10,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"number of books on theologies of justice among the poor is grow-",p:10,x:91,y:796,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ing. They range from extreme Marxist liberationists through the ",p:10,x:91,y:818,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spectrum of more biblical liberationist exegetes, such as Thomas ",p:10,x:91,y:840,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Hanks’, For God So Loved the Third World (Orbis,1983), to the ",p:10,x:91,y:862,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:10,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:10,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"3",p:10,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"4",p:11,x:91,y:919,w:6,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:11,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"conservative evangelical theological camp captured in contribu-",p:11,x:91,y:116,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tions to Transforma tion magazine. William Cook’s study on base ",p:11,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"communities in Latin America forms a bridge between these ",p:11,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"theologies and the practice of formation of the church in the slums ",p:11,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of Latin America.",p:11,x:91,y:204,w:130,h:21},
{t:"Limits of this study",p:11,x:91,y:244,w:168,h:24},
{t:"In my earlier book, recently re-published, I deal with my ",p:11,x:121,y:275,w:454,h:21},
{t:"struggle to find a theological and practical basis for ministry ",p:11,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among ",p:11,x:91,y:319,w:54,h:21},
{t:"the ",p:11,x:152,y:319,w:26,h:21},
{t:"poor ",p:11,x:186,y:319,w:38,h:21},
{t:"in ",p:11,x:231,y:319,w:18,h:21},
{t:"one ",p:11,x:257,y:319,w:31,h:21},
{t:"location. ",p:11,x:294,y:319,w:68,h:21},
{t:"The autobiographical and ",p:11,x:370,y:319,w:205,h:21},
{t:"theological reflections are presented in an almost ethnographic ",p:11,x:91,y:341,w:484,h:21},
{t:"manner. Cry of the Urban Poor seeks to extend the former, in ",p:11,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"non-theological terms, by ex amining universal principles behind ",p:11,x:91,y:385,w:484,h:21},
{t:"strategies for church planting among the poor. It seeks to integrate ",p:11,x:91,y:407,w:484,h:21},
{t:"data from ten cities with various theoretical approaches.",p:11,x:91,y:429,w:410,h:21},
{t:"Since, as I will later indicate, the cause of urban poverty is largely ",p:11,x:121,y:459,w:454,h:21},
{t:"injustice, I would have liked to have tackled the theme of justice only. ",p:11,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"But I have concluded that the most strategic actions of my life relate ",p:11,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to breaking injustice through Jesus’ approach—the establishing of ",p:11,x:91,y:525,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements of disciples in churches among the poor.",p:11,x:91,y:547,w:368,h:21},
{t:"Since this earlier writing, my life has been involved in mobi-",p:11,x:121,y:576,w:450,h:21},
{t:"lizing men and women into incarnational ministries in the slums, ",p:11,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and helping them learn how to plant churches. From among these ",p:11,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and the movements they raise up, I would expect a small but ",p:11,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"significant percentage to move into effective transformation of ",p:11,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the injustices, oppression, and oppressive structures that cause ",p:11,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poverty in which they are laboring. This seems to me to be ",p:11,x:91,y:708,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the pattern of his tory and to accord with the realities of diverse ",p:11,x:91,y:730,w:484,h:21},
{t:"giftings the Lord gives to His church. A book to meet needs at ",p:11,x:91,y:752,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this phase of mobilization seems more appropriate than one on the ",p:11,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"issues of justice, even if it is less dramatic or popular.",p:11,x:91,y:796,w:393,h:21},
{t:"I had hoped for the emergence of a series of studies of differ-",p:11,x:121,y:826,w:449,h:21},
{t:"ent incarnational workers, but the number of these workers is too ",p:11,x:91,y:848,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:11,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:11,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"4",p:11,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"5",p:12,x:564,y:919,w:6,h:17},
{t:"Introduction",p:12,x:497,y:76,w:74,h:16},
{t:"small to enable this to be very effective. A longer task is needed, ",p:12,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"covering more cities. But I have in cluded various reflections on ",p:12,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the role of incarnation in the work of evangelizing the poor.",p:12,x:91,y:160,w:438,h:21},
{t:"While affirming that most developmental approaches are ",p:12,x:121,y:189,w:454,h:21},
{t:"sincere attempts to reflect principles of the kingdom of God, ",p:12,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"I am committed to the view that establishing the church is the ",p:12,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"primary objective in developmental activity for those committed ",p:12,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to the Scriptures. Kingdom perspectives see the development of ",p:12,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the spiritual kingdom as the central ele ment of societal trans-",p:12,x:91,y:299,w:479,h:21},
{t:"formation. Economic, social, and polit ical developments are an ",p:12,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"outgrowth of this spiritual development. They are important, but ",p:12,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not central nor primary, even though at times they may assume a ",p:12,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"temporary priority.",p:12,x:91,y:387,w:139,h:21},
{t:"Sadly, few groups exist that have integrated evangelism ",p:12,x:121,y:417,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and community organization. Thus, there is little develop ment ",p:12,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the theme in this book. A number of groups have succeeded ",p:12,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in integrating evangelism and community pro jects, and a good ",p:12,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"number of groups have developed com munity organization ap-",p:12,x:91,y:505,w:480,h:21},
{t:"proaches at the cost of avoiding preaching the gospel. But like the ",p:12,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Liberal/Evangelical split, these two areas of ministry seem not to ",p:12,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:21},
{t:"have been well inte grated.",p:12,x:91,y:571,w:192,h:21},
{t:"Liberation, while a biblical category, ",p:12,x:121,y:600,w:299,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:12,x:426,y:600,w:16,h:21},
{t:"too emotionally ",p:12,x:449,y:600,w:126,h:21},
{t:"connected to Marxist analysis, in the present context, to be useful ",p:12,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for Evangelicals. Therefore, I do not utilize this termi nology. This ",p:12,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"book is about setting people free, but it does not begin with bap-",p:12,x:91,y:666,w:479,h:21},
{t:"tized Marxist categories. It deals with Jesus’ approach to setting ",p:12,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people free in the context of sin, oppression and poverty.",p:12,x:91,y:710,w:417,h:21},
{t:"Methods used",p:12,x:91,y:751,w:123,h:24},
{t:"This book is essentially a composition of anthropological ",p:12,x:121,y:782,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and sociological reflections on church planting among the poor, ",p:12,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"integrated with principles drawn from practical expe rience.",p:12,x:91,y:826,w:434,h:21},
{t:"I have sought to follow a participant-observer approach where ",p:12,x:121,y:855,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the parameters of the community I have been evalu ating are ",p:12,x:91,y:877,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:12,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:12,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"5",p:12,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"6",p:13,x:91,y:919,w:6,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:13,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"defined in ten cities. Out of this has come a series of case studies ",p:13,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that are the basis for the reflective analysis of the book.",p:13,x:91,y:138,w:405,h:21},
{t:"This book might also be said to be in process, for insuffi cient ",p:13,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"models exist at this time to demonstrate fully or even make possible ",p:13,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a statistical verification of the various theses and analyses offered.",p:13,x:91,y:211,w:473,h:21},
{t:"Thanks a million!",p:13,x:91,y:252,w:149,h:24},
{t:"These ideas have been developed through contacts with a ",p:13,x:121,y:283,w:454,h:21},
{t:"wide variety of persons in all the countries involved, and I am ",p:13,x:91,y:305,w:484,h:21},
{t:"indebted for them to the body of Christ.",p:13,x:91,y:327,w:291,h:21},
{t:"I am grateful to the faculty at Fuller Seminary for expo sure to ",p:13,x:121,y:356,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a breadth of missiological ideas—particularly to Dr. Paul Hiebert, ",p:13,x:91,y:378,w:484,h:21},
{t:"whose interest in urban issues has expanded new horizons. My ",p:13,x:91,y:400,w:484,h:21},
{t:"thanks also to Dr. Sam Wilson, whose discussions and encourage-",p:13,x:91,y:422,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ment have provided some new avenues of exploration.",p:13,x:91,y:444,w:400,h:21},
{t:"Much has been learned from co-laborers as I have pio neered ",p:13,x:121,y:474,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the various SERVANTS missions. Of particular note are, Pastor ",p:13,x:91,y:496,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Waldemar of Brazil, who has provided the most amazing model ",p:13,x:91,y:518,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for this kind of work. John Macy, Ruth Cruz, Corrie Accorda, ",p:13,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:21},
{t:"John and Lynn Samaan, Dr. Betty-Sue Brewster, Randy Sperger ",p:13,x:91,y:562,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and many others have all helped with aspects of research.",p:13,x:91,y:584,w:421,h:21},
{t:"Thanks are due to World Vision International for funding ",p:13,x:121,y:613,w:454,h:21},
{t:"some of this research work, and to Bob Linthicum whose encour-",p:13,x:91,y:635,w:479,h:21},
{t:"agement has been an important catalyst.",p:13,x:91,y:657,w:293,h:21},
{t:"Gene Tabor is the originator of core ideas related to the Four ",p:13,x:121,y:687,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Seasons Chart and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Con cepts of ",p:13,x:91,y:709,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church planting have grown from experience with hundreds of ",p:13,x:91,y:731,w:484,h:21},
{t:"different laborers too numerous to mention.",p:13,x:91,y:753,w:319,h:21},
{t:"In every city there are a dozen friends who have all con tributed ",p:13,x:121,y:782,w:454,h:21},
{t:"to the task. Thank you! This book is yours. May it spur you on to ",p:13,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"greater effectiveness in the task we share to gether. ",p:13,x:91,y:826,w:374,h:21},
{t:"Viv Grigg",p:13,x:121,y:858,w:74,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:13,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:13,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"6",p:13,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"PART 1",p:14,x:196,y:399,w:75,h:24},
{t:"THE CONTEXT: ",p:14,x:196,y:434,w:248,h:39},
{t:"NEW MEGA-CITIES",p:14,x:196,y:480,w:296,h:39},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:14,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:14,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"7",p:14,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"9",p:15,x:564,y:919,w:6,h:17},
{t:"Chapter One",p:15,x:196,y:115,w:114,h:24},
{t:"Sorry . . . The Frontier Has ",p:15,x:196,y:150,w:354,h:32},
{t:"Moved!",p:15,x:196,y:180,w:93,h:32},
{t:"And the Lord said to me, “Proclaim all these ",p:15,x:196,y:219,w:322,h:23},
{t:"words in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of ",p:15,x:196,y:243,w:355,h:23},
{t:"Jerusalem” (Jeremiah 11:6).",p:15,x:196,y:267,w:205,h:23},
{t:"It is a",p:15,x:121,y:359,w:47,h:21},
{t:"Marxist city of ten million. Two-and-a-half million ",p:15,x:176,y:359,w:399,h:21},
{t:"live in the bustees (slums). Most of the middle-class families are ",p:15,x:91,y:381,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poorer than the street people of Los Angeles. Sixty-seven percent ",p:15,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:21},
{t:"live one family per room.",p:15,x:91,y:425,w:186,h:21},
{t:"And the church? There are only three churches and ten ",p:15,x:121,y:454,w:454,h:21},
{t:"house churches in the bustees. Some of the middle-class and ",p:15,x:91,y:476,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other individual families from the bustees are involved in the ",p:15,x:91,y:498,w:484,h:21},
{t:"154 middle-class churches.1 But the poor of the slums and the ",p:15,x:91,y:520,w:484,h:21},
{t:"100,000 poor on the streets, while having seen some Christian ",p:15,x:91,y:542,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mis sionaries, have never known a poor people’s movement nor ",p:15,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"churches of their own. No one proclaims Jesus to them. No holy ",p:15,x:91,y:586,w:484,h:21},
{t:"person lives among them to show them Jesus in word and deed, in ",p:15,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"acts of mercy and deeds of power.",p:15,x:91,y:630,w:250,h:21},
{t:"Once I had the joy of finding such a person. He had been ",p:15,x:121,y:660,w:454,h:21},
{t:"imprisoned ",p:15,x:91,y:682,w:87,h:21},
{t:"for ",p:15,x:184,y:682,w:25,h:21},
{t:"working with the poor. He clearly ",p:15,x:217,y:682,w:286,h:21},
{t:"couldn’t ",p:15,x:509,y:682,w:65,h:21},
{t:"face talking of it. But he had gone back to the ragged wretched ",p:15,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:21},
{t:"orphans, widows, and beggars whom he loved and for whom he ",p:15,x:91,y:726,w:484,h:21},
{t:"labored. He was a man who took Jesus’ pat tern of ministry to the ",p:15,x:91,y:748,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor seriously.",p:15,x:91,y:770,w:108,h:21},
{t:"But where are other such followers of Jesus?",p:15,x:121,y:799,w:328,h:21},
{t:"This book is a report on two years of walking the slums of ",p:15,x:121,y:829,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the great cities of Asia, looking for God among the poor, seeking ",p:15,x:91,y:851,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:15,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:15,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"9",p:15,x:166,y:1028,w:5,h:12},
{t:"10",p:16,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:16,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"to know how the great mission surge of the last de cades had ",p:16,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"established the church among the urban poor.",p:16,x:91,y:138,w:333,h:21},
{t:"The sad report is that after thorough research in ten Asian ",p:16,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"cities I found only two such embryo movements. The conclusion: ",p:16,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The greatest mission surge in history, aimed at the last frontiers, ",p:16,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:20},
{t:"has entirely missed the greatest migration in history, the migration ",p:16,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of rural peasants in the Third World to the great mega-cities.",p:16,x:91,y:255,w:444,h:21},
{t:"Convictions to begin from",p:16,x:91,y:296,w:227,h:24},
{t:"Two assumptions in mission seem self-evident. The first is ",p:16,x:121,y:327,w:454,h:21},
{t:"that Jesus is our model for mission. Did he not say, “As the Father ",p:16,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has sent me, even so I send you” (John 20:21)? And did not his ",p:16,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"first declaration of his own great commis sion tell us, “The Spirit ",p:16,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to preach ",p:16,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"good news to the poor. He has sent me to proclaim release to the ",p:16,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"captives and recovering of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those ",p:16,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who are oppressed, to proclaim the accept able year of the Lord” ",p:16,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(Luke 4:18–19).",p:16,x:91,y:503,w:119,h:21},
{t:"Surely with these words he modeled the gospel as pri marily ",p:16,x:121,y:532,w:454,h:21},
{t:"good news for the poor. And he defined ministry to the poor, ",p:16,x:91,y:554,w:484,h:21},
{t:"declaring that the ministry to the poor is holistic, involving ",p:16,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"preaching, healing, deliverance, justice, and doing good deeds, ",p:16,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but is initiated by proclamation (and reception) of the kingdom.",p:16,x:91,y:620,w:466,h:21},
{t:"The second set of assumptions is simply pragmatic mis sionary ",p:16,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:21},
{t:"strategizing:",p:16,x:91,y:672,w:90,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:16,x:121,y:701,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Urban is the direction of history.",p:16,x:151,y:701,w:239,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:16,x:121,y:731,w:13,h:21},
{t:"The poor are the direction of responsiveness. This is true ",p:16,x:151,y:731,w:421,h:21},
{t:"both in Jesus’ teaching and in missions history as well as ",p:16,x:151,y:753,w:422,h:21},
{t:"sociological analysis.",p:16,x:151,y:775,w:156,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:16,x:121,y:804,w:13,h:21},
{t:"The migrant poor are the greatest responsive group ",p:16,x:151,y:804,w:378,h:21},
{t:"across the face of the earth today. I have found this ",p:16,x:151,y:826,w:378,h:21},
{t:"responsiveness among Muslims in Karachi, Hindus ",p:16,x:151,y:848,w:381,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:16,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:16,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"10",p:16,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"11",p:17,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Sorry . . . The Frontier Has Moved!",p:17,x:352,y:76,w:218,h:16},
{t:"in Calcutta, Buddhists in Thailand, and Catholics in ",p:17,x:151,y:116,w:383,h:21},
{t:"Manila. All are in a state of rapid socio-economic and ",p:17,x:151,y:138,w:399,h:21},
{t:"worldview change and are hungry for the reality of a ",p:17,x:151,y:160,w:390,h:21},
{t:"new relationship to a god.",p:17,x:151,y:182,w:189,h:21},
{t:"Jesus commands a focus not so much on the last unreached ",p:17,x:121,y:211,w:454,h:20},
{t:"unresponsive people groups in the world, but on those major ",p:17,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"unreached or partially reached groups that are responsive. The ",p:17,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"period of time within five years of a person’s or family’s migra-",p:17,x:91,y:277,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tion is one of those times of great est responsiveness.",p:17,x:91,y:299,w:384,h:21},
{t:"Dr. Roger Greenway, who has done a great deal to focus ",p:17,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people’s attention on urban missions, speaks of his minis try to the ",p:17,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"urban poor with the phrase: “If the streets are paved, move on.”",p:17,x:91,y:373,w:465,h:21},
{t:"The frontier that moved",p:17,x:91,y:413,w:204,h:24},
{t:"The experience of walking through the slums and seeing hun-",p:17,x:121,y:444,w:449,h:21},
{t:"dreds of thousands of squatters in destitute poverty is devastating. ",p:17,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"As history moves towards its climax, the wound in God’s heart ",p:17,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for this migration of people must make it difficult for him to hold ",p:17,x:91,y:510,w:484,h:21},
{t:"back his judgment. To walk again and again into the destitution ",p:17,x:91,y:532,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of these millions sears the soul with a darkness and grotesqueness ",p:17,x:91,y:554,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that we could not cope with outside of the rest of Christ that comes ",p:17,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from the refreshing balm of his Spirit and the hope of the return ing ",p:17,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"King.",p:17,x:91,y:620,w:41,h:21},
{t:"If the destitution of the urban poor is staggering in itself, their ",p:17,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:21},
{t:"numerical growth is just as devastating. Since World War II, an ",p:17,x:91,y:672,w:484,h:21},
{t:"endless convoy of smoke-belching, over laden, chicken-squawk-",p:17,x:91,y:694,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ing bus after bus have careened down newly-constructed highways ",p:17,x:91,y:716,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into the mega-city capitals of the Third World, disgorging crowds ",p:17,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of wide-eyed im poverished farmers and teenagers looking for ",p:17,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the next step towards affluence (or, more likely, poverty) in the ",p:17,x:91,y:782,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatter areas.",p:17,x:91,y:804,w:104,h:21},
{t:"Wherever land can be found, huts and plywood shacks go up. ",p:17,x:121,y:833,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Few governments have the capacity to prevent it or to provide ",p:17,x:91,y:855,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:17,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:17,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"11",p:17,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"12",p:18,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:18,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"services for the people arriving. The majority of new arrivals ",p:18,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"remain in squatter areas. Each capital city will continue to grow ",p:18,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"exponentially as it exploits the resources of its rural hinterland.",p:18,x:91,y:160,w:462,h:21},
{t:"Hardly a church, rarely a pastor, seldom a missionary",p:18,x:91,y:200,w:466,h:24},
{t:"More nightmarish than the poverty and the staggering growth ",p:18,x:121,y:231,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of that poverty is to find no more than a handful of God’s men and ",p:18,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:21},
{t:"God’s women ministering among these poor in each city.",p:18,x:91,y:275,w:420,h:21},
{t:"I do not mean that there are no relief and development ",p:18,x:121,y:305,w:454,h:21},
{t:"agencies. They are many, and most of them are doing good work ",p:18,x:91,y:327,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in their roles as diaconal agencies of the church. But the church ",p:18,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has given bread to the poor and has kept the bread of life for the ",p:18,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:20},
{t:"middle class.",p:18,x:91,y:393,w:95,h:20},
{t:"My search has not been for aid programs but for people who ",p:18,x:121,y:422,w:454,h:21},
{t:"are establishing the kingdom of God, for the men and women ",p:18,x:91,y:444,w:484,h:21},
{t:"working and living among the poor to bring them the bread of life ",p:18,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"by both word and deed.",p:18,x:91,y:488,w:172,h:21},
{t:"I have found only a few. In the midst of the darkness, they ",p:18,x:121,y:518,w:454,h:21},
{t:"are some of today’s heroes. In each city, a handful of people have ",p:18,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:21},
{t:"followed Jesus fully in his calls to renunciation and involvement ",p:18,x:91,y:562,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with the poor.",p:18,x:91,y:584,w:102,h:21},
{t:"There is a pastor in one west Asian city who wears the sandals ",p:18,x:121,y:613,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and blanket of the poor, walking as holy men do. God has used ",p:18,x:91,y:635,w:484,h:21},
{t:"him to mobilize and deploy 300 workers into the slums.",p:18,x:91,y:657,w:409,h:21},
{t:"There is a man of God, a doctor, on the streets of one city ",p:18,x:121,y:687,w:454,h:21},
{t:"ministering to the sick. The government has tried to de port him for ",p:18,x:91,y:709,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministering to the poor. For four years he has remained, by bring-",p:18,x:91,y:731,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ing a court case against the government and quietly continuing to ",p:18,x:91,y:753,w:484,h:21},
{t:"serve the poor.",p:18,x:91,y:775,w:108,h:21},
{t:"There is a pastor who for some years has chosen to live among ",p:18,x:121,y:804,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the poor in a relocation area of Manila. He has worked to provide ",p:18,x:91,y:826,w:484,h:21},
{t:"housing for the poorest in his commu nity. The official housing ",p:18,x:91,y:848,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:18,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:18,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"12",p:18,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"13",p:19,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Sorry . . . The Frontier Has Moved!",p:19,x:352,y:76,w:218,h:16},
{t:"manager and gang leaders were curious about this man and his ",p:19,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"concern for their people. They decided to help him build houses. ",p:19,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Ultimately, they were converted because of his obedience in ",p:19,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"living out the love and justice of God among them.",p:19,x:91,y:182,w:373,h:21},
{t:"There is excitement in Bangkok, for a new generation of cre-",p:19,x:121,y:211,w:450,h:21},
{t:"ative church leaders is seeing new breakthroughs for the gospel. ",p:19,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In 1985 there were 97 churches in this city of nearly 6 million. By ",p:19,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"2004 there were 143 churches in a city of 7.5 million",p:19,x:91,y:277,w:388,h:21},
{t:"Hidden in these statistics is an old, highly successful Finnish ",p:19,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Pentecostal church planter. At the age of seventy, he daily spends ",p:19,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"long hours in a slum area, quietly establishing a church.",p:19,x:91,y:351,w:408,h:21},
{t:"Despite all of this, there are only three churches and six house ",p:19,x:121,y:380,w:454,h:21},
{t:"groups in Bangkok’s 1,024 slums. Only two percent of churches ",p:19,x:91,y:402,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are among the migrant poor.",p:19,x:91,y:424,w:208,h:21},
{t:"Examples of men and women who are following Jesus in his ",p:19,x:121,y:454,w:454,h:21},
{t:"ministry to the poor should not be the exception but the rule, if ",p:19,x:91,y:476,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we as a church were truly following Jesus. We must refocus our ",p:19,x:91,y:498,w:484,h:21},
{t:"energies and make the urban poor the primary thrust of missions.",p:19,x:91,y:520,w:477,h:21},
{t:"In an otherwise excellent article by Dr. DuBose on the urban ",p:19,x:121,y:549,w:454,h:21},
{t:"poor, he makes an unusual series of conclusions: “Like the poor ",p:19,x:91,y:571,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who have long gathered in their urban store fronts in America, the ",p:19,x:91,y:593,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Christian com munities are proliferating among the urban poor in ",p:19,x:91,y:615,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the wake of an impressive advance of the gospel and are gathering ",p:19,x:91,y:637,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in ‘shop churches’ and in ‘house churches’ in all major areas of ",p:19,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the world.”2",p:19,x:91,y:681,w:87,h:21},
{t:"This statement simply is not true. Perhaps it is a misun-",p:19,x:121,y:711,w:449,h:21},
{t:"derstanding of the word “poor.” To the Americans, the entire ",p:19,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:21},
{t:"world is poor, including the middle class of the Third World. ",p:19,x:91,y:755,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Or perhaps he is inaccurate because he is using Latin Ameri can ",p:19,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Catholic categories for the church among the poor. I have won-",p:19,x:91,y:799,w:480,h:21},
{t:"dered whether his statement might be true of Afri can Churches, ",p:19,x:91,y:821,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but discussions with missionaries from those countries indicate ",p:19,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that though there is more activity than in Asia, the percentage and ",p:19,x:91,y:865,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:19,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:19,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"13",p:19,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"14",p:20,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:20,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"focus of activity is about the same. My two years of research in ",p:20,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Asia do not bear out his conclusions.",p:20,x:91,y:138,w:270,h:21},
{t:"The great misconnection",p:20,x:91,y:178,w:216,h:24},
{t:"When faced with the sad failure of the great mission thrust ",p:20,x:121,y:209,w:454,h:21},
{t:"to reach these poor one must ask “Why?” and be yond the why, ",p:20,x:91,y:231,w:484,h:21},
{t:"“What can be done to rectify this failure?” The following appear ",p:20,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to be some factors:",p:20,x:91,y:275,w:139,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:20,x:121,y:305,w:13,h:21},
{t:"As mission leaders we have failed to foresee both the ",p:20,x:151,y:305,w:424,h:21},
{t:"immensity of urban growth and the fact that most of the urban ",p:20,x:91,y:327,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth would be in squatter areas. The opportunity to save the ",p:20,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cities from many traumas associated with this development, as ",p:20,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"well as the opportunity to establish a Church in every squatter area ",p:20,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that has formed, have been lost almost entirely.",p:20,x:91,y:415,w:346,h:21},
{t:"Perhaps it is because these poor are hidden. As we drive ",p:20,x:121,y:444,w:454,h:21},
{t:"through Third World cities we see occasional glimpses of squatter ",p:20,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and slum communities, but they are tucked behind houses and ",p:20,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"buildings and down in the hollows by the river, so that no one sees ",p:20,x:91,y:510,w:484,h:21},
{t:"them. Those who emerge are dressed in their best clothes, soon to ",p:20,x:91,y:532,w:484,h:21},
{t:"blend in with the middle-class people of the city. No one knows ",p:20,x:91,y:554,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that they are poor. The poor do not advertise their misfortune.",p:20,x:91,y:576,w:453,h:21},
{t:"People are being thrust out to the last frontier, but the last ",p:20,x:121,y:606,w:454,h:21},
{t:"frontier has moved. Perhaps we could encourage missions re-",p:20,x:91,y:628,w:480,h:21},
{t:"searchers to revise their multicolored charts of unreached peoples. ",p:20,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Instead of dividing them by reli gion alone, perhaps they should ",p:20,x:91,y:672,w:484,h:21},
{t:"also be divided into urban-rural and rich-poor. We may find that ",p:20,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the largest group of truly “unmissionaried” people would be the ",p:20,x:91,y:716,w:484,h:21},
{t:"urban poor.",p:20,x:91,y:738,w:84,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:20,x:121,y:767,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Some missions have made a deliberate attempt to reach ",p:20,x:151,y:767,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the rich, believing in a sort of religious “trickle-down” theory. ",p:20,x:91,y:789,w:484,h:21},
{t:"This strategic mistake lacks support both in biblical exegesis ",p:20,x:91,y:811,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and in sociological analysis, and already has been competently ",p:20,x:91,y:833,w:484,h:21},
{t:"refuted.3",p:20,x:91,y:855,w:61,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:20,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:20,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"14",p:20,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"15",p:21,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Sorry . . . The Frontier Has Moved!",p:21,x:352,y:76,w:218,h:16},
{t:"The gospel “trickles up.” Any man or woman who would fol-",p:21,x:121,y:116,w:449,h:21},
{t:"low Jesus and walk among the poor will affect count less members ",p:21,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the middle and rich classes. People in these classes will come to ",p:21,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the slums because they are curious. They hear of good deeds and ",p:21,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"like Nicodemus, they come seeking for truth and reality.",p:21,x:91,y:204,w:413,h:21},
{t:"Despite the failure of affluent missionaries to preach the words ",p:21,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of Scripture about unjust wealth and to live sim ply themselves, ",p:21,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the converted rich come because these new believers can read the ",p:21,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Bible. They come searching for the person who has chosen the ",p:21,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor, because they know that here is a true answer to the problems ",p:21,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of wealth. They come because they are now concerned for the ",p:21,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"uplift of those they previously exploited. Jesus has an answer for ",p:21,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the rich man. The rich middle-class mis sionary often has only ",p:21,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"words.",p:21,x:91,y:409,w:49,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:21,x:121,y:439,w:13,h:21},
{t:"The same strategic reasons that led to defeat for an afflu-",p:21,x:151,y:439,w:419,h:21},
{t:"ent power in the Vietnam war have led to failure in this spiritual ",p:21,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"war. Depending on affluent and high-powered programmatic ap-",p:21,x:91,y:483,w:480,h:21},
{t:"proaches, the mission force has been out of touch with the realities ",p:21,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the Third World poor. A missionary living on $2,800 per month ",p:21,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in a western-style house and sending his children to a westerners’ ",p:21,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:21},
{t:"school while trying to reach people who live on $200 per year is ",p:21,x:91,y:571,w:484,h:21},
{t:"like a B-52 bomber attacking guerrillas.",p:21,x:91,y:593,w:292,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:21,x:121,y:622,w:13,h:21},
{t:"This failure in the great Western mission thrust is, at its ",p:21,x:151,y:622,w:424,h:21},
{t:"roots, ultimately not strategic but spiritual A church trapped by ",p:21,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cultural perspectives on affluence rather than adopting the biblical ",p:21,x:91,y:666,w:484,h:21},
{t:"stance of opposition to the “god of mammon’’ has exported this ",p:21,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into missions. We must return to the pattern of Jesus, who chose ",p:21,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:21},
{t:"non-destitute poverty as a way of life, took the time to learn ",p:21,x:91,y:732,w:484,h:21},
{t:"language and culture, and refused to be a welfare agency king. ",p:21,x:91,y:754,w:484,h:21},
{t:"We must return to the way of the apostles and of the wandering ",p:21,x:91,y:776,w:484,h:21},
{t:"friars who have been the key to the conversion of the world in ",p:21,x:91,y:798,w:484,h:21},
{t:"generations before us. Non-destitute poverty and simplicity must ",p:21,x:91,y:820,w:484,h:21},
{t:"again become focal in mission strategy.",p:21,x:91,y:842,w:290,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:21,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:21,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"15",p:21,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"16",p:22,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:22,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"5.",p:22,x:121,y:116,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Some perhaps have concluded that the poor are unreach-",p:22,x:151,y:116,w:419,h:21},
{t:"able. This is a culturally logical conclusion for those of European ",p:22,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"descent growing up in the capitalism of the United States. ",p:22,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Claerbaut, in an excellent analysis on urban ministry, has some ",p:22,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"penetrating insights into American cultural attitudes to the poor:",p:22,x:91,y:204,w:470,h:21},
{t:"The truths of stratification and self-perpetuation of the ",p:22,x:121,y:236,w:424,h:21},
{t:"socioeconomic system are not widely known or accepted. ",p:22,x:121,y:258,w:424,h:21},
{t:"As a result, negative attitudes towards the poor persist.",p:22,x:121,y:280,w:401,h:21},
{t:"To argue that poverty is a self-perpetuating condi tion in ",p:22,x:121,y:312,w:424,h:21},
{t:"a capitalistic society is to attack the nation’s sacred civil ",p:22,x:121,y:334,w:424,h:21},
{t:"doctrine of the self-made person. To suggest that one is ",p:22,x:121,y:356,w:424,h:21},
{t:"poor because of an unequal dis tribution of opportunities ",p:22,x:121,y:378,w:424,h:21},
{t:"is to suggest that riches are as much a matter of good ",p:22,x:121,y:400,w:424,h:21},
{t:"fortune as of virtue.4",p:22,x:121,y:422,w:149,h:21},
{t:"The poverty of the Third World urban poor, however, is a ",p:22,x:121,y:451,w:454,h:21},
{t:"direct result of social forces and oppression, not of per sonal sin. ",p:22,x:91,y:473,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The oppressed poor in the Scriptures are con sidered to be rich ",p:22,x:91,y:495,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in faith and the ones for whom the kingdom is particularly to be ",p:22,x:91,y:517,w:484,h:21},
{t:"preached.",p:22,x:91,y:539,w:70,h:21},
{t:"6. The propensity for the Western church to accept the ",p:22,x:121,y:569,w:454,h:21},
{t:"agenda of aid organizations as focal to the Great Commission ",p:22,x:91,y:591,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has seriously skewed mission. Mission to the middle class is seen ",p:22,x:91,y:613,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as proclamation. To the poor it has become giving handouts or ",p:22,x:91,y:635,w:484,h:21},
{t:"assisting in development as defined by Christianized humanitar-",p:22,x:91,y:657,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ian perspectives. It is far easier for churches to give thousands of ",p:22,x:91,y:679,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dollars than to find one of their members who will walk into the ",p:22,x:91,y:701,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slums for a decade.",p:22,x:91,y:723,w:141,h:21},
{t:"Vows of poverty",p:22,x:91,y:763,w:141,h:24},
{t:"My convictions have deepened and been modified during ",p:22,x:121,y:794,w:454,h:21},
{t:"these months of wandering, preaching to the poor, and re search.",p:22,x:91,y:816,w:469,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:22,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:22,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"16",p:22,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"17",p:23,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Sorry . . . The Frontier Has Moved!",p:23,x:352,y:76,w:218,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:23,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Apostolic movements",p:23,x:121,y:116,w:166,h:21},
{t:"The central conviction remains: we must thrust out groups simi-",p:23,x:121,y:145,w:450,h:21},
{t:"lar to the devotional communities of the twelfth century preaching ",p:23,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"friars, or the wandering Irish monks that converted Northern Europe ",p:23,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"between the fifth and ninth centuries, before the Catholic hierarchy ",p:23,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"gained control there. In our case we must send communities of men ",p:23,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and women, married couples and singles, with commit ments to live ",p:23,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as the poor among the poor in order to preach the kingdom and ",p:23,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"establish the church in these great slum areas.",p:23,x:91,y:299,w:326,h:21},
{t:"Westerners and upper-class nationals who choose such lives ",p:23,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of non-destitute poverty may be catalysts for move ments of lay ",p:23,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"leaders from among the poor in each city. The spearhead of such ",p:23,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a thrust will be those who accept the gift of singleness for some ",p:23,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years. We must set up new mission structures for this to happen. ",p:23,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The key is young couples who will choose to give leadership to ",p:23,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these communities of pioneers.",p:23,x:91,y:461,w:228,h:21},
{t:"We need men and women who will commit themselves to ",p:23,x:121,y:490,w:454,h:21},
{t:"lives of simplicity, poverty, devotion, community, and sacrifice in ",p:23,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas of marriage and family.",p:23,x:91,y:534,w:215,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:23,x:91,y:575,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Devotional communities",p:23,x:121,y:575,w:185,h:21},
{t:"Most missionary teams are not communities, but teams. The ",p:23,x:121,y:605,w:454,h:21},
{t:"focus of most teams is to work. On the other hand, traditional ",p:23,x:91,y:627,w:484,h:21},
{t:"communities in the church are by definition primarily committed ",p:23,x:91,y:649,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to relational caring, worship, and a devotional pattern. These ",p:23,x:91,y:671,w:484,h:21},
{t:"emphases are essential if workers are to survive in the slums. ",p:23,x:91,y:693,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Working and living two by two in various slum areas, they need ",p:23,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to come to gether every two weeks for a day of ministry to each ",p:23,x:91,y:737,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other, of worship and relaxation.",p:23,x:91,y:759,w:239,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:23,x:91,y:800,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Poverty, chastity, obedience",p:23,x:121,y:800,w:218,h:21},
{t:"The commitments to non-destitute poverty may be sim ilar to ",p:23,x:121,y:829,w:454,h:21},
{t:"those of the older Catholic orders, without the legalism.",p:23,x:91,y:851,w:408,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:23,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:23,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"17",p:23,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"18",p:24,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:24,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"So too is a commitment to singleness—taken not as a vow ",p:24,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of celibacy, but for a period of time. We Protestants have lost the ",p:24,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"concept of the gift of singleness. Marriage has been seen as the ",p:24,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"only ideal. The biblical blessing on chosen or given singleness ",p:24,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has to be recovered. Part of the blessing of that gift is freedom to ",p:24,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pioneer in difficult and dangerous places",p:24,x:91,y:226,w:298,h:21},
{t:"Obedience for Protestants is democratized by the emphasis on ",p:24,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the priesthood of all believers. We obey God within the defined ",p:24,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"decision-making processes of our or ganization. ",p:24,x:91,y:299,w:351,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:24,x:91,y:340,w:14,h:21},
{t:"New structures",p:24,x:121,y:340,w:116,h:21},
{t:"Historically, movements among the poor have consis tently ",p:24,x:121,y:370,w:454,h:21},
{t:"been thrown out of the middle-class churches. It is traumatic for ",p:24,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one missionary living on $2800 per month to have to be in the ",p:24,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:21},
{t:"same mission team with someone willing to receive only $500 ",p:24,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"needed for living expenses and all ministry and travel costs.",p:24,x:91,y:458,w:438,h:21},
{t:"To avoid such trauma, it would be wise for mission directors ",p:24,x:121,y:487,w:454,h:21},
{t:"to create new orders of men and women called to the poor. These ",p:24,x:91,y:509,w:484,h:21},
{t:"could be within or without their old mission boards. Ultimately ",p:24,x:91,y:531,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this will both create effec tiveness and prevent disharmony.",p:24,x:91,y:553,w:431,h:21},
{t:"Such orders should only be guided by persons in authority who ",p:24,x:121,y:583,w:454,h:21},
{t:"have lived, for long periods, this kind of sacrificial and incarna-",p:24,x:91,y:605,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tional lifestyle. Authority should never be given to administrators ",p:24,x:91,y:627,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who have not lived out this lifestyle. Incarnational workers do not ",p:24,x:91,y:649,w:484,h:21},
{t:"want protec tion. They want pastoral care from leaders who have ",p:24,x:91,y:671,w:484,h:21},
{t:"been on the front line, who will keep them at the front line, and ",p:24,x:91,y:693,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who will take the “bullets” out when the work ers are wounded.",p:24,x:91,y:715,w:462,h:21},
{t:"An opportunity lost?",p:24,x:91,y:755,w:180,h:24},
{t:"God is offering Western missions the chance to return to a ",p:24,x:121,y:786,w:454,h:21},
{t:"biblical commitment to the poor and to incarnation as the primary ",p:24,x:91,y:808,w:484,h:21},
{t:"missionary role model. The need is urgent: several thousand cata-",p:24,x:91,y:830,w:480,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:24,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:24,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"18",p:24,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"19",p:25,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Sorry . . . The Frontier Has Moved!",p:25,x:352,y:76,w:218,h:16},
{t:"lysts in the slums of scores of Third World cit ies who can generate ",p:25,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements in each city. Two billion people cry out.",p:25,x:91,y:138,w:382,h:21},
{t:"If Western mission leaders, boards, and pastors do not heed ",p:25,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"this call, God will sidestep us and rely only on emerg ing Latin ",p:25,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"American and Third World missions to meet this focus of mission ",p:25,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the next decades.",p:25,x:91,y:233,w:144,h:21},
{t:"How sad to miss the focal call of the Scriptures to preach the ",p:25,x:121,y:263,w:454,h:21},
{t:"gospel to the poor! For the God who sent his Son to a manger ",p:25,x:91,y:285,w:484,h:21},
{t:"will find a way to send other sons and daughters to those poor for ",p:25,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"whom particularly he came. He will not leave their cries unheard.",p:25,x:91,y:329,w:480,h:21},
{t:"Notes",p:25,x:91,y:384,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1. In 1985, of the 143 churches in the city, there were only two house churches ",p:25,x:97,y:408,w:468,h:16},
{t:"and one Pentecostal church, though a number of poor attended three larger ",p:25,x:91,y:424,w:449,h:16},
{t:"churches.",p:25,x:91,y:440,w:57,h:16},
{t:"2. DuBose, Francis M., “Urban Poverty as a World Challenge,” An Urban World, ",p:25,x:97,y:463,w:474,h:16},
{t:"Larry L. Rose and C. Kirk Hadaway, eds. pp 51–74, Nashville, Tennessee: ",p:25,x:91,y:479,w:443,h:16},
{t:"Broadman Press, 1984.",p:25,x:91,y:495,w:140,h:16},
{t:"3. See for example McGavran, Donald A., Understanding Church Growth, pp ",p:25,x:97,y:519,w:456,h:16},
{t:"269–294, Eerdmans, 1980.",p:25,x:91,y:535,w:160,h:16},
{t:"4. Claerbaut, David, Urban Ministry, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 1984.",p:25,x:97,y:558,w:469,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:25,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:25,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"19",p:25,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"21",p:26,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Two",p:26,x:196,y:115,w:114,h:24},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:26,x:196,y:150,w:228,h:32},
{t:"Talk about urbanization with its big, powerful, ",p:26,x:196,y:189,w:331,h:23},
{t:"secular cities: they stand there like giants, iron ",p:26,x:196,y:213,w:340,h:23},
{t:"chariots, enemies of the church. Today one city ",p:26,x:196,y:237,w:348,h:23},
{t:"alone may have 20 to 25 million people. And like ",p:26,x:196,y:261,w:356,h:23},
{t:"a giant, it shouts at the church, “I’m here. Now ",p:26,x:196,y:285,w:339,h:23},
{t:"what are you going to do about it? I don’t want the ",p:26,x:196,y:309,w:367,h:23},
{t:"gospel. Just leave me alone!”",p:26,x:196,y:333,w:213,h:23},
{t:"—Thomas Wang, AD2000 chairman",p:26,x:196,y:361,w:197,h:17},
{t:"What if the size of the Muslim world or of the Hindu popula-",p:26,x:121,y:448,w:449,h:21},
{t:"tion doubled every ten years? Suppose furthermore that these ",p:26,x:91,y:470,w:484,h:21},
{t:"population blocs were found to be among the most responsive to ",p:26,x:91,y:492,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the gospel on the earth? How would this affect our present strate-",p:26,x:91,y:514,w:479,h:21},
{t:"gies of Christian mission? Would we take up the challenge?",p:26,x:91,y:536,w:439,h:21},
{t:"The answer is a dramatic “Yes!”",p:26,x:121,y:566,w:238,h:21},
{t:"Yet the number of urban squatters and slum dwellers in ",p:26,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the world’s major cities constitutes a bloc as large as either the ",p:26,x:91,y:617,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Muslims or the Hindus, it doubles in size every decade, and all ",p:26,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:21},
{t:"indicators show it to be a responsive group. Logi cally, missions ",p:26,x:91,y:661,w:484,h:21},
{t:"must swing their strategies to make these their priority target.",p:26,x:91,y:683,w:450,h:21},
{t:"The majority of migrants to the mega-cities will move into the ",p:26,x:121,y:713,w:454,h:21},
{t:"slums (Bangkok), squatter areas (Manila), shanty towns (South ",p:26,x:91,y:735,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Africa), bustees (India), bidonvilles (Morocco), favelas (Brazil), ",p:26,x:91,y:757,w:484,h:21},
{t:"casbahs (Algeria), ranchitos (Venezuela), ciudades perdidas ",p:26,x:91,y:779,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(Mexico), and barriadas or pueblos jovenes (Peru). I will describe ",p:26,x:91,y:801,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these in general with the term squatter areas.",p:26,x:91,y:823,w:331,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:26,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:26,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"21",p:26,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"22",p:27,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:27,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"These tend to be slums of hope. Their occupants have come ",p:27,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in search of employment, have found some vacant land, and ",p:27,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"gradually have become established. They are building ",p:27,x:91,y:160,w:439,h:21},
{t:"their ",p:27,x:537,y:160,w:38,h:21},
{t:"homes, finding work and developing some communal relation-",p:27,x:91,y:182,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ships similar to those of the barrios or villages from which they ",p:27,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"have come. In slums of hope social forces and expectations create ",p:27,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a high degree of receptivity to the gospel.",p:27,x:91,y:248,w:304,h:21},
{t:"Missions today must reach the last tribes and fulfill prior ",p:27,x:121,y:277,w:454,h:21},
{t:"commitments to the rural poor. But new mission strategies must ",p:27,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"focus on the crucial point of spiritual war fare for the mega-cities. ",p:27,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Within this broad objective, mis sion to the urban poor becomes a ",p:27,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"central target, as they are the ultimate victims of the oppression ",p:27,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and evil of the mega-cities and nation states. They loom large in ",p:27,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the heart of God. They are the key to the elite and the heart of the ",p:27,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city. Among the most reachable of people groups today are mi-",p:27,x:91,y:431,w:479,h:21},
{t:"grants living in community, groups of peasants who have moved ",p:27,x:91,y:453,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to cities and live in squatter areas.",p:27,x:91,y:475,w:248,h:21},
{t:"Over the past thirty years, about one billion people have ",p:27,x:121,y:505,w:454,h:21},
{t:"moved from rural areas to cities. In the next ten years, an other ",p:27,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one billion will board overladen buses and come to the cities. For ",p:27,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:21},
{t:"most of them, the first step is into squatter areas—centers of great ",p:27,x:91,y:571,w:484,h:21},
{t:"darkness and demonic activity.",p:27,x:91,y:593,w:227,h:21},
{t:"Between 1950 and 1980, urban growth in Third World ",p:27,x:121,y:622,w:454,h:21},
{t:"mega-cities rose from 275 million to just under one billion. From ",p:27,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"1980 to 2000 it doubled. In the next two decades the global urban ",p:27,x:91,y:666,w:484,h:21},
{t:"population will grow to five billion. Wherever land can be found, ",p:27,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:21},
{t:"huts and plywood shacks will go up. Few governments have the ",p:27,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:21},
{t:"capacity to prevent it or to serve the needs of the people arriving. ",p:27,x:91,y:732,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Even the United States may not remain immune as its economy ",p:27,x:91,y:754,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slows down.",p:27,x:91,y:776,w:91,h:21},
{t:"Some of the most destitute of the poor live in mud homes on ",p:27,x:121,y:806,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the streets of modern Dhaka city in Bangladesh, a city that was ",p:27,x:91,y:828,w:484,h:21},
{t:"home to ten million people in 2000, a city that will grow to contain ",p:27,x:91,y:850,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:27,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:27,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"22",p:27,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"23",p:28,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:28,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"twenty million people by 2015. In 1984 there were 730,000 people ",p:28,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Dhaka’s 771 squatter areas. It was estimated that in the coming ",p:28,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years, they will make up the majority of the city’s population of ",p:28,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"twenty million. Because of the lack of raw materials and other ",p:28,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"factors, there is little possibility for the city’s industrial growth to ",p:28,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"keep pace with the migra tion influx.",p:28,x:91,y:226,w:265,h:21},
{t:"Almost all of the world’s population growth in the next ",p:28,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:21},
{t:"decades will be in cities. Rural populations will tend to re main at ",p:28,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"present levels.",p:28,x:91,y:299,w:104,h:21},
{t:"There is usually one mega-city per country. It drains re sources ",p:28,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"from the entire country. Its bureaucracy locks up the potential for ",p:28,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth in the smaller cities. The next larg est city as a rule is only ",p:28,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"10 percent the size of this mega-city. Chiang Mai, the second ",p:28,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"largest city of Thailand, for example, is thirty times smaller than ",p:28,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Bangkok.",p:28,x:91,y:439,w:70,h:21},
{t:"To understand the process of bringing the kingdom of God ",p:28,x:121,y:468,w:454,h:21},
{t:"into squatter areas, we need first to live among them and learn ",p:28,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their ways. But we must also come to understand the processes ",p:28,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that are creating them. The following state ment from Sam Wilson ",p:28,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rings true:",p:28,x:91,y:556,w:74,h:21},
{t:"Ghettos per se (even the most pathological ones) are not ",p:28,x:121,y:588,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the real problems of our times but are visi ble symptoms of ",p:28,x:121,y:610,w:424,h:21},
{t:"fundamental, systematic pro cesses. To treat ghettos as the ",p:28,x:121,y:632,w:424,h:21},
{t:"basic urban disease, or even to make them special targets ",p:28,x:121,y:654,w:424,h:21},
{t:"of evangeliza tion strategies as the sine qua non of urban ",p:28,x:121,y:676,w:424,h:21},
{t:"minis try, is like treating a sick person’s temperature, ",p:28,x:121,y:698,w:424,h:21},
{t:"rather than the disease . . . Evangelism is most effec tive ",p:28,x:121,y:720,w:424,h:21},
{t:"when the passion for evangelistic effectiveness is adorned ",p:28,x:121,y:742,w:424,h:21},
{t:"with broad ranging concerns and goals for the renewal of ",p:28,x:121,y:764,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the whole of city life.1",p:28,x:121,y:786,w:162,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:28,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:28,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"23",p:28,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"24",p:29,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:29,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"The extent of the squatter areas",p:29,x:91,y:115,w:277,h:24},
{t:"Research from Bangkok shows the growth of these slums, ",p:29,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"from 80 in 1940 to 1,020 in 1982.2 In other mega-cities, research ",p:29,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"collated from various sources shows that the number of squatter ",p:29,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas in each ranges from 177 to 1,000. The statistics on the previ-",p:29,x:91,y:212,w:480,h:21},
{t:"SQUATTER POPULATION IN SELECTED CITIES 4",p:29,x:186,y:290,w:291,h:20},
{t:" (IN PERCENTS, BASED ON VARIOUS STUDIES) ",p:29,x:178,y:310,w:311,h:20},
{t:"1950",p:29,x:154,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-54",p:29,x:162,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1955",p:29,x:198,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-60",p:29,x:206,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1961",p:29,x:242,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-64",p:29,x:250,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1965",p:29,x:284,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-67",p:29,x:292,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1968",p:29,x:327,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-69",p:29,x:335,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1970",p:29,x:372,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-71",p:29,x:380,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1972",p:29,x:414,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-73",p:29,x:422,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1974",p:29,x:456,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-79",p:29,x:464,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1980",p:29,x:499,y:340,w:23,h:14},
{t:"-85",p:29,x:507,y:356,w:15,h:14},
{t:"1986-",p:29,x:541,y:341,w:27,h:14},
{t:"2000",p:29,x:545,y:355,w:23,h:14},
{t:"Dhaka",p:29,x:90,y:376,w:30,h:13},
{t:"Karachi",p:29,x:90,y:398,w:36,h:13},
{t:"Calcutta",p:29,x:90,y:419,w:38,h:13},
{t:"Mumbai",p:29,x:90,y:441,w:39,h:13},
{t:"Delhi",p:29,x:90,y:462,w:25,h:13},
{t:"Chennai",p:29,x:90,y:484,w:38,h:13},
{t:"Jakarta",p:29,x:90,y:505,w:33,h:13},
{t:"Bangkok",p:29,x:90,y:527,w:42,h:13},
{t:"Kuala ",p:29,x:90,y:548,w:30,h:13},
{t:"Lumpur",p:29,x:90,y:562,w:37,h:13},
{t:"Manila",p:29,x:90,y:584,w:33,h:13},
{t:"Seoul",p:29,x:90,y:605,w:26,h:13},
{t:"Mexico ",p:29,x:90,y:627,w:38,h:13},
{t:"City",p:29,x:90,y:641,w:20,h:13},
{t:"Lima",p:29,x:90,y:662,w:24,h:13},
{t:"Rio de ",p:29,x:90,y:684,w:33,h:13},
{t:"Janeiro",p:29,x:90,y:698,w:33,h:13},
{t:"Sao ",p:29,x:90,y:719,w:20,h:13},
{t:"Paulo",p:29,x:90,y:733,w:26,h:13},
{t:"Bogota",p:29,x:90,y:755,w:33,h:13},
{t:"Caracas",p:29,x:90,y:776,w:36,h:13},
{t:"Baghdad",p:29,x:90,y:798,w:41,h:13},
{t:"Kinshasa",p:29,x:90,y:819,w:42,h:13},
{t:"Istanbul",p:29,x:90,y:841,w:37,h:13},
{t:"16",p:29,x:166,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"1.5",p:29,x:163,y:584,w:14,h:13},
{t:"25",p:29,x:210,y:505,w:11,h:13},
{t:"25",p:29,x:210,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"4.9",p:29,x:207,y:584,w:14,h:13},
{t:"14",p:29,x:210,y:627,w:11,h:13},
{t:"9.5",p:29,x:207,y:662,w:14,h:13},
{t:"0.8",p:29,x:207,y:727,w:14,h:13},
{t:"25",p:29,x:254,y:505,w:11,h:13},
{t:"16",p:29,x:254,y:527,w:11,h:13},
{t:"25",p:29,x:254,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"20",p:29,x:254,y:584,w:11,h:13},
{t:"17.2",p:29,x:245,y:662,w:20,h:13},
{t:"15",p:29,x:295,y:527,w:11,h:13},
{t:"23",p:29,x:295,y:584,w:11,h:13},
{t:"30",p:29,x:339,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"35",p:29,x:339,y:584,w:11,h:13},
{t:"46",p:29,x:339,y:627,w:11,h:13},
{t:"1.2",p:29,x:336,y:727,w:14,h:13},
{t:"59",p:29,x:384,y:505,w:11,h:13},
{t:"19",p:29,x:384,y:527,w:11,h:13},
{t:"37",p:29,x:384,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"24.4",p:29,x:375,y:662,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.6",p:29,x:381,y:727,w:14,h:13},
{t:"17.5",p:29,x:417,y:376,w:20,h:13},
{t:"24",p:29,x:426,y:505,w:11,h:13},
{t:"20",p:29,x:426,y:527,w:11,h:13},
{t:"35",p:29,x:426,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"43",p:29,x:426,y:584,w:11,h:13},
{t:"30",p:29,x:426,y:605,w:11,h:13},
{t:"40",p:29,x:426,y:662,w:11,h:13},
{t:"5.0",p:29,x:423,y:727,w:14,h:13},
{t:"35",p:29,x:468,y:376,w:11,h:13},
{t:"23",p:29,x:468,y:398,w:11,h:13},
{t:"33",p:29,x:468,y:419,w:11,h:13},
{t:"26",p:29,x:468,y:505,w:11,h:13},
{t:"24",p:29,x:468,y:527,w:11,h:13},
{t:"30",p:29,x:468,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"35",p:29,x:468,y:584,w:11,h:13},
{t:"32",p:29,x:468,y:662,w:11,h:13},
{t:"30",p:29,x:468,y:684,w:11,h:13},
{t:"3.9",p:29,x:465,y:727,w:14,h:13},
{t:"60",p:29,x:468,y:813,w:11,h:13},
{t:"40",p:29,x:468,y:834,w:11,h:13},
{t:"24",p:29,x:510,y:376,w:11,h:13},
{t:"33",p:29,x:510,y:398,w:11,h:13},
{t:"67",p:29,x:510,y:419,w:11,h:13},
{t:"45",p:29,x:510,y:441,w:11,h:13},
{t:"36",p:29,x:510,y:462,w:11,h:13},
{t:"25",p:29,x:510,y:484,w:11,h:13},
{t:"30",p:29,x:510,y:505,w:11,h:13},
{t:"19",p:29,x:510,y:527,w:11,h:13},
{t:"24",p:29,x:510,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"38",p:29,x:510,y:584,w:11,h:13},
{t:"29",p:29,x:510,y:605,w:11,h:13},
{t:"46",p:29,x:510,y:627,w:11,h:13},
{t:"50",p:29,x:510,y:662,w:11,h:13},
{t:"30",p:29,x:510,y:684,w:11,h:13},
{t:"7",p:29,x:516,y:727,w:5,h:13},
{t:"60",p:29,x:510,y:748,w:11,h:13},
{t:"42",p:29,x:510,y:770,w:11,h:13},
{t:"29",p:29,x:510,y:791,w:11,h:13},
{t:"60",p:29,x:510,y:813,w:11,h:13},
{t:"50",p:29,x:557,y:398,w:11,h:13},
{t:"33",p:29,x:557,y:419,w:11,h:13},
{t:"38",p:29,x:557,y:441,w:11,h:13},
{t:"30",p:29,x:557,y:462,w:11,h:13},
{t:"29",p:29,x:557,y:505,w:11,h:13},
{t:"6",p:29,x:562,y:527,w:5,h:13},
{t:"31",p:29,x:557,y:548,w:11,h:13},
{t:"38",p:29,x:557,y:584,w:11,h:13},
{t:"60",p:29,x:557,y:627,w:11,h:13},
{t:"8",p:29,x:562,y:662,w:5,h:13},
{t:"23",p:29,x:557,y:770,w:11,h:13},
{t:"23",p:29,x:557,y:813,w:11,h:13},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:29,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:29,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"24",p:29,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"25",p:30,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:30,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"ous page summarize conclusions from research studies in various ",p:30,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cities on the percentage of urban poor.3",p:30,x:91,y:138,w:286,h:21},
{t:"This chart gives a general idea of the percentages of squatters ",p:30,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in various cities around the world. There is a pat tern of gradual ",p:30,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth of the squatter areas from the 1940s when the first squatter ",p:30,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas began to appear. These fig ures exclude the decaying slums ",p:30,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the older city, except in the final column, where they are ",p:30,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"included to give a more complete picture of the actual numbers ",p:30,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of urban poor.",p:30,x:91,y:299,w:104,h:21},
{t:"When we include both slum and squatter figures for these ",p:30,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Third World mega-cities, all have more than 6 per cent of the ",p:30,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"population in slum and squatter areas. Bangkok has 6 percent. Sao ",p:30,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Paulo, perhaps one of the world’s most productive cities, has a ",p:30,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"favela population of only 7 percent but another 17 percent live in ",p:30,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"corticos (decaying inner city buildings). In many cities, over 60 ",p:30,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent of the people live in slums or squatter areas.",p:30,x:91,y:461,w:381,h:21},
{t:"With an urban population in the Third World of 793 mil lion ",p:30,x:121,y:490,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in 1980 and a conservative overall estimate of 25 per cent of ",p:30,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these living in squatter areas, we are looking at a people group ",p:30,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of 200 million. When one adds the slum areas and street people ",p:30,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the cities, 35 percent of the people in these cities are the urban ",p:30,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor—277 million people. By 2002 this had risen to 31.6 percent ",p:30,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the slums or 924 million.5 This is in a world that is about 15 ",p:30,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"per cent squatters in 2001—a bloc nearly the size of the Muslim ",p:30,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or Hindu populations, doubling each decade. Squatters thus ",p:30,x:91,y:666,w:484,h:21},
{t:"constitute an immense people group—a distinct entity deserving ",p:30,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:21},
{t:"specific strategies for evangeliza tion.",p:30,x:91,y:710,w:272,h:21},
{t:"If one includes the less reachable, decaying inner-city slums ",p:30,x:121,y:740,w:454,h:21},
{t:"as well as the street people in these cities, a reason able estimate ",p:30,x:91,y:762,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the urban poor in the year 2000 was one bil lion people—40 ",p:30,x:91,y:784,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent of these cities or 16.8 percent of the world’s population.",p:30,x:91,y:806,w:469,h:21},
{t:"The urban poor as an entity cannot, in contrast to the squatter ",p:30,x:121,y:835,w:454,h:21},
{t:"communities, be generalized as a broad reachable bloc with ",p:30,x:91,y:857,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:30,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:30,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"25",p:30,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"26",p:31,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:31,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"cultural commonalities. They do not identify themselves as com-",p:31,x:91,y:116,w:480,h:21},
{t:"munities with shared characteristics, nor do they have an affinity ",p:31,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for other types of urban poor. The urban poor as a larger class are ",p:31,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"defined in contrast to the people of the city rather than as an entity ",p:31,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in themselves.",p:31,x:91,y:204,w:104,h:21},
{t:"Most responsive international cultural bloc",p:31,x:91,y:244,w:373,h:24},
{t:"Not only do squatters share a common economic history and ",p:31,x:121,y:275,w:454,h:21},
{t:"system, they also share universal religious characteris tics—an ",p:31,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"animism that is far stronger than prevailing “high” religions. ",p:31,x:91,y:319,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Also, cultural characteristics in the slums are as much universal ",p:31,x:91,y:341,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as they are related to the prevalent cultures in each city. We may ",p:31,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"define squatters as a cultural bloc with as much ease as we define ",p:31,x:91,y:385,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Muslims or Hindus, even though they span a broad range of ",p:31,x:91,y:407,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ethnicity and cul ture. Animists in general are more reachable than ",p:31,x:91,y:429,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people who believe in high religion.",p:31,x:91,y:451,w:264,h:21},
{t:"Socially, ",p:31,x:121,y:481,w:69,h:21},
{t:"each ",p:31,x:200,y:481,w:38,h:21},
{t:"squatter ",p:31,x:248,y:481,w:62,h:21},
{t:"community ",p:31,x:321,y:481,w:88,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:31,x:419,y:481,w:19,h:21},
{t:"reasonable ",p:31,x:449,y:481,w:82,h:21},
{t:"size ",p:31,x:542,y:481,w:33,h:21},
{t:"perceives of itself as a distinct social entity, linked to the city, ",p:31,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but with a life, society, and subculture of its own. In any city the ",p:31,x:91,y:525,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatters have coping strategies independent of middle-class life, ",p:31,x:91,y:547,w:484,h:21},
{t:"including middle-class religious life, to which they have little or ",p:31,x:91,y:569,w:484,h:21},
{t:"no relationship. If you have ever been present when two squatter ",p:31,x:91,y:591,w:484,h:21},
{t:"churches met, you under stand the affinity evident between these ",p:31,x:91,y:613,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people as a social class with similar occupations and patterns of ",p:31,x:91,y:635,w:484,h:21},
{t:"residence.",p:31,x:91,y:657,w:73,h:21},
{t:"Language in the squatter areas tends to draw migrants together ",p:31,x:121,y:686,w:454,h:21},
{t:"as all learn to speak the lingua franca of the city. Yet almost all ",p:31,x:91,y:708,w:484,h:21},
{t:"realize they cannot read and write properly and, unlike the middle ",p:31,x:91,y:730,w:484,h:21},
{t:"class, are uneducated. As a result, ethnic barriers are lower in the ",p:31,x:91,y:752,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city, but a strong class bar rier between the lower class and the ",p:31,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"middle class emerges.",p:31,x:91,y:796,w:161,h:21},
{t:"Such communities are more responsive than the closed rural ",p:31,x:121,y:826,w:454,h:21},
{t:"village or the isolated middle-class person. Poverty creates a ",p:31,x:91,y:848,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:31,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:31,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"26",p:31,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"27",p:32,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:32,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"positive responsiveness to the gospel, according to the apostle ",p:32,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"James (James 2:5). The changes migrants go through also create ",p:32,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a responsiveness.",p:32,x:91,y:160,w:127,h:21},
{t:"Faced with high responsiveness in the international sub culture ",p:32,x:121,y:189,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of poverty in these squatter areas, we must develop specific mis-",p:32,x:91,y:211,w:480,h:21},
{t:"sions and plans for evangelization.",p:32,x:91,y:233,w:254,h:21},
{t:"Hence, while agreeing with Dr. Wilson about the need for ",p:32,x:121,y:263,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a broader approach to the problems of the poor, these sta tistics ",p:32,x:91,y:285,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and trends would indicate the necessity of a specific plan for ",p:32,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"evangelization of the squatter communities, while not neglecting ",p:32,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other urban poor.",p:32,x:91,y:351,w:126,h:21},
{t:"Where did such growth come from?",p:32,x:91,y:391,w:312,h:24},
{t:"Estimates of rates of growth of the squatter areas indi cate ",p:32,x:121,y:422,w:454,h:21},
{t:"they are growing faster than the cities at annual rates of about ",p:32,x:91,y:444,w:484,h:21},
{t:"6-12 percent. The squatter areas of Kuala Lum pur, for example, ",p:32,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"grew at an average annual rate of 9.7 per cent from 1974 to 1980. ",p:32,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Much of this may be attributed to the growth rate of the cities. ",p:32,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Worldwide urban growth has been pegged at 2.76 percent a year. ",p:32,x:91,y:736,w:484,h:21},
{t:"At that rate, city popu lations will double every twenty years. But ",p:32,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the mission field among the squatters will double about every ten ",p:32,x:91,y:780,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years. The following chart shows the worldwide urban growth ",p:32,x:91,y:802,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rate per year.",p:32,x:91,y:824,w:96,h:21},
{t:"AVERAGE URBAN ANNUAL GROWTH RATES (IN PERCENT)",p:32,x:148,y:518,w:365,h:20},
{t:"EAST ",p:32,x:173,y:552,w:28,h:12},
{t:"ASIA",p:32,x:174,y:564,w:23,h:12},
{t:"SOUTH ",p:32,x:220,y:552,w:37,h:12},
{t:"ASIA",p:32,x:225,y:564,w:23,h:12},
{t:"LATIN ",p:32,x:282,y:552,w:34,h:12},
{t:"AMERICA",p:32,x:274,y:564,w:48,h:12},
{t:"NORTH ",p:32,x:348,y:552,w:39,h:12},
{t:"AMERICA",p:32,x:342,y:564,w:48,h:12},
{t:"EUROPE",p:32,x:408,y:558,w:41,h:12},
{t:"AFRICA",p:32,x:467,y:558,w:38,h:12},
{t:"WORLD",p:32,x:523,y:558,w:38,h:12},
{t:"1950-1975",p:32,x:100,y:584,w:50,h:13},
{t:"1975-2000",p:32,x:100,y:600,w:50,h:13},
{t:"2000-2010",p:32,x:100,y:617,w:50,h:13},
{t:"2010-2020",p:32,x:100,y:633,w:50,h:13},
{t:"4.06",p:32,x:181,y:584,w:20,h:13},
{t:"2.60",p:32,x:181,y:600,w:20,h:13},
{t:"3.93",p:32,x:235,y:584,w:20,h:13},
{t:"4.07",p:32,x:235,y:600,w:20,h:13},
{t:"4.29",p:32,x:302,y:584,w:20,h:13},
{t:"3.45",p:32,x:302,y:600,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.83",p:32,x:302,y:617,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.45",p:32,x:302,y:633,w:20,h:13},
{t:"2.16",p:32,x:371,y:584,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.38",p:32,x:371,y:600,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.16",p:32,x:371,y:617,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.10",p:32,x:371,y:633,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.56",p:32,x:429,y:584,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.16",p:32,x:429,y:600,w:20,h:13},
{t:"0.04",p:32,x:429,y:617,w:20,h:13},
{t:"0.07",p:32,x:429,y:633,w:20,h:13},
{t:"4.89",p:32,x:485,y:584,w:20,h:13},
{t:"4.56",p:32,x:485,y:600,w:20,h:13},
{t:"3.66",p:32,x:485,y:617,w:20,h:13},
{t:"3.26",p:32,x:485,y:633,w:20,h:13},
{t:"3.11",p:32,x:541,y:584,w:20,h:13},
{t:"2.76",p:32,x:541,y:600,w:20,h:13},
{t:"2.05",p:32,x:541,y:617,w:20,h:13},
{t:"1.85",p:32,x:541,y:633,w:20,h:13},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:32,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:32,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"27",p:32,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"28",p:33,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:33,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"The processes of urbanization are not new phenomena. They ",p:33,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"have been occurring since Nimrod and Babel. But there are ",p:33,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"historical differences occurring today that have resulted in the ",p:33,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"world rapidly becoming urban and more of the world’s people ",p:33,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"becoming the urban poor.",p:33,x:91,y:204,w:188,h:21},
{t:"The vital and occasionally magnificent cities of the past ",p:33,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"existed as islands in an overwhelming rural sea. Less than 200 ",p:33,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years ago, in the year 1800, the population of the world was still ",p:33,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"97 percent rural. At that time only 1.7 per cent of the world’s ",p:33,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"population resided in places of 5,000 or larger.",p:33,x:91,y:321,w:342,h:21},
{t:"By the beginning of the twentieth century, the propor tion of ",p:33,x:121,y:351,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the world’s population in cities of 100,000 or more had increased ",p:33,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to 5.5 percent. England was the first country to undergo an urban ",p:33,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"transformation. In the second half of the nineteenth century, it was ",p:33,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the world’s only predomi nantly urban country.",p:33,x:91,y:439,w:343,h:21},
{t:"In 1975, by contrast, 24 percent of the world lived in large ",p:33,x:121,y:468,w:454,h:21},
{t:"cities of 100,000 or more. By the year 2001, 48 percent were ",p:33,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:21},
{t:"living in cities.",p:33,x:91,y:512,w:109,h:21},
{t:"What is behind the mushrooming of the cities since the 1940s? ",p:33,x:121,y:542,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Many assume that migration from the rural areas is the primary ",p:33,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cause. But migration has always occurred. It is not the only cause ",p:33,x:91,y:586,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of growth. The growth of cities is made up of both migration ",p:33,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(called explosion growth) and natural increase within the cities ",p:33,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(sometimes called implosion growth). Migration represents only ",p:33,x:91,y:652,w:484,h:21},
{t:"some 30-50 percent of this urban increase. Causes of migration ",p:33,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are described as push and pull factors.",p:33,x:91,y:696,w:279,h:21},
{t:"Push factors behind migration",p:33,x:91,y:736,w:264,h:24},
{t:"1.",p:33,x:91,y:779,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Rural poverty",p:33,x:121,y:779,w:104,h:21},
{t:"The primary driving force behind migration ",p:33,x:121,y:808,w:354,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:33,x:481,y:808,w:16,h:21},
{t:"the rural ",p:33,x:503,y:808,w:71,h:21},
{t:"economy. In a study on migrants in slums in Dhaka, 39.7 percent ",p:33,x:91,y:830,w:484,h:21},
{t:"indicated the cause of their migration as poverty, 31.5 percent ",p:33,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:33,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:33,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"28",p:33,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"29",p:34,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:34,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"as unemployment, 23.3 percent as famine.6 There are other less ",p:34,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"significant factors that modify the primary driving forces to the ",p:34,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city slums men tioned above.",p:34,x:91,y:160,w:209,h:21},
{t:"In an increasingly cash economy, the same levels of ag-",p:34,x:121,y:189,w:450,h:21},
{t:"riculture provide a declining level of effective cash. It be comes ",p:34,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"increasingly rational to migrate to the town, even if there is only a ",p:34,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one in three or a one in two chance of getting a job.",p:34,x:91,y:255,w:377,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:34,x:91,y:296,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Political unrest and warfare",p:34,x:121,y:296,w:211,h:21},
{t:"Unrest in the provinces often creates an influx into the cities. ",p:34,x:121,y:326,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Stable political government in the city acts like a magnet in such ",p:34,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:21},
{t:"times. The partition of India and Bangladesh sent a million new ",p:34,x:91,y:370,w:484,h:21},
{t:"urban poor to Calcutta. The subsequent war in 1971 between ",p:34,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Pakistan and Bangladesh sent another wave. ",p:34,x:91,y:414,w:329,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:34,x:91,y:455,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Weather factors",p:34,x:121,y:455,w:123,h:21},
{t:"Weather also affects migration. Dwyer shows that urban migra-",p:34,x:121,y:484,w:450,h:21},
{t:"tion in the Philippines is directly related to areas where productivity ",p:34,x:91,y:506,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is constantly hampered by ty phoons.7 In a study on Dhaka, 9.3 ",p:34,x:91,y:528,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent of migrants indicated they came because of river erosion ",p:34,x:91,y:550,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and flood ing.8 The diagram on the following page illustrates some ",p:34,x:91,y:572,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the structural factors involved in urban migration.",p:34,x:91,y:594,w:375,h:21},
{t:"Pull factors behind migration",p:34,x:91,y:635,w:253,h:24},
{t:"Throughout the centuries men and women have needed per-",p:34,x:121,y:666,w:450,h:21},
{t:"manence, security, community, and achievement. The city, good ",p:34,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in its reflections of the godhead, in its communality, opportunity ",p:34,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for creativity, and creation of order; and evil in its infiltration ",p:34,x:91,y:732,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with the demonic components of abu sive power, exploitation, and ",p:34,x:91,y:754,w:484,h:21},
{t:"arrogant rejection of God, has always been the Mecca for such ",p:34,x:91,y:776,w:484,h:21},
{t:"aspirations.",p:34,x:91,y:798,w:84,h:21},
{t:"Santos talks of a demonstration effect—when the im pact of ",p:34,x:121,y:827,w:454,h:21},
{t:"radio, television, films, magazines, and newspapers results in ",p:34,x:91,y:849,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:34,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:34,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"29",p:34,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"30",p:35,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:35,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"STRUCTURAL FACTORS IN URBAN MIGRATION",p:35,x:91,y:116,w:311,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:35,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:35,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"30",p:35,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"31",p:36,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:36,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"rising expectations among the rural population. These, plus the ",p:36,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"new highways into the rural towns, open up a bewildering array of ",p:36,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"alternatives for people who for centu ries have lived at subsistence ",p:36,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"levels. This is a prime reason why those who live in rural areas ",p:36,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that are closer to centers of politics or economics migrate at a ",p:36,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"greater rate.",p:36,x:91,y:226,w:87,h:21},
{t:"The desire for education and health are also factors. Rural ",p:36,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:21},
{t:"schools often prepare people not for rural lives but for the ",p:36,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"modernizing influences of the city.",p:36,x:91,y:299,w:256,h:21},
{t:"The family I lived with in the favelas of Sao Paulo, Brazil, ",p:36,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"for five months was typical. The mother told me, through tears, ",p:36,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that they had come from the hills, like most people in this favela. ",p:36,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"There, only two of her six children had sur vived. There was no ",p:36,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hospital, no doctor, and not enough sustenance in the food. In ",p:36,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"despair, they moved to the city, where for 15 years they had lived ",p:36,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the favela, and the father working long nights in a low-paid job. ",p:36,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"But life was infinitely better. Three more children had survived. ",p:36,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The children went to school. They had a roof over their head and ",p:36,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the possibility of a permanent piece of land.",p:36,x:91,y:527,w:321,h:21},
{t:"RELIGIOUS DIVERSITY IN CALCUTTA (IN PERCENT)",p:36,x:175,y:639,w:310,h:20},
{t:"1951",p:36,x:225,y:669,w:26,h:16},
{t:"1961",p:36,x:314,y:669,w:26,h:16},
{t:"1971",p:36,x:407,y:669,w:26,h:16},
{t:"1981",p:36,x:499,y:669,w:26,h:16},
{t:"Christians",p:36,x:111,y:690,w:54,h:15},
{t:"Hindus",p:36,x:111,y:713,w:38,h:15},
{t:"Muslims",p:36,x:111,y:737,w:46,h:15},
{t:"Buddhist",p:36,x:111,y:760,w:48,h:15},
{t:"Jains",p:36,x:111,y:784,w:26,h:15},
{t:"Sikhs",p:36,x:111,y:807,w:29,h:15},
{t:"Other",p:36,x:111,y:831,w:30,h:15},
{t:"2.98",p:36,x:227,y:690,w:23,h:15},
{t:"83.41",p:36,x:223,y:713,w:30,h:15},
{t:"12.00",p:36,x:223,y:737,w:30,h:15},
{t:"0.37",p:36,x:227,y:760,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.46",p:36,x:227,y:784,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.56",p:36,x:227,y:807,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.22",p:36,x:227,y:831,w:23,h:15},
{t:"1.82",p:36,x:316,y:690,w:23,h:15},
{t:"83.94",p:36,x:313,y:713,w:30,h:15},
{t:"12.78",p:36,x:313,y:737,w:30,h:15},
{t:"0.31",p:36,x:316,y:760,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.58",p:36,x:316,y:784,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.51",p:36,x:316,y:807,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.06",p:36,x:316,y:831,w:23,h:15},
{t:"1.40",p:36,x:409,y:690,w:23,h:15},
{t:"83.13",p:36,x:405,y:713,w:30,h:15},
{t:"14.20",p:36,x:405,y:737,w:30,h:15},
{t:"0.29",p:36,x:409,y:760,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.60",p:36,x:409,y:784,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.36",p:36,x:409,y:807,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.02",p:36,x:409,y:831,w:23,h:15},
{t:"1.36",p:36,x:500,y:690,w:23,h:15},
{t:"81.89",p:36,x:497,y:713,w:30,h:15},
{t:"15.34",p:36,x:497,y:737,w:30,h:15},
{t:"0.32",p:36,x:500,y:760,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.62",p:36,x:500,y:784,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.45",p:36,x:500,y:807,w:23,h:15},
{t:"0.02",p:36,x:500,y:831,w:23,h:15},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:36,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:36,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"31",p:36,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"32",p:37,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:37,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Who are the migrants?",p:37,x:91,y:115,w:198,h:24},
{t:"Cities are primarily for the young. Seventy-five percent of ",p:37,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"migrants are less than twenty-four years of age. In the year 2000, ",p:37,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"666 million children under the age of fifteen lived in Third World ",p:37,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cities.9",p:37,x:91,y:212,w:48,h:21},
{t:"Interestingly, some cities are for men and some for women. ",p:37,x:121,y:241,w:454,h:21},
{t:"For example, we may look at the city of Calcutta as a primarily ",p:37,x:91,y:263,w:484,h:21},
{t:"male city, with a male/female ratio for the total population of 100/",p:37,x:91,y:285,w:479,h:21},
{t:"61, for Hindus, 100/65, and for Muslims, 100/40.10 In contrast, ",p:37,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Latin cities are primarily fe male. Data indicates the importance ",p:37,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of specific targeting of male populations in New Guinea, part of ",p:37,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Oceania.",p:37,x:91,y:373,w:64,h:21},
{t:"Migrants come from diverse religious backgrounds into a ",p:37,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:21},
{t:"melting pot of religions, as the figures on the previous page show ",p:37,x:91,y:425,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for Calcutta (they also show the decline of Christian ity within ",p:37,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta).",p:37,x:91,y:469,w:71,h:21},
{t:"The figures for Calcutta do not reveal the fact that most ",p:37,x:121,y:498,w:454,h:21},
{t:"migrants into the city are more animistic and do not have a clear ",p:37,x:91,y:520,w:484,h:21},
{t:"understanding of “purer” forms of Hinduism. The fig ures do ",p:37,x:91,y:542,w:484,h:21},
{t:"reveal, however, the possibility of significant Muslim conversions ",p:37,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in a context of religious plurality.",p:37,x:91,y:586,w:245,h:21},
{t:"These figures also show the great decline of Christianity in ",p:37,x:121,y:616,w:454,h:21},
{t:"this city since the British left. Anglo-Indians, who made up the ",p:37,x:91,y:638,w:484,h:21},
{t:"bulk of the city churches, suddenly found they were no longer ",p:37,x:91,y:660,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a privileged caste within Indian society. They began to integrate ",p:37,x:91,y:682,w:484,h:21},
{t:"back into their Hindu culture. At the same time, the decline in ",p:37,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:21},
{t:"economics caused a migration of middle-class people to other ",p:37,x:91,y:726,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cities in India. The church contained many of these.",p:37,x:91,y:748,w:379,h:21},
{t:"Migrants are generally illiterate. But cities facilitate in creasing ",p:37,x:121,y:777,w:454,h:21},
{t:"literacy. In India, about 30 percent of the popula tion is literate. In ",p:37,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta, about 67 percent are literate.",p:37,x:91,y:821,w:279,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:37,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:37,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"32",p:37,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"33",p:38,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:38,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"There are also patterns as to where the migrants first find ",p:38,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"vacant land on which to live. Squatters may be found up the rivers ",p:38,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in older townships that have been surrounded by the city, places ",p:38,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"where modern land titles have never been fully obtained. There ",p:38,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is also land along the railways. Generally, a ring of squatters ",p:38,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"surrounds the city as it was in the early 1950s and another ring is ",p:38,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"emerging around the satellite cities. Swamps are commonly left ",p:38,x:91,y:248,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for squatters, and along the coastline there may be houses built ",p:38,x:91,y:270,w:484,h:21},
{t:"four-deep out into the sea.",p:38,x:91,y:292,w:191,h:21},
{t:"Implosion: natural urban growth",p:38,x:91,y:332,w:281,h:24},
{t:"1.",p:38,x:91,y:375,w:14,h:21},
{t:"More rural and urban natural increase",p:38,x:121,y:375,w:292,h:21},
{t:"In ancient cities, the rate of in-migration plus birth rates in the ",p:38,x:121,y:404,w:454,h:21},
{t:"cities nearly equaled the death rates. Cities had relatively stable ",p:38,x:91,y:426,w:484,h:21},
{t:"populations. In English cities dur ing the Industrial Revolution, ",p:38,x:91,y:448,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cities grew almost entirely by migration. Life in the cities was ",p:38,x:91,y:470,w:484,h:21},
{t:"grim. More people died than were born.",p:38,x:91,y:492,w:292,h:21},
{t:"But natural increase has quickened since the late 1930s, with ",p:38,x:121,y:522,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the rapid technological and organizational ad vance of modern ",p:38,x:91,y:544,w:484,h:21},
{t:"medicine resulting in increased birth rates (more babies live) and ",p:38,x:91,y:566,w:484,h:21},
{t:"longevity (more people live longer). Improved patterns of plumb-",p:38,x:91,y:588,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ing, modes of trans portation, chlorination of water supplies, and ",p:38,x:91,y:610,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other inno vations have also played a part.",p:38,x:91,y:632,w:304,h:21},
{t:"Since many in these emerging cities are trapped in pov erty, ",p:38,x:121,y:661,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the reproductive rate is high because birth rates among the poor ",p:38,x:91,y:683,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are higher than among the educated.",p:38,x:91,y:705,w:265,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:38,x:91,y:746,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Increased affluence",p:38,x:121,y:746,w:152,h:21},
{t:"Because of modernization, incomes have risen in most areas ",p:38,x:121,y:776,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of the world. The more rapidly incomes rise, the faster urbaniza-",p:38,x:91,y:798,w:479,h:21},
{t:"tion occurs.",p:38,x:91,y:820,w:85,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:38,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:38,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"33",p:38,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"34",p:39,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:39,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:39,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Technological development in agriculture",p:39,x:121,y:116,w:318,h:21},
{t:"The faster productivity in agriculture increases, the faster ",p:39,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people move out of the agricultural sector. This negates the fallacy ",p:39,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that somehow we can reverse migra tion to the cities by improving ",p:39,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the lot of the agricultural areas. This is particularly true in nations ",p:39,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with high birth rates, where increasing productivity requires fewer ",p:39,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"workers on a limited supply of land.",p:39,x:91,y:255,w:265,h:21},
{t:"The historical context of underdevelopment",p:39,x:91,y:296,w:381,h:24},
{t:"The Industrial Revolution in England and Northern Eu rope ",p:39,x:121,y:327,w:454,h:21},
{t:"generated the first major wave of modern urbaniza tion. Those ",p:39,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"countries had their slums. Theory based on historical analysis of ",p:39,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this growth indicates that as industri alization continued, the extent ",p:39,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of urban poverty decreased.",p:39,x:91,y:415,w:203,h:21},
{t:"The development of Third World cities, however, is to tally ",p:39,x:121,y:444,w:454,h:21},
{t:"different from the development of Western cities both prior and ",p:39,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"during industrialization. The differences can be described in ",p:39,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"social, spatial, and economic terms.",p:39,x:91,y:510,w:261,h:21},
{t:"Today’s Third World mega-cities were established primar ily ",p:39,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:21},
{t:"as trading centers for colonial powers. Their industrial ization, ",p:39,x:91,y:562,w:484,h:21},
{t:"infrastructure, and legal systems were established in situations of ",p:39,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dependency on Northern or Western cities. They were the export-",p:39,x:91,y:606,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ers of their countries’ raw materials, and recipients of advanced ",p:39,x:91,y:628,w:484,h:21},
{t:"technological ",p:39,x:91,y:650,w:103,h:21},
{t:"processes ",p:39,x:203,y:650,w:74,h:21},
{t:"and ",p:39,x:286,y:650,w:31,h:21},
{t:"for eign ",p:39,x:326,y:650,w:57,h:21},
{t:"legal ",p:39,x:392,y:650,w:40,h:21},
{t:"and ",p:39,x:440,y:650,w:31,h:21},
{t:"bureaucratic ",p:39,x:480,y:650,w:95,h:21},
{t:"systems.",p:39,x:91,y:672,w:62,h:21},
{t:"The economies of the advanced countries, on the other ",p:39,x:121,y:701,w:454,h:21},
{t:"hand, had not been dependent on other nations. Their economies ",p:39,x:91,y:723,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and politics were not distorted by dependency, but rather were ",p:39,x:91,y:745,w:484,h:21},
{t:"integrated. These cities were the centers to which the goods of the ",p:39,x:91,y:767,w:484,h:21},
{t:"world were delivered.",p:39,x:91,y:789,w:160,h:21},
{t:"As a result, contemporary urban growth in the Third World ",p:39,x:121,y:819,w:454,h:21},
{t:"is characterized by fundamental differences from the growth of ",p:39,x:91,y:841,w:484,h:21},
{t:"large cities like New York or London some genera tions ago.",p:39,x:91,y:863,w:442,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:39,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:39,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"34",p:39,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"35",p:40,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:40,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"High urbanization vis-à-vis low industrialization",p:40,x:91,y:115,w:414,h:24},
{t:"Third World cities are developing capital-intensive indus try ",p:40,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"that provides few jobs for the influx of new people, whereas the ",p:40,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"European growth of cities drew people because of the massive ",p:40,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"new employment growth that outstripped the labor force.",p:40,x:91,y:212,w:418,h:21},
{t:"The industrialization of developed countries required rural ",p:40,x:121,y:241,w:454,h:21},
{t:"labor to supplement inadequate urban supplies; in the Third ",p:40,x:91,y:263,w:484,h:21},
{t:"World, the process of capital-intensive industrial ization attracts ",p:40,x:91,y:285,w:484,h:21},
{t:"far more labor than it can possibly absorb. Part of Hoselitz’ ",p:40,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"thesis that has been substantiated is that urbanization is outpacing ",p:40,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"industrialization in the Third World, in contrast with the relation-",p:40,x:91,y:351,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ship between the two that prevailed at earlier times in currently ",p:40,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"developed coun tries. In short, more people enter the cities than ",p:40,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"jobs can be created for them.11",p:40,x:91,y:417,w:222,h:21},
{t:"In most cities, industrial growth ranges from 1-4 percent per ",p:40,x:121,y:447,w:454,h:21},
{t:"year in contrast with slum population growth, which ranges from ",p:40,x:91,y:469,w:484,h:21},
{t:"6-12 percent. Those unable to enter the indus trial life of the city ",p:40,x:91,y:491,w:484,h:21},
{t:"remain trapped in lives of service and patronage without ever ",p:40,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:21},
{t:"acquiring the capacity to gain their own land or housing.",p:40,x:91,y:535,w:414,h:21},
{t:"For example, to accommodate rising populations in Cen tral ",p:40,x:121,y:564,w:454,h:21},
{t:"America and Mexico, 1.2 million jobs need to be created a year. ",p:40,x:91,y:586,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In contrast, the USA creates only 2 million jobs per year with an ",p:40,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"economy fifteen times as large.",p:40,x:91,y:630,w:229,h:21},
{t:"Today’s Third World tertiary sector (government bureau crats ",p:40,x:121,y:660,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and services such as insurance, banking, and publish ing) ",p:40,x:91,y:682,w:461,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:40,x:558,y:682,w:16,h:21},
{t:"numerically larger than the Third World manufacturing sector. ",p:40,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In nineteenth-century Europe, levels of productivity were roughly ",p:40,x:91,y:726,w:484,h:21},
{t:"similar between the two sec tors.",p:40,x:91,y:748,w:235,h:21},
{t:"In Western urbanization, agricultural development led to ",p:40,x:121,y:777,w:454,h:21},
{t:"industrial development. Industrial development directly fed back ",p:40,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into the development of agriculture. Later came the increases of ",p:40,x:91,y:821,w:484,h:21},
{t:"service industries and bureaucracy. In the Third World today, the ",p:40,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:21},
{t:"primary growth of the cities is from agriculture to bureaucracy ",p:40,x:91,y:865,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:40,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:40,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"35",p:40,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"36",p:41,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:41,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"and services (such as car-wash ing, hand-carrying letters across a ",p:41,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city), supported by a weaker industrial sector.",p:41,x:91,y:138,w:335,h:21},
{t:"The infrastructure of skills, the value systems outlined by ",p:41,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Max Weber and others, the legal structures, and city or ganization ",p:41,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that created an environment for entrepreneurial activity in Europe ",p:41,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"have been transplanted from the West, and in many contexts, fit ",p:41,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poorly and malfunction badly.",p:41,x:91,y:255,w:222,h:21},
{t:"As a result, some Third World cities are almost entirely non-",p:41,x:121,y:285,w:449,h:21},
{t:"industrial. Ray Bakke comments on Dhaka:",p:41,x:91,y:307,w:319,h:21},
{t:"An Urbanologist would view Dhaka as a pre-industrial ",p:41,x:121,y:339,w:424,h:21},
{t:"city, a kind of urban village. It does not have an urban ",p:41,x:121,y:361,w:424,h:21},
{t:"structure or infrastructure like Western cities. It has a ",p:41,x:121,y:383,w:424,h:21},
{t:"huge population and a rapidly grow ing one.12",p:41,x:121,y:405,w:330,h:21},
{t:"The response",p:41,x:91,y:445,w:119,h:24},
{t:"Chapter two of this book presents an analysis of the need in ",p:41,x:121,y:476,w:454,h:21},
{t:"slums and squatter areas. Chapters three to five are a discussion ",p:41,x:91,y:498,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the nature of these squatter areas and causes of their poverty. ",p:41,x:91,y:520,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In chapter six, the extent of the church within them is analyzed. ",p:41,x:91,y:542,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Chapter seven and eight tell of our personal and organizational ",p:41,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"response to these needs. Chap ters nine on, by means of case stud-",p:41,x:91,y:586,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ies and analysis of an thropology, economics, and theology seek to ",p:41,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"define what the church in such contexts will look like.",p:41,x:91,y:630,w:397,h:21},
{t:"The argument in the following pages is that at the core of any ",p:41,x:121,y:660,w:454,h:21},
{t:"response to these processes is the development of the kingdom of ",p:41,x:91,y:682,w:484,h:21},
{t:"God in these slums; that movements at the grassroots are a key to ",p:41,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:21},
{t:"long-term change; that as the church has done through history, we ",p:41,x:91,y:726,w:484,h:21},
{t:"must reach the vic tims of oppression and in the process we will ",p:41,x:91,y:748,w:484,h:21},
{t:"generate life that will transform the oppression itself.",p:41,x:91,y:770,w:389,h:21},
{t:"The church in the city must therefore attack the issue of ",p:41,x:121,y:799,w:454,h:21},
{t:"evangelizing the urban poor at several levels:",p:41,x:91,y:821,w:331,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:41,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:41,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"36",p:41,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"37",p:42,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The City Beckons",p:42,x:460,y:76,w:110,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:42,x:121,y:116,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Establishing movements of churches among the poor that ",p:42,x:151,y:116,w:424,h:21},
{t:"are genuinely churches of and by the people, expressing their ",p:42,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"leadership and style of worship, and addressing their needs.",p:42,x:91,y:160,w:436,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:42,x:121,y:189,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Establishing movements of disciples among the edu-",p:42,x:151,y:189,w:420,h:21},
{t:"cated elite, or non-poor, who have a biblical theology of justice, ",p:42,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"economics, and society. These probably will come from student ",p:42,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministries where students are exposed to ministry among the poor ",p:42,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and forced to develop a strong biblical basis for dealing with the ",p:42,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"issues of such a ministry.",p:42,x:91,y:299,w:184,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:42,x:121,y:329,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Seeking to mobilize the affluent church to open its doors ",p:42,x:151,y:329,w:424,h:21},
{t:"to the poor and become directly involved in confronting the ",p:42,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"international issues of unjust economic structures by speaking the ",p:42,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"word of God into these arenas.",p:42,x:91,y:395,w:225,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:42,x:121,y:424,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Developing a holistic kingdom-oriented theology, with ",p:42,x:151,y:424,w:424,h:21},
{t:"a ",p:42,x:91,y:446,w:12,h:21},
{t:"strong emphasis on ",p:42,x:110,y:446,w:159,h:21},
{t:"Christology—Christ’s ",p:42,x:277,y:446,w:167,h:21},
{t:"incarnation, ",p:42,x:451,y:446,w:91,h:21},
{t:"his ",p:42,x:549,y:446,w:25,h:21},
{t:"miracles, his chosen suffering on the cross, his Great Commission, ",p:42,x:91,y:468,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and his kingdom.",p:42,x:91,y:490,w:126,h:21},
{t:"This book will concentrate on the neglected first aspect—es-",p:42,x:121,y:520,w:449,h:21},
{t:"tablishing movements among the poor—while not ne glecting the ",p:42,x:91,y:542,w:484,h:21},
{t:"others. These are being addressed by other mission strategists and ",p:42,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"authors.",p:42,x:91,y:586,w:58,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:42,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:42,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"37",p:42,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"38",p:43,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:43,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Notes",p:43,x:91,y:117,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:43,x:97,y:140,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Wilson, Samuel, Unreached Peoples 1982, Monrovia, California: MARC, ",p:43,x:116,y:140,w:430,h:16},
{t:"World Vision International, 1982. ",p:43,x:91,y:156,w:196,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:43,x:97,y:180,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Pornchokchai, Sopon, 1020 Bangkok Slums: Evidence, Analysis, Critics, ",p:43,x:116,y:180,w:431,h:16},
{t:"Urban Community Research and Actions School, 688/56 Jaransanitwong 68, ",p:43,x:91,y:196,w:457,h:16},
{t:"Bangplad, Bangkok, 1985",p:43,x:91,y:212,w:152,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:43,x:97,y:235,w:11,h:16},
{t:"The Challenge of the Slums, Global Report on Human Settlements, 2003, ",p:43,x:116,y:235,w:438,h:16},
{t:"Nairobi:UN-Habitat, has extensive analysis of the nature of slum growth.",p:43,x:91,y:251,w:425,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:43,x:97,y:275,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Extensive references to sources are available in a manuscript copy of this ",p:43,x:116,y:275,w:437,h:16},
{t:"book and the Urban Leadership Cities Database, P.O. Box 20-524, Glen Eden, ",p:43,x:91,y:291,w:468,h:16},
{t:"Auckland, New Zealand.",p:43,x:91,y:307,w:144,h:16},
{t:"5.",p:43,x:97,y:330,w:11,h:16},
{t:"UN-HABITAT, 2003, The Challenge of the Slums, p 14.",p:43,x:116,y:330,w:326,h:16},
{t:"6.",p:43,x:97,y:354,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Dhaka Municipal Corporation, Centrer for urban studies, Slums in Dhaka ",p:43,x:116,y:354,w:431,h:16},
{t:"City, 1983.",p:43,x:91,y:370,w:63,h:16},
{t:"7.",p:43,x:97,y:393,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Dwyer, D.J., The City as Centre of Change in Asia, Hong Kong University ",p:43,x:116,y:393,w:436,h:16},
{t:"Press, 1991. ",p:43,x:91,y:409,w:78,h:16},
{t:"8.",p:43,x:97,y:433,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Center for Urban Studies, slums in Dhaka city.",p:43,x:116,y:433,w:273,h:16},
{t:"9.",p:43,x:97,y:456,w:11,h:16},
{t:"U.N. Population Division, 1980 statistics.",p:43,x:116,y:456,w:239,h:16},
{t:"10.",p:43,x:91,y:480,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Siddiqui, M.K.A., editor, Aspects of Society and Culture in Calcutta, ",p:43,x:116,y:480,w:399,h:16},
{t:"Anthropological Society of India, 1982.",p:43,x:91,y:496,w:227,h:16},
{t:"11.",p:43,x:91,y:519,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Hoselitz, Bert F., “Urbanization and Economic Growth in Asia,” Economic ",p:43,x:116,y:519,w:434,h:16},
{t:"Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 6, Oct. 1957.",p:43,x:91,y:535,w:315,h:16},
{t:"12.",p:43,x:91,y:559,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Bakke, Ray, “Evangelizing the World Class Cities,” Together, Jan-March ",p:43,x:116,y:559,w:429,h:16},
{t:"1984.",p:43,x:91,y:575,w:33,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:43,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:43,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"38",p:43,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"39",p:44,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Three",p:44,x:196,y:115,w:128,h:24},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: ",p:44,x:196,y:150,w:242,h:32},
{t:"Who Are We?",p:44,x:196,y:180,w:174,h:32},
{t:"The way to the Celestial City lies just through this ",p:44,x:196,y:219,w:361,h:23},
{t:"town, where the lusty fair is kept; and he that will go ",p:44,x:196,y:243,w:379,h:23},
{t:"to the City, and yet not go through this town must ",p:44,x:196,y:267,w:361,h:23},
{t:"needs go out of the world.",p:44,x:196,y:291,w:188,h:23},
{t:"—John Bunyan, The Pilgrim’s Progress",p:44,x:196,y:315,w:286,h:23},
{t:"City of joy",p:44,x:91,y:813,w:88,h:24},
{t:"Calcutta, oh Calcutta! City where the powers of dark ness ",p:44,x:121,y:844,w:454,h:21},
{t:"have so gained control over the political and judicial leadership ",p:44,x:91,y:866,w:484,h:21},
{t:"One was a big man with a good education, speaking ",p:44,x:121,y:412,w:371,h:19},
{t:"English fluently with an English accent. The other was a ",p:44,x:121,y:431,w:395,h:19},
{t:"Nepalese, small in stature but full of big dreams.",p:44,x:121,y:450,w:337,h:19},
{t:"“What business would you get into if you were to make it off ",p:44,x:121,y:479,w:421,h:19},
{t:"the street?” asked my friend, a Kiwi businessman.",p:44,x:121,y:498,w:349,h:19},
{t:"“We would establish a tea stall,” they replied.",p:44,x:121,y:527,w:314,h:19},
{t:"Several further discussions led to a conclusion that it was ",p:44,x:121,y:556,w:405,h:19},
{t:"a worthy goal for $100. But to find a piece of unoccu pied ",p:44,x:121,y:575,w:399,h:19},
{t:"street took ten days. They only had to pay the police a ",p:44,x:121,y:594,w:383,h:19},
{t:"reasonable two rupees each day for protection. But paying ",p:44,x:121,y:613,w:413,h:19},
{t:"the local mafia cut their profit margin to zero.",p:44,x:121,y:632,w:312,h:19},
{t:"A daughter fell sick from a fever. She had been caught in ",p:44,x:121,y:661,w:403,h:19},
{t:"the rain without good blankets in the cold Calcutta winter. ",p:44,x:121,y:680,w:404,h:19},
{t:"This crisis slowly consumed their financial capital.",p:44,x:121,y:699,w:347,h:19},
{t:"Unable to pay the mafia, members of the family were ",p:44,x:121,y:728,w:374,h:19},
{t:"beaten up.",p:44,x:121,y:747,w:74,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:44,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:44,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"39",p:44,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"40",p:45,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:45,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"that only darkness prevails, and a mafia rules the city’s people. ",p:45,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Poverty and evil triumph and infest the lives of ordinary people ",p:45,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"until they go crazy with the pain.",p:45,x:91,y:160,w:241,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta has more poverty and more grades of poverty than ",p:45,x:121,y:189,w:454,h:21},
{t:"any other city in the world. I walk down the street, and a well-fed ",p:45,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"wraith-like figure, baby on hip, comes after me pleading, plead-",p:45,x:91,y:233,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ing. There are four of them fighting each day for this territory. An ",p:45,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"amputee shakes his cup on the corner, an old man lies on the path ",p:45,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"further along, near death.",p:45,x:91,y:299,w:184,h:21},
{t:"In 1984, Geoffrey Moorehouse estimated that there were ",p:45,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"400,000 men in town without a job;1 the 1981 census put it ",p:45,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"at 851,806. Ganguly comments that perhaps no other city has ",p:45,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one million educated youth registered with the em ployment ",p:45,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"exchanges.2 There is beggary all over India, but nowhere is there ",p:45,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"beggary on the scale of Calcutta’s.",p:45,x:91,y:439,w:253,h:21},
{t:"Beyond the beggars are anywhere from 48,000 to 200,000 ",p:45,x:121,y:468,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people who live permanently on the streets. One survey shows ",p:45,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that two-thirds of them have some kind of regular employment, ",p:45,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"while 20 percent are beggars. Most have some kind of part-time ",p:45,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"work or have earned money by selling vegetables, paper, firewood ",p:45,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and scraps.",p:45,x:91,y:578,w:81,h:21},
{t:"More than half of the 3.5 million living within the metro ",p:45,x:121,y:608,w:454,h:21},
{t:"core are slum dwellers. Two-thirds of Calcutta’s families earn ",p:45,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"350 rupees or less a month (the poverty level is Rs600 or US$50 ",p:45,x:91,y:652,w:484,h:21},
{t:"per month for a family). Less than 20 percent of its workforce ",p:45,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:21},
{t:"works in an organized industry. Agriculture and small crafts, not ",p:45,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"major or modern manufacturing, are the principal occupation of ",p:45,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the people. In as much as 80 percent of its extended land surface ",p:45,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of 1,350 square kilo meters, there are 3.15 million bustee and ",p:45,x:91,y:762,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slumdwellers.3",p:45,x:91,y:784,w:107,h:21},
{t:"There is a level of poverty still lower than that experi enced ",p:45,x:121,y:813,w:454,h:21},
{t:"by beggar, street-dweller or bustee-dweller—the poverty of those ",p:45,x:91,y:835,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who are approaching death. The dying are faces along the streets. ",p:45,x:91,y:857,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:45,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:45,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"40",p:45,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"41",p:46,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:46,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"An old man, his eyes fixed. Some passers-by leaving a few coins. ",p:46,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"A visit with the Brothers of Charity to the street-sleepers under an ",p:46,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"unfinished over pass. A plaintive plea from a silver-haired mother ",p:46,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"shivering violently with fever for some coins to buy medicine. ",p:46,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Behind her, two pot-bellied little boys displaying their first-degree ",p:46,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"malnutrition.",p:46,x:91,y:226,w:95,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta daily demands that we face not just poverty, not alone ",p:46,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:21},
{t:"inhumanity, but this gray face of approaching death. The burden ",p:46,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is increased by the knowledge that the continued over fertility ",p:46,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"inherent in poverty will force five times this number of people off ",p:46,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the land in the next genera tion (about twenty years). The fact is ",p:46,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that there is no more land, no more subdivision of farms possible. ",p:46,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Increased agricul tural productivity will only add to the migration, ",p:46,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for it will increase the number of living children without bettering ",p:46,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the quality of rural life.",p:46,x:91,y:431,w:170,h:21},
{t:"The constant bickering of Bengali politics is death for these ",p:46,x:121,y:461,w:454,h:21},
{t:"poor, as is the economic dislocation introduced by a theoretically ",p:46,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Marxist state government—in reality a con tinued domination by ",p:46,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a rich ruling class. The perpetual bondage of Hindu caste and ",p:46,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"culture adds to the death.",p:46,x:91,y:549,w:183,h:21},
{t:"The task ahead",p:46,x:91,y:589,w:132,h:24},
{t:"Into this scene Jesus speaks the words, “And this is eternal ",p:46,x:121,y:620,w:454,h:21},
{t:"life, that they may know you” (John 17:3 NRSV). The confrontation ",p:46,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with death involves aid, development, organization, politics. But ",p:46,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as the brilliant Francis Xavier learned early in life, the issues of ",p:46,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this world are not determined by politics and force, but by the ",p:46,x:91,y:708,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mysteries of grace and faith. In the preaching of the cross comes ",p:46,x:91,y:730,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the vanquisher of this slow death that grips the city. Eventually it ",p:46,x:91,y:752,w:484,h:21},
{t:"must be movements of the righteous who can turn the flood tide. ",p:46,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The question is how to generate movements of disciples among ",p:46,x:91,y:796,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these poor and subsequently among the rich.",p:46,x:91,y:818,w:326,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:46,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:46,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"41",p:46,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"42",p:47,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:47,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Defining poverty, its types, causes, and potential re sponses, ",p:47,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"is an important step in the process of generating such movements. ",p:47,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"An understanding of the breadth of need and the range of potential ",p:47,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"responses enables us to reflect both on theology—that is, God’s ",p:47,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"responses—and on stra tegic possibilities to implement as we walk ",p:47,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with God.",p:47,x:91,y:226,w:73,h:21},
{t:"Some levels of urban poverty",p:47,x:91,y:266,w:255,h:24},
{t:"It would be a mistake to consider that the poor are to be found ",p:47,x:121,y:297,w:454,h:21},
{t:"only in slums or squatter areas. Or that the people in the slums are ",p:47,x:91,y:319,w:484,h:21},
{t:"necessarily all poor. Slums and poverty are not to be equated. And ",p:47,x:91,y:341,w:484,h:21},
{t:"even among the poor there is a class structure or ranking. What ",p:47,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"then are the relationships be tween squatters and poverty?",p:47,x:91,y:385,w:418,h:21},
{t:"Differences between first and Third World urban poor",p:47,x:91,y:426,w:465,h:24},
{t:"Absolute poverty is a term used to describe poverty when ",p:47,x:121,y:457,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people ",p:47,x:91,y:479,w:53,h:21},
{t:"have ",p:47,x:152,y:479,w:39,h:21},
{t:"an ",p:47,x:199,y:479,w:21,h:21},
{t:"absolute ",p:47,x:229,y:479,w:65,h:21},
{t:"insufficiency ",p:47,x:303,y:479,w:100,h:21},
{t:"to ",p:47,x:411,y:479,w:18,h:21},
{t:"meet ",p:47,x:438,y:479,w:40,h:21},
{t:"their ",p:47,x:487,y:479,w:38,h:21},
{t:"basic ",p:47,x:533,y:479,w:42,h:21},
{t:"needs—food, clothing, housing. Indeed, many who are in absolute ",p:47,x:91,y:501,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poverty starve to death. Within this category there are many lev-",p:47,x:91,y:523,w:479,h:21},
{t:"els. For example, we may talk of first-, second-, and third-degree ",p:47,x:91,y:545,w:484,h:21},
{t:"malnutrition.",p:47,x:91,y:567,w:95,h:21},
{t:"Relative poverty is found in the developed world and is ",p:47,x:121,y:596,w:454,h:21},
{t:"measured by looking at a person’s standard of living rela tive to ",p:47,x:91,y:618,w:484,h:21},
{t:"others in the community or nation. It is sometimes called second-",p:47,x:91,y:640,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ary poverty. It is a measure of the extent to which people are on ",p:47,x:91,y:662,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the margins of society.",p:47,x:91,y:684,w:167,h:21},
{t:"The measure of this relative or secondary poverty is often ",p:47,x:121,y:714,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in terms not of a material or economic level, but of ca pacity to ",p:47,x:91,y:736,w:484,h:21},
{t:"own and consume goods and services and to have opportunities ",p:47,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for development. It is often an exclusion from opportunity and ",p:47,x:91,y:780,w:484,h:21},
{t:"participation, a marginalization from soci ety.",p:47,x:91,y:802,w:330,h:21},
{t:"This marginal status is associated with and caused by (or ",p:47,x:121,y:831,w:454,h:21},
{t:"causative of) a low material standard of living in rela tionship to ",p:47,x:91,y:853,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:47,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:47,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"42",p:47,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"43",p:48,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:48,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"present social perspectives of how one should live well. To be ",p:48,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"without a car in a New Zealand city, for ex ample, means one is ",p:48,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor and largely unable to participate in society. This is not true ",p:48,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Lima, Peru. An International Labor Organization study uses a ",p:48,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"measure of disposable in come to establish the standard poverty ",p:48,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"line, dividing the total available income in the country by the ",p:48,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"population, thus determining this level relative to others within ",p:48,x:91,y:248,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the na tion.",p:48,x:91,y:270,w:77,h:21},
{t:"Thus when talking of poverty in Third World squatter areas, ",p:48,x:121,y:299,w:454,h:21},
{t:"we are generally talking of something that occurs at a level not ",p:48,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"even to be seen among the poor of a Western country. The middle ",p:48,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"class of Calcutta are poorer than the poor of Los Angeles.",p:48,x:91,y:365,w:423,h:21},
{t:"The definition of poverty is also, to a large extent, a his-",p:48,x:121,y:395,w:450,h:21},
{t:"torically perceived issue. The poor of Manila are not as poor as ",p:48,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the middle class of England even 400 years ago. But they are poor ",p:48,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"compared with the present-day middle class in any country in the ",p:48,x:91,y:751,w:484,h:21},
{t:"world. Our definition of poverty has changed with the availability ",p:48,x:91,y:773,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of technology that enables us to enjoy a healthier, happier life.",p:48,x:91,y:795,w:457,h:21},
{t:"Poverty can also be defined in terms of what man and society ",p:48,x:121,y:824,w:454,h:21},
{t:"could be, in terms of a future vision of a reasonable, or ideal, ",p:48,x:91,y:846,w:484,h:21},
{t:"FEATURES OF FIRST AND THIRD WORLD POVERTY",p:48,x:172,y:491,w:316,h:20},
{t:"First World",p:48,x:162,y:532,w:67,h:16},
{t:"Third World",p:48,x:401,y:532,w:73,h:16},
{t:"Relatively few of society",p:48,x:97,y:556,w:133,h:15},
{t:"Objects of discrimination",p:48,x:97,y:579,w:135,h:15},
{t:"Upward mobility difficult",p:48,x:97,y:603,w:137,h:15},
{t:"Job mobility limited",p:48,x:97,y:626,w:108,h:15},
{t:"Hard to find permanent employment",p:48,x:97,y:650,w:194,h:15},
{t:"“Secure” poverty/welfare",p:48,x:97,y:673,w:135,h:15},
{t:"Significant percentage of population",p:48,x:311,y:556,w:194,h:15},
{t:"Originates in lower and middle classes",p:48,x:311,y:579,w:206,h:15},
{t:"Upward mobility from urban and rural roots",p:48,x:311,y:603,w:235,h:15},
{t:"Flexible and adaptive labor",p:48,x:311,y:626,w:145,h:15},
{t:"Self-inflationary employment generation",p:48,x:311,y:650,w:217,h:15},
{t:"Daily subsistence search",p:48,x:311,y:673,w:131,h:15},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:48,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:48,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"43",p:48,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"44",p:49,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:49,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"lifestyle. Biblical scholars have recently clustered their definitions ",p:49,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"around the theme of shalom in the Old Testament—peace that ",p:49,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"comes out of a just and secure so ciety.",p:49,x:91,y:160,w:282,h:21},
{t:"Reachable communities of urban poor",p:49,x:91,y:200,w:334,h:24},
{t:"The physical characteristics and culture of each squatter ",p:49,x:121,y:231,w:454,h:21},
{t:"community differ from country to country. Yet the pro cesses ",p:49,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that generate them and the resultant evils are uni versal among the ",p:49,x:91,y:275,w:484,h:21},
{t:"major cities of the Third World countries.",p:49,x:91,y:297,w:306,h:21},
{t:"We may talk of three major international categories of urban ",p:49,x:121,y:327,w:454,h:21},
{t:"poor: inner-city slums, squatters, and specialized groups.",p:49,x:91,y:349,w:417,h:21},
{t:"Inner-city slums are decaying tenements and houses in what ",p:49,x:121,y:378,w:454,h:21},
{t:"were once good middle- and upper-class residences. They may ",p:49,x:91,y:400,w:484,h:21},
{t:"be described as slums of despair where those who have lost the ",p:49,x:91,y:422,w:484,h:21},
{t:"will to try and those who cannot cope gravitate. Yet here too are ",p:49,x:91,y:444,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the recent immigrants, living near employment opportunities, ",p:49,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and students in their hun dreds of thousands, seeking the upward ",p:49,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mobility of educa tion.",p:49,x:91,y:510,w:162,h:21},
{t:"In Sao Paulo, approximately half of the migrant poor that ",p:49,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:21},
{t:"come to the city find their first residence in",p:49,x:91,y:562,w:338,h:21},
{t:"favelas, or shanty ",p:49,x:436,y:562,w:138,h:21},
{t:"towns. The other half move to the corticos (run down, inner-city ",p:49,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:21},
{t:"housing), then within four years move down into the favelas. In ",p:49,x:91,y:606,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Lima these are called tugurios.",p:49,x:91,y:628,w:226,h:21},
{t:"In inner-city slums of despair there is little social cohe sion or ",p:49,x:121,y:657,w:454,h:21},
{t:"positive hope to facilitate a responsiveness to the gospel. Since ",p:49,x:91,y:679,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they are older poor areas of several genera tions of sin, they are not ",p:49,x:91,y:701,w:484,h:21},
{t:"responsive, and hence do not con stitute a high priority for church ",p:49,x:91,y:723,w:484,h:21},
{t:"planting.",p:49,x:91,y:745,w:64,h:21},
{t:"In terms of response it is more strategic to focus on squatter ",p:49,x:121,y:775,w:454,h:21},
{t:"areas, which tend to be slums of hope. Here people have found a ",p:49,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:21},
{t:"foothold into the city, some vacant land, jobs, and some communal ",p:49,x:91,y:819,w:484,h:21},
{t:"relationships similar to the barrio back home.",p:49,x:91,y:841,w:332,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:49,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:49,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"44",p:49,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"45",p:50,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:50,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"Slum of hope",p:50,x:91,y:115,w:116,h:24},
{t:"Tatalon, in Manila, is an example of one of the many slums of ",p:50,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"hope that have sprung up since the 1940s. A total lack of facilities ",p:50,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and services did not deter provincial mi grants flooding into ",p:50,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Manila. In the unoccupied lands of Tatalon, they found an ideal ",p:50,x:91,y:212,w:484,h:21},
{t:"site to establish footholds in the big city. In 1976, the average ",p:50,x:91,y:234,w:484,h:21},
{t:"home in Tatalon contained 12.3 people. There were 14,500 people ",p:50,x:91,y:256,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in about six square blocks—approximately 57,500 people per ",p:50,x:91,y:278,w:484,h:21},
{t:"square kilome ter. By 1985, the number of residents had doubled.",p:50,x:91,y:300,w:475,h:21},
{t:"Tatalon is one of the more fortunate squatter areas. The ",p:50,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"government in the last few years has established a “sites and ",p:50,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"services” program, gradually upgrading the area. It has put in ",p:50,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"roads, a number of toilets, some water pumps, and surveyed the ",p:50,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"land. It has organized the people so that those longest in residence ",p:50,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"may buy the small lot on which they live. This upgrading has been ",p:50,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"done at a cost of between 70 and 120 pesos (US$3.50-$6.00) per ",p:50,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"month over a 25-year period.",p:50,x:91,y:483,w:213,h:21},
{t:"Tatalon is a place of hope, a slum in which to dream, to ",p:50,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:21},
{t:"aspire. It is a community that is beginning (with a little help) to ",p:50,x:91,y:535,w:484,h:21},
{t:"come through decades of suffering into a little eco nomic security. ",p:50,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In such a context the gospel is welcomed as one more part of ",p:50,x:91,y:579,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the social changes people are going through. It can move like ",p:50,x:91,y:601,w:484,h:21},
{t:"wildfire.",p:50,x:91,y:623,w:62,h:21},
{t:"The incarnational patterns outlined in Companion to the ",p:50,x:121,y:652,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Poor4",p:50,x:91,y:674,w:42,h:20},
{t:"Poor",p:50,x:91,y:674,w:36,h:20},
{t:"are applicable in Catholic contexts such as the Philip pines ",p:50,x:138,y:674,w:437,h:21},
{t:"and Latin America. They are probably applicable as well in any ",p:50,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"context where the culture has a positive direc tion towards Christ. ",p:50,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In contexts moving away from Christ or under severe political ",p:50,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"control, the principle of incarna tion still holds, but foreign work-",p:50,x:91,y:762,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ers may need to work closely with and train national people while ",p:50,x:91,y:784,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they them selves live outside of these poor areas. This will lower ",p:50,x:91,y:806,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the profile of the foreigner.",p:50,x:91,y:828,w:199,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:50,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:50,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"45",p:50,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"46",p:51,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:51,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"There are other situations where squatter areas are so destitute ",p:51,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"that living in them is not a viable option, such as the squatters in ",p:51,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta (the next three million lower than the bustees). Geoffrey ",p:51,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Moorehouse describes the street peo ple in the heart of Calcutta:",p:51,x:91,y:182,w:466,h:21},
{t:"For five hundred yards or so there is a confusion of old ",p:51,x:121,y:214,w:424,h:21},
{t:"packing cases, corrugated iron, straw matting, old bricks ",p:51,x:121,y:236,w:424,h:21},
{t:"and wads of paper arranged in a double Decker sequence ",p:51,x:121,y:258,w:424,h:21},
{t:"of boxes. Each box is approxi mately the size of a small ",p:51,x:121,y:280,w:424,h:21},
{t:"pigeon loft, with room to squat and only just to kneel . . . ",p:51,x:121,y:302,w:424,h:21},
{t:"each box is the sleep ing and living quarters of a family. ",p:51,x:121,y:324,w:424,h:21},
{t:"The rest of their life is conducted on the pavement where ",p:51,x:121,y:346,w:424,h:21},
{t:"they cook and play and quarrel together.5",p:51,x:121,y:368,w:301,h:21},
{t:"Among these poor the poverty is so intense that the pri mary ",p:51,x:121,y:397,w:454,h:21},
{t:"response may have to be aid, given in such a way that Jesus ",p:51,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:21},
{t:"shines through and their dignity is sustained. Mother Teresa’s ",p:51,x:91,y:441,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Missionaries of Charity reflect the patterns of Christ in minister-",p:51,x:91,y:463,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ing among such poor more than any other ministry I have seen.",p:51,x:91,y:485,w:463,h:21},
{t:"Specialized groups",p:51,x:91,y:526,w:167,h:24},
{t:"To these categories of poor communities may be added other ",p:51,x:121,y:557,w:454,h:21},
{t:"groups of poor that do not make up a natural com munity for ",p:51,x:91,y:579,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church planting, but may be reached by special ized ministries. ",p:51,x:91,y:601,w:484,h:21},
{t:"These would include the street people of Hong Kong, Calcutta’s ",p:51,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:21},
{t:"48,000 pavement dwellers, the 600,000 drug addicts and 500,000 ",p:51,x:91,y:645,w:484,h:21},
{t:"prostitutes of Bangkok, the deaf and lame outcasts of these ",p:51,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:21},
{t:"societies, and the white slave trade between many of these cities.",p:51,x:91,y:689,w:475,h:21},
{t:"Some groups of urban poor are likely to be more open than ",p:51,x:121,y:718,w:454,h:21},
{t:"others. Sam Wilson sums up an aspect of this by re lating it to the ",p:51,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"concept of an unreached people:",p:51,x:91,y:762,w:237,h:21},
{t:"The urban poor do not necessarily exist as a mean ingful ",p:51,x:121,y:794,w:424,h:21},
{t:"group, even in a given locality. Some sense of belonging ",p:51,x:121,y:816,w:424,h:21},
{t:"and community which affects one’s sense of identity will ",p:51,x:121,y:838,w:424,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:51,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:51,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"46",p:51,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"47",p:52,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:52,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"be necessary if the category listing is to be verified as a ",p:52,x:121,y:116,w:424,h:21},
{t:"group that needs a strategy for evangelism.6",p:52,x:121,y:138,w:320,h:21},
{t:"Some questions for verification come from this kind of ",p:52,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"thinking: Is this really a people group in the sense of be longing ",p:52,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and community? Do they meet and change one an other? Is there ",p:52,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a mutual influence on behavior because the individuals sense ",p:52,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"likeness? Is there a viable church minis tering within the people ",p:52,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"group? Can it carry witness for ward? Some of the people groups ",p:52,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"within the urban slum and potential responses to their needs are ",p:52,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"listed below.",p:52,x:91,y:321,w:93,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:52,x:91,y:362,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Street vendors",p:52,x:121,y:362,w:113,h:21},
{t:"Hawkers, illegally eking out their existence along the road-",p:52,x:121,y:392,w:450,h:21},
{t:"sides of the crowded streets, pose special problems because of the ",p:52,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:21},
{t:"logistics and the long hours of work they must endure. A strategy ",p:52,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"based on small groups that reaches a cluster of two or three stalls ",p:52,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:21},
{t:"could be effective. Search would have to be made to determine ",p:52,x:91,y:480,w:484,h:21},
{t:"which hawkers live on the streets with their stalls, which ones ",p:52,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are the truly poor, and which ones come from various squatter ",p:52,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas. With this knowledge, it may be possible to locate reachable ",p:52,x:91,y:546,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and responsive clusters. These could then be linked together in ",p:52,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:21},
{t:"monthly fellowships at some inner-city location.",p:52,x:91,y:590,w:355,h:21},
{t:"Generally, street vendors work from early morning till late ",p:52,x:121,y:619,w:454,h:21},
{t:"at night, so the time for Bible studies and fellowship have to be ",p:52,x:91,y:641,w:484,h:21},
{t:"carefully defined. It would seem perhaps wiser to reach street ",p:52,x:91,y:663,w:484,h:21},
{t:"vendors from churches planted in the squatter areas.",p:52,x:91,y:685,w:381,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:52,x:91,y:726,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Marketplaces",p:52,x:121,y:726,w:104,h:21},
{t:"Public preaching and celebrations should be held in market ",p:52,x:121,y:756,w:454,h:21},
{t:"places two or three times weekly during the early afternoon when ",p:52,x:91,y:778,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the stalls close for siesta. Again, most vendors live in squatter ",p:52,x:91,y:800,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas, so a squatter minis try would be a better starting point.",p:52,x:91,y:822,w:441,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:52,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:52,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"47",p:52,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"48",p:53,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:53,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:53,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Street kids",p:53,x:121,y:116,w:82,h:21},
{t:"City ",p:53,x:121,y:145,w:36,h:21},
{t:"officials ",p:53,x:164,y:145,w:64,h:21},
{t:"estimate ",p:53,x:235,y:145,w:65,h:21},
{t:"that ",p:53,x:308,y:145,w:32,h:21},
{t:"there ",p:53,x:347,y:145,w:41,h:21},
{t:"are ",p:53,x:395,y:145,w:26,h:21},
{t:"10,000 abandoned ",p:53,x:429,y:145,w:145,h:21},
{t:"children in Lima. In Sao Paulo, estimates range from 8,000 to ",p:53,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"300,000. Antioch Mission in Brazil is a Chris tian mission giving ",p:53,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"good leadership in approaches that meet some of these children’s ",p:53,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"needs, establishing con tacts with them on the streets, and then ",p:53,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"developing programs for them with the hope of integrating them ",p:53,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into Christian homes.",p:53,x:91,y:277,w:157,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:53,x:91,y:318,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Drug addicts",p:53,x:121,y:318,w:98,h:21},
{t:"Of all urban ministries, a ministry to drug addicts re quires ",p:53,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the tightest authority structure and discipline. The one-to-one ",p:53,x:91,y:370,w:484,h:21},
{t:"discipling process involved will result in a network of disciples, ",p:53,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:21},
{t:"many of whom, as they become stabilized, will return from the ",p:53,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rehabilitation retreat homes (outside the city) to their squatter ",p:53,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas and may become foundational for churches. Among the ",p:53,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:21},
{t:"drug ad dicts, a discipline movement developed comparable to a ",p:53,x:91,y:480,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Christian gang is possible. This kind of ministry, often linked to a ",p:53,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"prison ministry, is operating in a number of cities.",p:53,x:91,y:524,w:366,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:53,x:91,y:565,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Alcoholics",p:53,x:121,y:565,w:78,h:21},
{t:"Years ",p:53,x:121,y:594,w:47,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:53,x:177,y:594,w:19,h:21},
{t:"experience ",p:53,x:205,y:594,w:83,h:21},
{t:"has ",p:53,x:298,y:594,w:29,h:21},
{t:"been ",p:53,x:335,y:594,w:39,h:21},
{t:"acquired ",p:53,x:383,y:594,w:67,h:21},
{t:"by ",p:53,x:460,y:594,w:22,h:21},
{t:"Alcoholics ",p:53,x:491,y:594,w:84,h:21},
{t:"Anonymous concerning the philosophy and strategy of reaching ",p:53,x:91,y:616,w:484,h:21},
{t:"alcoholics. Its patterns are derived from Chris tian ministry and ",p:53,x:91,y:638,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Christian values. We need to seek dy namic Latino and Asian ",p:53,x:91,y:660,w:484,h:21},
{t:"equivalents.",p:53,x:91,y:682,w:88,h:21},
{t:"6.",p:53,x:91,y:723,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Prostitutes",p:53,x:121,y:723,w:82,h:21},
{t:"The problem of prostitution is at heart related to de monic in-",p:53,x:121,y:753,w:449,h:21},
{t:"filtration of a city’s leadership structures and to severe economic ",p:53,x:91,y:775,w:484,h:21},
{t:"exploitation. It requires a justice-ori ented ministry that begins ",p:53,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with a grassroots attack through rescuing girls from the houses in ",p:53,x:91,y:819,w:484,h:21},
{t:"which they are trapped.",p:53,x:91,y:841,w:172,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:53,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:53,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"48",p:53,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"49",p:54,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:54,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"After working with single mothers in New Zealand for years, ",p:54,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Pat Green was called by God to work with prosti tutes in Bangkok. ",p:54,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"During a year of language study, she formed many relationships ",p:54,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with girls in Patpong, the streets that are at the center of prostitu-",p:54,x:91,y:182,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tion in Bangkok. Over one hundred go-go clubs, beer bars, discos, ",p:54,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mas sage parlors and restaurants line the streets and alleys. On any ",p:54,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"given night approximately 4,000 women work here as bartenders, ",p:54,x:91,y:248,w:484,h:21},
{t:"waitresses, go-go dancers and mas seuses. Most are prostitutes, ",p:54,x:91,y:270,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and indeed many are forced by their employers to “go with ",p:54,x:91,y:292,w:484,h:21},
{t:"customers.”",p:54,x:91,y:314,w:87,h:21},
{t:"From these contacts, and through God calling other missionar-",p:54,x:121,y:343,w:449,h:21},
{t:"ies from Singapore and elsewhere, a team called Rahab Ministries ",p:54,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"formed. Pat also has a gift of re lating with women in high places. ",p:54,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Many of these are ap palled at the sex and slave trade, and are ",p:54,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"eager to work together, bringing public and legal pressure to bear. ",p:54,x:91,y:431,w:484,h:21},
{t:"In her last letter, Pat said she was considering whether they should ",p:54,x:91,y:453,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rescue, even by buying back, a girl sold for $5,000 into a closed ",p:54,x:91,y:475,w:484,h:21},
{t:"brothel in Japan, as part of inter national sex trafficking.",p:54,x:91,y:497,w:407,h:21},
{t:"7.",p:54,x:91,y:538,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Deaf, blind, and amputees",p:54,x:121,y:538,w:204,h:21},
{t:"Specialized ministries for deaf and blind are needed. In ",p:54,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Manila, for example, many blind people are balladeers, going ",p:54,x:91,y:590,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from house to house seeking events at which they may sing and ",p:54,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:21},
{t:"earn their keep. I often have encouraged rich Western performers ",p:54,x:91,y:634,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to take two years to live among them, seeking to generate a ",p:54,x:91,y:656,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movement of Christian blind balladeers in the slums. The sense ",p:54,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of dignity that could be generated among these people and the ",p:54,x:91,y:700,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poten tial impact of such a ministry are great. There is a good man ",p:54,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Calcutta who has developed a card-making shop for amputees. ",p:54,x:91,y:744,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They sell their cards around the world. He has assisted scores of ",p:54,x:91,y:766,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor in this way.",p:54,x:91,y:788,w:123,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:54,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:54,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"49",p:54,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"50",p:55,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:55,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"8.",p:55,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Prisoners",p:55,x:121,y:116,w:73,h:21},
{t:"A number of poor people’s churches have formed through ",p:55,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:21},
{t:"ministries to prisoners in different cities. Real conversions and ",p:55,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"training within prisons can prepare tough men for their return to ",p:55,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the squatter areas where churches are then formed through their ",p:55,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"testimony. It was a thrill to walk back into a community where ",p:55,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"I had labored years ago and find one of the first converts, Boy ",p:55,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Facun. He used to be a man well acquainted with jails. When ",p:55,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we were reunited, he had become an associ ate pastor and was ",p:55,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"forming a jail ministry team. He preached one evening and fifty ",p:55,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"made commitments to the Lord. His joy and mine knew no limits, ",p:55,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as he told the story.",p:55,x:91,y:365,w:143,h:21},
{t:"Finding a responsive community",p:55,x:91,y:406,w:286,h:24},
{t:"To initiate ministry among the poor in these cities, it seems ",p:55,x:121,y:437,w:454,h:21},
{t:"wise to begin movements that first focus on respon sive slums of ",p:55,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hope. All kinds of poverty can be found in such a place, but there ",p:55,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is an atmosphere of hope, there is some degree of community ",p:55,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"relationships, and communities of Christ that can minister to each ",p:55,x:91,y:525,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other’s needs are easier to establish.",p:55,x:91,y:547,w:263,h:21},
{t:"Within cities we can analyze the responsiveness of squatter ",p:55,x:121,y:576,w:454,h:21},
{t:"communities according ",p:55,x:91,y:598,w:182,h:21},
{t:"to ",p:55,x:280,y:598,w:18,h:21},
{t:"criteria ",p:55,x:306,y:598,w:56,h:21},
{t:"developed by Edward C. ",p:55,x:369,y:598,w:206,h:21},
{t:"Pentecost.7 Other criteria may be developed. For example, Paul ",p:55,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"encourages the believers to pray for peace that the gospel might ",p:55,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"move unhindered. Thus, finding a community that has a history of ",p:55,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"peace is a factor.",p:55,x:91,y:686,w:123,h:21},
{t:"The following are some criteria we developed to select a ",p:55,x:121,y:716,w:454,h:21},
{t:"community that was likely to be more responsive—a com munity ",p:55,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"where the first Servants workers in Bangkok would minister.",p:55,x:91,y:760,w:446,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:55,x:91,y:801,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Size of the slum",p:55,x:121,y:801,w:124,h:21},
{t:"About 100 to 500 families (500–2,500 people) would provide ",p:55,x:121,y:830,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a big enough community so that the responsive sectors could be ",p:55,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:55,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:55,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"50",p:55,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"51",p:56,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:56,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"reached. These can then influence other sectors. In smaller com-",p:56,x:91,y:116,w:480,h:21},
{t:"munities, the whole com munity becomes involved in decisions. If ",p:56,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they reject the gospel immediately, there is no encouragement or ",p:56,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mod eling that will easily reverse their initial rejection.",p:56,x:91,y:182,w:398,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:56,x:91,y:223,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Peoples from responsive rural areas",p:56,x:121,y:223,w:281,h:21},
{t:"In Thailand, we knew that northeastern and northern Thai are ",p:56,x:121,y:252,w:454,h:21},
{t:"responsive to the gospel. In Bangkok, we fo cused on areas where ",p:56,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these people had migrated.",p:56,x:91,y:296,w:196,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:56,x:91,y:337,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Age of the slum",p:56,x:121,y:337,w:121,h:21},
{t:"The younger the slum, the more responsive it will be. When ",p:56,x:121,y:367,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people live in a slum for more than five years, their senses become ",p:56,x:91,y:389,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dulled by sin. Younger age groups are more responsive. In new ",p:56,x:91,y:411,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatter areas, people are more open to new relationships. In older ",p:56,x:91,y:433,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slums, web re lationships are more tightly developed.",p:56,x:91,y:455,w:386,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:56,x:91,y:496,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Homogeneity",p:56,x:121,y:496,w:103,h:21},
{t:"Slums where there are ethnic or other divisions may not be ",p:56,x:121,y:525,w:454,h:21},
{t:"places where the gospel will easily move.",p:56,x:91,y:547,w:304,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:56,x:91,y:588,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Religious background",p:56,x:121,y:588,w:168,h:21},
{t:"Previous exposure to Christianity, outside help and pro grams, ",p:56,x:121,y:618,w:454,h:21},
{t:"is a factor to be considered, as is proximity of a temple, mosque, ",p:56,x:91,y:640,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or other religious site.",p:56,x:91,y:662,w:160,h:21},
{t:"6.",p:56,x:91,y:703,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Direction or discernment of the Holy Spirit",p:56,x:121,y:703,w:322,h:21},
{t:"7.",p:56,x:91,y:744,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Education, home, and family",p:56,x:121,y:744,w:220,h:21},
{t:"Schooling for workers’ children is a priority for families. The ",p:56,x:121,y:773,w:454,h:21},
{t:"level of education in the city is important. In Bang kok, the level ",p:56,x:91,y:795,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of education in the public schools is high. Other family criteria ",p:56,x:91,y:817,w:484,h:21},
{t:"include peace and security, eco nomic level, area for children to ",p:56,x:91,y:839,w:484,h:21},
{t:"play, proximity to buses and other services.",p:56,x:91,y:861,w:318,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:56,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:56,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"51",p:56,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"52",p:57,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:57,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"8.",p:57,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Spiritual receptivity",p:57,x:121,y:116,w:146,h:21},
{t:"While evaluating some ",p:57,x:121,y:145,w:187,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:57,x:315,y:145,w:19,h:21},
{t:"the ",p:57,x:342,y:145,w:26,h:21},
{t:"natural ",p:57,x:376,y:145,w:55,h:21},
{t:"factors ",p:57,x:439,y:145,w:54,h:21},
{t:"regarding ",p:57,x:500,y:145,w:74,h:21},
{t:"responsiveness, one is able to press on in the task of discerning the ",p:57,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spiritual receptivity of a community. Jesus wasted little time on ",p:57,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"surveys. His commission was to go and to preach. Where there is ",p:57,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"obvious recep tivity, remain in that place. Where there is obvious ",p:57,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"op position, move on.",p:57,x:91,y:255,w:154,h:21},
{t:"We need to remember, however, that we are faced with the ",p:57,x:121,y:285,w:454,h:21},
{t:"difficulties of entering new cultures, whereas he was dealing with ",p:57,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a known cultural context and responsive ness. For us, then, some ",p:57,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"degree of survey work is appro priate, if it is not overdone.",p:57,x:91,y:351,w:426,h:21},
{t:"It is useful to find out the history of the community from the ",p:57,x:121,y:380,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people. The community’s name often indicates a spiritual connec-",p:57,x:91,y:402,w:479,h:21},
{t:"tion to past events. Is there a history of covenants between people ",p:57,x:91,y:424,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and their gods? ",p:57,x:91,y:446,w:116,h:21},
{t:"During prayer, and while preaching in these communi ties, the ",p:57,x:121,y:476,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Lord often reveals, through gifts of discernment, some elements of ",p:57,x:91,y:498,w:484,h:21},
{t:"community history, present spiritual warfare, or future strategy.",p:57,x:91,y:520,w:466,h:21},
{t:"Lima: desert capital",p:57,x:91,y:560,w:172,h:24},
{t:"The various categories of the poor may well be demonstrated ",p:57,x:121,y:591,w:454,h:21},
{t:"by a look at Lima, Peru.",p:57,x:91,y:613,w:176,h:21},
{t:"Once, like Calcutta, it was the center of an empire—Spanish-",p:57,x:121,y:643,w:450,h:21},
{t:"speaking Latin America. Now it is a city in decay, yet with new ",p:57,x:91,y:665,w:484,h:21},
{t:"life emerging. It is built on a desert, which is a positive factor ",p:57,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for the poor, as land is not so restricted a commodity as in other ",p:57,x:91,y:709,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cities. There are several classes of poor in the city, including three ",p:57,x:91,y:731,w:484,h:21},
{t:"classes of settlements:",p:57,x:91,y:753,w:162,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:57,x:91,y:794,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Asentamientos",p:57,x:121,y:794,w:115,h:21},
{t:"Asentamientos are homes made with straw matting (estera). ",p:57,x:121,y:823,w:454,h:21},
{t:"The people occupy a vacant area of mountain or des ert and build ",p:57,x:91,y:845,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:57,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:57,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"52",p:57,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"53",p:58,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:58,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"their homes. They are quickly organized so that basic necessities ",p:58,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"become regularized.",p:58,x:91,y:138,w:148,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:58,x:91,y:179,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Pueblos Jovenes",p:58,x:121,y:179,w:133,h:21},
{t:"Pueblos jovenes, also known as barriadas and barrios margi-",p:58,x:121,y:208,w:449,h:21},
{t:"nales, spring up and develop without preplanning by government ",p:58,x:91,y:230,w:484,h:21},
{t:"agencies. Initially there are no telephones, streets, or water.",p:58,x:91,y:252,w:434,h:21},
{t:"Official figures from 1980 placed pueblos jovenes at 40 ",p:58,x:121,y:282,w:454,h:21},
{t:"percent of the city. Tito Paredes and others estimate 60 per cent ",p:58,x:91,y:304,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in 1987, with an added influx due to the terrorism in the Quechua ",p:58,x:91,y:326,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas.8 Extension of the 1980 statistics with consideration of the ",p:58,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:21},
{t:"depression in the economy in the early 1980s would give a con-",p:58,x:91,y:370,w:480,h:21},
{t:"servative estimate of 50 percent of the city presently as pueblos ",p:58,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:21},
{t:"GROWTH OF THE BARRIADAS OF LIMA, PERU",p:58,x:180,y:425,w:292,h:20},
{t:"Total City ",p:58,x:182,y:459,w:57,h:15},
{t:"Population",p:58,x:180,y:475,w:57,h:15},
{t:"Number of ",p:58,x:281,y:459,w:61,h:15},
{t:"Barriadas",p:58,x:285,y:475,w:51,h:15},
{t:"Population of ",p:58,x:371,y:459,w:75,h:15},
{t:"Barriadas",p:58,x:382,y:475,w:51,h:15},
{t:"% of City ",p:58,x:477,y:459,w:55,h:15},
{t:"Population",p:58,x:474,y:475,w:57,h:15},
{t:"1922",p:58,x:117,y:498,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1940",p:58,x:117,y:538,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1956",p:58,x:117,y:577,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1961",p:58,x:117,y:616,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1972",p:58,x:117,y:656,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1981",p:58,x:117,y:695,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1983",p:58,x:117,y:734,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1985",p:58,x:117,y:774,w:26,h:15},
{t:"1990",p:58,x:117,y:813,w:26,h:15},
{t:"645,172",p:58,x:203,y:538,w:43,h:15},
{t:"(est) 1,200,000",p:58,x:166,y:577,w:80,h:15},
{t:"1,652,000",p:58,x:193,y:616,w:53,h:15},
{t:"3,302,523",p:58,x:193,y:656,w:53,h:15},
{t:"4,492,260",p:58,x:193,y:695,w:53,h:15},
{t:"5,860,000",p:58,x:193,y:813,w:53,h:15},
{t:"1",p:58,x:337,y:498,w:6,h:15},
{t:"11",p:58,x:331,y:538,w:13,h:15},
{t:"56",p:58,x:331,y:577,w:13,h:15},
{t:"408",p:58,x:324,y:695,w:20,h:15},
{t:"598",p:58,x:324,y:734,w:20,h:15},
{t:"119,886",p:58,x:398,y:577,w:43,h:15},
{t:"316,826",p:58,x:398,y:616,w:43,h:15},
{t:"805,117",p:58,x:398,y:656,w:43,h:15},
{t:"1,460,471",p:58,x:388,y:695,w:53,h:15},
{t:"5,500,326",p:58,x:388,y:813,w:53,h:15},
{t:"9.5",p:58,x:518,y:577,w:16,h:15},
{t:"17.2",p:58,x:511,y:616,w:23,h:15},
{t:"24.4",p:58,x:511,y:656,w:23,h:15},
{t:"32.5",p:58,x:511,y:695,w:23,h:15},
{t:"40",p:58,x:521,y:774,w:13,h:15},
{t:"38",p:58,x:521,y:813,w:13,h:15},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:58,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:58,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"53",p:58,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"54",p:59,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:59,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"jovenes. This figure, as for many figures from different cities, does ",p:59,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not allow for the rapid movement into more middle-class levels of ",p:59,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"many within the oldest barrios as they become urbanizaciones.",p:59,x:91,y:160,w:461,h:21},
{t:"Barriadas or pueblos jovenes began to multiply rapidly in ",p:59,x:121,y:189,w:454,h:21},
{t:"1950, as they did in most other world-class mega-cities. In 1961, ",p:59,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"legalization of these areas began to occur. In 1970, there was ",p:59,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"promotion of land title registration. Since the late 1980s, with ",p:59,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"much political assistance from the new presi dent and the Mayor of ",p:59,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Lima, people have been able to get land titles.",p:59,x:91,y:299,w:337,h:21},
{t:"In fifteen districts of Metropolitan Lima, the population in ",p:59,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"barriadas",p:59,x:91,y:351,w:67,h:21},
{t:"ranges from 50–100 percent of the total popula tion. ",p:59,x:166,y:351,w:409,h:21},
{t:"Four of Lima’s 47 districts have over 90 percent squatters. For ",p:59,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"more detailed data, see the chart below.",p:59,x:91,y:395,w:290,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:59,x:91,y:436,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Urbanizaciones",p:59,x:121,y:436,w:120,h:21},
{t:"Urbanizaciones, or well-planned suburban communities with ",p:59,x:121,y:465,w:454,h:21},
{t:"water, drains and electricity, develop from asentamientos and ",p:59,x:91,y:487,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pueblos jovenes. After five years, the government taxes those ",p:59,x:91,y:509,w:484,h:21},
{t:"houses in a pueblo joven that are not constructed permanently. ",p:59,x:91,y:531,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Then development oc curs, as lights, water, and roads are brought ",p:59,x:91,y:553,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in. Twenty percent of the city’s residents live in regular planned ",p:59,x:91,y:575,w:484,h:21},
{t:"suburbs. Eighty percent live in popular settle ments, of which 23 ",p:59,x:91,y:597,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent live in popular urbanizaciones, 37 percent in barriadas,",p:59,x:91,y:619,w:480,h:21},
{t:"and 20 percent in the tugurios.9 ",p:59,x:91,y:641,w:232,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:59,x:91,y:682,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Street people",p:59,x:121,y:682,w:104,h:21},
{t:"Over the last decades there has been a conversion of the ",p:59,x:121,y:712,w:454,h:21},
{t:"economy of the city from a more formal industrial econ omy ",p:59,x:91,y:734,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(of legally incorporated businesses) to an informal, unofficial ",p:59,x:91,y:756,w:484,h:21},
{t:"street economy. Main players are typically street vendors, or ",p:59,x:91,y:778,w:484,h:21},
{t:"self-managing vendors, with the whole family participating in ",p:59,x:91,y:800,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this economic enterprise. This unofficial sector represents 67.4 ",p:59,x:91,y:822,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent of the total productive economic activity of Lima. Some ",p:59,x:91,y:844,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:59,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:59,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"54",p:59,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"55",p:60,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:60,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"ven dors pay as much as US$500 per month rent for a piece of ",p:60,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"sidewalk six feet wide.",p:60,x:91,y:138,w:168,h:21},
{t:"Lack of housing: universal squatter concern",p:60,x:91,y:178,w:386,h:24},
{t:"The major criteria defining squatters is the nature of their ",p:60,x:121,y:209,w:454,h:21},
{t:"housing. The chart on page 57 lists the cit ies of the world that have ",p:60,x:91,y:231,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the worst housing situations. Housing gives an indication of the ",p:60,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:21},
{t:"extent of peasantry in the city. Yet if a city is 90 percent squatters, ",p:60,x:91,y:275,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are they then actually the people of the city? Are cities indeed ",p:60,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"middle-class, or can there be functioning cities of the poor?",p:60,x:91,y:319,w:435,h:21},
{t:"Stratification of squatter and slum poverty",p:60,x:91,y:360,w:368,h:24},
{t:"The fundamental economic factor defining squatter pov erty ",p:60,x:121,y:391,w:454,h:21},
{t:"is land. Using Hong Kong as his context, Abrams10 has typified ",p:60,x:91,y:413,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatters partly by their economic relationships to the land:",p:60,x:91,y:435,w:434,h:21},
{t:"The owner squatter owns his own shack, though not the land. ",p:60,x:121,y:464,w:454,h:21},
{t:"He erects the shack on any vacant plot he can find. Public lands ",p:60,x:91,y:486,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and those of absentee owners are the most prized. The owner ",p:60,x:91,y:508,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatter is the most common type of squatter.",p:60,x:91,y:530,w:334,h:21},
{t:"The squatter tenant is in the poorest class, neither own ing nor ",p:60,x:121,y:560,w:454,h:21},
{t:"building a shack, but paying rent to another squat ter. Many new ",p:60,x:91,y:582,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in-migrants start as squatter tenants, hoping to advance to squatter ",p:60,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ownership.",p:60,x:91,y:626,w:80,h:21},
{t:"The squatter holdover is a former tenant who has ceased ",p:60,x:121,y:655,w:454,h:21},
{t:"paying rent and whom the landlord is afraid to evict.",p:60,x:91,y:677,w:384,h:21},
{t:"The squatter landlord is usually a squatter of long stand ing ",p:60,x:121,y:707,w:454,h:21},
{t:"who has rooms or huts to rent, often at exorbitant profit.",p:60,x:91,y:729,w:411,h:21},
{t:"The speculator squatter is usually a professional to whom ",p:60,x:121,y:758,w:454,h:21},
{t:"squatting is a sound business venture. He squats for the tribute he ",p:60,x:91,y:780,w:484,h:21},
{t:"expects the government or the private owner to grant him sooner ",p:60,x:91,y:802,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or later. He is often the most eloquent in his protests and the most ",p:60,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:21},
{t:"stubborn in resisting eviction.",p:60,x:91,y:846,w:217,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:60,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:60,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"55",p:60,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"56",p:61,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:61,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"The store squatter, or occupational squatter, establishes his ",p:61,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"small lockup store on land he does not own, and he may do a ",p:61,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"thriving business without paying rent or taxes. Sometimes his ",p:61,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"family sleeps in the shop.",p:61,x:91,y:182,w:186,h:21},
{t:"The semi-squatter has surreptitiously built his hut on private ",p:61,x:121,y:211,w:454,h:21},
{t:"land and subsequently comes to terms with the owner. The semi-",p:61,x:91,y:233,w:479,h:21},
{t:"squatter, strictly speaking, has ceased to be a squatter and has ",p:61,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"become a tenant. In constructing his house he usually flouts the ",p:61,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"building codes.",p:61,x:91,y:299,w:112,h:21},
{t:"The floating squatter lives in an old hulk or junk which is ",p:61,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"floated or sailed into the city’s harbor.",p:61,x:91,y:351,w:280,h:21},
{t:"The squatter “co-operator” is part of the group that shares ",p:61,x:121,y:380,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the common foothold and protects it against intrud ers, public and ",p:61,x:91,y:402,w:484,h:21},
{t:"private. The members may be from the same village, family, or ",p:61,x:91,y:424,w:484,h:21},
{t:"tribe or may share a common trade.",p:61,x:91,y:446,w:260,h:21},
{t:"Government responses to housing needs",p:61,x:91,y:487,w:361,h:24},
{t:"Generally ",p:61,x:121,y:518,w:76,h:21},
{t:"the ",p:61,x:207,y:518,w:26,h:21},
{t:"first ",p:61,x:243,y:518,w:34,h:21},
{t:"attempt ",p:61,x:286,y:518,w:59,h:21},
{t:"by ",p:61,x:354,y:518,w:22,h:21},
{t:"governments ",p:61,x:386,y:518,w:99,h:21},
{t:"when ",p:61,x:495,y:518,w:44,h:21},
{t:"the ",p:61,x:548,y:518,w:26,h:21},
{t:"problems of squatters emerge is to bulldoze down these areas. ",p:61,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Political considerations then lead to the possibilities of relocating ",p:61,x:91,y:562,w:484,h:21},
{t:"them—usually on cheaper land outside the city. For example, ",p:61,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:21},
{t:"900,000 squatters have been relocated outside of Manila’s bound-",p:61,x:91,y:606,w:479,h:21},
{t:"aries onto land that has a few water wells, with a toilet for each ",p:61,x:91,y:628,w:484,h:21},
{t:"family. Between 1964 and 1974, an authoritarian government in ",p:61,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Rio de Janeiro relo cated 80 communities.",p:61,x:91,y:672,w:304,h:21},
{t:"Squatters, while appreciating the new land, although it may be ",p:61,x:121,y:701,w:454,h:21},
{t:"without water or near shops, cannot build houses in such places ",p:61,x:91,y:723,w:484,h:21},
{t:"because they are too far from their places of work. Most return to ",p:61,x:91,y:745,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city.",p:61,x:91,y:767,w:59,h:21},
{t:"The next approach governments have tried is to provide high-",p:61,x:121,y:797,w:450,h:21},
{t:"rise apartments at low rentals for the poor. In Chinese cities, with ",p:61,x:91,y:819,w:484,h:21},
{t:"millennia of urban experience, this has worked. Elsewhere, it has ",p:61,x:91,y:841,w:484,h:21},
{t:"been catastrophic. High-rise apartments are too expensive for the ",p:61,x:91,y:863,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:61,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:61,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"56",p:61,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"57",p:62,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:62,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"poor to rent, so they are rented by middle-class officials, and the ",p:62,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor again are forced to find new squatter areas. A variation on ",p:62,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this has been to construct low-cost, single-story dwellings.",p:62,x:91,y:160,w:429,h:21},
{t:"The emergence of various forms of self-help development ",p:62,x:121,y:773,w:454,h:21},
{t:"has been the most effective long-term solution. Either the squatter ",p:62,x:91,y:795,w:484,h:21},
{t:"area itself is upgraded, by introducing legal titles to land, water, ",p:62,x:91,y:817,w:484,h:21},
{t:"sewerage and electricity, by encouraging the people to construct ",p:62,x:91,y:839,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their own homes of solid materials, or by locating a new site and ",p:62,x:91,y:861,w:484,h:21},
{t:"PERCENTAGE OF URBAN POPULATION LIVING IN SLUMS ",p:62,x:155,y:212,w:356,h:20},
{t:"AND SQUATTER SETTLEMENTS",p:62,x:234,y:232,w:192,h:20},
{t:"(52 CITIES THAT HEAD THE LIST)",p:62,x:230,y:260,w:201,h:20},
{t:"Addis Ababa, Ethiopia............90",p:62,x:121,y:294,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Lusaka, Zambia ....................50",p:62,x:359,y:294,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Yaounde, Cameroon ...............90",p:62,x:121,y:310,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Maracaibo, Venezuela ...........50",p:62,x:359,y:310,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Douala, Cameroon..................87",p:62,x:121,y:327,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Monrovia, Liberia..................50",p:62,x:359,y:327,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Buenaventura, Colombia........80",p:62,x:121,y:343,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Recife, Brazil.........................50",p:62,x:359,y:343,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Mogadisho, Somalia................77",p:62,x:121,y:360,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Guayaquil, Ecuador..............49",p:62,x:359,y:360,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Ibadan, Nigeria.......................75",p:62,x:121,y:376,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Mexico City...........................46",p:62,x:359,y:376,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Lome, Togo.............................75",p:62,x:121,y:393,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Phnom Penh, Kampuchea.....46",p:62,x:359,y:393,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Santo Domingo, Dom. Rep......72",p:62,x:121,y:410,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Bombay, India.......................45",p:62,x:359,y:410,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Casablanca, Morocco..............70",p:62,x:121,y:426,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Colombo, Sri Lanka...............44",p:62,x:359,y:426,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Nairobi, Kenya........................70",p:62,x:121,y:443,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Tunis, Tunisia ......................43",p:62,x:359,y:443,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Calcutta, India........................67",p:62,x:121,y:459,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Caracas, Venezuela...............42",p:62,x:359,y:459,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Chimbote, Peru.......................67",p:62,x:121,y:476,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Barquisimeto, Venezuela.......41",p:62,x:359,y:476,w:185,h:17},
{t:"Mombasa, Kenya....................67",p:62,x:121,y:493,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Brasilia, Brazil ......................41",p:62,x:359,y:493,w:185,h:17},
{t:"Izmir, Turkey..........................65",p:62,x:121,y:509,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Arequipa, Peru......................40",p:62,x:359,y:509,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Accra, Ghana .........................61",p:62,x:121,y:526,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Ciudad Guyana, Venezuela ...40",p:62,x:359,y:526,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Abidjan, Ivory Coast ...............60",p:62,x:121,y:542,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Istanbul, Turkey ...................40",p:62,x:359,y:542,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Agra, India .............................60",p:62,x:121,y:559,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Lima, Peru ............................40",p:62,x:359,y:559,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Ankara, Turkey ......................60",p:62,x:121,y:575,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.......37",p:62,x:359,y:575,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Bogota, Colombia....................60",p:62,x:121,y:592,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Delhi, India...........................36",p:62,x:359,y:592,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Dakar, Senegal.......................60",p:62,x:121,y:609,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Manila, Philippines ...............35",p:62,x:359,y:609,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Kinshasa, Zaire.......................60",p:62,x:121,y:625,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Antananarivo, Madagascar ...33",p:62,x:359,y:625,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Rabat, Morocco.......................60",p:62,x:121,y:642,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Makasar, Indonesia...............33",p:62,x:359,y:642,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Blantyre, Malawi.....................56",p:62,x:121,y:658,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Pusan, South Korea ..............31",p:62,x:359,y:658,w:185,h:17},
{t:"Port Sudan, Sudan.................55",p:62,x:121,y:675,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Cali, Colombia.......................30",p:62,x:359,y:675,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Quagadougou, Upper Volta.....52",p:62,x:121,y:692,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Guatemala City, Guatemala...30",p:62,x:359,y:692,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Dar es Salaam, Tanzania........50",p:62,x:121,y:710,w:192,h:17},
{t:"Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ...........30",p:62,x:359,y:710,w:186,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:62,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:62,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"57",p:62,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"58",p:63,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:63,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"introducing these basic services before the people are relocated. ",p:63,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The World Bank re cently set aside large sums of money to assist ",p:63,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"governments in this latter kind of program.",p:63,x:91,y:160,w:315,h:21},
{t:"Possessions of the poor",p:63,x:91,y:200,w:212,h:24},
{t:"Oscar Lewis’11 work gives us a concrete glimpse of the ",p:63,x:121,y:413,w:454,h:21},
{t:"poverty of the slums in a study of the possessions of the poor. He ",p:63,x:91,y:435,w:484,h:21},
{t:"noted how short a length of time possessions are kept.",p:63,x:91,y:457,w:396,h:21},
{t:"Substantial proportions of people’s possessions had been ",p:63,x:121,y:486,w:454,h:21},
{t:"bought secondhand. Often, even beds had to be pawned in order ",p:63,x:91,y:508,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to provide more basic needs. The average ownership of a bed was ",p:63,x:91,y:530,w:484,h:21},
{t:"only four years and eight months. Jewelry was pawned more often, ",p:63,x:91,y:552,w:484,h:21},
{t:"so little remained. Toys were few. There were several articles of ",p:63,x:91,y:574,w:484,h:21},
{t:"furniture considered essential: a bed, a mattress, a table, a shelf ",p:63,x:91,y:596,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for an altar and a set of shelves for dishes, a chair, a wardrobe, ",p:63,x:91,y:618,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and a radio. The wardrobe was often a wedding gift from husband ",p:63,x:91,y:640,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to wife (I have observed this also, both in Manila’s slums and ",p:63,x:91,y:662,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta’s slums), and represented a relatively large invest ment. ",p:63,x:91,y:684,w:484,h:21},
{t:"It was the longest held piece of furniture.",p:63,x:91,y:706,w:301,h:21},
{t:"Eleven of the fourteen families studied by Lewis had ker osene ",p:63,x:121,y:736,w:454,h:21},
{t:"or petroleum stoves. In the other three, cooking was done over a ",p:63,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:21},
{t:"brazier or earthenware hotplate.",p:63,x:91,y:780,w:233,h:21},
{t:"This type of cooking is a common pattern in many cul tures. ",p:63,x:121,y:809,w:454,h:21},
{t:"The poorest use wood fires (or dung in South Asia and the Middle ",p:63,x:91,y:831,w:484,h:21},
{t:"East) in earthen hearths or firepots of vari ous kinds. Charcoal is a ",p:63,x:91,y:853,w:484,h:21},
{t:"It was her first full-time job as a secretary. The in come ",p:63,x:121,y:250,w:383,h:19},
{t:"upgraded the family’s diet, then carefully week by week a ",p:63,x:121,y:269,w:404,h:19},
{t:"little was set aside to buy the TV set. It took two years of ",p:63,x:121,y:288,w:398,h:19},
{t:"skimping and saving before it was bought. They proudly ",p:63,x:121,y:307,w:395,h:19},
{t:"showed it to me each time I returned to the community. This ",p:63,x:121,y:326,w:424,h:19},
{t:"was the first step into the middle class—a status symbol ",p:63,x:121,y:345,w:396,h:19},
{t:"and a source of delight after years of struggle.",p:63,x:121,y:364,w:322,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:63,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:63,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"58",p:63,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"59",p:64,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:64,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"step up from this. The next step up is the use of kerosene. In many ",p:64,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"countries the next step up for those with jobs is to use a two-ring ",p:64,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"gas burner con nected to a small gas tank.",p:64,x:91,y:160,w:301,h:21},
{t:"Nutrition of the poor",p:64,x:91,y:200,w:177,h:24},
{t:"Another perspective on the absoluteness of poverty is to ",p:64,x:121,y:231,w:454,h:21},
{t:"consider the malnutrition in a community.",p:64,x:91,y:253,w:308,h:21},
{t:"Malnutrition may be caused by bad hygiene and health ",p:64,x:121,y:283,w:454,h:21},
{t:"practices or by lack of food. Health services are generally better ",p:64,x:91,y:305,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in cities than in the rural areas, even for squatters. There is ",p:64,x:91,y:327,w:484,h:21},
{t:"generally a good supply of food in the city. Malnu trition in the ",p:64,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slums is caused not by the lack of food, but by the lack of finances ",p:64,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and the nature of a new urban diet—a diet without the traditional ",p:64,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"combinations developed in rural cultures through the centuries to ",p:64,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"give a healthy bal ance of nutrients.",p:64,x:91,y:437,w:256,h:21},
{t:"The problem becomes one of adaptation to new patterns of ",p:64,x:121,y:466,w:454,h:21},
{t:"packaged city foods. The migrant squatter is thus af fected by the ",p:64,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"kind of food, the quality of food and its quan tity. Advertising has ",p:64,x:91,y:510,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a further negative effect.12",p:64,x:91,y:532,w:190,h:21},
{t:"Employment in the slums",p:64,x:91,y:573,w:222,h:24},
{t:"While lack of housing may be the fundamental definition by ",p:64,x:121,y:604,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the middle class of what are the squatter areas, the most important ",p:64,x:91,y:626,w:484,h:21},
{t:"issue in the minds of the poor is not housing but the reason for ",p:64,x:91,y:648,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their coming to the city—the possi bility of finding a solution to ",p:64,x:91,y:670,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their poverty in work.",p:64,x:91,y:692,w:159,h:21},
{t:"Attractive financing, donated land, and subsidized trans-",p:64,x:121,y:721,w:449,h:21},
{t:"portation to and from relocation areas are insufficient in centives ",p:64,x:91,y:743,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for many squatters to relocate out of the city. They will accept the ",p:64,x:91,y:765,w:484,h:21},
{t:"land or house, and return to the city again to live as a squatter. ",p:64,x:91,y:787,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They must be near their work. They cannot afford the time or ",p:64,x:91,y:809,w:484,h:21},
{t:"money to travel long distances. The problem is that there is no ",p:64,x:91,y:831,w:484,h:21},
{t:"work for many and inade quate work for others.",p:64,x:91,y:853,w:346,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:64,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:64,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"59",p:64,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"60",p:65,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:65,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Non-employment",p:65,x:91,y:115,w:149,h:24},
{t:"The squatters are largely unemployed or underemployed in ",p:65,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"terms of traditional definitions of work in a modern city. A study ",p:65,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of one community in Manila showed the fathers of households ",p:65,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as 20 percent unemployed (half of these be cause of physical ",p:65,x:91,y:212,w:484,h:21},
{t:"disabilities), and 80 percent underem ployed.13",p:65,x:91,y:234,w:336,h:21},
{t:"The source of the problem lies in the slow growth of the mod-",p:65,x:121,y:263,w:449,h:21},
{t:"ern sector relative to the population increases in the “traditional” ",p:65,x:91,y:285,w:484,h:21},
{t:"sector. Employment opportunities do not ex pand and per capita ",p:65,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"income remains low.",p:65,x:91,y:329,w:153,h:21},
{t:"There is employment within the squatter areas, and the poor ",p:65,x:121,y:359,w:454,h:21},
{t:"find employment within the city. But it is of a different kind than ",p:65,x:91,y:381,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that of the middle-class city. It is easiest to un derstand by perceiv-",p:65,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ing the city as a duality with two coexis tent economic systems that ",p:65,x:91,y:425,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are interlinked but have different characteristics.",p:65,x:91,y:447,w:355,h:21},
{t:"One way of analyzing the extent of unemployment is to ",p:65,x:121,y:476,w:454,h:21},
{t:"discover the length of time that people are out of work. For ex-",p:65,x:91,y:498,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ample, while living in the dynamic context of Sao Paulo, I asked ",p:65,x:91,y:520,w:484,h:21},
{t:"my friends, the favelados with whom I stayed, how long it had ",p:65,x:91,y:542,w:484,h:21},
{t:"taken them to find jobs when they were unem ployed. In general ",p:65,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they were able to obtain work within about four weeks. In the less ",p:65,x:91,y:586,w:484,h:21},
{t:"buoyant context of Manila, it was not unusual for people to wait ",p:65,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one or two years between jobs. Unemployment maims the spirit, ",p:65,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dulling its ethics with an overarching anxiety, and generating the ",p:65,x:91,y:652,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other evils of the slums.",p:65,x:91,y:674,w:175,h:21},
{t:"Kinds of work",p:65,x:91,y:715,w:121,h:24},
{t:"Types of work generally include services, domestic activi ties, ",p:65,x:121,y:746,w:454,h:21},
{t:"trades, artisans, small-scale businesses, hawkers, and self-em-",p:65,x:91,y:768,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ployed generally categorized as unemployed.",p:65,x:91,y:790,w:331,h:21},
{t:"Small-scale businesses are characterized by low capital and ",p:65,x:121,y:819,w:454,h:21},
{t:"turnover, limited stocks, a small number of persons in each estab-",p:65,x:91,y:841,w:480,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:65,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:65,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"60",p:65,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"61",p:66,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:66,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"lishment, little space which is usually in a home, and dependence ",p:66,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"on credit as the mainstay of the business.",p:66,x:91,y:138,w:300,h:21},
{t:"In certain cases, especially where demand is uncertain, the ",p:66,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"transformation of a family enterprise into a capitalist enterprise ",p:66,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"would lead to bankruptcy.",p:66,x:91,y:211,w:191,h:21},
{t:"Hawkers are the lowest level in the commercial struc ture. ",p:66,x:121,y:241,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Often they ",p:66,x:91,y:263,w:89,h:21},
{t:"are ",p:66,x:187,y:263,w:26,h:21},
{t:"not ",p:66,x:221,y:263,w:28,h:21},
{t:"self-employed ",p:66,x:256,y:263,w:109,h:21},
{t:"but ",p:66,x:373,y:263,w:28,h:21},
{t:"part ",p:66,x:408,y:263,w:33,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:66,x:448,y:263,w:19,h:21},
{t:"micro-chains ",p:66,x:475,y:263,w:100,h:21},
{t:"controlled by bosses.",p:66,x:91,y:285,w:154,h:21},
{t:"Financial mechanisms of the squatter areas14",p:66,x:91,y:325,w:392,h:24},
{t:"Some of the characteristics of a poor people’s economy have ",p:66,x:121,y:356,w:454,h:21},
{t:"been analyzed. It is built around family enterprise and self-em-",p:66,x:91,y:378,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ployment. There is limited capital investment. For example, the ",p:66,x:91,y:400,w:484,h:21},
{t:"average number of loans to the informal sec tor in Calcutta in one ",p:66,x:91,y:422,w:484,h:21},
{t:"program varied around one thousand rupees (or US$80). Outdated ",p:66,x:91,y:444,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or traditional technologies are used. There are high profit margins, ",p:66,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and many available jobs. Classical unemployment is unknown. ",p:66,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"There is a pattern of non-institutional credit, with cash being in ",p:66,x:91,y:510,w:484,h:21},
{t:"constant de mand, no advertising, and no bookkeeping. While ",p:66,x:91,y:532,w:484,h:21},
{t:"good management facilitates larger profits, it is not essential for a ",p:66,x:91,y:554,w:484,h:21},
{t:"business to survive. Obsolete transport powered by both animals ",p:66,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and men is used, and poor quality equipment and recycled com-",p:66,x:91,y:598,w:480,h:21},
{t:"modities are prevalent.",p:66,x:91,y:620,w:167,h:21},
{t:"Cash Economics",p:66,x:91,y:661,w:147,h:24},
{t:"The spread of monetary commerce makes squatter areas cash ",p:66,x:121,y:692,w:454,h:21},
{t:"economies. There are no checking accounts. Small de nominations ",p:66,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of currency are necessary, but scarce. Store keepers will bargain ",p:66,x:91,y:736,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hard in order to end the day with the types of currency that are ",p:66,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:21},
{t:"least available. As the capital is in circulation, little of it can be ",p:66,x:91,y:780,w:484,h:21},
{t:"accumulated, so the poor remain poor.",p:66,x:91,y:802,w:281,h:21},
{t:"Cash primes the credit pump and then keeps the mech anism ",p:66,x:121,y:831,w:454,h:21},
{t:"“lubricated” through its function as a means of pay ment.",p:66,x:91,y:853,w:414,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:66,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:66,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"61",p:66,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"62",p:67,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:67,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"The major obstacle to the acquisition of capital, however, ",p:67,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"remains the need to pay accounts on fixed dates. The rules of the ",p:67,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"upper circuit-banking sector are incompatible with those control-",p:67,x:91,y:160,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ling the lower circuit. People turn to more flex ible wholesalers ",p:67,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and moneylenders—the middlemen.",p:67,x:91,y:204,w:266,h:21},
{t:"Middlemen",p:67,x:91,y:244,w:95,h:24},
{t:"With their access to bank credit, middlemen are an inte gral ",p:67,x:121,y:275,w:454,h:21},
{t:"aspect in this economy playing a privileged and strate gic linkage ",p:67,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"role. The middleman furnishes credit in goods or cash, operating ",p:67,x:91,y:319,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as a wholesaler with connections to the upper circuit and the ",p:67,x:91,y:341,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ability to store large quantities of stock. The poorer an individual, ",p:67,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the more dependent he is on this middleman.",p:67,x:91,y:385,w:328,h:21},
{t:"Credit",p:67,x:91,y:426,w:52,h:24},
{t:"This is essential to entrepreneurs and consumers, but leads to ",p:67,x:121,y:457,w:454,h:21},
{t:"an increased indebtedness at all levels. Thus usury becomes gen-",p:67,x:91,y:479,w:480,h:21},
{t:"eralized. A lack of money supply in the lower sec tor necessitates ",p:67,x:91,y:501,w:484,h:21},
{t:"credit, increasing the rapidity of monetary circulation.",p:67,x:91,y:523,w:396,h:21},
{t:"Credit for the poor consumer is possible through this lower ",p:67,x:121,y:552,w:454,h:21},
{t:"circuit trade. This trade also breaks up goods into small quantities ",p:67,x:91,y:574,w:484,h:21},
{t:"within the budget of the poor.",p:67,x:91,y:596,w:217,h:21},
{t:"Bank accounts and entrepreneurial credit are available to ",p:67,x:121,y:626,w:454,h:21},
{t:"wholesalers and middlemen but not to artisans and small-scale ",p:67,x:91,y:648,w:484,h:21},
{t:"businesses. People involved in these small-scale activities cannot ",p:67,x:91,y:670,w:484,h:21},
{t:"offer enough guarantees, cannot pay bills on time, and would lose ",p:67,x:91,y:692,w:484,h:21},
{t:"all if they defaulted. Hence the banks turn to wholesalers, who ",p:67,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:21},
{t:"then extend a flexible credit to the smaller businesses, which is ",p:67,x:91,y:736,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mutually advantageous. The loans are flexible. If the poor cannot ",p:67,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pay, debt may be extended. Neither party wishes to lose the mutu-",p:67,x:91,y:780,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ally ad vantageous relationship. To cover such loans, the further ",p:67,x:91,y:802,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one goes down the economic ladder, the shorter becomes the ",p:67,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:21},
{t:"duration of the loan, and the higher the risks and inter est rates.",p:67,x:91,y:846,w:457,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:67,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:67,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"62",p:67,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"63",p:68,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:68,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"Effects of inflation",p:68,x:91,y:508,w:159,h:24},
{t:"Deflation does not benefit workers. Inflation is no better, for ",p:68,x:121,y:538,w:454,h:21},
{t:"it acts as a mechanism to exploit the poor, increasing prices faster ",p:68,x:91,y:560,w:484,h:21},
{t:"than wages. But it increases employment in the lower circuit. And ",p:68,x:91,y:582,w:484,h:21},
{t:"it benefits homeowners in the slums.",p:68,x:91,y:604,w:268,h:21},
{t:"Comparing levels of poverty",p:68,x:91,y:645,w:246,h:24},
{t:"These complexities in the nature of poverty, caused by or ",p:68,x:121,y:676,w:454,h:21},
{t:"resulting in deprivation in several areas of life, make it diffi cult to ",p:68,x:91,y:698,w:484,h:21},
{t:"compare poverty between cities.",p:68,x:91,y:720,w:237,h:21},
{t:"The chart on the next page is an attempt to under stand four ",p:68,x:121,y:749,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of the above categories of poverty in any city. Any number of ",p:68,x:91,y:771,w:484,h:21},
{t:"combinations from different columns are possible.",p:68,x:91,y:793,w:369,h:21},
{t:"Any family could be classified on a scale that is the sum of ",p:68,x:121,y:823,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the four variables at the different levels. For example: a bustee ",p:68,x:91,y:845,w:484,h:21},
{t:"family in Calcutta that has a small industry and is stable would ",p:68,x:91,y:867,w:484,h:21},
{t:"CATEGORIES OF URBAN POVERTY",p:68,x:224,y:116,w:213,h:20},
{t:"Level",p:68,x:109,y:147,w:30,h:15},
{t:"Housing",p:68,x:180,y:146,w:47,h:16},
{t:"Employment",p:68,x:270,y:146,w:73,h:16},
{t:"Social Issues",p:68,x:384,y:146,w:71,h:16},
{t:"Nutrition",p:68,x:496,y:146,w:53,h:16},
{t:"0",p:68,x:120,y:167,w:6,h:15},
{t:"1",p:68,x:120,y:223,w:6,h:15},
{t:"2",p:68,x:120,y:294,w:6,h:15},
{t:"3",p:68,x:120,y:352,w:6,h:15},
{t:"4",p:68,x:120,y:428,w:6,h:15},
{t:"Good.",p:68,x:188,y:167,w:32,h:15},
{t:"Decaying ",p:68,x:179,y:223,w:54,h:15},
{t:"tenements ",p:68,x:177,y:239,w:57,h:15},
{t:"Inner city ",p:68,x:178,y:255,w:54,h:15},
{t:"slums.",p:68,x:187,y:271,w:34,h:15},
{t:"Bustees,",p:68,x:182,y:294,w:44,h:15},
{t:"Squatters,",p:68,x:178,y:310,w:52,h:15},
{t:"Favelas.",p:68,x:182,y:326,w:44,h:15},
{t:"Relocation ",p:68,x:175,y:357,w:61,h:15},
{t:"areas. ",p:68,x:189,y:373,w:34,h:15},
{t:"Refugee ",p:68,x:182,y:389,w:47,h:15},
{t:"camps.",p:68,x:185,y:405,w:37,h:15},
{t:"On streets.",p:68,x:176,y:429,w:57,h:15},
{t:"No house.",p:68,x:177,y:445,w:54,h:15},
{t:"Several in family ",p:68,x:261,y:167,w:95,h:15},
{t:"have work.",p:68,x:277,y:183,w:59,h:15},
{t:"Poverty level.",p:68,x:270,y:222,w:74,h:15},
{t:"Stable work.",p:68,x:273,y:238,w:67,h:15},
{t:"No catastrophes.",p:68,x:263,y:254,w:88,h:15},
{t:"Employed but ",p:68,x:269,y:292,w:78,h:15},
{t:"below poverty ",p:68,x:269,y:308,w:79,h:15},
{t:"level.",p:68,x:292,y:324,w:29,h:15},
{t:"Occasional work.",p:68,x:260,y:355,w:93,h:15},
{t:"Professional ",p:68,x:274,y:371,w:69,h:15},
{t:"begger.",p:68,x:287,y:387,w:39,h:15},
{t:"Unemployed.",p:68,x:271,y:426,w:72,h:15},
{t:"Stable family. ",p:68,x:382,y:167,w:78,h:15},
{t:"Reasonable social ",p:68,x:372,y:183,w:99,h:15},
{t:"ethics.",p:68,x:402,y:199,w:34,h:15},
{t:"Broken family & ",p:68,x:374,y:223,w:94,h:15},
{t:"social structure.",p:68,x:377,y:239,w:84,h:15},
{t:"Orphan, Widow, ",p:68,x:375,y:292,w:92,h:15},
{t:"Handicapped.",p:68,x:383,y:308,w:73,h:15},
{t:"Deliquent, ",p:68,x:392,y:354,w:59,h:15},
{t:"Drop-out.",p:68,x:393,y:370,w:52,h:15},
{t:"Addicts.",p:68,x:397,y:424,w:44,h:15},
{t:"Alcoholics.",p:68,x:389,y:440,w:61,h:15},
{t:"Basic food.",p:68,x:492,y:167,w:60,h:15},
{t:"1st degree ",p:68,x:496,y:223,w:57,h:15},
{t:"malnutrition.",p:68,x:488,y:239,w:69,h:15},
{t:"2nd degree ",p:68,x:493,y:292,w:62,h:15},
{t:"malnutrition.",p:68,x:488,y:308,w:69,h:15},
{t:"3rd degree ",p:68,x:495,y:354,w:59,h:15},
{t:"malnutrition.",p:68,x:488,y:370,w:69,h:15},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:68,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:68,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"63",p:68,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"64",p:69,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:69,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"rate 2+0+0+1=3, while a dropout on the streets of L.A. may rate ",p:69,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"4+4+4+1=13, even though he has more money in relative and ",p:69,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"real terms. Perhaps one should add in a measure of opportunity ",p:69,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(a factor that could be de fined by its relationship to the economic ",p:69,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth rate of a city).",p:69,x:91,y:204,w:159,h:21},
{t:"This kind of analysis, while it should not be allowed to ",p:69,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"consume inordinate amounts of time in excessive surveys, does ",p:69,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"give indications of which groups of poor may be more reachable, ",p:69,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"responsive, and able to be discipled within the resources of the ",p:69,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city and the mission. Each area of poverty must be addressed.",p:69,x:91,y:321,w:452,h:21},
{t:"A study of 50 categories of poor in Calcutta",p:69,x:91,y:362,w:378,h:24},
{t:"Calcutta provides a situation where all forms of poverty and ",p:69,x:121,y:393,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of response can be seen. The following are several groups of poor ",p:69,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in this city that require Christian response. The responses listed ",p:69,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"here are responses to their poverty. If a church were to be planted ",p:69,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among any one of these groups, it would have to address these ",p:69,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"economic issues in the process of its maturing and discipling of ",p:69,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these poor. ",p:69,x:91,y:525,w:85,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:69,x:91,y:566,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Pavement-dwellers",p:69,x:121,y:566,w:148,h:21},
{t:"There were officially 48,000 at the last census. These 48,000 ",p:69,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:21},
{t:"were found to be: permanent (45.6%), migrants (such as those ",p:69,x:91,y:617,w:484,h:21},
{t:"intending to return home, 18.5%), sea sonal (24.1%), regular visi-",p:69,x:91,y:639,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tors (for odd jobs or business, 4.5%), casual visitors (4.7%), and ",p:69,x:91,y:661,w:484,h:21},
{t:"others (2.6%). 66.5 percent cook on the pavement. 36.5 percent ",p:69,x:91,y:683,w:484,h:21},
{t:"eat once a day, 52.1 percent eat twice a day.15",p:69,x:91,y:705,w:333,h:21},
{t:"These 48,000 may be also considered in terms of their occu-",p:69,x:121,y:735,w:449,h:21},
{t:"pations: beggars/on charity (22.0%), casual day-laborers (23.4%), ",p:69,x:91,y:757,w:484,h:21},
{t:"thelawala or hand-cart puller (6.5%), rickshawala or rickshaw ",p:69,x:91,y:779,w:484,h:21},
{t:"puller (7.3%), hawkers (3.1%), paper/ragpickers (4.8%), regular ",p:69,x:91,y:801,w:484,h:21},
{t:"day laborers (8.6%), vegetable sellers (3.6%), maid-servants ",p:69,x:91,y:823,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(4.2%), and others (16.5%).16",p:69,x:91,y:845,w:214,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:69,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:69,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"64",p:69,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"65",p:70,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:70,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"Further classification may be made in terms of deviant behav-",p:70,x:121,y:116,w:450,h:21},
{t:"ior, such as delinquents, criminals, prostitutes and street gangs; ",p:70,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or of special cases such as street children (or phans, deserted or ",p:70,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"runaways), the blind, lame, deaf, dumb, leprosy patients, older ",p:70,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"widows, and deserted women.",p:70,x:91,y:204,w:221,h:21},
{t:"Responses to this diversity of needs may include emer gency ",p:70,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"relief (such as food, medicine or clothing), short-term rehabilita-",p:70,x:91,y:255,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tion or long-term rehabilitation. Short-term rehabilitation focuses ",p:70,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"on employment, be cause poor people need work more urgently ",p:70,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"than they need accommodation, or anything else. Short-term ",p:70,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"re habilitation programs may thus provide specialized training ",p:70,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to upgrade skills, vocational and non-formal education to street ",p:70,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"children, and perhaps shelters for rickshawalas, thelawalas, and ",p:70,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"day-laborers. Sometimes a local social club can become a starting ",p:70,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"point to assist people with solutions to their problems of survival. ",p:70,x:91,y:431,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Long-term rehabilitation in Calcutta and the region sur rounding ",p:70,x:91,y:453,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city includes the development of rural ag riculture, the estab-",p:70,x:91,y:475,w:479,h:21},
{t:"lishment of cottage industries, and the formation of a government ",p:70,x:91,y:497,w:484,h:21},
{t:"planning committee to focus on this problem by creating any ",p:70,x:91,y:519,w:484,h:21},
{t:"necessary legisla tion and by influencing public opinion.",p:70,x:91,y:541,w:409,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:70,x:91,y:582,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Refugee colonies",p:70,x:121,y:582,w:135,h:21},
{t:"These embrace a population of about 500,000 (CMDA, 1981), ",p:70,x:121,y:612,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and include government-sponsored colonies, squatter colonies, ",p:70,x:91,y:634,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and private colonies. The responses should be similar to those of ",p:70,x:91,y:656,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the bustees below, with the proviso that unemployment is greater ",p:70,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the refugee col onies.",p:70,x:91,y:700,w:171,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:70,x:91,y:741,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Squatter areas and bustees",p:70,x:121,y:741,w:214,h:21},
{t:"The residents in squatter areas and bustees are either of a ",p:70,x:121,y:770,w:454,h:21},
{t:"permanent type (with potential land rights or legal tenancy) or ",p:70,x:91,y:792,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of a temporary nature (with no land rights or tenancy possible). ",p:70,x:91,y:814,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They may live on unneeded gov ernment land, on government land ",p:70,x:91,y:836,w:484,h:21},
{t:"needed for develop ment, on private land with tenancy contracts, ",p:70,x:91,y:858,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:70,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:70,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"65",p:70,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"66",p:71,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:71,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"or on private land that they illegally occupy. In any of the above ",p:71,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cases, the responses would be the same:",p:71,x:91,y:138,w:292,h:21},
{t:"a.",p:71,x:121,y:167,w:12,h:21},
{t:"Government legislation to secure land rights;",p:71,x:151,y:167,w:330,h:21},
{t:"b.",p:71,x:121,y:197,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Slum upgrading, sites and services, environmen tal ",p:71,x:151,y:197,w:373,h:21},
{t:"development;",p:71,x:151,y:219,w:99,h:21},
{t:"c.",p:71,x:121,y:248,w:12,h:21},
{t:"Development of small-scale and cooperative indus tries ",p:71,x:151,y:248,w:407,h:21},
{t:"using low-interest loans;",p:71,x:151,y:270,w:180,h:21},
{t:"d.",p:71,x:121,y:300,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Development of community organizations to en able the ",p:71,x:151,y:300,w:412,h:21},
{t:"people to tackle their various problems;",p:71,x:151,y:322,w:290,h:21},
{t:"e.",p:71,x:121,y:351,w:12,h:21},
{t:"Vocational training; and",p:71,x:151,y:351,w:178,h:21},
{t:"f.",p:71,x:121,y:381,w:10,h:21},
{t:"Preventative medical work.",p:71,x:151,y:381,w:201,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:71,x:91,y:422,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Overcrowded downtown multistoried housing",p:71,x:121,y:422,w:348,h:21},
{t:"Responses to this situation would probably include re- housing ",p:71,x:121,y:451,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the people in middle-class developments in suburban areas or ",p:71,x:91,y:473,w:484,h:21},
{t:"inner-city redevelopment.",p:71,x:91,y:495,w:189,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:71,x:91,y:536,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Oppressed workers and servants",p:71,x:121,y:536,w:256,h:21},
{t:"To help oppressed workers, trade unions need to be de-",p:71,x:121,y:566,w:449,h:21},
{t:"veloped, Christian businessmen and professionals en couraged to ",p:71,x:91,y:588,w:484,h:21},
{t:"get involved, and forums planned to consider issues of justice for ",p:71,x:91,y:610,w:484,h:21},
{t:"workers.",p:71,x:91,y:632,w:63,h:21},
{t:"6.",p:71,x:91,y:673,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Women in oppressed roles",p:71,x:121,y:673,w:208,h:21},
{t:"Responses could include a publicity campaign for change of ",p:71,x:121,y:702,w:454,h:21},
{t:"values and the focusing of women’s organiza tions on specific ",p:71,x:91,y:724,w:484,h:21},
{t:"issues.",p:71,x:91,y:746,w:48,h:21},
{t:"7.",p:71,x:91,y:787,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Oppressed minority groups",p:71,x:121,y:787,w:210,h:21},
{t:"Among oppressed minority groups are Muslims, the Anglo ",p:71,x:121,y:817,w:454,h:21},
{t:"community, lower-caste people, certain traditional (but no longer ",p:71,x:91,y:839,w:484,h:21},
{t:"useful) trades groups, the disabled, the aged, and widows. For ",p:71,x:91,y:861,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:71,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:71,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"66",p:71,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"67",p:72,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"The Migrant Poor: Who Are We?",p:72,x:366,y:76,w:204,h:16},
{t:"these, an adequate response would include one or more of the ",p:72,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"following: permanent welfare programs, specialized schools, ",p:72,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"retraining in use ful trades or professions, and psychological ",p:72,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"reorientation to God’s perspective on their status.",p:72,x:91,y:182,w:362,h:21},
{t:"Notes",p:72,x:91,y:231,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:72,x:97,y:255,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Moorehouse, Geoffrey, Calcutta, Penguin Books, 1984.",p:72,x:116,y:255,w:326,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:72,x:97,y:278,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Ganguly, Tapash, “Pains of an Obese City,” The Week, Nov 17-23, 1985.",p:72,x:116,y:278,w:432,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:72,x:97,y:302,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organization, A Report on the Survey of ",p:72,x:116,y:302,w:425,h:16},
{t:"10,000 Pavement Dwellers in Calcutta: Under the Shadow of the Metropolis—",p:72,x:91,y:318,w:459,h:16},
{t:"10,000 Pavement Dwellers in Calcutta: Under the Shadow of the Metropolis",p:72,x:91,y:318,w:446,h:16},
{t:"they are citizens too, Sudhendu Muukherjee, ed., 1973.",p:72,x:91,y:334,w:326,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:72,x:97,y:357,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Grigg, Viv, Companion to the Poor, Waynesboro, Georgia: Authentic, 2005.",p:72,x:116,y:357,w:443,h:16},
{t:"5.",p:72,x:97,y:381,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Moorehouse, Calcutta.",p:72,x:116,y:381,w:134,h:16},
{t:"6.",p:72,x:97,y:404,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Wilson, Samuel, Unreached Peoples 1982, Monrovia, California: MARC, ",p:72,x:116,y:404,w:430,h:16},
{t:"World Vision International, 1982.",p:72,x:91,y:420,w:192,h:16},
{t:"7.",p:72,x:97,y:444,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Pentecost, Edward C., Reaching the Unreached, Fuller School of World ",p:72,x:116,y:444,w:426,h:16},
{t:"Missions thesis, Pasadena, 1979.",p:72,x:91,y:460,w:198,h:16},
{t:"8.",p:72,x:97,y:483,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Paredes, Tito, ed., PROMIES Directorio Evangelico: Lima, Callao y ",p:72,x:116,y:483,w:399,h:16},
{t:"Balnearios, Concilio Nacional Evangelico del Peru, 1986.",p:72,x:91,y:499,w:336,h:16},
{t:"9.",p:72,x:97,y:523,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Mar, Matos, Desborde Popular y Crisis del Estado, Institute de Estudios ",p:72,x:116,y:523,w:426,h:16},
{t:"Peruanos, 1986.",p:72,x:91,y:539,w:97,h:16},
{t:"10.",p:72,x:91,y:562,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Abrams, C, Man’s Struggle for Shelter in an Urbanizing World, Boston: MIT ",p:72,x:116,y:562,w:446,h:16},
{t:"Press, 1964.",p:72,x:91,y:578,w:74,h:16},
{t:"11.",p:72,x:91,y:602,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Lewis, Oscar, “The Possessions of the Poor,” Cities: Their Origin, Growth ",p:72,x:116,y:602,w:435,h:16},
{t:"and Human Impact, Readings from Scientific American, San Francisco: W.H. ",p:72,x:91,y:618,w:457,h:16},
{t:"Freeman and Co, 1973.",p:72,x:91,y:634,w:140,h:16},
{t:"12.",p:72,x:91,y:657,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Arnauld, Jacques, “Urban Nutrition: Motor or Brake for Rural Development? ",p:72,x:116,y:657,w:448,h:16},
{t:"The Latin American Case.” Ceres, Mar–Apr 1983.",p:72,x:91,y:673,w:293,h:16},
{t:"13.",p:72,x:91,y:697,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Decaestekker, Donald Denise, Impoverished Filipino Families, Manila: UST, ",p:72,x:116,y:697,w:451,h:16},
{t:"1978.",p:72,x:91,y:713,w:33,h:16},
{t:"14.",p:72,x:91,y:736,w:18,h:16},
{t:"This section based on Santos, Milton, The Shared Space, tr. from ",p:72,x:116,y:736,w:389,h:16},
{t:"Portuguese by Chris Gerry, London and New York: Methuen, 1979.",p:72,x:91,y:752,w:397,h:16},
{t:"15.",p:72,x:91,y:776,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Calcutta Metropolitan Planning Organization, A Report on the Survey of ",p:72,x:116,y:776,w:425,h:16},
{t:"10,000 Pavement Dwellers in Calcutta: Under the Shadow of the Metropolis—",p:72,x:91,y:792,w:459,h:16},
{t:"10,000 Pavement Dwellers in Calcutta: Under the Shadow of the Metropolis",p:72,x:91,y:792,w:446,h:16},
{t:"they are citizens too, Sudhendu Muukherjee, ed., 1973.",p:72,x:91,y:808,w:326,h:16},
{t:"16.",p:72,x:91,y:831,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Ibid, table 8.",p:72,x:116,y:831,w:72,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:72,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:72,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"67",p:72,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"69",p:73,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Four",p:73,x:196,y:115,w:117,h:24},
{t:"Who Made Us Poor?",p:73,x:196,y:150,w:263,h:32},
{t:"Slum children",p:73,x:196,y:189,w:99,h:23},
{t:"Longing for a piece of bread,",p:73,x:196,y:213,w:208,h:23},
{t:"Abandoned,",p:73,x:196,y:237,w:88,h:23},
{t:"No-one reaching them, touching them:",p:73,x:196,y:261,w:278,h:23},
{t:"Broken homes,",p:73,x:196,y:285,w:110,h:23},
{t:"Lack of love,",p:73,x:196,y:309,w:92,h:23},
{t:"Slum billions needing a Saviour.",p:73,x:196,y:333,w:233,h:23},
{t:"Go, live down, among,",p:73,x:196,y:357,w:163,h:23},
{t:"Proclaim Calvary’s love song:",p:73,x:196,y:381,w:215,h:23},
{t:"Salvation of the suffering . . . ",p:73,x:196,y:405,w:212,h:23},
{t:"Lies in him.",p:73,x:196,y:429,w:82,h:23},
{t:"For in him the structures",p:73,x:196,y:453,w:176,h:23},
{t:"of the mega-cities integrate.",p:73,x:196,y:477,w:203,h:24},
{t:"The same kind of analysis with which we looked at the ",p:73,x:121,y:569,w:454,h:21},
{t:"conditions of poverty may be applied as well to its causes. Gunnar ",p:73,x:91,y:591,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Myrdahl’s Asian Drama suggests twenty-nine categories in which ",p:73,x:91,y:613,w:484,h:21},
{t:"he defines macro-level causes.1 Michael Harrington suggested ",p:73,x:91,y:635,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other causes in his analysis that sparked the “War on Poverty” in ",p:73,x:91,y:657,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the United States.2 Both of these lead us to theories concerning the ",p:73,x:91,y:679,w:484,h:21},
{t:"causes of urban poverty at micro and macro levels. ",p:73,x:91,y:701,w:377,h:21},
{t:"The worker among the poor must be conversant with the range ",p:73,x:121,y:730,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of causes and types of poverty. At the same time, he or she must ",p:73,x:91,y:752,w:484,h:21},
{t:"somehow not be overly preoccupied with anal ysis beyond that ",p:73,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"which facilitates effective non-destructive action. This chapter ",p:73,x:91,y:796,w:484,h:21},
{t:"seeks to present some of the major patterns of thinking that have ",p:73,x:91,y:818,w:484,h:21},
{t:"emerged concerning the squatters.",p:73,x:91,y:840,w:250,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:73,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:73,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"69",p:73,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"70",p:74,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:74,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Myrdahl drew heavily on Max Weber’s lifetime monu mental ",p:74,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"works. They are perhaps the most useful source for an analysis of ",p:74,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the relationships of poverty, culture, and reli gion. The religious-",p:74,x:91,y:160,w:479,h:21},
{t:"cultural roots are apparent when con trasting the general levels of ",p:74,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poverty between poor Catholic areas of the world and those with ",p:74,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"significant Protestant in puts or those of Hindu background. His ",p:74,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"works are import ant as one looks at poverty in any given city.3",p:74,x:91,y:248,w:458,h:21},
{t:"But the church planter must not only deal with these religio-",p:74,x:121,y:277,w:450,h:21},
{t:"cultural causes. International patterns of urban pov erty have their ",p:74,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"roots in places other than local religious val ues, as has been seen. ",p:74,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"These causes also require responses. Within the broader context of ",p:74,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Western modern ization and its correlated urbanization, a number ",p:74,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of theo ries of poverty, explanations of causes, and identification ",p:74,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of potential solutions have been developed. None is complete. ",p:74,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Each situation requires a model and response appropriate to the ",p:74,x:91,y:431,w:484,h:21},
{t:"factors that impinge on it.",p:74,x:91,y:453,w:188,h:21},
{t:"Poor of the city, or city of the poor?",p:74,x:91,y:494,w:310,h:24},
{t:"Louis Wirth, building on Weber, defines the industrial city as ",p:74,x:121,y:525,w:454,h:21},
{t:"one that is “achievement-oriented and prizes a ra tionally-oriented ",p:74,x:91,y:547,w:484,h:21},
{t:"economic system. It is predominantly a middle-class city.”4",p:74,x:91,y:569,w:435,h:21},
{t:"But within the Third World city are the pockets of mi grant ",p:74,x:121,y:598,w:454,h:21},
{t:"poor we call squatters, often known as “peasants in cities.” They ",p:74,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"make up from 20-90 percent of the urban pop ulation, and many ",p:74,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are now second or third generation resi dents of the city. But are ",p:74,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they seen as part of this middle-class modern city? Are they a ",p:74,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people in their own right with a separate identity from middle-",p:74,x:91,y:708,w:480,h:21},
{t:"class city people? Are they the poor of the city or are the cities, ",p:74,x:91,y:730,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cities of the poor? How do squatters, poverty, and the city relate ",p:74,x:91,y:752,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to each other?",p:74,x:91,y:774,w:102,h:21},
{t:"Squatters, poverty, and cities",p:74,x:91,y:815,w:255,h:24},
{t:"Let us turn more specifically to our target communities of ",p:74,x:121,y:846,w:454,h:21},
{t:"squatters. Early approaches to the study of the squatters viewed ",p:74,x:91,y:868,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:74,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:74,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"70",p:74,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"71",p:75,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Who Made Us Poor?",p:75,x:440,y:76,w:130,h:16},
{t:"them negatively. Later approaches developed which perceived ",p:75,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"them positively and developed themes of self-im provement and ",p:75,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"acculturation of “peasants in the city.” These were in conflict with ",p:75,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the negative problem-solving, city-planner approach which saw ",p:75,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatters as a blight on city planning and political stability.",p:75,x:91,y:204,w:432,h:21},
{t:"Later approaches derive from a concept of culture in transition. ",p:75,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"The city-planner approach has an inherent dual-level perspective ",p:75,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"on the city.McTaggart5 highlights these issues of social dialectics ",p:75,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the city. Others devel oped the theme of “marginality”—people ",p:75,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"on the margins of society and power.",p:75,x:91,y:321,w:271,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:75,x:91,y:362,w:14,h:21},
{t:"The acculturation theme",p:75,x:121,y:362,w:187,h:21},
{t:"Generally, ",p:75,x:121,y:392,w:81,h:21},
{t:"squatters ",p:75,x:211,y:392,w:69,h:21},
{t:"are ",p:75,x:290,y:392,w:26,h:21},
{t:"viewed ",p:75,x:325,y:392,w:57,h:21},
{t:"as ",p:75,x:392,y:392,w:19,h:21},
{t:"a ",p:75,x:421,y:392,w:12,h:21},
{t:"manifestation ",p:75,x:442,y:392,w:104,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:75,x:555,y:392,w:19,h:21},
{t:"urbanization and modernization processes. In spite of distortions, ",p:75,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatter areas provide necessary social and economic functions. ",p:75,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They continue to exist because they meet the needs of the poor ",p:75,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and provide a place for adap tation to the culture of the city. This ",p:75,x:91,y:480,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is known as the ac culturation process. Squatter areas become a ",p:75,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"zone of transition from peasant society to urban. This percep tion ",p:75,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:21},
{t:"minimizes the problem of conflict between dual economic and ",p:75,x:91,y:546,w:484,h:21},
{t:"social systems in the same city. It perceives them as providing a ",p:75,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cushion and geographic stability.",p:75,x:91,y:590,w:242,h:21},
{t:"The degree of acculturation is dependent on local condi tions ",p:75,x:121,y:619,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and is neutralized by physical and environmental disorder or ",p:75,x:91,y:641,w:484,h:21},
{t:"difficult relationships to bureaucracy.",p:75,x:91,y:663,w:274,h:21},
{t:"Within this school of thought numerous studies have been ",p:75,x:121,y:693,w:454,h:21},
{t:"developed about mechanisms of adaptation to the “transitional” ",p:75,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:21},
{t:"society. A typical path followed by the mi grants is outlined by ",p:75,x:91,y:737,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Meister:",p:75,x:91,y:759,w:61,h:21},
{t:"a.",p:75,x:121,y:791,w:12,h:21},
{t:"The individual brings from the country the sum ",p:75,x:151,y:791,w:394,h:21},
{t:"total of standards and values that prevail in his own ",p:75,x:121,y:813,w:424,h:21},
{t:"environment and clings to the same tradi tions in town.",p:75,x:121,y:835,w:398,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:75,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:75,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"71",p:75,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"72",p:76,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:76,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"b.",p:76,x:121,y:116,w:13,h:21},
{t:"The new mode of life and rural values clash. The ",p:76,x:151,y:116,w:394,h:21},
{t:"migrant fails to find steady work. The children fall under ",p:76,x:121,y:138,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the influence of other displaced urban children; the father ",p:76,x:121,y:160,w:424,h:21},
{t:"loses control and former val ues are repudiated. With heavy ",p:76,x:121,y:182,w:424,h:21},
{t:"drinking and de sertion, the family unit disintegrates.",p:76,x:121,y:204,w:383,h:21},
{t:"c.",p:76,x:121,y:236,w:12,h:21},
{t:"The migrant comes to accept urban life. He has some ",p:76,x:151,y:236,w:394,h:21},
{t:"job successes and begins to develop urban goals in terms ",p:76,x:121,y:258,w:424,h:21},
{t:"of desirable places to live, con sumer goods preferences, ",p:76,x:121,y:280,w:424,h:21},
{t:"and begins to partici pate in formal groups. Although ",p:76,x:121,y:302,w:424,h:21},
{t:"some migrants adapt by delinquency, and others through ",p:76,x:121,y:324,w:424,h:21},
{t:"partic ipation ",p:76,x:121,y:346,w:97,h:21},
{t:"and ",p:76,x:225,y:346,w:31,h:21},
{t:"leadership ",p:76,x:264,y:346,w:79,h:21},
{t:"in ",p:76,x:351,y:346,w:18,h:21},
{t:"migrant development ",p:76,x:377,y:346,w:168,h:21},
{t:"programs, it is important to emphasize that in most cases, ",p:76,x:121,y:368,w:424,h:21},
{t:"there is successful urban adapta tion.",p:76,x:121,y:390,w:265,h:21},
{t:"McCreary6 summarizes ",p:76,x:121,y:419,w:183,h:21},
{t:"discussion ",p:76,x:312,y:419,w:80,h:21},
{t:"on ",p:76,x:400,y:419,w:22,h:21},
{t:"the ",p:76,x:431,y:419,w:26,h:21},
{t:"experience ",p:76,x:465,y:419,w:83,h:21},
{t:"in ",p:76,x:556,y:419,w:18,h:21},
{t:"Oceania, following the same lines. First, there is loss of direct ",p:76,x:91,y:441,w:484,h:21},
{t:"contact with indigenous social controls and mis sions influence, ",p:76,x:91,y:463,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and a non-acceptance of responsibility for collateral kin. The ",p:76,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:21},
{t:"extended family loses its supportive function, although kinship ",p:76,x:91,y:507,w:484,h:21},
{t:"networks continue ",p:76,x:91,y:529,w:146,h:21},
{t:"to ",p:76,x:245,y:529,w:18,h:21},
{t:"function, ",p:76,x:271,y:529,w:70,h:21},
{t:"placing ",p:76,x:349,y:529,w:58,h:21},
{t:"additional ",p:76,x:414,y:529,w:77,h:21},
{t:"strain ",p:76,x:500,y:529,w:45,h:21},
{t:"on ",p:76,x:552,y:529,w:22,h:21},
{t:"traditional values. A new urban social structure develops, with ",p:76,x:91,y:551,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the mother moving into the center of the family and the father be-",p:76,x:91,y:573,w:479,h:21},
{t:"coming a declining figure. Youth form marginal groups and tend ",p:76,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to lose direction. Disorientation at the per sonal level is expressed ",p:76,x:91,y:617,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in delinquency, violence, prosti tution, and excessive drinking.7",p:76,x:91,y:639,w:460,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:76,x:91,y:680,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Poor peoples’ perspective",p:76,x:121,y:680,w:201,h:21},
{t:"Anthropological studies tend to be more sympathetic to ",p:76,x:121,y:710,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the views of the poor than do those of sociologists or planners. ",p:76,x:91,y:732,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Ethnographs such as Jocano’s Slums as a Way of Life show how ",p:76,x:91,y:754,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatters perceive their lifestyles as positively and gradually ",p:76,x:91,y:776,w:484,h:21},
{t:"integrating into the city, yet not without turmoil and breakdown.8",p:76,x:91,y:798,w:477,h:21},
{t:"Dominique LaPierre’s City of Joy tells of a priest’s long ing ",p:76,x:121,y:827,w:454,h:21},
{t:"for his people to return to the romantic countryside. Eventually ",p:76,x:91,y:849,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:76,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:76,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"72",p:76,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"73",p:77,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Who Made Us Poor?",p:77,x:440,y:76,w:130,h:16},
{t:"a couple does return, only to be brought back to the city and to ",p:77,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"reality when they lose all to a ty phoon.9",p:77,x:91,y:138,w:290,h:21},
{t:"The poor will not go back. This indicates how they feel about ",p:77,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"their lives in the city. They are hooked. For all of the deprivations ",p:77,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and depravity, they are better off. They have hope. They have ",p:77,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"access to health and education for their children. They are city ",p:77,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dwellers, urbanites who no longer fit back in the home town. ",p:77,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They have come from being hopeless, landless farm laborers. ",p:77,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They are moving into the city of gold. The momentary problems ",p:77,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the slums can be suffered for such a glorious dream—even for ",p:77,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a generation or two.",p:77,x:91,y:343,w:146,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:77,x:91,y:384,w:14,h:21},
{t:"John Turner’s self-improvement model",p:77,x:121,y:384,w:298,h:21},
{t:"Growing out of a sympathetic understanding of the squatters ",p:77,x:121,y:414,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and the reality of limited finances governmentally for housing ",p:77,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"programs, squatter areas are seen as providing a context for self-",p:77,x:91,y:458,w:479,h:21},
{t:"improvement housing. These meet the standards of the squatters ",p:77,x:91,y:480,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but not the unreal istic housing standards of the bureaucrats that ",p:77,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"tele scope the development process and require high finance.10",p:77,x:91,y:524,w:452,h:21},
{t:"This approach leads to flexible, progressive develop ment, ",p:77,x:121,y:553,w:454,h:21},
{t:"with minimal use of government finances or ex pansion of govern-",p:77,x:91,y:575,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ment bureaucracy—encouraging an optimum use of resources. ",p:77,x:91,y:597,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The approach of self-help housing for the poor has grown from ",p:77,x:91,y:619,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this conceptual view.",p:77,x:91,y:641,w:155,h:21},
{t:"Dwyer, while sympathetic to this approach, criticizes its ",p:77,x:121,y:671,w:454,h:21},
{t:"omission of the cost and alternative-use aspects of land.11 This is ",p:77,x:91,y:693,w:484,h:21},
{t:"quite a reasonable position for a profes sor in Hong Kong, where ",p:77,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:21},
{t:"island land use is at a pre mium. In the deserts of Lima, it ceases ",p:77,x:91,y:737,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to be an issue. There, we find some of the most extensive and ",p:77,x:91,y:759,w:484,h:21},
{t:"success ful examples of self-developed communities. There are ",p:77,x:91,y:781,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mixed analyses of the extent to which self-im provement occurs, ",p:77,x:91,y:803,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and these tend to be determined by the geographical and historical ",p:77,x:91,y:825,w:484,h:21},
{t:"relationships that have emerged in each city.",p:77,x:91,y:847,w:326,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:77,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:77,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"73",p:77,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"74",p:78,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:78,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:78,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Slums as a problem",p:78,x:121,y:116,w:154,h:21},
{t:"Despite ",p:78,x:121,y:145,w:60,h:21},
{t:"a ",p:78,x:190,y:145,w:12,h:21},
{t:"sympathetic ",p:78,x:212,y:145,w:93,h:21},
{t:"anthropological ",p:78,x:314,y:145,w:119,h:21},
{t:"approach, ",p:78,x:443,y:145,w:76,h:21},
{t:"Oscar ",p:78,x:528,y:145,w:47,h:21},
{t:"Lewis agrees with Juppenlatz’s perception of the slum as a place ",p:78,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"where poor people live in subnormal condi tions.12 This view is ",p:78,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"predominant among policy makers. Slum dwellers are perceived ",p:78,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as people who flout the law and live in areas that are unsanitary, ",p:78,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"fire hazards, and full of crime—barriers to development that can ",p:78,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"para lyze city planning.",p:78,x:91,y:277,w:167,h:21},
{t:"This perspective results in forced relocation. To help them ",p:78,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"is to condone illegal behavior. The squatter is not perceived as ",p:78,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"going through acculturation ",p:78,x:91,y:351,w:221,h:21},
{t:"to ",p:78,x:319,y:351,w:18,h:21},
{t:"socially ac ceptable behavior. ",p:78,x:345,y:351,w:230,h:21},
{t:"Instead, he is perceived as being ex posed to continual erosion of ",p:78,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"family control, of community and traditions, accompanied by loss ",p:78,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of iden tity and importance. The result is social disorganization, ",p:78,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"chaos, crime, and prostitution.",p:78,x:91,y:439,w:222,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:78,x:91,y:480,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Class conflict and social dualism",p:78,x:121,y:480,w:251,h:21},
{t:"Squatters are inevitably pushed into a political situation ",p:78,x:121,y:509,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of class conflict by the unsympathetic approaches of the city ",p:78,x:91,y:531,w:484,h:21},
{t:"bureaucracy. McTaggart talks of the squatter areas as being the ",p:78,x:91,y:553,w:484,h:21},
{t:"“anti-system” that soften the blows of socio-economic dualism.13",p:78,x:91,y:575,w:476,h:21},
{t:"Oscar Lewis developed the concepts of duality of Lampman14",p:78,x:121,y:605,w:450,h:21},
{t:"and Harrington15 into the culture of poverty the sis.16 His analysis ",p:78,x:91,y:627,w:484,h:21},
{t:"set the stage for a concept of dual cultural systems within the city. ",p:78,x:91,y:649,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Portes views the matter less from a cultural perspective and more ",p:78,x:91,y:671,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from a social analysis of structures, explain ing that the aspect of ",p:78,x:91,y:693,w:484,h:21},
{t:"self-help is dependent on strong social cohesion resulting from ",p:78,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:21},
{t:"long conflict.17 It is the dialectics (going back and forth between ",p:78,x:91,y:737,w:484,h:21},
{t:"two extremes) of the system, the official hostility and opposition ",p:78,x:91,y:759,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to squatter activity, that is a prerequisite for self-improving ele-",p:78,x:91,y:781,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ments to emerge.",p:78,x:91,y:803,w:125,h:21},
{t:"Alinsky develops this concept of cause and effect into a ",p:78,x:121,y:832,w:454,h:21},
{t:"mandate to increase tension at points of conflict in order to effect ",p:78,x:91,y:854,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:78,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:78,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"74",p:78,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"75",p:79,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Who Made Us Poor?",p:79,x:440,y:76,w:130,h:16},
{t:"change.18 And indeed, this thesis finds general acceptance in most ",p:79,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"literature built around class-conflict theories.",p:79,x:91,y:138,w:329,h:21},
{t:"As Christians, we immediately are aware of ethical prob lems ",p:79,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"with this pattern of thinking. It directly contrasts with the rec-",p:79,x:91,y:189,w:479,h:21},
{t:"onciliation the gospel offers to conflicting groups. We should be ",p:79,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"aware, however, that many social workers among the poor, both ",p:79,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Catholic and Protestant, have this as their underlying framework.",p:79,x:91,y:255,w:477,h:21},
{t:"The class-conflict thesis is not vindicated by research on ",p:79,x:121,y:285,w:454,h:21},
{t:"relationships between squatters and the urban middle and upper ",p:79,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"classes. ",p:79,x:91,y:329,w:60,h:21},
{t:"Research by ",p:79,x:158,y:329,w:102,h:21},
{t:"Hollensteiner, ",p:79,x:268,y:329,w:107,h:21},
{t:"Laquian, and ",p:79,x:384,y:329,w:107,h:21},
{t:"others ",p:79,x:499,y:329,w:49,h:21},
{t:"in ",p:79,x:556,y:329,w:18,h:21},
{t:"Southeast Asia shows a strong relation ship between the poor and ",p:79,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the middle and upper classes, upon whom squatters depend for ",p:79,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"patronage.19 There is no strong sense of antipathy between the two ",p:79,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"classes.",p:79,x:91,y:417,w:55,h:21},
{t:"Class conflict theory predicts the squatter as being po tentially ",p:79,x:121,y:446,w:454,h:21},
{t:"radicalized. This is not evident in first genera tion squatters. It ",p:79,x:91,y:468,w:484,h:21},
{t:"may be with their children and grandchildren—second and third ",p:79,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:21},
{t:"generation squatters. In Brazil, for example, there has never been ",p:79,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a revolt or insurrection from a favela, ",p:79,x:91,y:534,w:283,h:21},
{t:"a revolt or insurrection from a favela",p:79,x:91,y:534,w:274,h:21},
{t:"despite the violence of the ",p:79,x:375,y:534,w:200,h:21},
{t:"marginales in the favelas.",p:79,x:91,y:556,w:189,h:21},
{t:"Squatters tend to be conservative, not revolutionary. They are ",p:79,x:121,y:586,w:454,h:21},
{t:"too absorbed in problems of survival and of their own security ",p:79,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to be interested in anything else. Laquian, Mangin, Turner, and ",p:79,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"others confirm this, asso ciating squatters with the conservative ",p:79,x:91,y:652,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ideologies of the petit bourgeousie.20",p:79,x:91,y:674,w:286,h:21},
{t:"Lack of a revolutionary ",p:79,x:386,y:674,w:189,h:21},
{t:"spirit is also the result of their rural conservative roots.",p:79,x:91,y:696,w:401,h:21},
{t:"While we do not observe a generalized conflict between ",p:79,x:121,y:725,w:454,h:21},
{t:"classes in Third World cities, there are localized and limited ",p:79,x:91,y:747,w:484,h:21},
{t:"conflicts between squatters and landowners over the legitimacy ",p:79,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of squatter land rights. Christian re sponses are essential. They ",p:79,x:91,y:791,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are extensions of a theology of reconciliation in the context of ",p:79,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:21},
{t:"defending the poor against injustice.",p:79,x:91,y:835,w:266,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:79,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:79,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"75",p:79,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"76",p:80,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:80,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"6.",p:80,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Political participation",p:80,x:121,y:116,w:159,h:21},
{t:"Squatters soon learn that exerting pressure on the polit ical ",p:80,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:21},
{t:"system is to their advantage. Even where they have no legal voting ",p:80,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rights, they can bring strong pressure to bear through community ",p:80,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"organizations. Political oppor tunism and symbiosis are part of ",p:80,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the ethos of the slums. On the other hand, often the power of the ",p:80,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"land owning elite neutralizes any pressure squatters might try to ",p:80,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"exercise.",p:80,x:91,y:277,w:64,h:21},
{t:"Politicians have little choice in these cities. They are faced ",p:80,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"with both conflict and chaos or with securing cooperation between ",p:80,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"upper and lower classes—rich and poor. This cooperation enables ",p:80,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"gradual develop ment, utilizing the resources of the poor and, to a ",p:80,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"large extent, according to the desires of the poor. Political wisdom ",p:80,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"can lead cities away from conflict, marginality, or other extremes ",p:80,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"developed from the dialectic philoso phies mentioned above. ",p:80,x:91,y:439,w:445,h:21},
{t:"7.",p:80,x:91,y:480,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Marginality",p:80,x:121,y:480,w:84,h:21},
{t:"While the classes in the city are not necessarily in con flict nor ",p:80,x:121,y:509,w:454,h:21},
{t:"totally separate, the rift between them leads to the squatter being ",p:80,x:91,y:531,w:484,h:21},
{t:"viewed as a citizen of the city but de nied all the rights of the city. ",p:80,x:91,y:553,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Thus squatters can only become marginally productive—cultur-",p:80,x:91,y:575,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ally, socially, and economically.",p:80,x:91,y:597,w:237,h:21},
{t:"Park used the term “marginality” to refer to cultural hy-",p:80,x:121,y:627,w:449,h:21},
{t:"brids—people living on the margin of two cultures and societies.21",p:80,x:91,y:649,w:480,h:21},
{t:"Cuber spoke of “those who occupy a periph eral position between ",p:80,x:91,y:671,w:484,h:21},
{t:"two unrelated cultural structures, complexes, or units.”22",p:80,x:91,y:693,w:412,h:21},
{t:"This perspective juxtaposes the problem of poverty and the ",p:80,x:121,y:722,w:454,h:21},
{t:"variable rates of modernization within a society. Joan Nelson ",p:80,x:91,y:744,w:484,h:21},
{t:"asks three questions: Do the urban poor recognize themselves ",p:80,x:91,y:766,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as marginal? Is the urban poor population a surplus from an ",p:80,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:21},
{t:"economic point of view? Or rather, have they been prevented ",p:80,x:91,y:810,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from economic par ticipation?23",p:80,x:91,y:832,w:227,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:80,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:80,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"76",p:80,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"77",p:81,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Who Made Us Poor?",p:81,x:440,y:76,w:130,h:16},
{t:"Andre Gunder Frank comments, “These poor are not so cially ",p:81,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"marginal but rejected, not economically marginal but exploited, ",p:81,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and not politically marginal but repressed.”24",p:81,x:91,y:160,w:328,h:21},
{t:"The sheer size of the populations of the urban poor in cities ",p:81,x:121,y:189,w:454,h:21},
{t:"like Lima or Calcutta mitigates against this marginality thesis. ",p:81,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"As John Maust comments, “No longer is it accurate to call the ",p:81,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"newcomers and slum-dwellers ‘marginalized.’ Rather than being ",p:81,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"on the fringes of Lima society, they have become the majority.”25",p:81,x:91,y:277,w:479,h:21},
{t:"8.",p:81,x:91,y:318,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Modernization and marginality",p:81,x:121,y:318,w:233,h:21},
{t:"McGee understands that there is a relationship between the ",p:81,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:21},
{t:"degree of modernization in a city and the marginalization of ",p:81,x:91,y:370,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the squatter economic system. As a city modernizes, squatters ",p:81,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:21},
{t:"become less marginal, that is, more integrated, and there is a ",p:81,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:21},
{t:"greater degree of jus tice. In other words, the faster the rate of ",p:81,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"modernization in a city, the shorter amount of time a migrant ",p:81,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spends in “transition.”26",p:81,x:91,y:480,w:174,h:21},
{t:"Johnstone, along the same lines, defines various cities into ",p:81,x:121,y:509,w:454,h:21},
{t:"three categories:",p:81,x:91,y:531,w:120,h:21},
{t:"a.",p:81,x:121,y:561,w:12,h:21},
{t:"Those such as Hong Kong and Singapore, where rapid ",p:81,x:151,y:561,w:404,h:21},
{t:"industrialization predicts continuing uplift and integra-",p:81,x:151,y:583,w:401,h:21},
{t:"tion of the squatter communities.",p:81,x:151,y:605,w:241,h:21},
{t:"b.",p:81,x:121,y:634,w:13,h:21},
{t:"A second group such as Manila or Bangkok, where the ",p:81,x:151,y:634,w:406,h:21},
{t:"gross national product is rising and urbanization is rapid, ",p:81,x:151,y:656,w:421,h:21},
{t:"and yet there are institu tional problems to hinder prog-",p:81,x:151,y:678,w:401,h:21},
{t:"ress. Here older settlements will become integrated, and ",p:81,x:151,y:700,w:415,h:21},
{t:"newer and structurally unstable ones have the poten tial ",p:81,x:151,y:722,w:407,h:21},
{t:"in time for uplift.",p:81,x:151,y:744,w:126,h:21},
{t:"c.",p:81,x:121,y:774,w:12,h:21},
{t:"A third group, where there is economic stagnation, ",p:81,x:151,y:774,w:376,h:21},
{t:"such as in Saigon, Calcutta and Lima. Here there is a ",p:81,x:151,y:796,w:392,h:21},
{t:"far larger dualism, a traditional bazaar economy, and ",p:81,x:151,y:818,w:395,h:21},
{t:"potential conflict.27",p:81,x:151,y:840,w:139,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:81,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:81,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"77",p:81,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"78",p:82,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:82,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Interestingly, of the ten cities surveyed in this book, Bangkok ",p:82,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and Sao Paulo are two of the most modern ized, industrialized and ",p:82,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"prosperous cities in the Third World. Squatters are integrated into ",p:82,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the work force with high levels of employment. Economically ",p:82,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they become well off, with high levels of comfort in their squatter ",p:82,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"homes. But in both these cities, land-rights laws pre clude owner-",p:82,x:91,y:226,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ship and self-help upgrading of the areas of slums.",p:82,x:91,y:248,w:370,h:21},
{t:"In Lima or Calcutta, where there is economic stagna tion, the ",p:82,x:121,y:277,w:454,h:21},
{t:"majority of the populations are squatters. These cities have almost ",p:82,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"entirely become the slum. The poor are city-dwellers with rights, ",p:82,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and there is social integra tion (if the continuance of caste can be ",p:82,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"considered a form of social integration).",p:82,x:91,y:365,w:294,h:21},
{t:"Obviously the issue of social integration is more com plex ",p:82,x:121,y:395,w:454,h:21},
{t:"than the macro-economic condition of the city. Land rights are ",p:82,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a major factor. The size of the city and percentage of squatters is ",p:82,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"another. Prevailing cultural patterns and historical experiences are ",p:82,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"also involved.",p:82,x:91,y:483,w:102,h:21},
{t:"Some personal observations may be included here from walk-",p:82,x:121,y:512,w:450,h:21},
{t:"ing through these cities. Where industrialization has increased ",p:82,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"more rapidly, there is a lower percentage of slum population. ",p:82,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Smaller cities have a lower percent age of urban poor in the city. ",p:82,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cities in tribal societies have a higher percentage of urban poor ",p:82,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"because tribal peoples take more time to make the cultural and ",p:82,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"tech nological transition needed when entering urban soci ety. ",p:82,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Capitalism is significantly better for the poor than a Marxist ",p:82,x:91,y:666,w:484,h:21},
{t:"society. This last statement has been ade quately argued by Peter ",p:82,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Berger.28",p:82,x:91,y:710,w:65,h:21},
{t:"9.",p:82,x:91,y:751,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Economic dualism",p:82,x:121,y:751,w:141,h:21},
{t:"There are economic theories built on dualistic perspec tives. ",p:82,x:121,y:781,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Geertz differentiated between two economies in the modern Third ",p:82,x:91,y:803,w:484,h:21},
{t:"World city, the firm-centered economy and the bazaar economy.29",p:82,x:91,y:825,w:480,h:21},
{t:"In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the World Bank and United ",p:82,x:91,y:847,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:82,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:82,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"78",p:82,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"79",p:83,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Who Made Us Poor?",p:83,x:440,y:76,w:130,h:16},
{t:"Nations-related agen cies talked freely of formal and informal ",p:83,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"sectors.",p:83,x:91,y:138,w:55,h:21},
{t:"Perhaps Santos’ well-documented study is a zenith of these ",p:83,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"economic analyses. Santos defines his thesis this way:",p:83,x:91,y:189,w:397,h:21},
{t:"At ",p:83,x:121,y:221,w:22,h:21},
{t:"a ",p:83,x:154,y:221,w:12,h:21},
{t:"national ",p:83,x:177,y:221,w:63,h:21},
{t:"level, ",p:83,x:251,y:221,w:44,h:21},
{t:"new ",p:83,x:306,y:221,w:35,h:21},
{t:"economic ",p:83,x:352,y:221,w:75,h:21},
{t:"demands ",p:83,x:438,y:221,w:69,h:21},
{t:"are ",p:83,x:518,y:221,w:26,h:21},
{t:"su perimposed over existing “traditional” ones. The eco-",p:83,x:121,y:243,w:419,h:21},
{t:"nomic system is thus forced to accommodate both new and ",p:83,x:121,y:265,w:424,h:21},
{t:"inherited social realities, and faces the need for dynamic ",p:83,x:121,y:287,w:424,h:21},
{t:"modernization. This applies equally to the productive and ",p:83,x:121,y:309,w:424,h:21},
{t:"distributive systems. Two economic circuits are created, ",p:83,x:121,y:331,w:424,h:21},
{t:"responsible not only for the economic process, but also ",p:83,x:121,y:353,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the process of spatial organization.",p:83,x:121,y:375,w:255,h:21},
{t:"The upper circuit is the direct result of technologi cal ",p:83,x:121,y:407,w:424,h:21},
{t:"progress and its most representative elements are the ",p:83,x:121,y:429,w:424,h:21},
{t:"monopolies. Most of its relations take place outside of the ",p:83,x:121,y:451,w:424,h:21},
{t:"city and the surrounding area and operate in a national or ",p:83,x:121,y:473,w:424,h:21},
{t:"international framework.30",p:83,x:121,y:495,w:192,h:21},
{t:"Santos defines the lower circuit economy as:",p:83,x:91,y:525,w:327,h:21},
{t:"The maintenance alongside the modern circuit, of a ",p:83,x:121,y:557,w:424,h:21},
{t:"non-modem economic circuit consisting of small-scale ",p:83,x:121,y:579,w:424,h:21},
{t:"manufacturing and crafts, small-scale trade and many ",p:83,x:121,y:601,w:424,h:21},
{t:"varied services.31",p:83,x:121,y:623,w:124,h:21},
{t:"It is not independent of the upper circuit, however, but locked ",p:83,x:121,y:652,w:454,h:21},
{t:"into it in a relationship of cause and effect. This thesis clearly is ",p:83,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dualistic in basic premise, and Santos does not seek to define these ",p:83,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as two poles of a spectrum but as two separate systems. In his ",p:83,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"native Sao Paulo, his analysis might be accurate. In other cities, ",p:83,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the pat terns may not be as clearly dualistic. My own experience ",p:83,x:91,y:762,w:484,h:21},
{t:"would be that more affluent cities tend to have a clearer differential ",p:83,x:91,y:784,w:484,h:21},
{t:"between upper and lower circuits.",p:83,x:91,y:806,w:247,h:21},
{t:"In Calcutta, for example, where the percentage partici pation ",p:83,x:121,y:836,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of the labor force has fallen from 67 percent in 1901 to 37 percent ",p:83,x:91,y:858,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:83,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:83,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"79",p:83,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"80",p:84,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:84,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"in 1971, one may talk of two cir cuits. But the lower circuit ",p:84,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"takes on the role of the sig nificant economic circuit in terms of ",p:84,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the numbers of residents employed in it. This lower circuit, or ",p:84,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"informal sector, accounted for 82 percent of economic units and ",p:84,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"30 percent of the employment in 1971.32",p:84,x:91,y:204,w:295,h:21},
{t:"McGee has a theory about the self-inflationary nature of the ",p:84,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"lower circuit. A continual influx of people creates an expanding ",p:84,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"market. The division of labor within the lower circuit stimulates ",p:84,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the productive use of capital and the speed of transactions, thus ",p:84,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"raising profits. The lower circuit creates its own service sector.33",p:84,x:91,y:321,w:471,h:21},
{t:"In a context where there is decay and retraction in the upper ",p:84,x:121,y:351,w:454,h:21},
{t:"circuit, such as in Calcutta or Lima, we would ex pect a similar ",p:84,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"lack of growth in the lower circuit. People in the lower circuit, un-",p:84,x:91,y:395,w:479,h:21},
{t:"able to provide services to people in the dwindling upper circuit, ",p:84,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"have to make an income by providing services to others within ",p:84,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their own im poverished circuit. The number of hours worked, ",p:84,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"how ever, must increase to make the same income. The number of ",p:84,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"transactions must also increase. As a city be comes more and more ",p:84,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"impoverished, it also becomes a hive of increasingly useless and ",p:84,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rapid activity.",p:84,x:91,y:549,w:101,h:21},
{t:"Notes",p:84,x:91,y:598,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:84,x:97,y:622,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Myrdahl, Gunnar, Asian Drama: An Inquiry into the Poverty of the Nations, ",p:84,x:116,y:622,w:440,h:16},
{t:"1968",p:84,x:91,y:638,w:29,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:84,x:97,y:661,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Harrington, Michael, The Other America: Poverty in the United States, ",p:84,x:116,y:661,w:415,h:16},
{t:"Penguin, 1965.",p:84,x:91,y:677,w:89,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:84,x:97,y:701,w:11,h:16},
{t:" Weber, Max, The City, New York: The Free Press, 1958; and The Protestant ",p:84,x:116,y:701,w:458,h:16},
{t:"Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, tr Talcott Parsons, London: Unwin.",p:84,x:91,y:717,w:439,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:84,x:97,y:740,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Wirth, Louis, “Urbanism as a Way of Life,” American Journal of Sociology, ",p:84,x:116,y:740,w:437,h:16},
{t:"Vol. 44:1–24, July 1938.",p:84,x:91,y:756,w:143,h:16},
{t:"5.",p:84,x:97,y:780,w:11,h:16},
{t:"McTaggart, W.D., “Squatters’ Rights or the Context of a Problem,” ",p:84,x:116,y:780,w:392,h:16},
{t:"Professional Geographer 23(4), October 1971, pp 335–359.",p:84,x:91,y:796,w:352,h:16},
{t:"6.",p:84,x:97,y:819,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Meister, A., “The Urbanization Crisis of Rural Man,” Ceres, 1970.",p:84,x:116,y:819,w:382,h:16},
{t:"7.",p:84,x:97,y:843,w:11,h:16},
{t:"McCreary, J.R., “Urbanization in the South Pacific,” Living in Town: Problems ",p:84,x:116,y:843,w:457,h:16},
{t:"and Priorities in Urban Planning in the South Pacific, John Harre ed., Suva,",p:84,x:91,y:859,w:442,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:84,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:84,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"80",p:84,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"81",p:85,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Who Made Us Poor?",p:85,x:440,y:76,w:130,h:16},
{t:"Fiji: South Pacific Social Sciences Foundation and School of Social and ",p:85,x:91,y:117,w:425,h:16},
{t:"Economic Development, University of the South Pacific, 1973.",p:85,x:91,y:133,w:366,h:16},
{t:"8.",p:85,x:97,y:156,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Jocano, F. Landa, Slums As A Way of Life, Manila: New Day Publishers, Box ",p:85,x:116,y:156,w:457,h:16},
{t:"167, Quezon City 3008, 1975.",p:85,x:91,y:172,w:177,h:16},
{t:"9.",p:85,x:97,y:196,w:11,h:16},
{t:"LaPierre, Dominique, City of Joy, Doubleday, 1985.",p:85,x:116,y:196,w:303,h:16},
{t:"10.",p:85,x:91,y:219,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Turner, John F., “Barriers and Channels for Housing Development in ",p:85,x:116,y:219,w:407,h:16},
{t:"Modernizing Countries,” Peasants in Cities, W. Mangin ed, Boston: Houghton ",p:85,x:91,y:235,w:459,h:16},
{t:"Mifflin, 1970",p:85,x:91,y:251,w:71,h:16},
{t:"11.",p:85,x:91,y:275,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Dwyer, D.J., The City as Centre of Change in Asia, Hong Kong: University ",p:85,x:116,y:275,w:440,h:16},
{t:"Press, 1972.",p:85,x:91,y:291,w:74,h:16},
{t:"12.",p:85,x:91,y:314,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Juppenlatz, Morris, Cities in Transformation, University of Queensland Press, ",p:85,x:116,y:314,w:458,h:16},
{t:"1970.",p:85,x:91,y:330,w:33,h:16},
{t:"13.",p:85,x:91,y:354,w:18,h:16},
{t:"McTaggart, W.D., “Squatter’s Rights.”",p:85,x:116,y:354,w:222,h:16},
{t:"14.",p:85,x:91,y:377,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Lampman, Robert V., Poverty: Four Approaches, Four Solutions, Eugene, ",p:85,x:116,y:377,w:439,h:16},
{t:"Oregon: University of Oregon Press, 1966.",p:85,x:91,y:393,w:251,h:16},
{t:"15.",p:85,x:91,y:417,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Harrington, Michael, The Other America.",p:85,x:116,y:417,w:239,h:16},
{t:"16.",p:85,x:91,y:440,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Lewis, Oscar, “The Culture of Poverty,” Scientific American, Vol. 215, No. 4:",p:85,x:116,y:440,w:446,h:16},
{t:"3–9, October 1966.",p:85,x:91,y:456,w:114,h:16},
{t:"17.",p:85,x:91,y:480,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Portes, A., The Urban Slum in Chile: Types and Correlates,” Land ",p:85,x:116,y:480,w:391,h:16},
{t:"Economics, Vol 47(3) 1971, pp 235–247.",p:85,x:91,y:496,w:241,h:16},
{t:"18.",p:85,x:91,y:519,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Alinsky, Saul, Reveille for Radicals, New York: Vintage Books, 1969.",p:85,x:116,y:519,w:404,h:16},
{t:"19.",p:85,x:91,y:543,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Laquian, A. A., Slums Are For People, East-West Centre Press, 1971.",p:85,x:116,y:543,w:412,h:16},
{t:"20.",p:85,x:91,y:566,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Mangin, William, “Squatter Settlements,” Scientific American, Vol. 217 No. ",p:85,x:116,y:566,w:440,h:16},
{t:"4, October 1967, pp.21–29; and Peasants in Cities: Readings in Anthropology of ",p:85,x:91,y:582,w:477,h:16},
{t:"Urbanization, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970.",p:85,x:91,y:598,w:268,h:16},
{t:"21.",p:85,x:91,y:622,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Park, Robert E., “Human Migration and the Marginal Man,” American Journal ",p:85,x:116,y:622,w:456,h:16},
{t:"of Sociology, Vol. 33, no.6, May 1928, pp 881–3.",p:85,x:91,y:638,w:287,h:16},
{t:"22.",p:85,x:91,y:661,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Cuber, John F., “Marginal Church Participants,” Sociology and Social ",p:85,x:116,y:661,w:410,h:16},
{t:"Research, Vol. XXV, No 1, 1940, pp. 57–62. ",p:85,x:91,y:677,w:264,h:16},
{t:"23.",p:85,x:91,y:701,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Nelson, Joan, “The Urban Poor: Disruption or Political Integration in Third ",p:85,x:116,y:701,w:435,h:16},
{t:"World Cities,” World Politics Vol. 22, 1969, pp. 393–414.",p:85,x:91,y:717,w:331,h:16},
{t:"24.",p:85,x:91,y:740,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Frank, Andre Gunder, The Sociology of Underdevelopment or the ",p:85,x:116,y:740,w:389,h:16},
{t:"Underdevelopment of Sociology, paper, 1974.",p:85,x:91,y:756,w:271,h:16},
{t:"25.",p:85,x:91,y:780,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Maust, John, Cities of Change, Latin American Mission, 1984.",p:85,x:116,y:780,w:364,h:16},
{t:"26.",p:85,x:91,y:803,w:18,h:16},
{t:"McGee, T.G., The Southeast Asian City, London: Bell and Son, 1967; and ",p:85,x:116,y:803,w:439,h:16},
{t:"The Urbanization Process in the Third World, London: Bell and Son, 1971.",p:85,x:91,y:819,w:438,h:16},
{t:"27.",p:85,x:91,y:843,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Johnstone, Michael A., “Squatter Settlements in Southeast Asia—An ",p:85,x:116,y:843,w:408,h:16},
{t:"Overview,” Working Papers on Comparative Sociology #5, University of ",p:85,x:91,y:859,w:424,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:85,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:85,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"81",p:85,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"82",p:86,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:86,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Auckland, Dept. of Sociology, 1975.",p:86,x:91,y:117,w:211,h:16},
{t:"28.",p:86,x:91,y:140,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Berger, Peter, The Capitalist Revolution: Fifty Propositions About Prosperity, ",p:86,x:116,y:140,w:454,h:16},
{t:"Equality and Liberty, New York: Perseus Books, 1988.",p:86,x:91,y:156,w:320,h:16},
{t:"29.",p:86,x:91,y:180,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Geertz, Clifford, Peddlars and Princes: Social Change and Economic ",p:86,x:116,y:180,w:409,h:16},
{t:"Modernization in Two Indonesian Towns, Chicago, 1963.",p:86,x:91,y:196,w:335,h:16},
{t:"30.",p:86,x:91,y:219,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Santos, Milton, The Shared Space, tr from Portuguese by Chris Gerry, ",p:86,x:116,y:219,w:417,h:16},
{t:"London and New York: Methuen, 1979.",p:86,x:91,y:235,w:231,h:16},
{t:"31.",p:86,x:91,y:259,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Ibid.",p:86,x:116,y:259,w:25,h:16},
{t:"32.",p:86,x:91,y:282,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Sivaramakrishnan, K.C., “The Slum Improvement Programme in Calcutta: ",p:86,x:116,y:282,w:437,h:16},
{t:"The Role of the CMDA,” In the Indian City, Alfred de Souza, ed., Manohar ",p:86,x:91,y:298,w:437,h:16},
{t:"Publications, 2 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi,110002, 1978.",p:86,x:91,y:314,w:389,h:16},
{t:"33.",p:86,x:91,y:338,w:18,h:16},
{t:"McGee, The Urbanization Process in the Third World.",p:86,x:116,y:338,w:316,h:16},
{t:"The Urbanization Process in the Third World",p:86,x:166,y:338,w:262,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:86,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:86,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"82",p:86,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"83",p:87,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Five",p:87,x:196,y:115,w:114,h:24},
{t:"International Causes of ",p:87,x:196,y:150,w:312,h:32},
{t:"Urban Poverty",p:87,x:196,y:180,w:185,h:32},
{t:"As Jane Jacobs points out from a secular point of view, ",p:87,x:121,y:246,w:454,h:21},
{t:"there are powers at work today beyond our control creating ",p:87,x:91,y:268,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these great mega-cities. “It seems as though some force is bent ",p:87,x:91,y:290,w:484,h:21},
{t:"upon trans muting multi-city nations with very different histo ries, ",p:87,x:91,y:312,w:484,h:21},
{t:"populations and geographical sizes into something resembling ",p:87,x:91,y:334,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city-states—that is states overwhelmingly dominated by single ",p:87,x:91,y:356,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city regions and their cities.”1",p:87,x:91,y:378,w:216,h:21},
{t:"One of the ultimate results of international political and ",p:87,x:121,y:408,w:454,h:21},
{t:"economic structures is the spawning of the slums with all their ",p:87,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:21},
{t:"chaos, tears and bawdiness. They are the final result of all of the ",p:87,x:91,y:452,w:484,h:21},
{t:"major powers that have come to dominate the world in the last ",p:87,x:91,y:474,w:484,h:21},
{t:"decades—urbanization, technology, in dustrialization, moderniza-",p:87,x:91,y:496,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tion, ",p:87,x:91,y:518,w:37,h:21},
{t:"capitalism, multinationals, nationalism, colonialism, the ",p:87,x:135,y:518,w:440,h:21},
{t:"United Nations, World Bank—all are what the Scriptures call ",p:87,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:21},
{t:"powers that have con tributed to the process.",p:87,x:91,y:562,w:322,h:21},
{t:"Dependency theories",p:87,x:91,y:603,w:185,h:24},
{t:"As we discussed in chapter two, there is a historical pat tern of ",p:87,x:121,y:633,w:454,h:21},
{t:"industrial development beginning in an outpost of an empire, and ",p:87,x:91,y:655,w:484,h:21},
{t:"developing into an industrial mega-city that exploits the wealth ",p:87,x:91,y:677,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the city’s hinterland. This pattern has led to what is commonly ",p:87,x:91,y:699,w:484,h:21},
{t:"known as dependency relation ships between Third World cities ",p:87,x:91,y:721,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and Western cities.",p:87,x:91,y:743,w:140,h:21},
{t:"Changes caused by the demonstration effect between Western ",p:87,x:121,y:773,w:454,h:21},
{t:"cities and their Third World dependents result in changes in ",p:87,x:91,y:795,w:484,h:21},
{t:"balance ",p:87,x:91,y:817,w:60,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:87,x:159,y:817,w:19,h:21},
{t:"trade. ",p:87,x:187,y:817,w:45,h:21},
{t:"Modernization ",p:87,x:241,y:817,w:112,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:87,x:361,y:817,w:16,h:21},
{t:"dependent ",p:87,x:386,y:817,w:79,h:21},
{t:"on ",p:87,x:474,y:817,w:22,h:21},
{t:"imported ",p:87,x:504,y:817,w:70,h:21},
{t:"capital goods. Third World cities then have three paths open for ",p:87,x:91,y:839,w:484,h:21},
{t:"continued industrialization: import substi tution (local production) ",p:87,x:91,y:861,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:87,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:87,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"83",p:87,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"84",p:88,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:88,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"of imported goods for domestic consumption; export of a percent ",p:88,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of national minerals and agricultural production to pay for more ",p:88,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"imports; or manu facturing sectors set up to produce exclusively for ",p:88,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"devel oped countries, providing finance to pay for more imports. ",p:88,x:91,y:182,w:474,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:88,x:91,y:223,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Substitute imports",p:88,x:121,y:223,w:140,h:21},
{t:"Historically, the primary means of growth for industrial cities ",p:88,x:121,y:252,w:454,h:21},
{t:"was the process of copying and producing im ported goods within ",p:88,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city itself, and then exporting these to other cities of the same ",p:88,x:91,y:296,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or smaller size. In mod ern times, this process changes the nature ",p:88,x:91,y:318,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the im ported goods. Production requires the technology and ",p:88,x:91,y:340,w:484,h:21},
{t:"tools of production. As a result, the manufacture of new products ",p:88,x:91,y:362,w:484,h:21},
{t:"creates further dependency on the already modernized nations that ",p:88,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:21},
{t:"provide the technology and tools. Since Third World cities lack ",p:88,x:91,y:406,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the capacity to gener ate these tools and technology needed for ",p:88,x:91,y:428,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the new prod ucts, they must be imported. These tools have a high ",p:88,x:91,y:450,w:484,h:21},
{t:"capital cost.",p:88,x:91,y:472,w:87,h:21},
{t:"Import substitution thus requires increased dependence on ",p:88,x:121,y:502,w:454,h:21},
{t:"imports. The developed countries profit at every point. Jane ",p:88,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Jacobs indicates that the way to break this pattern is to trade with ",p:88,x:91,y:546,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other underdeveloped cities.2 But existing dependency relation-",p:88,x:91,y:568,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ships between former colonies and their ex-colonist country ",p:88,x:91,y:590,w:484,h:21},
{t:"prevent this. ",p:88,x:91,y:612,w:95,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:88,x:91,y:653,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Export raw materials and industrial goods",p:88,x:121,y:653,w:320,h:21},
{t:"The second option is to increase export of raw materials. But ",p:88,x:121,y:682,w:454,h:21},
{t:"this leads to tragedies like the rape of the for ests in India and the ",p:88,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Himalayas for sale abroad. The consequence is extensive flooding, ",p:88,x:91,y:726,w:484,h:21},
{t:"an increasing loss of good farmland through soil erosion, and the ",p:88,x:91,y:748,w:484,h:21},
{t:"destruction of the delicate balance between forest and farmland.",p:88,x:91,y:770,w:468,h:21},
{t:"Exacerbating this problem is the relatively slow increase in ",p:88,x:121,y:800,w:454,h:21},
{t:"agricultural prices (an almost linear increase) in con trast with the ",p:88,x:91,y:822,w:484,h:21},
{t:"exponential rise in the price of industrial goods.",p:88,x:91,y:844,w:350,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:88,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:88,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"84",p:88,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"85",p:89,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"International Causes of Urban Poverty",p:89,x:330,y:76,w:240,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:89,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Set up manufacturing sectors to produce goods for ",p:89,x:121,y:116,w:397,h:21},
{t:"developed countries",p:89,x:91,y:137,w:156,h:21},
{t:"A third option is to develop industrial areas for the pro duction ",p:89,x:121,y:166,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of goods specifically for export to modernized countries. To ",p:89,x:91,y:188,w:484,h:21},
{t:"create such industries is not to industrial ize, since they so often do ",p:89,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not become part of the host country’s development program.",p:89,x:91,y:232,w:444,h:21},
{t:"Furthermore, ",p:89,x:121,y:262,w:100,h:21},
{t:"export-oriented ",p:89,x:233,y:262,w:117,h:21},
{t:"commerce ",p:89,x:362,y:262,w:80,h:21},
{t:"leads ",p:89,x:454,y:262,w:42,h:21},
{t:"to ",p:89,x:508,y:262,w:18,h:21},
{t:"con-",p:89,x:538,y:262,w:32,h:21},
{t:"centration and monopoly that benefit multinational cor porations. ",p:89,x:91,y:284,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The future under such conditions is frightening: “In a generation ",p:89,x:91,y:306,w:484,h:21},
{t:"400 to 500 international corporations will own two-thirds of the ",p:89,x:91,y:328,w:484,h:21},
{t:"world’s fixed as sets.”",p:89,x:91,y:350,w:158,h:21},
{t:"The positive result is transfer of capital and technology to ",p:89,x:121,y:379,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the developed countries. The negative is that, “Underdeveloped ",p:89,x:91,y:401,w:484,h:21},
{t:"countries merely represent the land on which the seeds of foreign ",p:89,x:91,y:423,w:484,h:21},
{t:"capital bear fruit; however the fruit is sent back along with most ",p:89,x:91,y:445,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the seed to the metropolis.”3",p:89,x:91,y:467,w:226,h:21},
{t:"The country becomes more and more dependent as goods pour ",p:89,x:121,y:497,w:454,h:21},
{t:"into a stunted and unsatisfied internal mar ket. These expenditures ",p:89,x:91,y:519,w:484,h:21},
{t:"result in a growing need to ex port, but under continually deterio-",p:89,x:91,y:541,w:480,h:21},
{t:"rating terms of trade because industrial goods continue to increase ",p:89,x:91,y:563,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in value faster than agricultural goods or earlier industrial goods. ",p:89,x:91,y:585,w:484,h:21},
{t:"To pay the bills, the country reduces the value of its currency and ",p:89,x:91,y:607,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Third World industrialization begins to be linked to the developed ",p:89,x:91,y:629,w:484,h:21},
{t:"countries’ import needs rather than to local needs. The result is ",p:89,x:91,y:651,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dependence.",p:89,x:91,y:673,w:91,h:21},
{t:"Santos comments, “We will be working in a situation of ",p:89,x:121,y:702,w:454,h:21},
{t:"bankrupt econo mies with running inflation, countries that will not ",p:89,x:91,y:724,w:484,h:21},
{t:"significantly develop further into industrialization because of the ",p:89,x:91,y:746,w:484,h:21},
{t:"worldwide economic trends, depen dency on the West, repayments ",p:89,x:91,y:768,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of economies of other settlements.”4",p:89,x:91,y:790,w:265,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:89,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:89,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"85",p:89,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"86",p:90,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:90,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Mediating role of the banks",p:90,x:91,y:115,w:237,h:24},
{t:"Foreign banks prefer to focus on high turnover trade ac tivities, ",p:90,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"including trade in agricultural products. They oper ate within the ",p:90,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"export-oriented sectors of the society. Since few local businesses ",p:90,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"can satisfy the requirements for loans, the banks tend to loan to ",p:90,x:91,y:212,w:484,h:21},
{t:"multinationals. This fosters a flow of credit from rural to urban to ",p:90,x:91,y:234,w:484,h:21},
{t:"overseas and discourages local initiative.",p:90,x:91,y:256,w:299,h:21},
{t:"Role of the government",p:90,x:91,y:297,w:204,h:24},
{t:"National governments are relatively powerless to deal with ",p:90,x:121,y:327,w:454,h:21},
{t:"growing international dependency. They are often dwarfed by the ",p:90,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"multinationals and are as dependent on them as they are on the ",p:90,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"foreign cities.",p:90,x:91,y:393,w:100,h:21},
{t:"The State ",p:90,x:121,y:423,w:80,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:90,x:207,y:423,w:16,h:21},
{t:"weakened in three ways: ",p:90,x:230,y:423,w:203,h:21},
{t:"first, ",p:90,x:441,y:423,w:38,h:21},
{t:"it ",p:90,x:485,y:423,w:14,h:21},
{t:"becomes ",p:90,x:506,y:423,w:68,h:21},
{t:"in capable of independent decision-making because of foreign ",p:90,x:91,y:445,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dependence ",p:90,x:91,y:467,w:91,h:21},
{t:"and ",p:90,x:190,y:467,w:31,h:21},
{t:"collusion ",p:90,x:229,y:467,w:71,h:21},
{t:"with ",p:90,x:309,y:467,w:37,h:21},
{t:"the ",p:90,x:354,y:467,w:26,h:21},
{t:"monopolies; ",p:90,x:389,y:467,w:95,h:21},
{t:"second, ",p:90,x:492,y:467,w:60,h:21},
{t:"it ",p:90,x:560,y:467,w:14,h:21},
{t:"becomes handicapped by increased debt and reduction in its ",p:90,x:91,y:489,w:484,h:21},
{t:"investment capacity, forcing ",p:90,x:91,y:511,w:222,h:21},
{t:"it ",p:90,x:319,y:511,w:14,h:21},
{t:"to limit investment in cer tain ",p:90,x:338,y:511,w:236,h:21},
{t:"sectors; finally, the State in its role as an investor finds itself less ",p:90,x:91,y:533,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and less able to orient the country towards maxi mum growth and ",p:90,x:91,y:555,w:484,h:21},
{t:"authentic national development. Under these circumstances, it is ",p:90,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hardly surprising that the State is allowed to take increasingly ",p:90,x:91,y:599,w:484,h:21},
{t:"authoritarian steps towards the establishment of a strong, even ",p:90,x:91,y:621,w:484,h:21},
{t:"military, government without fear of outside intervention from ",p:90,x:91,y:643,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the supporters of monopolies and multinationals.",p:90,x:91,y:665,w:358,h:21},
{t:"A new international order",p:90,x:91,y:706,w:221,h:24},
{t:"In response to an increasing understanding of these is sues, the ",p:90,x:121,y:736,w:454,h:21},
{t:"NEIO (New Economic International Order) con cept emerged in ",p:90,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:21},
{t:"1974 at the Sixth Special Session of the United Nations. There, ",p:90,x:91,y:780,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Third World nations (known as the “Group of 77”) joined to ",p:90,x:91,y:802,w:484,h:21},
{t:"express their opposition to the pre vailing international economic ",p:90,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:21},
{t:"system, which they claimed was unfair to their interests. Leaders ",p:90,x:91,y:846,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:90,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:90,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"86",p:90,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"87",p:91,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"International Causes of Urban Poverty",p:91,x:330,y:76,w:240,h:16},
{t:"of the Group of 77 were instrumental in the Sixth Special Session’s ",p:91,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"adopting a declaration for the establishment of the NEIO.",p:91,x:91,y:138,w:421,h:21},
{t:"Julius Nyerere, former President of Tanzania and one of the ",p:91,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"most vocal Third World leaders, described the Group of 77 as a ",p:91,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"“trade union of the poor.”5 It represents many of the 141 African, ",p:91,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Asian, and Latin American countries that belong to the United ",p:91,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Nations and are defined as the Third World. Containing 70 percent ",p:91,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the world’s population, the Third World commands together no ",p:91,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"more than 12 percent of the gross world product. Eighty percent ",p:91,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the world’s trade and investment, 93 percent of the world’s ",p:91,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"industry, and almost 100 percent of the world’s research is con-",p:91,x:91,y:343,w:480,h:21},
{t:"trolled, in the words of Barbara Ward, “by the industrial rich.”6",p:91,x:91,y:365,w:463,h:21},
{t:"It is the very system, the proponents of the NEIO argue, that ",p:91,x:121,y:395,w:454,h:21},
{t:"must be restructured. Historical wrongs must be righted, wealth ",p:91,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"must be transferred from rich to poor, and develop ing countries ",p:91,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"must be given far more voice and power in the world. ",p:91,x:91,y:461,w:398,h:21},
{t:"The dispute between these two blocs of poor and rich na-",p:91,x:121,y:490,w:449,h:21},
{t:"tions—the latter being the United States, the European Economic ",p:91,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Community and Japan—has continued now for conference after ",p:91,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"conference, with little to give the poor na tions hope. They are ",p:91,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"trapped in an emerging world urban ization controlled increasingly ",p:91,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from a few powerful cities in the West and North, linked by global ",p:91,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"technologies, domi nated by a few multinational corporations and ",p:91,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"banks.",p:91,x:91,y:644,w:47,h:21},
{t:"Macro-economic development and slums",p:91,x:91,y:685,w:359,h:24},
{t:"The consequence of dependency and these processes of ",p:91,x:121,y:716,w:454,h:21},
{t:"modernization is the emergence of slums and squatter areas. ",p:91,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The implications for a ministry to the poor are obvi ous. One ",p:91,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"may work extensively for the uplift of the urban poor through ",p:91,x:91,y:782,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spiritual transformation, and this is primary. But the issues of ",p:91,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"unemployment, macro-level oppression, and economic injustice ",p:91,x:91,y:826,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:91,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:91,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"87",p:91,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"88",p:92,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:92,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"in the fabric of the society must be dealt with at that level for the ",p:92,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"eventual freedom of the poor from their bondage.",p:92,x:91,y:138,w:362,h:21},
{t:"Thus we may work hard to uplift the poor in the local ",p:92,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"community and completely fail, for the critical factor in terms of ",p:92,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"job production is primarily determined by the macro-economic ",p:92,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"development of the city.",p:92,x:91,y:233,w:178,h:21},
{t:"A biblical response to urban oppression",p:92,x:91,y:274,w:350,h:24},
{t:"What is a Christian response to these issues? What does it ",p:92,x:121,y:305,w:454,h:21},
{t:"mean to walk with the God of justice in these cities? How do we ",p:92,x:91,y:327,w:484,h:21},
{t:"manifest his love? An awareness of such oppression must be the ",p:92,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"foundation of any theology to deal with the is sues of the urban ",p:92,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor. As Hugo Assman states, “We are beginning to realize what ",p:92,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we are in history: not merely underdeveloped peoples in the sense ",p:92,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of ‘not yet sufficiently developed,’ but ‘peoples kept in a state of ",p:92,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"underdevelopment’: dominated and op pressed peoples—which is ",p:92,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a very different thing.”7",p:92,x:91,y:481,w:173,h:21},
{t:"Interestingly, oppression is a basic structural category of ",p:92,x:121,y:510,w:454,h:21},
{t:"biblical theology. In a biblical word study in the Old Testa ment, ",p:92,x:91,y:532,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Thomas Hanks concludes that, “Oppression is viewed as the basic ",p:92,x:91,y:554,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cause of poverty (164 texts). In the case of the other 15 to 20 ",p:92,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"causes for poverty indicated in the Old Testament the lin guistic ",p:92,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"link is much less frequent—not more than 20 times.”8",p:92,x:91,y:620,w:393,h:21},
{t:"In the New Testament, James places himself firmly in the ",p:92,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:21},
{t:"ranks of the prophets who viewed oppression as the basic reason ",p:92,x:91,y:672,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for poverty (James 2:1–7; 5:1–6). Never does he blame the poor, ",p:92,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:21},
{t:"attributing their poverty because of racial inferiority, laziness, ",p:92,x:91,y:716,w:484,h:21},
{t:"vices, or other reasons. The rich bear the guilt because they ",p:92,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"exploit and oppress.",p:92,x:91,y:760,w:147,h:21},
{t:"To recognize oppression as the basic cause of poverty implies ",p:92,x:121,y:789,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the need of a corresponding Christian response. At the core of any ",p:92,x:91,y:811,w:484,h:21},
{t:"response to such oppression is the develop ment of communities of ",p:92,x:91,y:833,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the kingdom in these slums.",p:92,x:91,y:855,w:205,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:92,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:92,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"88",p:92,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"89",p:93,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"International Causes of Urban Poverty",p:93,x:330,y:76,w:240,h:16},
{t:"Movements at the grassroots are a key to long-term change. ",p:93,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"As the church has through history, we must reach the victims of ",p:93,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"oppression. In the process we will generate life that will transform ",p:93,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the oppression itself. Parallel to these movements must be move-",p:93,x:91,y:182,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ments among the educated political-military elite who rule the ",p:93,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"nations.",p:93,x:91,y:226,w:57,h:21},
{t:"A just urbanization",p:93,x:91,y:266,w:165,h:24},
{t:"As a Christian responding to injustices within the ur banization ",p:93,x:121,y:297,w:454,h:21},
{t:"process, I am affirming some moral views:",p:93,x:91,y:319,w:314,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:93,x:121,y:349,w:13,h:21},
{t:"A transition from a two-level economic and social sys tem ",p:93,x:151,y:349,w:424,h:21},
{t:"to a unitary system is a desirable goal (based on the principle of ",p:93,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"being our brother’s keeper, of reconciliation between peoples, of ",p:93,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the equality of people before God).",p:93,x:91,y:415,w:257,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:93,x:121,y:444,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Modernization is a desirable and biblical goal (based on ",p:93,x:151,y:444,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the mandate to manage the earth).",p:93,x:91,y:466,w:248,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:93,x:121,y:496,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Urbanization is a desirable goal, for God is a community ",p:93,x:151,y:496,w:424,h:21},
{t:"and seeks community. Scripture begins in a garden but ends in a ",p:93,x:91,y:518,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city. Although there is conflict between the city of Babylon and ",p:93,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city of Jerusalem in the Scriptures, we may still affirm there is ",p:93,x:91,y:562,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a godly pattern of urbanization implied in the Bible.",p:93,x:91,y:584,w:381,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:93,x:121,y:613,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Something similar to a middle-class lifestyle is a just goal ",p:93,x:151,y:613,w:424,h:21},
{t:"(derived from the principle of every family having enough for ",p:93,x:91,y:635,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their needs and development).",p:93,x:91,y:657,w:220,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:93,x:121,y:687,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Each family has the right to own its own land and to have ",p:93,x:151,y:687,w:424,h:21},
{t:"a place of security.",p:93,x:91,y:709,w:138,h:21},
{t:"6.",p:93,x:121,y:738,w:13,h:21},
{t:"The flow of economic wealth from farm to the city is a ",p:93,x:151,y:738,w:424,h:21},
{t:"result of the fruitfulness of the earth, and is a good pro cess, but ",p:93,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"such a process requires justice at every step.",p:93,x:91,y:782,w:323,h:21},
{t:"There are theological reasons for such assumptions that ",p:93,x:121,y:812,w:454,h:21},
{t:"will require another book. Sufficient has been said, however, to ",p:93,x:91,y:834,w:484,h:21},
{t:"indicate that our role is to move with these pro cesses, apply the ",p:93,x:91,y:856,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:93,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:93,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"89",p:93,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"90",p:94,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:94,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Scriptures to them, modify negative effects of change, and bring ",p:94,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"positive change with a human face that reflects the face of God. ",p:94,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"At every step, we must seek just and fair processes, structures, and ",p:94,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"relationships.",p:94,x:91,y:182,w:98,h:21},
{t:"Given this positive attitude towards urbanization and the ",p:94,x:121,y:211,w:454,h:21},
{t:"reality that ",p:94,x:91,y:233,w:89,h:21},
{t:"today’s ",p:94,x:186,y:233,w:58,h:21},
{t:"urbanization creates squatter settle ments, ",p:94,x:251,y:233,w:324,h:21},
{t:"the question for us as Christians is how to bring justice into the ",p:94,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"process of peasants migrating to the city.",p:94,x:91,y:277,w:299,h:21},
{t:"The primary step is to establish churches—communi ties of ",p:94,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the kingdom among these poor. But as we form churches, we are ",p:94,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to respond to spiritual, cultural, economic, and justice issues from ",p:94,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"thoughtful biblical perspectives and deep levels of understanding ",p:94,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"about the nature of poverty in the slums and squatter areas.",p:94,x:91,y:395,w:432,h:21},
{t:"Justice is a grand theme to evoke positive emotions and elect ",p:94,x:121,y:424,w:454,h:21},
{t:"politicians. But in reality, it involves thousands of lit tle acts ac-",p:94,x:91,y:446,w:479,h:21},
{t:"cumulating into processes and systems and rela tionships that are ",p:94,x:91,y:468,w:484,h:21},
{t:"felt by the participants to be right and fair.",p:94,x:91,y:490,w:310,h:21},
{t:"The application of this aspect of justice in understanding ",p:94,x:121,y:520,w:454,h:20},
{t:"the urban poor in a city is to think of a “just urbanization gradi-",p:94,x:91,y:542,w:480,h:20},
{t:"ent”—of increasing levels of integration into the city from the ",p:94,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rural peasant or tribal background. This would in volve increasing ",p:94,x:91,y:586,w:484,h:21},
{t:"levels of integration into the culture of the city, the economics of ",p:94,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city, the legal and institutional structures of the city, the social ",p:94,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"relationships of the city—in short, into the power of the city.",p:94,x:91,y:652,w:445,h:21},
{t:"In some cities, migrants go through a more gradual pro cess ",p:94,x:121,y:681,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of integration. In others, there is an abrupt barrier be tween two ",p:94,x:91,y:703,w:484,h:21},
{t:"economic classes, caused by the inability of the poor to obtain ",p:94,x:91,y:725,w:484,h:21},
{t:"work and rights to the land on which they are squatting. Specific ",p:94,x:91,y:747,w:484,h:21},
{t:"legislation and controls by the rich may also create such an ",p:94,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:21},
{t:"environment.",p:94,x:91,y:791,w:97,h:21},
{t:"For example, we may contrast Mexico City with Bang kok. In ",p:94,x:121,y:821,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Mexico City, the law of the land does not permit a Mexican to be ",p:94,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:21},
{t:"homeless in his own country. Within a year of invading an area of ",p:94,x:91,y:865,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:94,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:94,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"90",p:94,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"91",p:95,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"International Causes of Urban Poverty",p:95,x:330,y:76,w:240,h:16},
{t:"land in Mexico City, the paracaidistas (who descend on the land ",p:95,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as if by parachute) are usually able to gain some initial legal basis ",p:95,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"towards land rights. The result is that people build good houses, ",p:95,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"re quiring good building materials, requiring someone to sup ply ",p:95,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"them, producing more jobs. There is a gradual integration into the ",p:95,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city.",p:95,x:91,y:226,w:32,h:21},
{t:"While there are injustices, it is a reasonably just city compared ",p:95,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:21},
{t:"with Bangkok, where slum dwellers may obtain rights to their ",p:95,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"land after seven years—unless their shacks are burned down. Fire ",p:95,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is the main fear of the squatters in Bangkok. And it is a favorite ",p:95,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pastime of rich landowners. Consequently, there is no incentive ",p:95,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to develop these areas. Fortunately, the economy of Bangkok, ",p:95,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for other reasons, is growing, providing work for migrants. But a ",p:95,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"two-tiered soci ety has emerged.",p:95,x:91,y:409,w:233,h:21},
{t:"Transitional phase or permanent?",p:95,x:91,y:450,w:295,h:24},
{t:"This raises the question as to whether the squatter areas are ",p:95,x:121,y:481,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a passing phase, a transition to an integrated urban so ciety. The ",p:95,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"answer may be affirmative or negative, depending on the macro-",p:95,x:91,y:525,w:480,h:21},
{t:"economics of the mega-city state to which they belong. But as ",p:95,x:91,y:547,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Christians, we must work for harmonious integration and social, ",p:95,x:91,y:569,w:484,h:21},
{t:"political, and economic justice in either case.",p:95,x:91,y:591,w:329,h:21},
{t:"If squatting and the problems of adaptation listed above are ",p:95,x:121,y:620,w:454,h:21},
{t:"part of a transitional society, we need to have clear defi nitions in ",p:95,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mind concerning the ends towards which the transition is leading. ",p:95,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Likewise, we need to know what kinds of Christian responses are ",p:95,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:21},
{t:"important at each phase in the transition.",p:95,x:91,y:708,w:297,h:21},
{t:"We must not only seek to facilitate integration into the city. ",p:95,x:121,y:738,w:454,h:21},
{t:"We must seek at the same time to redefine the city, to establish ",p:95,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city of God within the cities of men. We look forward and are ",p:95,x:91,y:782,w:484,h:21},
{t:"building towards that city of God that is yet to be revealed from ",p:95,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"heaven. We seek his kingdom now in the city. Yet in the midst of ",p:95,x:91,y:826,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:95,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:95,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"91",p:95,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"92",p:96,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:96,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"imperfection and failure in this task, we set our hopes on its future ",p:96,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"coming in fullness.",p:96,x:91,y:138,w:140,h:21},
{t:"These biblical themes lead us towards the acculturation ",p:96,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"perspective and away from a dualistic class-conflict or viewing-",p:96,x:91,y:189,w:479,h:21},
{t:"squatters-as-a-problem approach.",p:96,x:91,y:211,w:244,h:21},
{t:"But where dualistic or conflict situations occur, we find ",p:96,x:121,y:241,w:454,h:21},
{t:"ourselves affirming the squatters’ entrance to the cities. We ",p:96,x:91,y:263,w:484,h:21},
{t:"defend their rights to unused land. We stand against au thorities ",p:96,x:91,y:285,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that would oppress them, yet in a spirit of recon ciliation that ",p:96,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"leads to equality within the city. As Christians, we find that we ",p:96,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are biased towards the protec tion of the poor, to the use of justice ",p:96,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as a means of rectify ing inequality, and against the use of justice ",p:96,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"solely to protect the rights and privileges of the rich. We look at ",p:96,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"jus tice from a perspective of equity.",p:96,x:91,y:417,w:263,h:21},
{t:"The legal conundrum",p:96,x:91,y:457,w:185,h:24},
{t:"The answer was to refer him back to historical analyses of the ",p:96,x:121,y:632,w:454,h:21},
{t:"emergence of cities. In general, new patterns of living in cities ",p:96,x:91,y:654,w:484,h:21},
{t:"emerge among a large sector of people; are at first legislated ",p:96,x:91,y:676,w:484,h:21},
{t:"against; and then, as the extent of the pattern grows, politicians ",p:96,x:91,y:698,w:484,h:21},
{t:"change legislation to accommodate the people. This was the case ",p:96,x:91,y:720,w:484,h:21},
{t:"during the emergence of guilds, labor unions, citizenship laws ",p:96,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Europe, banking struc tures, and many other present urban ",p:96,x:91,y:764,w:484,h:21},
{t:"patterns.",p:96,x:91,y:786,w:62,h:21},
{t:"Squatters are, by definition, illegal inhabitants—even when ",p:96,x:121,y:816,w:454,h:21},
{t:"they constitute 60 percent of a city. Yet for the major ity of them, ",p:96,x:91,y:838,w:484,h:21},
{t:"He was a lawyer. His strong commitment to squatters ",p:96,x:121,y:508,w:378,h:19},
{t:"had caused him to leave his job and become involved in ",p:96,x:121,y:527,w:396,h:19},
{t:"development but there was also a nagging doubt. “Are we ",p:96,x:121,y:546,w:409,h:19},
{t:"legalizing them into poverty? How can I, as a lawyer, be ",p:96,x:121,y:565,w:395,h:19},
{t:"assisting illegal persons?”",p:96,x:121,y:584,w:181,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:96,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:96,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"92",p:96,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"93",p:97,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"International Causes of Urban Poverty",p:97,x:330,y:76,w:240,h:16},
{t:"this is the first time they have ever knowingly broken a law, and ",p:97,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"then it is only because there remained no other options.",p:97,x:91,y:138,w:405,h:21},
{t:"An understanding of the nature of law in the Scriptures and in ",p:97,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"reality is important to deal with the ethics involved. The relation-",p:97,x:91,y:189,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ship of law on paper and law as it is im plemented in a given culture ",p:97,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is important. Perceptions of law vary greatly from the system of ",p:97,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"law introduced by West ern colonial powers. The relationship of ",p:97,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"law and political decisions is also an important factor.",p:97,x:91,y:277,w:395,h:21},
{t:"The issue also involves citizenship. In Manila and Bang kok, ",p:97,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"simple processes are in place for slum dwellers to ob tain citizen-",p:97,x:91,y:329,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ship and obtain the right to vote, even while residing illegally. ",p:97,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Politicians need their votes. It is to the benefit of the city to rec-",p:97,x:91,y:373,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ognize the reality of squatters, even if they are formally illegal. ",p:97,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Recognition opens the way for planning, education of children, ",p:97,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and rationalization of land rights—ways in which politicians can ",p:97,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"“buy” votes.",p:97,x:91,y:461,w:91,h:21},
{t:"The ethical issues concern both the right to stay and the right ",p:97,x:121,y:490,w:454,h:21},
{t:"to own. In Mexico, they say that no one can be a squatter in his ",p:97,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or her own country. The Bible affirms the right of every family to ",p:97,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"own a plot of land and a house. This universal right is reflected in ",p:97,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the whole process of appor tioning the promised land, and in the ",p:97,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"jubilee requirements that enabled the poor to regain land every ",p:97,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"fifty years.",p:97,x:91,y:622,w:79,h:21},
{t:"Then there are the historical issues of ownership. In Ma nila, ",p:97,x:121,y:652,w:454,h:21},
{t:"three families owned most of the land on which the city is built ",p:97,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:21},
{t:"because of an immoral law passed last century by the Spanish. ",p:97,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The law took the land from the Filipino people and gave it to 400 ",p:97,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"families who have since ruled the nation. Three families were ",p:97,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"given the land that is now the city of Manila.",p:97,x:91,y:762,w:328,h:21},
{t:"Legal ownership on paper has little moral validity before God ",p:97,x:121,y:791,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in this situation. It is stolen land, despite legal titles. And the poor ",p:97,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:21},
{t:"have a moral right to be on land stolen from them. What then ",p:97,x:91,y:835,w:484,h:21},
{t:"should a pastor among the poor or a godly politician do?",p:97,x:91,y:857,w:414,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:97,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:97,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"93",p:97,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"94",p:98,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:98,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"These are complicated political issues. Urbanization is an ",p:98,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"existing phenomenon, as is the growth of the slums. Squatters ",p:98,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are not there because of their fault, but because of processes far ",p:98,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"beyond their control. Their sheer numbers make it politically ",p:98,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"expedient to voice their concerns.",p:98,x:91,y:204,w:246,h:21},
{t:"Working on behalf of people that are breaking an unjust law ",p:98,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"is not evil. The history of cities is one of evolution from existing ",p:98,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"illegal situations to legalization of those situations. In the process, ",p:98,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"there is conflict—often violent conflict. As Christians, we are to ",p:98,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"diffuse confrontations, but at the same time seek an improvement ",p:98,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the situation with a bias towards the poor.",p:98,x:91,y:343,w:326,h:21},
{t:"Notes",p:98,x:91,y:393,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:98,x:97,y:416,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Jacobs, Jane, “Cities and the Wealth of Nations,” Atlantic Monthly, March/",p:98,x:116,y:416,w:435,h:16},
{t:"April 1984.",p:98,x:91,y:432,w:63,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:98,x:97,y:456,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Ibid.",p:98,x:116,y:456,w:25,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:98,x:97,y:479,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Santos, Milton, The Shared Space, (tr from Portuguese by Chris Gerry). ",p:98,x:116,y:479,w:426,h:16},
{t:"Methuen: London and New York, 1979.",p:98,x:91,y:495,w:231,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:98,x:97,y:519,w:11,h:16},
{t:" Ibid",p:98,x:116,y:519,w:25,h:16},
{t:"5.",p:98,x:97,y:542,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Nyerere, Julius K., “A Trade Union for the Poor,” Bulletin of the Atomic ",p:98,x:116,y:542,w:417,h:16},
{t:"Scientists, Vol. 35, No. 6, June 1979, pp. 38-39.",p:98,x:91,y:558,w:282,h:16},
{t:"6.",p:98,x:97,y:582,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Ward, Barbara, Rich Nations and Poor Nations, Norton, 1962. ",p:98,x:116,y:582,w:368,h:16},
{t:"7.",p:98,x:97,y:605,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Assman, Hugo, Theology for a Nomad Church, Maryknoll, New York: Orbis, ",p:98,x:116,y:605,w:449,h:16},
{t:"1976. ",p:98,x:91,y:621,w:37,h:16},
{t:"8.",p:98,x:97,y:645,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Hanks, Thomas, For God So Loved the Third World, Maryknoll, New York: ",p:98,x:116,y:645,w:441,h:16},
{t:"Orbis, 1983",p:98,x:91,y:661,w:68,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:98,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:98,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"94",p:98,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"95",p:99,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Six",p:99,x:196,y:115,w:104,h:24},
{t:"Where Are the Churches of ",p:99,x:196,y:150,w:360,h:32},
{t:"the Poor?",p:99,x:196,y:180,w:126,h:32},
{t:"Abraham prayed for a city.",p:99,x:196,y:219,w:192,h:23},
{t:" God heard.",p:99,x:196,y:243,w:86,h:23},
{t:"Nehemiah prayed for a city.",p:99,x:196,y:267,w:200,h:23},
{t:" God gave.",p:99,x:196,y:291,w:80,h:23},
{t:"Jonah spoke to a city.",p:99,x:196,y:315,w:158,h:23},
{t:" God moved.",p:99,x:196,y:339,w:93,h:23},
{t:"Where are the shepherds among the poor and where are the ",p:99,x:121,y:431,w:454,h:21},
{t:"flocks? The chart on the next page1 summarizes recent research ",p:99,x:91,y:453,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into the extent of the church in the slums in various cities. This ",p:99,x:91,y:475,w:484,h:21},
{t:"research deliberately has not analyzed Christian social programs ",p:99,x:91,y:497,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the slums.",p:99,x:91,y:519,w:93,h:21},
{t:"Asian cities",p:99,x:91,y:560,w:101,h:24},
{t:"The ",p:99,x:121,y:590,w:33,h:21},
{t:"principal ",p:99,x:162,y:590,w:69,h:21},
{t:"target ",p:99,x:239,y:590,w:46,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:99,x:294,y:590,w:19,h:21},
{t:"world ",p:99,x:321,y:590,w:47,h:21},
{t:"evangelism—the ",p:99,x:377,y:590,w:128,h:21},
{t:"greatest ",p:99,x:514,y:590,w:61,h:21},
{t:"unreached areas—are in Asia. Here we find slums in cities still ",p:99,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:21},
{t:"unreached by the love of God. From 1996, for the first time in ",p:99,x:91,y:634,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Asia, with the exception of the Korean revival, we are seeing ",p:99,x:91,y:656,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements of urban poor churches reaching scores of thousands. ",p:99,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:21},
{t:"First in Manila, then in Chennai, and now in Mumbai.",p:99,x:91,y:700,w:396,h:21},
{t:"While not wishing to offend anybody, I need to state that the ",p:99,x:121,y:730,w:454,h:21},
{t:"urban church of Asia is a middle-class church. Extend ing a call to ",p:99,x:91,y:752,w:484,h:21},
{t:"“urban mission” unfortunately increases this bias. The call needs ",p:99,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to be redefined urgently as a call to “urban POOR mission.” Let ",p:99,x:91,y:796,w:484,h:21},
{t:"us look at some representative cities.",p:99,x:91,y:818,w:269,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:99,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:99,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"95",p:99,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"96",p:100,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:100,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"THE CHURCH IN THE SLUMS",p:100,x:240,y:116,w:182,h:20},
{t:"Slum/",p:100,x:179,y:150,w:29,h:14},
{t:"Squatter ",p:100,x:172,y:164,w:46,h:14},
{t:"population",p:100,x:167,y:178,w:53,h:14},
{t:"Slum/ ",p:100,x:258,y:150,w:32,h:14},
{t:"Squatter % ",p:100,x:243,y:164,w:60,h:14},
{t:"of Population",p:100,x:239,y:178,w:67,h:14},
{t:"Number ",p:100,x:322,y:150,w:44,h:14},
{t:"of Slums ",p:100,x:321,y:164,w:46,h:14},
{t:"in City",p:100,x:325,y:178,w:34,h:14},
{t:"Number of ",p:100,x:380,y:150,w:57,h:14},
{t:"Churches ",p:100,x:383,y:164,w:50,h:14},
{t:"in City",p:100,x:390,y:178,w:34,h:14},
{t:"Number of ",p:100,x:449,y:150,w:57,h:14},
{t:"Churches ",p:100,x:452,y:164,w:50,h:14},
{t:"in Slums",p:100,x:454,y:178,w:43,h:14},
{t:"% of ",p:100,x:529,y:150,w:27,h:14},
{t:"Churches ",p:100,x:518,y:164,w:50,h:14},
{t:"in Slums",p:100,x:520,y:178,w:43,h:14},
{t:"Asia",p:100,x:93,y:205,w:22,h:14},
{t:"Calcutta, ",p:100,x:93,y:218,w:44,h:13},
{t:"India",p:100,x:93,y:232,w:23,h:13},
{t:"6+ million, ",p:100,x:168,y:218,w:54,h:13},
{t:"one family per ",p:100,x:160,y:232,w:70,h:13},
{t:"room",p:100,x:182,y:246,w:24,h:13},
{t:"3.15 million in ",p:100,x:159,y:260,w:71,h:13},
{t:"bustees, 48,000 ",p:100,x:158,y:274,w:75,h:13},
{t:"on streets",p:100,x:172,y:288,w:44,h:13},
{t:"57%",p:100,x:261,y:218,w:21,h:13},
{t:"33% in bustees",p:100,x:237,y:246,w:70,h:13},
{t:"1000+",p:100,x:327,y:218,w:29,h:13},
{t:"145",p:100,x:398,y:218,w:17,h:13},
{t:"3 plus ",p:100,x:462,y:218,w:31,h:13},
{t:"10 house ",p:100,x:455,y:232,w:44,h:13},
{t:"churches, ",p:100,x:454,y:246,w:47,h:13},
{t:"several ",p:100,x:459,y:260,w:35,h:13},
{t:"middle class ",p:100,x:447,y:274,w:60,h:13},
{t:"churches ",p:100,x:455,y:288,w:44,h:13},
{t:"where poor ",p:100,x:449,y:302,w:55,h:13},
{t:"people attend",p:100,x:444,y:316,w:62,h:13},
{t:"4",p:100,x:539,y:218,w:5,h:13},
{t:"Manila, ",p:100,x:93,y:337,w:38,h:13},
{t:"Philippines",p:100,x:93,y:351,w:52,h:13},
{t:"(first city in ",p:100,x:93,y:365,w:58,h:13},
{t:"Asia where ",p:100,x:93,y:379,w:55,h:13},
{t:"an urban ",p:100,x:93,y:393,w:43,h:13},
{t:"poor move-",p:100,x:93,y:407,w:54,h:13},
{t:"ment of ",p:100,x:93,y:421,w:38,h:13},
{t:"churches is ",p:100,x:93,y:435,w:55,h:13},
{t:"happening)",p:100,x:93,y:449,w:52,h:13},
{t:"3.3",p:100,x:187,y:337,w:14,h:13},
{t:"38%",p:100,x:261,y:337,w:21,h:13},
{t:"1000+",p:100,x:327,y:337,w:29,h:13},
{t:"15,000",p:100,x:391,y:337,w:32,h:13},
{t:"677 in 1998, ",p:100,x:446,y:337,w:61,h:13},
{t:"1000+ in ",p:100,x:455,y:351,w:44,h:13},
{t:"2004",p:100,x:464,y:365,w:23,h:13},
{t:"6",p:100,x:539,y:337,w:5,h:13},
{t:"Bangkok, ",p:100,x:93,y:475,w:47,h:13},
{t:"Thailand",p:100,x:93,y:489,w:41,h:13},
{t:"1.2 million ",p:100,x:168,y:475,w:54,h:13},
{t:"in slums now ",p:100,x:163,y:489,w:65,h:13},
{t:"being rehoused ",p:100,x:158,y:503,w:73,h:13},
{t:"in housing ",p:100,x:169,y:517,w:51,h:13},
{t:"projects",p:100,x:175,y:531,w:36,h:13},
{t:"600,000 ",p:100,x:175,y:545,w:40,h:13},
{t:"prostitutes",p:100,x:170,y:559,w:48,h:13},
{t:"500,000 drug ",p:100,x:163,y:573,w:65,h:13},
{t:"addicts",p:100,x:177,y:587,w:33,h:13},
{t:"17% in 1885, ",p:100,x:241,y:475,w:65,h:13},
{t:"6% in 2004, ",p:100,x:244,y:489,w:59,h:13},
{t:"with 11% ",p:100,x:250,y:503,w:47,h:13},
{t:"hused in ",p:100,x:253,y:517,w:42,h:13},
{t:"concreate high ",p:100,x:238,y:531,w:71,h:13},
{t:"rises, one fam-",p:100,x:238,y:545,w:69,h:13},
{t:"ily per room",p:100,x:243,y:559,w:57,h:13},
{t:"1024",p:100,x:331,y:475,w:23,h:13},
{t:"156",p:100,x:398,y:475,w:17,h:13},
{t:"3 + 6 house ",p:100,x:449,y:475,w:57,h:13},
{t:"churches",p:100,x:455,y:489,w:41,h:13},
{t:"2 ministries ",p:100,x:448,y:503,w:57,h:13},
{t:"among ",p:100,x:460,y:517,w:34,h:13},
{t:"prostitutes",p:100,x:451,y:531,w:48,h:13},
{t:"3 ministries ",p:100,x:448,y:545,w:57,h:13},
{t:"to drug ",p:100,x:459,y:559,w:36,h:13},
{t:"addicts",p:100,x:459,y:573,w:33,h:13},
{t:"2",p:100,x:539,y:475,w:5,h:13},
{t:"Chennai, ",p:100,x:93,y:608,w:44,h:13},
{t:"India ",p:100,x:93,y:622,w:26,h:13},
{t:"(Madras) ",p:100,x:93,y:636,w:45,h:13},
{t:"(1st city ",p:100,x:93,y:650,w:37,h:13},
{t:"st",p:100,x:103,y:650,w:4,h:7},
{t:"in India ",p:100,x:93,y:664,w:38,h:13},
{t:"turning to ",p:100,x:93,y:678,w:48,h:13},
{t:"Christ)",p:100,x:93,y:692,w:32,h:13},
{t:"43%",p:100,x:261,y:608,w:21,h:13},
{t:"2000",p:100,x:331,y:608,w:23,h:13},
{t:"4000",p:100,x:395,y:608,w:23,h:13},
{t:"1500",p:100,x:464,y:608,w:23,h:13},
{t:"37%",p:100,x:531,y:608,w:21,h:13},
{t:"Latin ",p:100,x:93,y:716,w:30,h:14},
{t:"America",p:100,x:93,y:728,w:42,h:14},
{t:"Sao Paulo, ",p:100,x:93,y:741,w:52,h:13},
{t:"Brazil",p:100,x:93,y:755,w:28,h:13},
{t:"3.4 million ",p:100,x:168,y:741,w:54,h:13},
{t:"in corticos, ",p:100,x:168,y:755,w:54,h:13},
{t:"1.5 million ",p:100,x:168,y:769,w:54,h:13},
{t:"favelados, ",p:100,x:170,y:783,w:50,h:13},
{t:"700,000 street ",p:100,x:161,y:797,w:69,h:13},
{t:"children",p:100,x:175,y:811,w:38,h:13},
{t:"31% in slums ",p:100,x:240,y:741,w:66,h:13},
{t:"and corticos, ",p:100,x:242,y:755,w:62,h:13},
{t:"24% poor",p:100,x:249,y:769,w:45,h:13},
{t:"1086",p:100,x:331,y:741,w:23,h:13},
{t:"15,000",p:100,x:391,y:741,w:32,h:13},
{t:"10,000",p:100,x:460,y:741,w:32,h:13},
{t:"60%",p:100,x:531,y:741,w:21,h:13},
{t:"Lima, Peru",p:100,x:93,y:829,w:51,h:13},
{t:"2.7 million",p:100,x:168,y:829,w:51,h:13},
{t:"55%",p:100,x:261,y:829,w:21,h:13},
{t:"598",p:100,x:334,y:829,w:17,h:13},
{t:"610",p:100,x:398,y:829,w:17,h:13},
{t:"594",p:100,x:467,y:829,w:17,h:13},
{t:"90%",p:100,x:531,y:829,w:21,h:13},
{t:"Mexico ",p:100,x:93,y:848,w:38,h:13},
{t:"City, ",p:100,x:93,y:862,w:25,h:13},
{t:"Mexico",p:100,x:93,y:876,w:35,h:13},
{t:"2.7 million",p:100,x:168,y:848,w:51,h:13},
{t:"15-25%",p:100,x:254,y:848,w:36,h:13},
{t:"500",p:100,x:334,y:848,w:17,h:13},
{t:"2500",p:100,x:395,y:848,w:23,h:13},
{t:"1500-2100",p:100,x:450,y:848,w:50,h:13},
{t:"60-80%",p:100,x:523,y:848,w:36,h:13},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:100,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:100,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"96",p:100,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"97",p:101,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Where Are the Churches of the Poor?",p:101,x:334,y:76,w:236,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:101,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Bangkok",p:101,x:121,y:116,w:68,h:21},
{t:"Thailand is a productive country that has never been colonized. ",p:101,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:21},
{t:"There is great pride in Thai culture under the leadership of the king. ",p:101,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Bangkok, its capital, is a beauti ful, rapidly developing city, dotted ",p:101,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with Buddhist tem ples. All roads in Thailand lead to Bangkok, ",p:101,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"which is the city—the industrial and political center of the nation.",p:101,x:91,y:233,w:469,h:21},
{t:"About 6 percent of Bangkok’s 7.4 million people live in 1,020 ",p:101,x:121,y:263,w:454,h:21},
{t:"slums. Some of these slum areas are crammed with different sized ",p:101,x:91,y:285,w:484,h:21},
{t:"shacks, ar ranged roof-to-roof and constructed from second-hand ",p:101,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"crating wood and galvanized iron. Many communities in the ",p:101,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slums are reasonably well off, living in well-built Thai houses, ",p:101,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but without rights to the land on which they are living. Crime, ",p:101,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"drug addiction, smuggling, and prostitution are common. There ",p:101,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are 600,000 prostitutes and 500,000 drug addicts in the city. Many ",p:101,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the slums have been cleared to make way for construction, and ",p:101,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people have been housed in high rise apartment buldings, in ",p:101,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one room per family—better than a slum but with no space for ",p:101,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"expansion.",p:101,x:91,y:505,w:78,h:21},
{t:"The Church Growth Committee estimates that there are 156 ",p:101,x:121,y:534,w:454,h:21},
{t:"churches in Bangkok, about 25 of which are rela tively small and ",p:101,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"new (one church for every 60,000 peo ple). They estimate there ",p:101,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are 6,000 Christians. The number of Protestant Christians in all of ",p:101,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Thailand is about 20,000 (one Christian for 3,000 population). In ",p:101,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Bangkok, there are six Bible schools, 30 ordained min isters and ",p:101,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"an unknown number of unordained minis ters.",p:101,x:91,y:666,w:334,h:21},
{t:"The church in Thailand has faced much resistance in the past, ",p:101,x:121,y:696,w:454,h:21},
{t:"but over the last decade, there has been an in creasing openness in ",p:101,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city. As people move into end less high-rise flats, traditional ",p:101,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"communities break down, and people become more open to the ",p:101,x:91,y:762,w:484,h:21},
{t:"gospel. They experience more hope that they will be able to climb ",p:101,x:91,y:784,w:484,h:21},
{t:"up ward socially and economically. Student ministries are particu-",p:101,x:91,y:806,w:480,h:21},
{t:"larly productive. Northern and eastern Thai are responsive to the ",p:101,x:91,y:828,w:484,h:21},
{t:"gospel, but few have tried to reach the southern Thai in Bangkok.",p:101,x:91,y:850,w:479,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:101,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:101,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"97",p:101,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"98",p:102,x:91,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:102,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"In the 1,020 slums, however, there are only three churches ",p:102,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and six house groups. That is, only two percent of churches are ",p:102,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the migrant poor. For the 600,000 prostitutes, there are ",p:102,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"only two minis tries, and for the 500,000 drug addicts, only one ",p:102,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"drug center, which was initiated only in early 1986.",p:102,x:91,y:204,w:377,h:21},
{t:"A dark demon of sensuality has plagued the kingdom of ",p:102,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Thailand for centuries and is woven into the fabric of her palaces, ",p:102,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"idols, and symbols of state. This demon needs to be overthrown ",p:102,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in major power confrontations. The immediate tactic in the battle ",p:102,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for this city must in volve women working with the 600,000 pros-",p:102,x:91,y:321,w:479,h:21},
{t:"titutes and breaking the power of the prostitution and slave trade. ",p:102,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Only two Christian ministries at this cutting edge of spiritual ",p:102,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"warfare for this city are not enough. Who will venture into such a ",p:102,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dangerous task?",p:102,x:91,y:409,w:117,h:21},
{t:"Rich man, poor man, beggar man, thief",p:102,x:91,y:450,w:339,h:24},
{t:"One day, searching for the God of the poor, a rich man who ",p:102,x:121,y:497,w:421,h:19},
{t:"had chosen to be poor walked with a friend through several ",p:102,x:121,y:516,w:418,h:19},
{t:"of the 1,020 slums in prosperous Bangkok (for 19.3 percent ",p:102,x:121,y:535,w:420,h:19},
{t:"live in the slums). They stopped to talk with a man, who told ",p:102,x:121,y:554,w:422,h:19},
{t:"them he was a thief.",p:102,x:121,y:573,w:141,h:19},
{t:"To find out about the needs of the community, the poor-rich ",p:102,x:121,y:602,w:410,h:19},
{t:"man told stories of how God had changed a community ",p:102,x:121,y:621,w:383,h:19},
{t:"in another city and asked many questions. As he and his ",p:102,x:121,y:640,w:391,h:19},
{t:"companion were about to leave, their new-found friend (for ",p:102,x:121,y:659,w:405,h:19},
{t:"stories generate friends), laid a hand on his arm.",p:102,x:121,y:678,w:331,h:19},
{t:"“Nobody has ever come and asked us these kind of ",p:102,x:121,y:707,w:357,h:19},
{t:"questions before. No one, not even someone sent by our ",p:102,x:121,y:726,w:394,h:19},
{t:"own king—and we know that he cares for the people. How is ",p:102,x:121,y:745,w:419,h:19},
{t:"it that you, a farang (foreigner), have such a concern?’ ",p:102,x:121,y:764,w:375,h:19},
{t:"farang",p:102,x:209,y:764,w:44,h:19},
{t:"The poor-rich man replied: “Because one day, a number ",p:102,x:121,y:793,w:397,h:19},
{t:"of years ago, I met a king, a king who does justice, and ",p:102,x:121,y:812,w:389,h:19},
{t:"particularly cares for the poor. I loved that King and decided ",p:102,x:121,y:831,w:422,h:19},
{t:"to follow him. He asked me to be his ambassador. His ",p:102,x:121,y:850,w:381,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:102,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:102,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"98",p:102,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"99",p:103,x:557,y:919,w:13,h:17},
{t:"Where Are the Churches of the Poor?",p:103,x:334,y:76,w:236,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:103,x:91,y:551,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Manila",p:103,x:121,y:551,w:51,h:21},
{t:"Manila is more evangelized than any other Asian city because ",p:103,x:121,y:580,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of the influence of a Catholic heritage. There are 15,000 churches ",p:103,x:91,y:602,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the city. At last count, there were 677 church-planting ventures ",p:103,x:91,y:624,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the more than 500 squatter areas that contain over 38 ",p:103,x:91,y:646,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent of the 12.5 million people in Manila. There is still the ",p:103,x:91,y:668,w:484,h:21},
{t:"need for someone to develop a church-planting pattern that will ",p:103,x:91,y:690,w:484,h:21},
{t:"generate a movement among the urban poor, as has oc curred in ",p:103,x:91,y:712,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Latin America.",p:103,x:91,y:734,w:110,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:103,x:91,y:775,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Kuala Lumpur",p:103,x:121,y:775,w:108,h:21},
{t:"Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia is a dynamic city, growing rapidly, ",p:103,x:121,y:805,w:454,h:21},
{t:"exploiting well the natural resources of its hin terland, and putting ",p:103,x:91,y:827,w:484,h:21},
{t:"money pouring in from Muslim brothers to good use. Twenty-four ",p:103,x:91,y:849,w:484,h:21},
{t:"kingdom is one that is being established in every kingdom ",p:103,x:121,y:146,w:409,h:19},
{t:"in the world . . . ”",p:103,x:121,y:165,w:117,h:19},
{t:"In the ancient kingdom of Siam, people understand about ",p:103,x:121,y:194,w:405,h:19},
{t:"kings and kingdoms. “Please come back and tell us more ",p:103,x:121,y:213,w:404,h:19},
{t:"about this King,” begged the thief.",p:103,x:121,y:232,w:236,h:19},
{t:"“I cannot come back, for I have many squatter areas to visit, ",p:103,x:121,y:261,w:404,h:19},
{t:"but I will send others to you,” said the poor-rich man.",p:103,x:121,y:280,w:350,h:19},
{t:"As he walked away, he thought about how the good news ",p:103,x:121,y:309,w:408,h:19},
{t:"from God, bringing salvation from sins and then social ",p:103,x:121,y:328,w:381,h:19},
{t:"justice, is truly good news to the poor.",p:103,x:121,y:347,w:264,h:19},
{t:"“Jesus, all I ask from you is a movement of men and ",p:103,x:121,y:376,w:370,h:19},
{t:"women who will choose to walk into these slums. Some will ",p:103,x:121,y:395,w:419,h:19},
{t:"take a martyr’s crown in death. Others will bear the marks ",p:103,x:121,y:414,w:408,h:19},
{t:"of identification with the poor in suffering, sickness, and ",p:103,x:121,y:433,w:391,h:19},
{t:"failure.”",p:103,x:121,y:452,w:52,h:19},
{t:"So a rich man, following a poor Man, became a beggar in ",p:103,x:121,y:481,w:405,h:19},
{t:"the throne room of a King, because of a thief.",p:103,x:121,y:500,w:316,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:103,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:103,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"99",p:103,x:166,y:1028,w:11,h:12},
{t:"100",p:104,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:104,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"percent of its two mil lion people were squatters in 1986. Of these, ",p:104,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"52.5 percent are reachable Chinese, and 14.9 percent are reach-",p:104,x:91,y:138,w:480,h:21},
{t:"able Indi ans. It is one city in which there has been a consistent and ",p:104,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"reasonably humane program for uplifting these poor.",p:104,x:91,y:182,w:387,h:21},
{t:"Chinese and Indian communities are open to the gospel. In ",p:104,x:121,y:211,w:454,h:21},
{t:"general, however, the Chinese Malaysian church has been locked ",p:104,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into an older style of church-growth-oriented evangelicalism ",p:104,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that does not understand issues of poverty, or into a newer ",p:104,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Pentecostalism dominated by a theology of affluence. As a result ",p:104,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the last decade’s charismatic renewal, the church has become ",p:104,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"more open to ministry among the poor.",p:104,x:91,y:343,w:286,h:21},
{t:"An older leader formed an organization called Malaysian ",p:104,x:121,y:373,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Care to enable the churches to begin to focus their min istries to ",p:104,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poor. A former rock musician turned ac countant-evangelist ",p:104,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"heard the cries of the poor from the heart of God and is building a ",p:104,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church of emaciated poor.",p:104,x:91,y:461,w:191,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:104,x:91,y:502,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Dhaka",p:104,x:121,y:502,w:50,h:21},
{t:"The destitution of the poor in Dhaka is greater than in any ",p:104,x:121,y:531,w:454,h:21},
{t:"city, even Calcutta. This is perhaps because Bangladesh is one of ",p:104,x:91,y:553,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the most bereft nations on earth, despite its luxuriant agricultural ",p:104,x:91,y:575,w:484,h:21},
{t:"resources. Houses are made of mud thatch, a few feet tall, and the ",p:104,x:91,y:597,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people pos sess virtually nothing. Dhaka is home to three million ",p:104,x:91,y:619,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people. By the year 2010 it is projected to contain twenty million ",p:104,x:91,y:641,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people.2 The majority of these will be squatters.",p:104,x:91,y:663,w:350,h:21},
{t:"There are Hindu converts in the 771 bustees. But the majority ",p:104,x:121,y:693,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of people are Muslim and have never heard of Jesus. The country ",p:104,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is open to many forms of foreign de velopment assistance, opening ",p:104,x:91,y:737,w:484,h:21},
{t:"doors to respond to the cries of the poor.",p:104,x:91,y:759,w:296,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:104,x:91,y:800,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta",p:104,x:121,y:800,w:64,h:21},
{t:"Sixty-six percent of Calcutta’s twelve million inhabitants ",p:104,x:121,y:829,w:454,h:21},
{t:"live one family per room. More than three million live in 5,511 ",p:104,x:91,y:851,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:104,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:104,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"100",p:104,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"101",p:105,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Where Are the Churches of the Poor?",p:105,x:334,y:76,w:236,h:16},
{t:"bustees. Between 48,000 ",p:105,x:91,y:116,w:200,h:21},
{t:"(officially) ",p:105,x:297,y:116,w:84,h:21},
{t:"and 200,000 (generally ",p:105,x:388,y:116,w:187,h:21},
{t:"accepted figure) live on the streets. There are no figures on the ",p:105,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"numbers in squatter areas, but it is estimated that three million live ",p:105,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in tents and mud and thatch huts in such areas.",p:105,x:91,y:182,w:341,h:21},
{t:"Of the 143 churches in this city, many contain poor people, ",p:105,x:121,y:211,w:454,h:21},
{t:"but only one is a church of the poor reaching out to the poor. The ",p:105,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church has given bread to the poor of this city. There have been ",p:105,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"many aid and development programs in Calcutta. But it has not ",p:105,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"really given them the bread of life.",p:105,x:91,y:299,w:254,h:21},
{t:"Jesus has sometimes been seen in these slums in a few saints ",p:105,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in saris, but his voice has rarely been heard for two generations, ",p:105,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and his body has not yet been formed.",p:105,x:91,y:373,w:279,h:21},
{t:"In the slums of Calcutta, communists control many areas. ",p:105,x:121,y:402,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Indeed, slums were the base of their rise to power. This does ",p:105,x:91,y:424,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not lead to openness to the gospel. The urban poor of Manila, in ",p:105,x:91,y:446,w:484,h:21},
{t:"contrast, are more open to the gospel because of the advocacy of ",p:105,x:91,y:468,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the Catholic Church in political issues.",p:105,x:91,y:490,w:284,h:21},
{t:"The prototype of Christianity, or standard of reference that ",p:105,x:121,y:520,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people have in their minds—a concept defined by Barnett—is a ",p:105,x:91,y:542,w:484,h:21},
{t:"major factor in evangelism. In Calcutta, the concept of a Christian ",p:105,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:105,x:91,y:586,w:16,h:21},
{t:"based on the gambling, partying, dissolute British rulers, ",p:105,x:113,y:586,w:461,h:21},
{t:"and those who gained their favor, including their illegitimate ",p:105,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"offspring. How can the gospel be received when the prototype is ",p:105,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not de sirable? New prototypes have to appear.",p:105,x:91,y:652,w:339,h:21},
{t:"African and Muslim cities",p:105,x:91,y:692,w:221,h:24},
{t:"1.",p:105,x:91,y:735,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Nairobi",p:105,x:121,y:735,w:55,h:21},
{t:"Outside of the skyscrapers of Nairobi, Kenya is a slum ",p:105,x:121,y:764,w:454,h:21},
{t:"containing 200,000 poor people—the Mathari Valley. It is one ",p:105,x:91,y:786,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the most destitute situations in the world today, with an air ",p:105,x:91,y:808,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of aimless ambition, prostitution, illicit brewing of liquor, drug ",p:105,x:91,y:830,w:484,h:21},
{t:"peddling, and thuggery.",p:105,x:91,y:852,w:174,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:105,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:105,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"101",p:105,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"102",p:106,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:106,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Into this slum stepped Pentecostal Bishop Arthur Kitonga ",p:106,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in 1974, to form the Redeemed Gospel Church, evangelizing at ",p:106,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"meetings with anywhere from 5,000 to 20,000 people gathered. ",p:106,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"At the same time, he established vocational training, feeding ",p:106,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"programs, a small-scale business scheme, a program that helps ",p:106,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"re settle families, as well as emergency aid for fire victims.",p:106,x:91,y:226,w:428,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:106,x:91,y:267,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Cairo",p:106,x:121,y:267,w:41,h:21},
{t:"Cairo is the capital of Egypt, a country with the longest ",p:106,x:121,y:296,w:454,h:21},
{t:"recorded history of any nation, spanning some seven thousand ",p:106,x:91,y:318,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years. Tomorrow, there will be 4,166 more Egyptians than there ",p:106,x:91,y:340,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are today, causing the population to increase by 1.5 million per ",p:106,x:91,y:362,w:484,h:21},
{t:"year. At this rate, Egypt’s population which topped 70 million at ",p:106,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the turn of the century will double again in thirty years.",p:106,x:91,y:406,w:405,h:21},
{t:"Cairo, the seat of Muslim culture and learning, is the largest ",p:106,x:121,y:436,w:454,h:21},
{t:"city in Africa, the Middle East, and the Muslim world, with 9.46 ",p:106,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:21},
{t:"million people.",p:106,x:91,y:480,w:111,h:21},
{t:"About 40 percent of Cairo’s population lives below pov erty ",p:106,x:121,y:509,w:454,h:21},
{t:"level, earning up to $35 per month. An extreme housing shortage ",p:106,x:91,y:531,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and inflationary prices are causing great hardships for the poor. ",p:106,x:91,y:553,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Limited medical care for slum dwellers leads to 40 percent of ",p:106,x:91,y:575,w:484,h:21},
{t:"children dying in their first year of life. Forty-three percent of ",p:106,x:91,y:597,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the people are less than 15 years old, and 60 percent are illiterate. ",p:106,x:91,y:619,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The problem of the slums is growing as the slums rap idly expand ",p:106,x:91,y:641,w:484,h:21},
{t:"north and south along the Nile River and deeper into the city dump ",p:106,x:91,y:663,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and cemeteries. There are 10,000 to 15,000 in each of the seven ",p:106,x:91,y:685,w:484,h:21},
{t:"garbage-dump communities.",p:106,x:91,y:707,w:209,h:21},
{t:"The Coptic Church has ministries in over fifty of these areas. ",p:106,x:121,y:737,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Most missionaries are working among the middle and upper-",p:106,x:91,y:759,w:479,h:21},
{t:"middle class.",p:106,x:91,y:781,w:95,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:106,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:106,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"102",p:106,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"103",p:107,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Where Are the Churches of the Poor?",p:107,x:334,y:76,w:236,h:16},
{t:"Latin American cities",p:107,x:91,y:115,w:184,h:24},
{t:"In contrast with Asia, Latin America’s cities are centers of ",p:107,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"amazing growth of the kingdom. The majority of the churches in ",p:107,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Latin cities are among the poor. Why this dif ference? And what ",p:107,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are the implications for missions? ",p:107,x:91,y:212,w:252,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:107,x:91,y:253,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Lima",p:107,x:121,y:253,w:37,h:21},
{t:"In 1940, 35 percent of Peru was urban. By 1984, 65 percent ",p:107,x:121,y:282,w:454,h:21},
{t:"lived in urban areas. In 2000, 72.8 percent of Peru lived in urban ",p:107,x:91,y:304,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas. Of these, 50 percent of the urban population lived in the ",p:107,x:91,y:326,w:484,h:21},
{t:"coastal desert city of Lima, and 30 per cent of the total popula-",p:107,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tion of the country. Today, Lima is a city of 7.4 million. It was ",p:107,x:91,y:370,w:484,h:21},
{t:"founded by the Spaniards in 1532 and was once a capital of South ",p:107,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:21},
{t:"America, a city of power and wealth. Migrants from rural areas ",p:107,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are slowly erasing the Hispanic face of Lima, bringing more of the ",p:107,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"face and language of the Andes. More and more migrants speak ",p:107,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their native language as their first or only language. New cultural ",p:107,x:91,y:480,w:484,h:21},
{t:"forms, eco nomic options, and systems of organizing reflect rural ",p:107,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"patterns.",p:107,x:91,y:524,w:62,h:21},
{t:"The wave of landless, homeless people coming into the city has ",p:107,x:121,y:554,w:454,h:21},
{t:"also resulted in the sprouting of pueblos jovenes (young towns) or ",p:107,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slum communities that now comprise 55 percent of the city. Most ",p:107,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pueblos jovenes spring up unplanned and without government ",p:107,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"assis tance. Only after a period of time are facilities such as water, ",p:107,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"roads, and light extended to them by the govern ment. There are ",p:107,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"598 pueblos jovenes, mostly on desert or mountains surrounding ",p:107,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city. There are also hun dreds of thousands in overcrowded ",p:107,x:91,y:708,w:484,h:21},
{t:"inner-city tenements known as tugurios.",p:107,x:91,y:730,w:294,h:21},
{t:"Despite massive problems of land ownership among the ",p:107,x:121,y:759,w:454,h:21},
{t:"rural areas of Peru, it is relatively easy to acquire land around ",p:107,x:91,y:781,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city because it is either desert land or mountainous—not ",p:107,x:91,y:803,w:484,h:21},
{t:"useful for either industry or agri culture. This is in contrast with ",p:107,x:91,y:825,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other world-class cities. The marginal Lima that emerges is ",p:107,x:91,y:847,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:107,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:107,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"103",p:107,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"104",p:108,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:108,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"pluralistic—cultur ally and linguistically. Lima’s slum economy is ",p:108,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"informal and subsistence-level, moving back to more of a mixed ",p:108,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"bartering system with reciprocal patterns of relation ship. At the ",p:108,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"same time, it is dependent upon and inter related with the formal ",p:108,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"sectors of urbanized society. Within this informal world, there ",p:108,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"tend to be grassroots, popular religious movements outside of the ",p:108,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"framework of the formal church structures. These include some ",p:108,x:91,y:248,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the old indigenous religious practices, and grassroots Catholic ",p:108,x:91,y:270,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements as well as Protestant movements.",p:108,x:91,y:292,w:332,h:21},
{t:"Royal Spanish power subjugated the deity of the ancient Inca ",p:108,x:121,y:321,w:454,h:21},
{t:"culture. Both traditions held the people in bondage to a ruling ",p:108,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"class of some lineage and power. The oppres sion of both remains. ",p:108,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"One is overt and public. The other lies deep and unmentioned ",p:108,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"within the psyche of Peruv ian culture, religion, and custom. The ",p:108,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"emerging evangeli cal church stands against deep-rooted Catholic ",p:108,x:91,y:431,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Spanish pride among the rich. On the other hand, among the poor, ",p:108,x:91,y:453,w:484,h:21},
{t:"it must deal with deep-seated traumas of millen nia under oppres-",p:108,x:91,y:475,w:480,h:21},
{t:"sion of powerful empires.",p:108,x:91,y:497,w:188,h:21},
{t:"The 1986 directory, PROMIES, lists 610 churches in the city. ",p:108,x:121,y:527,w:454,h:21},
{t:"As the directory itself admits, this is an underesti mate. The number ",p:108,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of baptized members was reported as 35,345, and the evangelical ",p:108,x:91,y:571,w:484,h:21},
{t:"community 106,035 out of an estimated population of 5,500,326 ",p:108,x:91,y:593,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in 1985. The per centage of evangelicals in the population was ",p:108,x:91,y:615,w:484,h:21},
{t:"conserva tively estimated as 1.93 percent.3",p:108,x:91,y:637,w:306,h:21},
{t:"Of the 610 churches, 60-90 percent (or 366 to 541) are in ",p:108,x:121,y:666,w:454,h:21},
{t:"pueblos jovenes. In Lima, a movement among the urban poor is ",p:108,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:21},
{t:"much larger than in any Asian city or in Mexico. Despite this, ",p:108,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:21},
{t:"there are still many unreached areas in the city. The tugurios are ",p:108,x:91,y:732,w:484,h:21},
{t:"probably largely unreached, as no church leader I talked with was ",p:108,x:91,y:754,w:484,h:21},
{t:"aware of believers or churches in these areas. Tugurios are older, ",p:108,x:91,y:776,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor areas, witness to several generations of sin, and therefore ",p:108,x:91,y:798,w:484,h:21},
{t:"probably not as responsive nor as high a priority to the church as ",p:108,x:91,y:820,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the newer barriadas.",p:108,x:91,y:842,w:148,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:108,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:108,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"104",p:108,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"105",p:109,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Where Are the Churches of the Poor?",p:109,x:334,y:76,w:236,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:109,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Mexico City",p:109,x:121,y:116,w:90,h:21},
{t:"The rich and poor among the 18 million of Mexico City often ",p:109,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:21},
{t:"live side by side on the same block. Other poor live in the ciudades ",p:109,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"perdidas (lost cities), where rundown and abandoned buildings ",p:109,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"become home. In 1984, Mex ico City’s School of Civil Engineers ",p:109,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"counted 500 of these ciudades perdidas, home to 2.7 million ",p:109,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people. There are also areas of squatters known as paracaidistas ",p:109,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(parachutists), where 200 families suddenly descend overnight ",p:109,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"onto unused land, moving from the ciudades perdidas. The 1985 ",p:109,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"earthquake left 40,000 families relo cated into what has become ",p:109,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for them permanent-tempo rary housing.",p:109,x:91,y:343,w:293,h:21},
{t:"The prevailing symbolism in the motifs of the Mexican ",p:109,x:121,y:373,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Catholic church is the symbolism of a sun god, whose millennia-",p:109,x:91,y:395,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ancient temples are at the center of the city. Although somewhat ",p:109,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"obscured by the Virgin Mary, the pervasive spirit of that ancient ",p:109,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"deity remains through out the culture. There are still sacrifices to ",p:109,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the old god. The story of the conquest by the Catholic Virgin, how-",p:109,x:91,y:483,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ever, is a central one in the folklore of Mexico City. Both powers ",p:109,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hold control of the minds of the Mexican popu lace.",p:109,x:91,y:527,w:376,h:21},
{t:"Of Mexico City’s 1,200 churches, the majority are among the ",p:109,x:121,y:556,w:454,h:21},
{t:"poor. A major evangelical alliance of churches in the city aimed ",p:109,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to establish thousands of new churches by the year 2000. The ",p:109,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"churches are capturing a vision for sending their own people as ",p:109,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"missionaries to the world. Perhaps some will hear the cries of the ",p:109,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor.",p:109,x:91,y:666,w:38,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:109,x:91,y:707,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Sao Paulo",p:109,x:121,y:707,w:80,h:21},
{t:"Sao Paulo is a vibrant, sprawling metropolis that covers an ",p:109,x:121,y:737,w:454,h:21},
{t:"area of 1,400 square miles, home to seventeen million people who ",p:109,x:91,y:759,w:484,h:21},
{t:"speak a variety of 106 languages. With 115,000 in dustries, three ",p:109,x:91,y:781,w:484,h:21},
{t:"major soccer teams, 34 universities and 3 airports, Sao Paulo is ",p:109,x:91,y:803,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the picture of a prosperous city. The city’s history goes back 450 ",p:109,x:91,y:825,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years, when it was first settled by the Portuguese. Today it has ",p:109,x:91,y:847,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:109,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:109,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"105",p:109,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"106",p:110,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:110,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"a youthful character, however, with 50 percent of its population ",p:110,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"under 18 years old.",p:110,x:91,y:138,w:140,h:21},
{t:"Blessed with one of the largest land areas and richest resource ",p:110,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"bases of any of the cities in the Third World, Sao Paulo has ",p:110,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"developed a strong economic base, de spite mismanagement by ",p:110,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"corrupt politicians over the de cades. Many kinds of houses and ",p:110,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"apartments with a multitude of architectural designs are scattered ",p:110,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"across the rolling hills. The rich emotions, family relationships, ",p:110,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and flamboyance of the Paulistas contribute to this city’s better ",p:110,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"lifestyle.",p:110,x:91,y:321,w:63,h:21},
{t:"Poverty is far less apparent than in other world-class cities ",p:110,x:121,y:351,w:454,h:21},
{t:"throughout the Latin and Asian worlds. Only one and a half mil-",p:110,x:91,y:373,w:480,h:21},
{t:"lion live in the favelas—a mere 17 percent com pared with 19–67 ",p:110,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent in the Asian cities. But this figure hides the reality of an ",p:110,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"estimated 500,000 Brazil ians moving annually to Sao Paulo and ",p:110,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the three million living in corticos.",p:110,x:91,y:461,w:255,h:21},
{t:"Corticos are decaying apartment buildings in the center of the ",p:110,x:121,y:490,w:454,h:21},
{t:"city that are unsafe. Few stay in the corticos for more than four ",p:110,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years. Battered by the psychological stress of living and working ",p:110,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in an oppressive urban situ ation, most move to the favelas on the ",p:110,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"periphery of the city. There are also about 700,000 abandoned ",p:110,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"children roaming the streets of Sao Paulo.",p:110,x:91,y:600,w:307,h:21},
{t:"The favelas of Sao Paulo are the consequence of many social, ",p:110,x:121,y:630,w:454,h:21},
{t:"economic, and political ills of society. They are the “last stop” ",p:110,x:91,y:652,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for many who have been in transit. Forty-one percent have been ",p:110,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:21},
{t:"downwardly mobile prior to their entrance into the favelas. Here ",p:110,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"live the hard workers be side the thieves, the rural migrants beside ",p:110,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the city veter ans, the established family beside the abandoned ",p:110,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"youth. They are the most heterogeneous places in the city. Only ",p:110,x:91,y:762,w:484,h:21},
{t:"five percent of favelados in Sao Paulo have claim to their land. ",p:110,x:91,y:784,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They all have this in common: they have come to conquer, and ",p:110,x:91,y:806,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they have met defeat. Only 12 percent have stayed for less than ",p:110,x:91,y:828,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a year. Whereas a mere 3 percent of the favelados earn mini mum ",p:110,x:91,y:850,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:110,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:110,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"106",p:110,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"107",p:111,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Where Are the Churches of the Poor?",p:111,x:334,y:76,w:236,h:16},
{t:"salaries, among the working class of the city, 40 percent have ",p:111,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"achieved this mark. According to city au thorities in 1976, 98 ",p:111,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"percent of the shacks had no sew age facility, 80 percent had no ",p:111,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"plumbing, and 66 percent had no electricity.4",p:111,x:91,y:182,w:329,h:21},
{t:"Favelas are some of the most violent squatter areas in the ",p:111,x:121,y:533,w:454,h:21},
{t:"world. They contain youth gangs known as marginales (those ",p:111,x:91,y:555,w:484,h:21},
{t:"marginalized by society), or as the gangs prefer, boys of the night. ",p:111,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The secretary of social promotion for Sao Paulo estimates 2.4 ",p:111,x:91,y:599,w:484,h:21},
{t:"million marginales—30 percent of the young population. ",p:111,x:91,y:621,w:422,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:111,x:91,y:662,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Rio de Janeiro",p:111,x:121,y:662,w:112,h:21},
{t:"Seven hours away from Sao Paulo, the skyline of Rio de ",p:111,x:121,y:691,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Janeiro thrusts high into the air. Hotels dot the beaches. Hidden ",p:111,x:91,y:713,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the midst of the wealth, the tourism, and the beauty are the ",p:111,x:91,y:735,w:484,h:21},
{t:"crowded favelas of the city. If one is going to be poor, it is smart ",p:111,x:91,y:757,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to be poor in the most beautiful city in the world.",p:111,x:91,y:779,w:360,h:21},
{t:"Survivors from the war in 1900, Guerra de Canudos, be came ",p:111,x:121,y:809,w:454,h:21},
{t:"squatters on a hill in Rio de Janeiro named Morro",p:111,x:91,y:831,w:392,h:21},
{t:"M M",p:111,x:435,y:831,w:15,h:20},
{t:"de Favela. ",p:111,x:490,y:831,w:84,h:20},
{t:"From this came the Brazilian word for squat ter—favelado. In ",p:111,x:91,y:853,w:484,h:21},
{t:"PAULISTANOS LIVING IN THE FAVELAS",p:111,x:213,y:240,w:235,h:20},
{t:"Residents in Favela",p:111,x:238,y:274,w:110,h:16},
{t:"% of population",p:111,x:437,y:274,w:92,h:16},
{t:"1968",p:111,x:100,y:298,w:26,h:16},
{t:"1972-73",p:111,x:100,y:322,w:44,h:16},
{t:"1974",p:111,x:100,y:345,w:26,h:16},
{t:"1977",p:111,x:100,y:369,w:26,h:16},
{t:"1982",p:111,x:100,y:392,w:26,h:16},
{t:"1987",p:111,x:100,y:416,w:26,h:16},
{t:"2000",p:111,x:100,y:439,w:26,h:16},
{t:"41,600",p:111,x:314,y:299,w:36,h:15},
{t:"71,840",p:111,x:314,y:323,w:36,h:15},
{t:"117,394",p:111,x:307,y:346,w:43,h:15},
{t:"390,000",p:111,x:307,y:370,w:43,h:15},
{t:"600,000",p:111,x:307,y:393,w:43,h:15},
{t:"1,500,000",p:111,x:297,y:417,w:53,h:15},
{t:"1,500,000 ",p:111,x:297,y:440,w:56,h:15},
{t:"(and 3,000,000 in corticos)",p:111,x:206,y:456,w:144,h:15},
{t:"0.8",p:111,x:509,y:299,w:16,h:15},
{t:"1.2",p:111,x:509,y:323,w:16,h:15},
{t:"1.6",p:111,x:509,y:346,w:16,h:15},
{t:"5",p:111,x:519,y:370,w:6,h:15},
{t:"7",p:111,x:519,y:393,w:6,h:15},
{t:"17",p:111,x:512,y:417,w:13,h:15},
{t:"19.8",p:111,x:502,y:440,w:23,h:15},
{t:"(31)",p:111,x:503,y:456,w:22,h:15},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:111,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:111,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"107",p:111,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"108",p:112,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:112,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"1948, the first census recorded 105 favelas, with 138,837 inhabit-",p:112,x:91,y:116,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ants or 7 percent of the city’s population. Favelas were growing at ",p:112,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"7 percent per year (1940 to 1960), in contrast with an overall city ",p:112,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth of 3.3 percent per year. By 1974, there were 283 favelas in ",p:112,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Rio de Janeiro. Today, there are more than 500—over 30 percent ",p:112,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the city.",p:112,x:91,y:226,w:78,h:21},
{t:"Many of the migrants to this city come from the semi-desert ",p:112,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:21},
{t:"areas of the northeast of Brazil, areas where the climatic conditions ",p:112,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and feudal social structures have re sulted in extreme poverty.",p:112,x:91,y:299,w:449,h:21},
{t:"The general consensus on the Removal of Favelas pro gram ",p:112,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"that took place between 1962 and 1974 is that it failed. Court vic-",p:112,x:91,y:351,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tories of two prominent favelas, Rocinha and Vidigal, reinforced ",p:112,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the impression among the carioca (inhabitants of Rio) that favelas ",p:112,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are here to stay. Waves of power generated in favelas from time ",p:112,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to time have ushered in legal, political and economic favors for ",p:112,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the favelados.",p:112,x:91,y:461,w:101,h:21},
{t:"Notes:",p:112,x:91,y:510,w:38,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:112,x:97,y:534,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Extensive references to sources of statistics are available in a manuscript ",p:112,x:116,y:534,w:436,h:16},
{t:"copy of this book at Fuller Theological Seminary library, Pasadena, CA 91182, ",p:112,x:91,y:550,w:465,h:16},
{t:"USA. Figures are from between 1980-85. Also the Urban Leadership Cities ",p:112,x:91,y:566,w:445,h:16},
{t:"Database, P.O. Box 20-524, Glen Eden, Auckland, New Zealand.",p:112,x:91,y:582,w:385,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:112,x:97,y:605,w:11,h:16},
{t:"United Nations Human Settlements Program, 2003, The Challenge of the ",p:112,x:116,y:605,w:435,h:16},
{t:"Slums, p 267.",p:112,x:91,y:621,w:81,h:16},
{t:"3.",p:112,x:97,y:645,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Paredes, Tito, ed., PROMIES Directorio Evangelico: Lima, Callao y ",p:112,x:116,y:645,w:399,h:16},
{t:"Balnearios, Concilio Nacional Evangelico del Peru, 1986.",p:112,x:91,y:661,w:336,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:112,x:97,y:684,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Kowarick, Lucio, “A Espoliacao Urbana,” Paz y Terra, Sao Paulo, 1979.",p:112,x:116,y:684,w:420,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:112,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:112,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"108",p:112,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"109",p:113,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Seven",p:113,x:196,y:115,w:133,h:24},
{t:"From Latin Growth to Asian ",p:113,x:196,y:150,w:368,h:32},
{t:"Need",p:113,x:196,y:180,w:64,h:32},
{t:"There are more churches in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro than ",p:113,x:121,y:252,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in other cities of Latin America or Asia. In Sao Paulo, 15,000 ",p:113,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:21},
{t:"churches have been counted, with a greater movement among ",p:113,x:91,y:296,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poor than in any other city. Many favelas have three or four ",p:113,x:91,y:318,w:484,h:21},
{t:"churches. It is estimated that two thirds of the above churches, ",p:113,x:91,y:340,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or 10,000, are in the 1,086 favelas in Sao Paulo. The majority of ",p:113,x:91,y:362,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these are Pentecostal, particularly Assemblies of God.",p:113,x:91,y:384,w:396,h:21},
{t:"Evangelical churches in Brazil are also growing. Of the ",p:113,x:121,y:414,w:454,h:21},
{t:"150 million people in Brazil, 24 million are evangelicals. Some ",p:113,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"churches are attempting social work programs in the favelas. This ",p:113,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:21},
{t:"response has not yet resulted in significant church planting. There ",p:113,x:91,y:480,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has recently been a significant movement by evangelicals to reach ",p:113,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"out and establish homes for street children. There are now about ",p:113,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:21},
{t:"seventy evangeli cal homes for this purpose. Antioch Mission, one ",p:113,x:91,y:546,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the first Brazilian sending missions, has developed a ministry ",p:113,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to drug addicts as well as to street children.",p:113,x:91,y:590,w:317,h:21},
{t:"The church among the poor has largely grown through ",p:113,x:121,y:619,w:454,h:21},
{t:"spiritual power encounters. In Brazil, there are many pub lic ",p:113,x:91,y:641,w:484,h:21},
{t:"confrontations with the next major religious grouping after the ",p:113,x:91,y:663,w:484,h:21},
{t:"evangelicals—the spiritists.",p:113,x:91,y:685,w:202,h:21},
{t:"A pastor in a favela",p:113,x:91,y:726,w:168,h:24},
{t:"The stocky pastor motioned us away from the bullet holes ",p:113,x:121,y:774,w:408,h:19},
{t:"in the window. We sat down, and he told us the story of ",p:113,x:121,y:793,w:391,h:19},
{t:"a congregation of 200 that had formed in one of the most ",p:113,x:121,y:812,w:403,h:19},
{t:"violent slums in the world.",p:113,x:121,y:831,w:181,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:113,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:113,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"109",p:113,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"110",p:114,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:114,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Movement in Latin America; silence in Asia",p:114,x:91,y:557,w:376,h:24},
{t:"The reasons for such a movement among the poor in Latin ",p:114,x:121,y:587,w:454,h:21},
{t:"America and such an absence of any movement among the ",p:114,x:91,y:609,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor in Asia are still unclear. In Latin America, there has been ",p:114,x:91,y:631,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a dynamic of church planting in rural areas. Then, as migration ",p:114,x:91,y:653,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has occurred, pastors have moved with their people to the favelas ",p:114,x:91,y:675,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and pueblos jovenes of the cities. This pattern in Asia, however, ",p:114,x:91,y:697,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has not resulted in churches among the urban poor. Some possible ",p:114,x:91,y:719,w:484,h:21},
{t:"reasons might be:",p:114,x:91,y:741,w:129,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:114,x:121,y:771,w:13,h:21},
{t:"A greater dependence in Asia on foreign money, result ing ",p:114,x:151,y:771,w:424,h:21},
{t:"in pastors who move to the city to obtain middle-class positions.",p:114,x:91,y:793,w:472,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:114,x:121,y:815,w:13,h:21},
{t:"The basic movement in Latin America has been Pen-",p:114,x:151,y:815,w:419,h:21},
{t:"tecostal rather than mainline evangelical. The concept of the ",p:114,x:91,y:837,w:484,h:21},
{t:"empowerment of the Spirit is linked to ministry among the poor. ",p:114,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Gangs of bandits that functioned out of the community at ",p:114,x:121,y:146,w:401,h:19},
{t:"times came right into the church building for their gang ",p:114,x:121,y:165,w:385,h:19},
{t:"wars. Once a gang returned a loudspeaker system stolen ",p:114,x:121,y:184,w:405,h:19},
{t:"from the church, fearing that they would receive God’s ",p:114,x:121,y:203,w:383,h:19},
{t:"judgment if they kept goods stolen from him.",p:114,x:121,y:222,w:310,h:19},
{t:"Another time, a woman walked up the aisle, knife in hand. ",p:114,x:121,y:251,w:409,h:19},
{t:"She slashed at the pastor across the pulpit, missed, and ",p:114,x:121,y:270,w:397,h:19},
{t:"fell to the ground under the protective power of the Spirit of ",p:114,x:121,y:289,w:416,h:19},
{t:"God.",p:114,x:121,y:308,w:34,h:19},
{t:"The pastor’s hands shook as he talked. Three years of ",p:114,x:121,y:337,w:386,h:19},
{t:"stress to establish this church were taking their toll. He ",p:114,x:121,y:356,w:386,h:19},
{t:"worked during the days to support himself, and preached ",p:114,x:121,y:375,w:403,h:19},
{t:"and worshiped every night.",p:114,x:121,y:394,w:189,h:19},
{t:"We left him in the middle of the road at the entrance to the ",p:114,x:121,y:423,w:411,h:19},
{t:"favela—an unschooled man with the intellect of a professor. ",p:114,x:121,y:442,w:423,h:19},
{t:"A missionary for the slums of Asia?",p:114,x:121,y:461,w:247,h:19},
{t:"We founded a new mission to send such men to Asia.",p:114,x:121,y:490,w:376,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:114,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:114,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"110",p:114,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"111",p:115,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"From Latin Growth to Asian Need",p:115,x:361,y:76,w:209,h:16},
{t:"Mainline evangelicals have tended to be more a book culture ",p:115,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the middle classes.",p:115,x:91,y:138,w:192,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:115,x:121,y:160,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Pentecostal reluctance to require a lot of time in semi-",p:115,x:151,y:160,w:420,h:21},
{t:"naries and Bible schools seems to encourage the devel opment of ",p:115,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pioneering leaders. In Asia, a Bible-school approach to training ",p:115,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"leaders unintentionally results in training poorer rural pastors for ",p:115,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"middle-class status in the cities.",p:115,x:91,y:248,w:232,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:115,x:121,y:270,w:13,h:21},
{t:"The middle classes in Latin America have been linked with ",p:115,x:151,y:270,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the Spanish and Portuguese, who have been closed to the gospel ",p:115,x:91,y:292,w:484,h:21},
{t:"outside of the Catholic tradition. The poor in Latin America, on ",p:115,x:91,y:314,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the other hand, come from the more oppressed indigenous cultures ",p:115,x:91,y:336,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that resent Span ish culture, even though they may be attracted by ",p:115,x:91,y:358,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the cultural flow in many ways. This is in contrast to the Asian ",p:115,x:91,y:380,w:484,h:21},
{t:"scene, where a positive attitude towards Western culture by the ",p:115,x:91,y:402,w:484,h:21},
{t:"upper and middle classes have meant a responsiveness at these ",p:115,x:91,y:424,w:484,h:21},
{t:"levels to the gospel, which is as sociated with the West. The poor ",p:115,x:91,y:446,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Asia, however, see their poverty linked with the oppression of ",p:115,x:91,y:468,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Christian co lonialists.",p:115,x:91,y:490,w:159,h:21},
{t:"Sending the Latin poor to Asia",p:115,x:91,y:530,w:265,h:24},
{t:"It is possible that God will raise up some apostles from ",p:115,x:121,y:561,w:454,h:21},
{t:"among the middle-class church of Asia to bridge the gulf to their ",p:115,x:91,y:583,w:484,h:21},
{t:"own squatter communities. Perhaps he will call some rich to live ",p:115,x:91,y:605,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the poor. On the other hand, why not co-opt some of these ",p:115,x:91,y:627,w:484,h:21},
{t:"trained Latin Americans—perhaps several hundred—to catalyze ",p:115,x:91,y:649,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this? They have the faith.",p:115,x:91,y:671,w:185,h:21},
{t:"In fifteen years, Pastor Waldemar of Brazil, while develop ing ",p:115,x:121,y:701,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the project Servos Entre Os Pobres under his mission Katros, has ",p:115,x:91,y:723,w:484,h:21},
{t:"recruited 350 missionaries for this task. The Brazilian church does ",p:115,x:91,y:745,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not have all of the finances needed to get them there, nor to enable ",p:115,x:91,y:767,w:484,h:21},
{t:"them to survive. By faith, they wait on God, and press ahead into ",p:115,x:91,y:789,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other Latin countries, for God will overcome this barrier. Other ",p:115,x:91,y:811,w:484,h:21},
{t:"missions in Brazil arrange for their missionaries to spend time in ",p:115,x:91,y:833,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Western na tions en route to the field as a way to raise money.",p:115,x:91,y:855,w:451,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:115,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:115,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"111",p:115,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"112",p:116,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:116,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Brazilian ",p:116,x:121,y:116,w:71,h:21},
{t:"culture ",p:116,x:201,y:116,w:55,h:21},
{t:"breeds ",p:116,x:264,y:116,w:52,h:21},
{t:"resilience. ",p:116,x:325,y:116,w:79,h:21},
{t:"The ",p:116,x:413,y:116,w:33,h:21},
{t:"character ",p:116,x:454,y:116,w:71,h:21},
{t:"of ",p:116,x:534,y:116,w:19,h:21},
{t:"a ",p:116,x:562,y:116,w:12,h:21},
{t:"missionary was woven into the history of the people. In their ",p:116,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"strengths—relationship, worship, and spiritual dyna mism—they ",p:116,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"may ",p:116,x:91,y:182,w:36,h:21},
{t:"also ",p:116,x:135,y:182,w:34,h:21},
{t:"find ",p:116,x:177,y:182,w:34,h:21},
{t:"their ",p:116,x:219,y:182,w:38,h:21},
{t:"weaknesses. ",p:116,x:265,y:182,w:94,h:21},
{t:"Excessive ",p:116,x:367,y:182,w:77,h:21},
{t:"dependence ",p:116,x:453,y:182,w:91,h:21},
{t:"on ",p:116,x:552,y:182,w:22,h:21},
{t:"Brazilian culture, arrogance towards artisti cally-poor cultures, ",p:116,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and a worldview leaving little room for loner-types are difficulties ",p:116,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that have been experienced on the field.",p:116,x:91,y:248,w:291,h:21},
{t:"A new missions movement",p:116,x:91,y:288,w:235,h:24},
{t:"Someone had drawn a city on the blackboard with a favela on ",p:116,x:121,y:319,w:454,h:21},
{t:"either side—a picture of one of the world’s richest mega-cities, ",p:116,x:91,y:341,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Sao Paulo, with its fifteen million people and multiplex of cities, ",p:116,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and skyscrapers pointing up into the skies.",p:116,x:91,y:385,w:311,h:21},
{t:"As I was preaching to this group with a determination to “push ",p:116,x:121,y:415,w:454,h:21},
{t:"through” until a new mission movement had emerged, the Spirit ",p:116,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of God descended! I preached the burden of my heart; preached of ",p:116,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the needs of the poor of Asia; of the needs of an Asian church that ",p:116,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is unable to reach the poor by herself; of the contrast between the ",p:116,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"5,200 churches at that time in Sao Paulo and the 132 in the city of ",p:116,x:91,y:525,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Calcutta—two cities of equal size.",p:116,x:91,y:547,w:252,h:21},
{t:"God had prepared this people as he is preparing people ",p:116,x:121,y:576,w:454,h:21},
{t:"throughout Brazil. Of the thirty people who came forward to give ",p:116,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their lives for ministry in the favelas, twenty have the intention of ",p:116,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"going overseas. I looked out to see a sea of smiling faces—men ",p:116,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and women with commitment and experience.",p:116,x:91,y:664,w:339,h:21},
{t:"The next week, this group gathered again, eager to learn and ",p:116,x:121,y:694,w:454,h:21},
{t:"excited about the commitment they were entering into. For 18 ",p:116,x:91,y:716,w:484,h:21},
{t:"months, their mission had been developing a ministry to the street ",p:116,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"children. Now they were entering a new phase—ministry among the ",p:116,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"favelados. We talked of the theology and practice of planting a church ",p:116,x:91,y:782,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the poor. Already there were contacts in three favelas through ",p:116,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the ministry to the street children. Team leaders were assigned to ",p:116,x:91,y:826,w:484,h:21},
{t:"evaluate some favelas and prepare to get teams into them.",p:116,x:91,y:848,w:403,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:116,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:116,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"112",p:116,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"113",p:117,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"From Latin Growth to Asian Need",p:117,x:361,y:76,w:209,h:16},
{t:"A church and economic base",p:117,x:91,y:115,w:254,h:24},
{t:"That day a new phase had begun—a phase of training not ",p:117,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"only missionaries from Brazil but missionaries for the poor. In ",p:117,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, the greatest movements among the ",p:117,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"urban poor of any place in Asia and Latin America exist—over ",p:117,x:91,y:212,w:484,h:21},
{t:"three thousand churches in the favelas, usually led by favelados ",p:117,x:91,y:234,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who have gifts of pastoring and have chosen voluntarily to remain ",p:117,x:91,y:256,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the favelas and love the poor.",p:117,x:91,y:278,w:234,h:21},
{t:"For every missionary, thirty people need to tithe. Can churches ",p:117,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"be taught a new pattern of giving? Can pastors intent on building ",p:117,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"empires release this money from Brazil to the greater needs in ",p:117,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"nations now unknown to them?",p:117,x:91,y:373,w:230,h:21},
{t:"We do not expect significant church planting to take place ",p:117,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:21},
{t:"among the Asian squatter areas by people from the affluent ",p:117,x:91,y:425,w:484,h:21},
{t:"West—affluence makes ",p:117,x:91,y:447,w:185,h:21},
{t:"it ",p:117,x:282,y:447,w:14,h:21},
{t:"too hard to live among the poor. ",p:117,x:302,y:447,w:273,h:21},
{t:"Western mission to the poor tends to be defined as development. ",p:117,x:91,y:469,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Traditional Western theology and structures do not meet the needs ",p:117,x:91,y:491,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the poor. I say this, despite having set up two missions from ",p:117,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Western nations to accom plish this goal, and having an extensive ",p:117,x:91,y:535,w:484,h:21},
{t:"background in community development.",p:117,x:91,y:557,w:297,h:21},
{t:"Foreigners, be they Western or Latin, are an important catalyst ",p:117,x:121,y:586,w:454,h:21},
{t:"for the national Asian churches. But they are only a catalyst. We ",p:117,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"must model in such a way that indigenous ministries, indigenous ",p:117,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"leadership, and indigenous missions emerge. The aim is not mis-",p:117,x:91,y:652,w:480,h:21},
{t:"sion. This is too small. Nor is it church growth. This is too limited.",p:117,x:91,y:674,w:480,h:21},
{t:"The aim is the discipling of the peoples—indigenous, discipling ",p:117,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements among the squatters in a city. These will not emerge ",p:117,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from highly fi nanced mission programs. Missions that would ",p:117,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"catalyze these must be sending workers who choose lifestyles of ",p:117,x:91,y:762,w:484,h:21},
{t:"vol untary poverty among the poor.",p:117,x:91,y:784,w:255,h:21},
{t:"God ",p:117,x:121,y:814,w:36,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:117,x:163,y:814,w:16,h:21},
{t:"calling for Latin missions with commitments to ",p:117,x:186,y:814,w:389,h:21},
{t:"lifestyles of non-destitute and incarnational poverty —and years ",p:117,x:91,y:836,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:117,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:117,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"113",p:117,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"114",p:118,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:118,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"of voluntary singleness for many—to catalyze indige nous move-",p:118,x:91,y:116,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ments of churches among the unreached squatters of Asia.",p:118,x:91,y:138,w:427,h:21},
{t:"How much could God do?",p:118,x:91,y:178,w:227,h:24},
{t:"At the 1989 Lausanne II Congress in Manila, a gathering ",p:118,x:121,y:209,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of many of the world’s evangelical leaders, there was a major ",p:118,x:91,y:231,w:484,h:21},
{t:"strategic focus on the urban poor. Mission strategists had just ",p:118,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:21},
{t:"brought together lists of strategic goals for the year AD 2000, ",p:118,x:91,y:275,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and they were requested to revise these goals, placing a primary ",p:118,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"emphasis on the urban poor.",p:118,x:91,y:319,w:207,h:21},
{t:"The target proposed was threefold: a vital, ministering church, ",p:118,x:121,y:349,w:454,h:21},
{t:"culturally and geographically accessible to every urban poor person; ",p:118,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a movement of churches of the poor in every major city; and transfor-",p:118,x:91,y:393,w:480,h:21},
{t:"mation of slums and squatter areas. God will do what we ask.",p:118,x:91,y:415,w:428,h:21},
{t:"As you read, please bow and pray for:",p:118,x:121,y:444,w:278,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:118,x:121,y:474,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Two incarnational workers in every squatter area.",p:118,x:151,y:474,w:364,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:118,x:121,y:503,w:13,h:21},
{t:"A church in every squatter area.",p:118,x:151,y:503,w:234,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:118,x:121,y:533,w:13,h:21},
{t:"A movement among the poor in each mega-city.",p:118,x:151,y:533,w:354,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:118,x:121,y:562,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Transformation of slums and squatter areas in some cities.",p:118,x:151,y:562,w:416,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:118,x:121,y:592,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Incarnational workers from among the poor who can af-",p:118,x:151,y:592,w:411,h:21},
{t:"fect economic and social structures and political options.",p:118,x:151,y:614,w:416,h:21},
{t:"6.",p:118,x:121,y:643,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Mission leaders to make the squatters a priority.",p:118,x:151,y:643,w:352,h:21},
{t:"7.",p:118,x:121,y:673,w:13,h:21},
{t:"A major thrust from Latin America and Filipino ",p:118,x:151,y:673,w:356,h:21},
{t:"churches to other Asian squatter areas.",p:118,x:151,y:695,w:283,h:21},
{t:"8.",p:118,x:121,y:724,w:13,h:21},
{t:"50,000 cross-cultural workers in the slums raising up ",p:118,x:151,y:724,w:393,h:21},
{t:"indigenous leaders movements of 10,000 in each city.",p:118,x:151,y:746,w:394,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:118,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:118,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"114",p:118,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"115",p:119,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Eight",p:119,x:196,y:115,w:122,h:24},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:119,x:196,y:150,w:359,h:32},
{t:"Let me describe a personal pilgrimage. It has resulted in the ",p:119,x:121,y:281,w:454,h:21},
{t:"establishment of the Urban Leadership Foundation and several ",p:119,x:91,y:303,w:484,h:21},
{t:"other missions and religious orders. It is now being worked out ",p:119,x:91,y:325,w:484,h:21},
{t:"through the building of a network of many missions towards the ",p:119,x:91,y:347,w:484,h:21},
{t:"urban poor in the Encarnação Alliance.",p:119,x:91,y:369,w:287,h:21},
{t:"The Jesus of the poor",p:119,x:91,y:410,w:190,h:24},
{t:"When I first entered the slums, I found an integration of all I ",p:119,x:121,y:440,w:454,h:21},
{t:"had known about the life of following Jesus—a sense of the pres-",p:119,x:91,y:462,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ence of his Spirit, preaching, humility, loving, and caring. And I ",p:119,x:91,y:484,w:484,h:21},
{t:"knew that I had found a key to under standing the heart of the one ",p:119,x:91,y:506,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who chose to be poor among the poor.",p:119,x:91,y:528,w:281,h:21},
{t:"Living in the slums also brought me to the central pur pose that ",p:119,x:121,y:558,w:454,h:21},
{t:"links Jesus’ works together—a passion for knowing God. Out of ",p:119,x:91,y:580,w:484,h:21},
{t:"all of this came the first draft of The Lifestyle and Values, which ",p:119,x:91,y:602,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has defined the core values of the various missions that since have ",p:119,x:91,y:624,w:484,h:21},
{t:"been established.",p:119,x:91,y:646,w:125,h:21},
{t:"During those early years, we defined our central purpose as ",p:119,x:121,y:675,w:454,h:21},
{t:"knowing and following Christ. From this and for this all other ",p:119,x:91,y:697,w:484,h:21},
{t:"purposes flow.",p:119,x:91,y:719,w:107,h:21},
{t:"Purpose one: following Christ",p:119,x:91,y:760,w:260,h:24},
{t:"We desire individually and corporately to develop intimacy ",p:119,x:121,y:806,w:401,h:19},
{t:"with Christ and to walk in his footsteps. This means imitating ",p:119,x:121,y:825,w:416,h:19},
{t:"his character and attitudes as we seek to live out his ",p:119,x:121,y:844,w:361,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:119,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:119,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"115",p:119,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"116",p:120,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:120,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"principles of self-denial, sacrifice, and service in the context ",p:120,x:121,y:116,w:410,h:19},
{t:"of the twentieth century slums of the world’s great cities.",p:120,x:121,y:135,w:383,h:19},
{t:"The desire to follow Christ results in a certain lifestyle, both ",p:120,x:121,y:164,w:417,h:19},
{t:"among the poor and when relating to the middle class.",p:120,x:121,y:183,w:380,h:19},
{t:"1.",p:120,x:121,y:212,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Identification",p:120,x:151,y:212,w:88,h:19},
{t:"Following Jesus’ pattern, who “though he was rich, yet for ",p:120,x:121,y:241,w:398,h:19},
{t:"your sake he became poor, so that by his poverty you might ",p:120,x:121,y:260,w:414,h:19},
{t:"become rich” (2 Corinthians 8:9), we commit ourselves to live ",p:120,x:121,y:279,w:423,h:19},
{t:"and work among the urban poor, to live as nearly as possible ",p:120,x:121,y:298,w:421,h:19},
{t:"to their standard of living, while maintaining reasonable ",p:120,x:121,y:317,w:380,h:19},
{t:"health and recognizing emotional, physical, cultural, and ",p:120,x:121,y:336,w:388,h:19},
{t:"family limitations. We intend always to master the language ",p:120,x:121,y:355,w:410,h:19},
{t:"and culture of the people among whom we minister.",p:120,x:121,y:374,w:354,h:19},
{t:"2.",p:120,x:121,y:403,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Non-destitute poverty",p:120,x:151,y:403,w:150,h:19},
{t:"The Master not only chose poverty in birth, life, and death, ",p:120,x:121,y:432,w:411,h:19},
{t:"he also calls his servants to such a lifestyle. We recognize ",p:120,x:121,y:451,w:411,h:19},
{t:"our basic needs for food and clothing (1 Timothy 6:6-8, ",p:120,x:121,y:470,w:388,h:19},
{t:"Matthew 6:25-33), which may include tools of our trade ",p:120,x:121,y:489,w:388,h:19},
{t:"or children’s toys. We recognize the just need, inferred ",p:120,x:121,y:508,w:386,h:19},
{t:"from the Scriptures for each family to own its own home, ",p:120,x:121,y:527,w:398,h:19},
{t:"although some, like the Master, may choose a mobile, ",p:120,x:121,y:546,w:382,h:19},
{t:"apostolic life with nowhere to lay one’s head (Luke 9:58). In ",p:120,x:121,y:565,w:419,h:19},
{t:"putting our treasure in heaven, we covet the unsearchable ",p:120,x:121,y:584,w:411,h:19},
{t:"riches of Christ.",p:120,x:121,y:603,w:109,h:19},
{t:"We desire to possess nothing that cannot be shared with ",p:120,x:121,y:632,w:384,h:19},
{t:"those around us. Regarding what we have, we hold it not as ",p:120,x:121,y:651,w:405,h:19},
{t:"our own but rather as lent to us for a season. We will seek to ",p:120,x:121,y:670,w:408,h:19},
{t:"exclude from both our personal and communal lives the cares ",p:120,x:121,y:689,w:417,h:19},
{t:"of the world, the delight in riches, and the desire for other ",p:120,x:121,y:708,w:384,h:19},
{t:"things (Mark 4:19). We will avoid the abundance of communal ",p:120,x:121,y:727,w:418,h:19},
{t:"properties or wealth. Buildings, administration, and ministry ",p:120,x:121,y:746,w:398,h:19},
{t:"shall be developed in the simplest manner consistent with ",p:120,x:121,y:765,w:390,h:19},
{t:"good health and with efficient, well-pleasing work.",p:120,x:121,y:784,w:331,h:19},
{t:"3.",p:120,x:121,y:813,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Inner simplicity",p:120,x:151,y:813,w:104,h:19},
{t:"Renouncing possessions is an outworking of an inner ",p:120,x:121,y:842,w:378,h:19},
{t:"simplifying of our lives which leads to the openness, ",p:120,x:121,y:861,w:367,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:120,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:120,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"116",p:120,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"117",p:121,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:121,x:398,y:76,w:172,h:16},
{t:"Jesus the apostle",p:121,x:91,y:495,w:153,h:24},
{t:"During the long hours in prayer and the obedience of en tering ",p:121,x:121,y:525,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the slums in Manila in those early days, a new knowledge of the ",p:121,x:91,y:547,w:484,h:21},
{t:"presence of God and a release of power came. Surprisingly, God, ",p:121,x:91,y:569,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in his sovereign will, did not per mit me to remain in the slums of ",p:121,x:91,y:591,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Manila.",p:121,x:91,y:613,w:56,h:21},
{t:"God had his hand in this apparent blockage to ministry among ",p:121,x:121,y:643,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the poor and used it. His was a broader vision than mine. Out ",p:121,x:91,y:665,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the pain of leaving the poor came the urge to create a book ",p:121,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that has changed lives, calling men and women to live among ",p:121,x:91,y:709,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poor. Companion to the Poor was the formulation of a new ",p:121,x:91,y:731,w:484,h:21},
{t:"evangelical theology ",p:121,x:91,y:753,w:163,h:21},
{t:"for ",p:121,x:262,y:753,w:25,h:21},
{t:"living ",p:121,x:295,y:753,w:47,h:21},
{t:"and working ",p:121,x:350,y:753,w:103,h:21},
{t:"incarnationally ",p:121,x:461,y:753,w:114,h:21},
{t:"among the destitute.1 At that time, such a ministry was not easily ",p:121,x:91,y:775,w:484,h:21},
{t:"accomplished within ac cepted evangelical beliefs. God has since ",p:121,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:21},
{t:"brought about a growing evangelical commitment to core biblical ",p:121,x:91,y:819,w:484,h:21},
{t:"truths affirming such ministries. Indeed, such a theology is now ",p:121,x:91,y:841,w:484,h:21},
{t:"becoming popular under the theme of the kingdom of God. ",p:121,x:91,y:863,w:437,h:21},
{t:"gentleness, spontaneity, and serenity that marked the ",p:121,x:121,y:116,w:380,h:19},
{t:"Master. In renouncing possessions we seek to simplify our ",p:121,x:121,y:135,w:413,h:19},
{t:"external lives in order to simplify more clearly our inner lives ",p:121,x:121,y:154,w:423,h:19},
{t:"and focus on knowing our Lord.",p:121,x:121,y:173,w:220,h:19},
{t:"Along with outward poverty, we desire an inner humility; ",p:121,x:121,y:202,w:395,h:19},
{t:"along with servant works, we seek the spirit of a true ",p:121,x:121,y:221,w:371,h:19},
{t:"servant. In caring little for this world where we are strangers ",p:121,x:121,y:240,w:422,h:19},
{t:"and pilgrims, we set our hearts on that spiritual home where ",p:121,x:121,y:259,w:423,h:19},
{t:"our treasure is being saved up, and on that glory which we ",p:121,x:121,y:278,w:413,h:19},
{t:"shall share with our Lord, provided we suffer with him.",p:121,x:121,y:297,w:377,h:19},
{t:"We encourage middle-class Christians to such simplicity ",p:121,x:121,y:326,w:398,h:19},
{t:"of lifestyle. For some it means earning less, and using ",p:121,x:121,y:345,w:381,h:19},
{t:"their time for the kingdom. For others it means to earn ",p:121,x:121,y:364,w:381,h:19},
{t:"much, consume little, hoard nothing, give generously, and ",p:121,x:121,y:383,w:409,h:19},
{t:"celebrate living. Such lifestyles are infinitely varied. We ",p:121,x:121,y:402,w:388,h:19},
{t:"refuse to judge others in such areas.",p:121,x:121,y:421,w:256,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:121,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:121,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"117",p:121,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"118",p:122,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:122,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"As I worked on that book, I had a growing sense of God ",p:122,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"speaking, commanding the mobilization of the church in my own ",p:122,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"nation of New Zealand—an apostolic movement of missionary ",p:122,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"entrepreneurs to the poor of Asia’s slums. Servants to Asia’s ",p:122,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Urban Poor was born.",p:122,x:91,y:204,w:160,h:21},
{t:"It was developed around the document that I partially quoted ",p:122,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"above, The Lifestyle and Values. These values had grown out of ",p:122,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"reflection on the older historical orders, and a realization that core ",p:122,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"values are far more important than structure in ministry. A second ",p:122,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"booklet, A Strategy to Reach the Poor of the World’s Mega-Cities, ",p:122,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dealt with the wider vision.2",p:122,x:91,y:343,w:205,h:21},
{t:"I went back and studied the lives of the great pioneers of ",p:122,x:121,y:373,w:454,h:21},
{t:"earlier centuries, particularly Assisi, Xavier, and Wesley. The ",p:122,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"notable thing about their movements, in contrast with modern ",p:122,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mission societies, was a primary emphasis on knowing God. This ",p:122,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has been a central value in Catholic orders working among the ",p:122,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor. (I am not here affirming their doctrines—only looking at the ",p:122,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"effectiveness of their structure.) For example, although famous ",p:122,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for her social work, Mother Teresa’s workers spend only five ",p:122,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hours per day in work; most of the day is spent in prayer and in ",p:122,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the Word.",p:122,x:91,y:571,w:73,h:21},
{t:"This primacy of spiritual discipline, of seeking God, is absent ",p:122,x:121,y:600,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in most Protestant missions whose aims are the work for God, ",p:122,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rather than to know God.",p:122,x:91,y:644,w:183,h:21},
{t:"Purpose two: knowing Christ",p:122,x:91,y:685,w:253,h:24},
{t:"In our minds, knowing God includes the traditional evangeli-",p:122,x:121,y:716,w:450,h:21},
{t:"cal understanding of knowing God in obedience, through time in ",p:122,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"prayer and the Word, together with the Franciscan perspective ",p:122,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that knowing God is to be found through loving the poor, and ",p:122,x:91,y:782,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the Old Testament perspective that righteousness involves social ",p:122,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"justice. The result is some lifestyle commitments and spiritual ",p:122,x:91,y:826,w:484,h:21},
{t:"disciplines.",p:122,x:91,y:848,w:83,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:122,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:122,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"118",p:122,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"119",p:123,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:123,x:398,y:76,w:172,h:16},
{t:"We seek to know our Lord more intimately through:",p:123,x:119,y:116,w:358,h:19},
{t:"•",p:123,x:157,y:145,w:5,h:19},
{t:"Obedience and devotion.",p:123,x:187,y:145,w:176,h:19},
{t:"•",p:123,x:157,y:174,w:5,h:19},
{t:"Simplicity of possessions and renunciation of ",p:123,x:187,y:174,w:319,h:19},
{t:"wealth (Luke 14:33).",p:123,x:187,y:193,w:143,h:19},
{t:"•",p:123,x:157,y:222,w:5,h:19},
{t:"Incarnation and service among the poor of the ",p:123,x:187,y:222,w:327,h:19},
{t:"slums (Matthew 25:34–40).",p:123,x:187,y:241,w:190,h:19},
{t:"•",p:123,x:157,y:270,w:5,h:19},
{t:"Preaching the gospel to the poor (Luke 4:18).",p:123,x:187,y:270,w:317,h:19},
{t:"•",p:123,x:157,y:299,w:5,h:19},
{t:"Seeking justice for the poor (Jeremiah 22:16).",p:123,x:187,y:299,w:320,h:19},
{t:"•",p:123,x:157,y:328,w:5,h:19},
{t:"Commitment to community.",p:123,x:187,y:328,w:192,h:19},
{t:"1.",p:123,x:119,y:362,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Spiritual disciplines",p:123,x:149,y:362,w:134,h:19},
{t:"We believe our whole lifestyle should become a true walking ",p:123,x:119,y:391,w:417,h:19},
{t:"in the Spirit. We hold to the importance of Spirit-directed ",p:123,x:119,y:410,w:387,h:19},
{t:"self-discipline in the cultivation of spirituality, through regular ",p:123,x:119,y:429,w:415,h:19},
{t:"meditation, study of the Word, worship, prayer, and fasting. ",p:123,x:119,y:448,w:408,h:19},
{t:"We recognize that without steadfastness in these disciplines ",p:123,x:119,y:467,w:416,h:19},
{t:"our lives will be inadequate to cope with the stresses of living ",p:123,x:119,y:486,w:421,h:19},
{t:"among the poor. Our first work is intercession, from which ",p:123,x:119,y:505,w:399,h:19},
{t:"springs our ministry.",p:123,x:119,y:524,w:138,h:19},
{t:"2.",p:123,x:119,y:558,w:13,h:19},
{t:"A lifestyle of celebration",p:123,x:149,y:558,w:167,h:19},
{t:"Our lives are to be a sign of joy among the people. The ",p:123,x:119,y:587,w:389,h:19},
{t:"center of our lifestyle is the daily celebration of our Lord’s ",p:123,x:119,y:606,w:403,h:19},
{t:"death and resurrection. Wherever we go, we seek to lead ",p:123,x:119,y:625,w:405,h:19},
{t:"others into this celebration of the resurrected Lord, bringing ",p:123,x:119,y:644,w:418,h:19},
{t:"the hope of Christ into slums without hope, the joy of Christ ",p:123,x:119,y:663,w:418,h:19},
{t:"into slums of despair.",p:123,x:119,y:682,w:149,h:19},
{t:"3.",p:123,x:119,y:716,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Joy in suffering",p:123,x:149,y:716,w:106,h:19},
{t:"We rejoice, too, in suffering, knowing that suffering ",p:123,x:119,y:745,w:359,h:19},
{t:"produces character (Romans 5:3-5; James 1:2:4).",p:123,x:119,y:764,w:349,h:19},
{t:"4.",p:123,x:119,y:798,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Sabbath and jubilee rest",p:123,x:149,y:798,w:170,h:19},
{t:"Celebration, rest, and joy were built into the Scriptures in ",p:123,x:119,y:827,w:401,h:19},
{t:"the concepts of the jubilee and Sabbaths. Knowing that joy ",p:123,x:119,y:846,w:415,h:19},
{t:"flags under overwork, we will zealously keep free one day ",p:123,x:119,y:865,w:408,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:123,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:123,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"119",p:123,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"120",p:124,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:124,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Only after these objectives came the work goal of the mis-",p:124,x:121,y:337,w:449,h:21},
{t:"sions: establishing multiplying fellowships. Growing from the ",p:124,x:91,y:359,w:484,h:21},
{t:"center of evangelical and charismatic Christianity, and based ",p:124,x:91,y:381,w:484,h:21},
{t:"on four years in the slums of Manila, the minis try values that ",p:124,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:21},
{t:"enable this to happen emerged. I had enough experiences with ",p:124,x:91,y:425,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the dramatic intervention of the Holy Spirit in ministry among the ",p:124,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor to realize that he is the one who founds churches, missions, ",p:124,x:91,y:469,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and movements. During these years, I had also grappled with the ",p:124,x:91,y:491,w:484,h:21},
{t:"social and economic factors associated with poverty.",p:124,x:91,y:513,w:386,h:21},
{t:"Purpose three: establishing multiplying fellowships",p:124,x:91,y:554,w:449,h:24},
{t:"We desire to help in the establishing of multiplying ",p:124,x:121,y:606,w:355,h:19},
{t:"movements of disciples congregated into indigenous ",p:124,x:121,y:625,w:372,h:19},
{t:"fellowships and churches which minister according to the ",p:124,x:121,y:644,w:403,h:19},
{t:"gifting and power of the Spirit. With the Bible as our rule for ",p:124,x:121,y:663,w:418,h:19},
{t:"faith and practice, we affirm the following values. These are ",p:124,x:121,y:682,w:420,h:19},
{t:"not rules but shared emphases.",p:124,x:121,y:701,w:221,h:19},
{t:"1.",p:124,x:121,y:735,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Evangelism and disciple-making",p:124,x:151,y:735,w:226,h:19},
{t:"Our primary commitment as communities is to go and ",p:124,x:121,y:764,w:379,h:19},
{t:"preach the gospel (Mark 16:15), and to go and make ",p:124,x:121,y:783,w:373,h:19},
{t:"disciples of all nations (Matthew 28:18–20). We recognize ",p:124,x:121,y:802,w:409,h:19},
{t:"that this central thrust occurs in the midst of a wide ",p:124,x:121,y:821,w:359,h:19},
{t:"diversity of ministry, gifts, and calling. While our Master was ",p:124,x:121,y:840,w:422,h:19},
{t:"preaching, he also went about doing good (Acts 10:38), ",p:124,x:121,y:859,w:392,h:19},
{t:"per week for rest outside of the slum areas. We will season ",p:124,x:121,y:116,w:417,h:19},
{t:"our year with weeks for celebration and festivity, rest, ",p:124,x:121,y:135,w:376,h:19},
{t:"and retreat. The seventh year should be a year for rest, ",p:124,x:121,y:154,w:391,h:19},
{t:"reflection, and recommitment.",p:124,x:121,y:173,w:208,h:19},
{t:"5.",p:124,x:121,y:207,w:13,h:19},
{t:"Self-examination",p:124,x:151,y:207,w:117,h:19},
{t:"We will read and review our lives at least monthly, rewriting ",p:124,x:121,y:236,w:418,h:19},
{t:"our values and lifestyle yearly, in consultation with a ",p:124,x:121,y:255,w:367,h:19},
{t:"spiritual adviser.",p:124,x:121,y:274,w:114,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:124,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:124,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"120",p:124,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"121",p:125,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:125,x:398,y:76,w:172,h:16},
{t:"healing the sick and delivering from demons (Matthew 4:",p:125,x:121,y:116,w:395,h:19},
{t:"24), declaring the gospel by both word and deed.",p:125,x:121,y:135,w:343,h:19},
{t:"2. Service to the urban poor",p:125,x:121,y:169,w:195,h:19},
{t:"While acknowledging the love of Jesus for all men, we ",p:125,x:121,y:198,w:383,h:19},
{t:"choose to focus our love and discipling among the urban ",p:125,x:121,y:217,w:400,h:19},
{t:"poor of the Third World’s great cities, seeking to follow ",p:125,x:121,y:236,w:384,h:19},
{t:"Jesus’ approach of preaching the gospel to the poor (Luke ",p:125,x:121,y:255,w:412,h:19},
{t:"4:18).",p:125,x:121,y:274,w:40,h:19},
{t:"We will only minister extensively among the rich and middle ",p:125,x:121,y:303,w:421,h:19},
{t:"class if the poor are significantly helped as a result, and ",p:125,x:121,y:322,w:393,h:19},
{t:"upon consensus of the mission team.",p:125,x:121,y:341,w:261,h:19},
{t:"3. ",p:125,x:121,y:375,w:17,h:19},
{t:"The power of the Holy Spirit",p:125,x:151,y:375,w:195,h:19},
{t:"We choose to work in the power of the Holy Spirit, seeking ",p:125,x:121,y:404,w:413,h:19},
{t:"to lead others into the fullness of the Spirit, and into the ",p:125,x:121,y:423,w:390,h:19},
{t:"exercise of spiritual gifts and the expression of spiritual ",p:125,x:121,y:442,w:388,h:19},
{t:"fruit. We look to him as leader and administrator, the one ",p:125,x:121,y:461,w:402,h:19},
{t:"who opens new communities, who ministers, who reveals ",p:125,x:121,y:480,w:406,h:19},
{t:"God’s will, who heals and delivers. We expect him to work ",p:125,x:121,y:499,w:410,h:19},
{t:"miraculously on our behalf.",p:125,x:121,y:518,w:189,h:19},
{t:"4. ",p:125,x:121,y:552,w:17,h:19},
{t:"Peacemaking, justice ,and development",p:125,x:151,y:552,w:279,h:19},
{t:"We seek to live in harmony with all men, but in seeking ",p:125,x:121,y:581,w:388,h:19},
{t:"peace will be involved in reflecting the just nature of the ",p:125,x:121,y:600,w:392,h:19},
{t:"God we seek, into the structures of society, in such a way ",p:125,x:121,y:619,w:407,h:19},
{t:"as to speak out for, to defend, and to uplift the poor among ",p:125,x:121,y:638,w:415,h:19},
{t:"whom we work. We will act in such areas by being as wise ",p:125,x:121,y:657,w:413,h:19},
{t:"as serpents and harmless as doves, seeking to effect ",p:125,x:121,y:676,w:377,h:19},
{t:"change by bringing repentance and reconciliation, though ",p:125,x:121,y:695,w:406,h:19},
{t:"this may at times involve non-violent confrontations.",p:125,x:121,y:714,w:362,h:19},
{t:"In establishing poor people’s churches we will seek to avoid ",p:125,x:121,y:743,w:422,h:19},
{t:"social dislocation by reaching whole communities. We ",p:125,x:121,y:762,w:381,h:19},
{t:"seek also to establish technically skilled and economically ",p:125,x:121,y:781,w:409,h:19},
{t:"independent church leadership. We commit ourselves to ",p:125,x:121,y:800,w:398,h:19},
{t:"encouraging middle-class and rich Christians to give to the ",p:125,x:121,y:819,w:414,h:19},
{t:"poor, as Paul did (2 Corinthians 8:3–15), in order that some ",p:125,x:121,y:838,w:420,h:19},
{t:"level of equality be attained.",p:125,x:121,y:857,w:196,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:125,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:125,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"121",p:125,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"122",p:126,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:126,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"We seek to uplift the economy of the poor by working ",p:126,x:121,y:116,w:376,h:19},
{t:"where possible to get the skills to produce, the means of ",p:126,x:121,y:135,w:398,h:19},
{t:"production, and control of production into the hands of the ",p:126,x:121,y:154,w:409,h:19},
{t:"poor. This involves introducing appropriate technology, ",p:126,x:121,y:173,w:388,h:19},
{t:"cooperatives, cottage industries (in preference to mass ",p:126,x:121,y:192,w:388,h:19},
{t:"production), and profit sharing. Our intended model is ",p:126,x:121,y:211,w:378,h:19},
{t:"that of holistic ministry, and small rather than large-scale ",p:126,x:121,y:230,w:399,h:19},
{t:"projects.",p:126,x:121,y:249,w:59,h:19},
{t:"We are committed to biblical justice and equity and ",p:126,x:121,y:278,w:360,h:19},
{t:"therefore renounce the abuses of both capitalism and ",p:126,x:121,y:297,w:378,h:19},
{t:"Marxism. We renounce the greed of the profit motive, the ",p:126,x:121,y:316,w:403,h:19},
{t:"exploitation and dehumanization of humanity, and the ",p:126,x:121,y:335,w:379,h:19},
{t:"exhausting of irreplaceable natural resources by capitalism. ",p:126,x:121,y:354,w:420,h:19},
{t:"We renounce the use of force, violence, the class struggle, ",p:126,x:121,y:373,w:415,h:19},
{t:"and bitterness inherent in Marxism. While for specific goals ",p:126,x:121,y:392,w:417,h:19},
{t:"we may find ourselves aligned with various political groups, ",p:126,x:121,y:411,w:418,h:19},
{t:"we are committed to none but the politics of the kingdom of ",p:126,x:121,y:430,w:418,h:19},
{t:"God.",p:126,x:121,y:449,w:34,h:19},
{t:"Jesus, lover of the whole world",p:126,x:91,y:488,w:272,h:24},
{t:"God kept speaking of other cities through visions, mov ing ",p:126,x:121,y:519,w:454,h:21},
{t:"me to walk through them and intercede for them. (Every major ",p:126,x:91,y:541,w:484,h:21},
{t:"advance in ministry seems to have come to me this way. I am not ",p:126,x:91,y:563,w:484,h:21},
{t:"saying that others should expect this, or that young Christians, ",p:126,x:91,y:585,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with little discernment, should spend their time seeking this. I ",p:126,x:91,y:607,w:484,h:21},
{t:"only affirm that this has been my experience.) I began walking ",p:126,x:91,y:629,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the streets of other cities, and decided to write this book. His call ",p:126,x:91,y:651,w:484,h:21},
{t:"had changed from reaching the poor to reaching and transforming ",p:126,x:91,y:673,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the cities, including both the poor and those who create their ",p:126,x:91,y:695,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poverty.",p:126,x:91,y:717,w:60,h:21},
{t:"In the process, I took the core of a second team to Bang kok, ",p:126,x:121,y:746,w:454,h:21},
{t:"to survey and prepare for entrance into that city. This team is now ",p:126,x:91,y:768,w:484,h:21},
{t:"established, and the New Zealand mission is looking towards ",p:126,x:91,y:790,w:484,h:21},
{t:"another South Asian city. It has also devel oped an Australian ",p:126,x:91,y:812,w:484,h:21},
{t:"base.",p:126,x:91,y:834,w:37,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:126,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:126,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"122",p:126,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"123",p:127,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:127,x:398,y:76,w:172,h:16},
{t:"The call was obviously wider than what we had envis aged, and ",p:127,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the Lord spoke to me to move on and develop the broader mission, ",p:127,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rather than maintaining my leadership of the New Zealand work. ",p:127,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"God has gone on blessing that work. The workers on the field have ",p:127,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"continued to follow The Lifestyle and Values, for the foundations ",p:127,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"were well laid, with enough workers to give a group dynamic that ",p:127,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"has been lasting. And God’s promises at its outset have provided ",p:127,x:91,y:248,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a covenant with him for its continued growth.",p:127,x:91,y:270,w:335,h:21},
{t:"A large part of the success of these teams may be attrib uted to ",p:127,x:121,y:299,w:454,h:21},
{t:"their patterns of decision-making in a team context. These contain ",p:127,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the seeds of mutually laying down our lives for others.",p:127,x:91,y:343,w:400,h:21},
{t:"The Body of Christ",p:127,x:91,y:384,w:163,h:24},
{t:"One of my main callings in life has been to build teams, and ",p:127,x:121,y:415,w:454,h:21},
{t:"my experience in the slums led to a firm conviction that unless a ",p:127,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"team structure was built solidly into this mis sion, workers would ",p:127,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not survive the stresses. So one of the values became fellowship ",p:127,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of commitment.",p:127,x:91,y:503,w:117,h:21},
{t:"God gave a good initial team from New Zealand. Pete Fal-",p:127,x:121,y:532,w:449,h:21},
{t:"coner and his wife Libby sacrificed many years of their lives for ",p:127,x:91,y:554,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the establishing of the home base. Colin Harrington brought to ",p:127,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the work experience in team leadership from his previous years ",p:127,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Indonesia. Several workers emerged from the Spreydon Baptist ",p:127,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Church.",p:127,x:91,y:642,w:58,h:21},
{t:"1. ",p:127,x:121,y:693,w:17,h:19},
{t:"Fellowship of commitment",p:127,x:151,y:693,w:183,h:19},
{t:"We choose to work, together in communities of four to ",p:127,x:121,y:722,w:382,h:19},
{t:"twelve brothers and sisters, working in pairs or family units, ",p:127,x:121,y:741,w:417,h:19},
{t:"and coming together at least once every two weeks for ",p:127,x:121,y:760,w:387,h:19},
{t:"a time of training, of fun, or of ministry to one another, a ",p:127,x:121,y:779,w:393,h:19},
{t:"communal feast, a time of confession, and for celebration of ",p:127,x:121,y:798,w:423,h:19},
{t:"the death and resurrection of our Lord.",p:127,x:121,y:817,w:270,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:127,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:127,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"123",p:127,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"124",p:128,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:128,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"While guarding freedom of conscience and spirit-directed ",p:128,x:121,y:116,w:403,h:19},
{t:"individual initiative, we choose a partial sharing of income, ",p:128,x:121,y:135,w:410,h:19},
{t:"possessions, and ministry goals.",p:128,x:121,y:154,w:227,h:19},
{t:"2. ",p:128,x:121,y:188,w:17,h:19},
{t:"Decision-making in teams",p:128,x:151,y:188,w:181,h:19},
{t:"We commit ourselves to submission to one another. Each ",p:128,x:121,y:217,w:408,h:19},
{t:"of us has God-given and communally confirmed leadership ",p:128,x:121,y:236,w:417,h:19},
{t:"roles. We commit ourselves to obedience to our brothers ",p:128,x:121,y:255,w:401,h:19},
{t:"and sisters in these areas.",p:128,x:121,y:274,w:184,h:19},
{t:"In all questions of importance, as far as possible, decisions ",p:128,x:121,y:303,w:417,h:19},
{t:"should be made by consensus. If a community leader ",p:128,x:121,y:322,w:378,h:19},
{t:"senses a profound lack of agreement on an important issue, ",p:128,x:121,y:341,w:424,h:19},
{t:"let him reserve judgment and in order to go forward, make a ",p:128,x:121,y:360,w:424,h:19},
{t:"provisional decision, ready to return to it later, for standing ",p:128,x:121,y:379,w:410,h:19},
{t:"still is disobedience for brothers and sisters advancing ",p:128,x:121,y:398,w:383,h:19},
{t:"toward Christ. Those with responsibility for leadership must ",p:128,x:121,y:417,w:417,h:19},
{t:"exercise authority but with humility. If a grave crisis arises in ",p:128,x:121,y:436,w:424,h:19},
{t:"which there is a division of opinion, we will decide only after ",p:128,x:121,y:455,w:420,h:19},
{t:"at least a day of prayer, humbling, and fasting.",p:128,x:121,y:474,w:324,h:19},
{t:"Something old, something new",p:128,x:91,y:513,w:270,h:24},
{t:"I began to think about a dual-level missionary order, a concept ",p:128,x:121,y:544,w:454,h:21},
{t:"as old as the Franciscans and before. How could we call some to ",p:128,x:91,y:566,w:484,h:21},
{t:"live among the poor, and yet at the same time involve others who ",p:128,x:91,y:588,w:484,h:21},
{t:"loved the poor, but for one reason or another could not pay the ",p:128,x:91,y:610,w:484,h:21},
{t:"price of dwelling among the poor?",p:128,x:91,y:632,w:253,h:21},
{t:"Those of the first order are workers living right in among ",p:128,x:121,y:661,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the poor. Those of the second order are people who are giv ing ",p:128,x:91,y:683,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their lives to serve the poor, while not living among them. We ",p:128,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:21},
{t:"established the next mission, structuring Ser vants Among the ",p:128,x:91,y:727,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Poor (now Servant-Partners) as a religious order with vows of ",p:128,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:21},
{t:"non-destitute poverty that would send North Americans.",p:128,x:91,y:771,w:412,h:21},
{t:"The idea for Servants Among the Poor had come to me ",p:128,x:121,y:801,w:454,h:21},
{t:"one night, when I had a vision of twenty people in the slums of ",p:128,x:91,y:823,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Mexico, praying for the sick and preaching. Five weeks later, ",p:128,x:91,y:845,w:484,h:21},
{t:"twenty people were gathered there. Then came several months ",p:128,x:91,y:867,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:128,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:128,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"124",p:128,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"125",p:129,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:129,x:398,y:76,w:172,h:16},
{t:"of beautiful fellowship with Drs. Tom and Betty-Sue Brewster ",p:129,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"developing the organization. Tom initially gave leadership but ",p:129,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"passed away when I was in Cal cutta. I had to return to the States ",p:129,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to restructure Servants and to find ongoing leadership.",p:129,x:91,y:182,w:398,h:21},
{t:"Workers on every continent have come out of all of this. Betty-",p:129,x:121,y:211,w:450,h:21},
{t:"Sue Brewster now teaches a course on “Incarnational Mission ",p:129,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and the World’s Urban Poor” at Fuller Theological Seminary ",p:129,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Pasadena, California, along with several lan guage-learning ",p:129,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"courses. A group of people began a training program by living ",p:129,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the poor in downtown Los Ange les. Their community is ",p:129,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"known as Cambria Community.",p:129,x:91,y:343,w:234,h:21},
{t:"At the same time, Paul Miller, a brilliant and deeply-loved ",p:129,x:121,y:373,w:454,h:21},
{t:"friend, formed Urban Leadership Foundation (formerly Servants ",p:129,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"International Resources) on my behalf. This was set up so ",p:129,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that I could do research and would have an ongo ing ministry ",p:129,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"organization from which to spawn indigenous works. Through ",p:129,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this foundation, along with gifts from my New Zealand base, I ",p:129,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"supported myself while a missionary to the United States. I did ",p:129,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not want to use money given for the work, lest I be charged with ",p:129,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"coming to the States to make a fortune!",p:129,x:91,y:549,w:288,h:21},
{t:"This kind of cautiousness grows out of considering the ",p:129,x:121,y:578,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Apostle Paul’s examples of raising and using finances. We built ",p:129,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the work on several financial values.",p:129,x:91,y:622,w:268,h:21},
{t:"Responsible faith",p:129,x:91,y:663,w:152,h:24},
{t:"Jesus taught us not to be anxious about daily necessities, ",p:129,x:121,y:695,w:408,h:19},
{t:"for he will provide if we seek his kingdom (Matthew 6:25-",p:129,x:121,y:714,w:396,h:19},
{t:"34). We choose to live in this spirit of carefree trust and joy. ",p:129,x:121,y:733,w:419,h:19},
{t:"We expect that as we minister spiritually to others, God will ",p:129,x:121,y:752,w:417,h:19},
{t:"provide for us physically in return (1 Corinthians 9:10-12).",p:129,x:121,y:771,w:402,h:19},
{t:"We also recognize that in a twentieth century international ",p:129,x:121,y:800,w:410,h:19},
{t:"context this requires responsible financial structuring ",p:129,x:121,y:819,w:372,h:19},
{t:"by the sending churches and mission agencies through ",p:129,x:121,y:838,w:390,h:19},
{t:"whom much of God’s provisions are channeled. In general ",p:129,x:121,y:857,w:412,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:129,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:129,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"125",p:129,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"126",p:130,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:130,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"we trust God alone for our needs, while responsibly and ",p:130,x:121,y:116,w:395,h:19},
{t:"graciously making our needs known to others where ",p:130,x:121,y:135,w:369,h:19},
{t:"appropriate. In order to enter new areas, many will, ",p:130,x:121,y:154,w:361,h:19},
{t:"at times, like Paul, work in secular careers to support ",p:130,x:121,y:173,w:374,h:19},
{t:"themselves.",p:130,x:121,y:192,w:84,h:19},
{t:"Finding Jesus in Latin America",p:130,x:91,y:231,w:271,h:24},
{t:"The next work was birthed in the tenth city to which God ",p:130,x:121,y:262,w:454,h:21},
{t:"had directed me to intercede. On a hillside near Sao Paulo, in ",p:130,x:91,y:284,w:484,h:21},
{t:"an evening of prayer, it seemed good to ask God to capture the ",p:130,x:91,y:306,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dynamism of the emerging Brazilian mission thrust for the poor ",p:130,x:91,y:328,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of Asia. Under Pastor Waldemar who had planted many poor ",p:130,x:91,y:350,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people’s churches, and been central to the formation of another ",p:130,x:91,y:372,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mission, Servos Entre Os Pobres emerged, and is now a project of ",p:130,x:91,y:394,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the mission Kairos which he directs. This mission now has teams ",p:130,x:91,y:416,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the poor in thirteen Latin, Asian, and African cities.",p:130,x:91,y:438,w:433,h:21},
{t:"During the same night of prayer, God also spoke to me about ",p:130,x:121,y:467,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a wonderful Brazilian wife, Ieda, who would be my companion on ",p:130,x:91,y:489,w:484,h:21},
{t:"this journey in him. For many years God had left me single. In an ",p:130,x:91,y:511,w:484,h:21},
{t:"apostolic ministry among the poor, singleness is a gift that may be ",p:130,x:91,y:533,w:484,h:21},
{t:"greatly used. Taking a long look at the history of celibacy in the ",p:130,x:91,y:555,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church, we have en couraged both this and sacrifice in marriage.",p:130,x:91,y:577,w:467,h:21},
{t:"Gifts of singleness, sacrifice in marriage",p:130,x:91,y:618,w:352,h:24},
{t:"We recognize the importance of family life in the Scriptures, ",p:130,x:121,y:670,w:421,h:19},
{t:"yet, for the sake of the gospel, with an eye single to his ",p:130,x:121,y:689,w:389,h:19},
{t:"glory, and seeking a life of undivided devotion to him, many ",p:130,x:121,y:708,w:419,h:19},
{t:"of us will choose to remain single for some years, being ",p:130,x:121,y:727,w:393,h:19},
{t:"under no compulsion but having our desires under control ",p:130,x:121,y:746,w:408,h:19},
{t:"and not seeking marriage. Christ is our true companion and ",p:130,x:121,y:765,w:420,h:19},
{t:"comfort, who does not weaken human affection but enables ",p:130,x:121,y:784,w:422,h:19},
{t:"us to love more richly with his love all with whom we come ",p:130,x:121,y:803,w:411,h:19},
{t:"in contact.",p:130,x:121,y:822,w:72,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:130,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:130,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"126",p:130,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"127",p:131,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:131,x:398,y:76,w:172,h:16},
{t:"Some couples, for love of the poor, may remain childless for ",p:131,x:121,y:116,w:424,h:19},
{t:"a period of time. Yet others will be willing to be separated ",p:131,x:121,y:135,w:404,h:19},
{t:"from loved ones and children for periods of time. We count ",p:131,x:121,y:154,w:414,h:19},
{t:"on the Lord’s promise to repay a hundred fold for all such ",p:131,x:121,y:173,w:404,h:19},
{t:"sacrifice and remember always the gift to us that God the ",p:131,x:121,y:192,w:404,h:19},
{t:"Father made of his Son. Couples with children will need to ",p:131,x:121,y:211,w:411,h:19},
{t:"trust God wisely for the well-being of their children.",p:131,x:121,y:230,w:354,h:19},
{t:"We recognize these states as gifts from God and look with ",p:131,x:121,y:259,w:412,h:19},
{t:"confidence to him to give the grace needed for this life. In ",p:131,x:121,y:278,w:405,h:19},
{t:"thus accepting the demands of such a life we must ever ",p:131,x:121,y:297,w:394,h:19},
{t:"be on guard against the temptation to self-centeredness, ",p:131,x:121,y:316,w:400,h:19},
{t:"coldness, or a lack of sympathy with the interests of others.",p:131,x:121,y:335,w:414,h:19},
{t:"A call to the global Christian community",p:131,x:91,y:374,w:350,h:24},
{t:"Our role in each country has been to walk with Jesus, to speak ",p:131,x:121,y:405,w:454,h:21},
{t:"his Word. As his Word creates life, we draw together those called ",p:131,x:91,y:427,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into training cores, find and build a cohesive board, and appoint ",p:131,x:91,y:449,w:484,h:21},
{t:"an ongoing leader.",p:131,x:91,y:471,w:135,h:21},
{t:"But the task is far bigger than we can accomplish by set ting ",p:131,x:121,y:500,w:454,h:21},
{t:"up new missions. The call of Jesus, the warrior King, now leads ",p:131,x:91,y:522,w:484,h:21},
{t:"us to call, on his behalf, other missions into the battle for the poor. ",p:131,x:91,y:544,w:484,h:21},
{t:"There are missionaries whom we have trained and who have been ",p:131,x:91,y:566,w:484,h:21},
{t:"sent by other agencies with dif ferent structures. Invariably, they ",p:131,x:91,y:588,w:484,h:21},
{t:"have been prevented from fulfilling their calling to the poor by ",p:131,x:91,y:610,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the structures themselves. For this reason, I have begged mission ",p:131,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:21},
{t:"leaders to set up alternative orders within their own missions. This ",p:131,x:91,y:654,w:484,h:21},
{t:"was the reason behind writing chapter two of this book.",p:131,x:91,y:676,w:407,h:21},
{t:"God is doing this. At Lausanne II in Manila, a gathering of the ",p:131,x:121,y:706,w:454,h:21},
{t:"world’s evangelical leaders, God made the urban poor one of the ",p:131,x:91,y:728,w:484,h:21},
{t:"central themes of the congress, despite the fact the organizers did ",p:131,x:91,y:750,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not plan to feature them significantly on the program. The grandi-",p:131,x:91,y:772,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ose and possibly God-given plans of a related congress, “Global ",p:131,x:91,y:794,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Consultation on World Evan gelization by AD 2000 and Beyond,” ",p:131,x:91,y:816,w:484,h:21},
{t:"do not even mention the urban poor except as part of development ",p:131,x:91,y:838,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and aid pro grams. But the resulting AD 2000 movement accepted ",p:131,x:91,y:860,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:131,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:131,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"127",p:131,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"128",p:132,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:132,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"the urban poor as a central component to the development of this ",p:132,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movement.",p:132,x:91,y:138,w:81,h:21},
{t:"Particularly, at Lausanne II, God spoke through the song of ",p:132,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a well-known Filipino song writer, Gary Granada. Gary is a per-",p:132,x:91,y:189,w:480,h:21},
{t:"sonal friend, and we lived side by side in the slum of Tatalon. In ",p:132,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the beautiful poetry of the Philippines and to the lilt of a guitar, his ",p:132,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"song told of a little squatter home, and asked the question whether ",p:132,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"it really was a home. The impact on such a grand Congress was to ",p:132,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"focus its heart to wards the poor.",p:132,x:91,y:299,w:235,h:21},
{t:"At the same time, missions such as the Overseas Mis sionary ",p:132,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Fellowship (OMF) are encouraging workers to min ister in the ",p:132,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"slums. Worldwide Evangelization Crusade (WEC) leaders have ",p:132,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"talked of it, and will talk of it again. Youth With a Mission ",p:132,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(YWAM) has targeted the slums and attempted some works in ",p:132,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"them. YWAM is increasing its commitment to language and ",p:132,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"culture learning and to re cruit long-term workers committed to ",p:132,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church-planting.",p:132,x:91,y:483,w:120,h:21},
{t:"Jesus, the integrator of mega-cities",p:132,x:91,y:523,w:308,h:24},
{t:"Over a period of time, it has become apparent that the cries ",p:132,x:121,y:554,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of the poor will never be answered unless we under take battle on ",p:132,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"behalf of the cities that create their poverty. The next phase in ",p:132,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"following Jesus is a call to the cities, to pastor the pastors among ",p:132,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poor, to intercede, and to prophesy against those powers that ",p:132,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hold the poor enslaved.",p:132,x:91,y:664,w:171,h:21},
{t:"Jesus is king over cities, and over principalities and powers, ",p:132,x:121,y:694,w:454,h:21},
{t:"whether they be manifest in economic structures, modernization, ",p:132,x:91,y:716,w:484,h:21},
{t:"political ",p:132,x:91,y:738,w:64,h:21},
{t:"oppression, ",p:132,x:163,y:738,w:88,h:21},
{t:"or ",p:132,x:259,y:738,w:19,h:21},
{t:"government bureau cracy. ",p:132,x:287,y:738,w:198,h:21},
{t:"His ",p:132,x:493,y:738,w:30,h:21},
{t:"name ",p:132,x:531,y:738,w:44,h:21},
{t:"must be declared to those subject to the powers in each of these ",p:132,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"contexts.",p:132,x:91,y:782,w:65,h:21},
{t:"But the primary focus of accomplishing this task cannot be ",p:132,x:121,y:811,w:454,h:21},
{t:"upon Western missions but upon Third World missions. With or ",p:132,x:91,y:833,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:132,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:132,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"128",p:132,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"129",p:133,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Pilgrimage Among the Poor",p:133,x:398,y:76,w:172,h:16},
{t:"without the help of the West, they are going to reach the poor. ",p:133,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"This is the new direction of mission history.",p:133,x:91,y:138,w:322,h:21},
{t:"Consider the 60 mega-cities with over five million people, ",p:133,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"each containing an average of 500 slums. By the year 2010, if ",p:133,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the number of slums doubles as expected (along with prostitution ",p:133,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"areas, and drug gangs and prisons), and if we plan on two work-",p:133,x:91,y:233,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ers living in each area, we will need to see 120,000 workers in ",p:133,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"place and ministering if the poor of the world are to be reached. ",p:133,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Missions from Third World coun tries to Third World countries ",p:133,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"will be the catalysts of multi ple indigenous ministries.",p:133,x:91,y:321,w:397,h:21},
{t:"Thus Urban Leadership Foundation has developed ",p:133,x:121,y:351,w:408,h:21},
{t:"as ",p:133,x:536,y:351,w:19,h:21},
{t:"a ",p:133,x:562,y:351,w:12,h:21},
{t:"networking and training agency in many of these cities. Urban ",p:133,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Leadership Foundation is committed to mobilizing and building ",p:133,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"networks among existing missions and churches by:",p:133,x:91,y:417,w:381,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:133,x:121,y:446,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Catalyzing movements of churches among the poor.",p:133,x:151,y:446,w:382,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:133,x:121,y:476,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Establishing movements of disciples among the elite ",p:133,x:151,y:476,w:390,h:21},
{t:"who can transform the poverty.",p:133,x:151,y:498,w:229,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:133,x:121,y:527,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Bringing spiritual and structural renewal into urban ",p:133,x:151,y:527,w:381,h:21},
{t:"churches so they can reach the poor.",p:133,x:151,y:549,w:266,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:133,x:121,y:579,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Encouraging missions from Third World cities to the ",p:133,x:151,y:579,w:393,h:21},
{t:"poor of other cities.",p:133,x:151,y:601,w:143,h:21},
{t:"Jesus, the downwardly mobile",p:133,x:91,y:641,w:264,h:24},
{t:"Our personal call from Jesus was to return to the grassroots ",p:133,x:121,y:672,w:454,h:21},
{t:"level in one of the poorest cities of South Asia—Calcutta. We ",p:133,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:21},
{t:"returned with a team of workers to do battle for that city and ",p:133,x:91,y:716,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people. Prophets for a time are found among the leaders of the ",p:133,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"nations. Then they are found, un known, among the poor.",p:133,x:91,y:760,w:416,h:21},
{t:"Because we initiated the work in Calcutta through much ",p:133,x:121,y:790,w:454,h:21},
{t:"suffering, our board has requested that we return to a cen tral ",p:133,x:91,y:812,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city, and from here continue in the broader process of mobilizing ",p:133,x:91,y:834,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the mega-missions and churches to the poor, and facilitating the ",p:133,x:91,y:856,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:133,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:133,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"129",p:133,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"130",p:134,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:134,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"movement of Latin Americans into Asia, Asians into Russia, and ",p:134,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Africans into Europe. We have chosen to do this from our base in ",p:134,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"New Zealand.",p:134,x:91,y:160,w:102,h:21},
{t:"Let us press on together in this great task of bringing Jesus to ",p:134,x:121,y:189,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the poor! Before he comes!",p:134,x:91,y:211,w:200,h:21},
{t:"Notes",p:134,x:91,y:261,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:134,x:97,y:284,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Grigg, Viv, Companion to the Poor, Monrovia, California: MARC, 1990.",p:134,x:116,y:284,w:416,h:16},
{t:"Companion to the Poor",p:134,x:182,y:284,w:137,h:16},
{t:"2.",p:134,x:97,y:308,w:11,h:16},
{t:"This booklet and others are available from Urban Leadership Foundation. ",p:134,x:116,y:308,w:435,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:134,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:134,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"130",p:134,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"PART 2",p:135,x:196,y:420,w:75,h:24},
{t:"CHURCH-PLANTING ",p:135,x:196,y:456,w:324,h:39},
{t:"MODELS",p:135,x:196,y:492,w:135,h:39},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:135,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:135,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"131",p:135,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"133",p:136,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Nine",p:136,x:196,y:115,w:117,h:24},
{t:"Enter! The Man of Peace",p:136,x:196,y:150,w:317,h:32},
{t:"We need a prince who becomes a pauper, ",p:136,x:196,y:189,w:379,h:24},
{t:"We need a prince who becomes a pauper",p:136,x:196,y:189,w:370,h:24},
{t:"if he would govern like a king.",p:136,x:196,y:213,w:262,h:24},
{t:"Nothing matches the thrill of entering a community, seeking ",p:136,x:121,y:305,w:454,h:21},
{t:"to bring the kingdom of God to it, and extending the kingdom ",p:136,x:91,y:327,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of God over it. It takes all our physical, emotional, spiritual, and ",p:136,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mental energies. No other lifestyle is so demanding. No other ",p:136,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"lifestyle can be both less rewarded on this earth and so greatly ",p:136,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rewarded in the heavenly places.",p:136,x:91,y:415,w:239,h:21},
{t:"This lifestyle begins in compassion, leads to interces sion, ",p:136,x:121,y:444,w:454,h:21},
{t:"advances through living out the incarnation, and is based on the ",p:136,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"long, hard obedience of a disciplined and sac rificial life.",p:136,x:91,y:488,w:412,h:21},
{t:"Friends of the bottle",p:136,x:91,y:529,w:176,h:24},
{t:"He became my best friend. He was a soft man at heart, with ",p:136,x:121,y:581,w:424,h:19},
{t:"a great understanding of life, but the pain of his wife’s death ",p:136,x:121,y:600,w:422,h:19},
{t:"had never left him. He was an alcoholic.",p:136,x:121,y:619,w:279,h:19},
{t:"Pastor Jun and I had compassion on him and spent many ",p:136,x:121,y:648,w:408,h:19},
{t:"hours with him, talking over life, God, and freedom from the ",p:136,x:121,y:667,w:419,h:19},
{t:"power of the bottle. It reduced him to continual inebriation. ",p:136,x:121,y:686,w:411,h:19},
{t:"He died calling for Pastor Jun and me. He died in the ",p:136,x:121,y:705,w:374,h:19},
{t:"knowledge of God’s love. He died an alcoholic.",p:136,x:121,y:724,w:328,h:19},
{t:"He was the first of the four to go. There were four of them, ",p:136,x:121,y:753,w:410,h:19},
{t:"four friends in the demon grip of alcoholism. We took ",p:136,x:121,y:772,w:373,h:19},
{t:"compassion on all of them, and they became our friends. ",p:136,x:121,y:791,w:402,h:19},
{t:"One came from a rich family but now lived in the slums. ",p:136,x:121,y:810,w:392,h:19},
{t:"When I last visited, he was the only one of the four still ",p:136,x:121,y:829,w:385,h:19},
{t:"alive. Each of the others died painful deaths.",p:136,x:121,y:848,w:311,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:136,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:136,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"133",p:136,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"134",p:137,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:137,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"“I’m the only one left,” he said. “I know God has his hand on ",p:137,x:121,y:116,w:422,h:19},
{t:"my life, but I cannot break the power. I am sending my wife ",p:137,x:121,y:135,w:417,h:19},
{t:"and children every Sunday to the church.”",p:137,x:121,y:154,w:293,h:19},
{t:"Compassion means much love, a little response, and great pain. ",p:137,x:121,y:182,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Compassion is the heart of ministry. It is the source of identification. ",p:137,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"It is the wellspring of proclamation. Its multiplication is the heart of ",p:137,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church growth. It is the motivation for seeking justice.",p:137,x:91,y:248,w:388,h:21},
{t:"Compassion leads us into intercession. But there is a price to ",p:137,x:121,y:277,w:454,h:21},
{t:"pay for the power that moves the hand of God and establishes the ",p:137,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"kingdom in the heavenlies. The price is in carnation among the ",p:137,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor.",p:137,x:91,y:343,w:38,h:21},
{t:"For richer churches, this ministry of intercession means ",p:137,x:121,y:373,w:454,h:21},
{t:"collective commitment to a simple, sacrificial lifestyle, cou pled ",p:137,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with a growing experience of the power and gifts of the Spirit. If, ",p:137,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"because of history or doctrine or lethargy, a church is unable to ",p:137,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pay such a price, it should not even begin to consider this kind of ",p:137,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a call to serve the poor.",p:137,x:91,y:483,w:171,h:21},
{t:"In closed societies, where public proclamation of the gos pel is ",p:137,x:121,y:512,w:454,h:21},
{t:"impossible, there is a place for aid programs in this entrance phase ",p:137,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as a means of establishing rapport with the people. The danger is ",p:137,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that workers may come to perceive these programs as the primary ",p:137,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"entrance point of the king dom. The kingdom breaks open new ",p:137,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"territory through proc lamation—not through aid programs.",p:137,x:91,y:622,w:431,h:21},
{t:"Entrance through a Brazilian man of peace",p:137,x:91,y:663,w:371,h:24},
{t:"It was early on Christmas Day. I wandered up the small ",p:137,x:121,y:715,w:391,h:19},
{t:"stream along the rows of plywood homes—a favela in ",p:137,x:121,y:734,w:380,h:19},
{t:"Brazil. Since it was Jesus’ birthday, I wanted to give him a ",p:137,x:121,y:753,w:410,h:19},
{t:"gift. Perhaps he could lead me to someone among these ",p:137,x:121,y:772,w:401,h:19},
{t:"poor—someone with an open heart. At the end of the ",p:137,x:121,y:791,w:376,h:19},
{t:"stream, I crossed a hill of middle-class homes. There before ",p:137,x:121,y:810,w:424,h:19},
{t:"me, stretching out to the airport, lay a favela waking lazily in ",p:137,x:121,y:829,w:422,h:19},
{t:"the Christmas morning sun.",p:137,x:121,y:848,w:193,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:137,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:137,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"134",p:137,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"135",p:138,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Enter! The Man of Peace",p:138,x:414,y:76,w:157,h:16},
{t:"As I found the track down the hill a favelado laboring ",p:138,x:121,y:116,w:371,h:19},
{t:"upwards shouted a greeting. Down among the houses a ",p:138,x:121,y:135,w:396,h:19},
{t:"group of people were chatting. I stopped and inquired about ",p:138,x:121,y:154,w:422,h:19},
{t:"the favela in my halting Portuguese, and told them I had ",p:138,x:121,y:173,w:396,h:19},
{t:"come to preach the gospel",p:138,x:121,y:192,w:186,h:19},
{t:"Farther down the track, the valley opened out and here was ",p:138,x:121,y:221,w:421,h:19},
{t:"another favela—a quieter one. Somehow it looked peaceful. ",p:138,x:121,y:240,w:424,h:19},
{t:"The homes seemed sturdier.",p:138,x:121,y:259,w:201,h:19},
{t:"On the afternoon of my birthday, I came back to talk with ",p:138,x:121,y:288,w:400,h:19},
{t:"some people there. The first person I spoke with was a ",p:138,x:121,y:307,w:388,h:19},
{t:"drunkard. I left him quickly, remembering Jesus instructions ",p:138,x:121,y:326,w:420,h:19},
{t:"to find the “man of peace.”",p:138,x:121,y:345,w:184,h:19},
{t:"A tall man with a beard was standing by the road.",p:138,x:121,y:374,w:345,h:19},
{t:"“Now, I have observed that bearded people tend to be more ",p:138,x:121,y:403,w:423,h:19},
{t:"sensitive and wise,” I thought, stroking my own beard. I ",p:138,x:121,y:422,w:389,h:19},
{t:"stopped and talked with him. He and his wife had lived in ",p:138,x:121,y:441,w:402,h:19},
{t:"the favela for eight years. Most of the favelados came from ",p:138,x:121,y:460,w:416,h:19},
{t:"the northeast.",p:138,x:121,y:479,w:96,h:19},
{t:"We talked for an hour. He showed me the Catholic Bible ",p:138,x:121,y:508,w:397,h:19},
{t:"he and his family read each day. We opened it to Mark and ",p:138,x:121,y:527,w:418,h:19},
{t:"there was the passage about preaching the kingdom of ",p:138,x:121,y:546,w:389,h:19},
{t:"God . . . ",p:138,x:121,y:565,w:60,h:19},
{t:"This was my point of entrance.",p:138,x:121,y:594,w:214,h:19},
{t:"There is no single model for entry to a community. The Apostle ",p:138,x:121,y:637,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Paul gained entrance to cities through a combina tion of family ",p:138,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:21},
{t:"connections, speaking in public places, taking advantage of the pa-",p:138,x:91,y:681,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tronage of Jewish leaders, or through the conversion of the Roman ",p:138,x:91,y:703,w:484,h:21},
{t:"officials who dealt with him. Sometimes he went to his own ethnic ",p:138,x:91,y:725,w:484,h:21},
{t:"group, the Jews, or to his occupational group, the tentmakers.",p:138,x:91,y:747,w:439,h:21},
{t:"Jesus gave us some useful principles, however:",p:138,x:121,y:784,w:345,h:21},
{t:"And whatever town or village you enter, find out who is ",p:138,x:121,y:816,w:424,h:21},
{t:"worthy in it, and stay with him until you de part. As you ",p:138,x:121,y:838,w:424,h:21},
{t:"enter the house, salute it. And if the house is worthy, let ",p:138,x:121,y:860,w:424,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:138,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:138,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"135",p:138,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"136",p:139,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:139,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"your peace come upon it; but if it is not worthy, let your ",p:139,x:121,y:116,w:424,h:21},
{t:"peace return to you. And if any one will not receive you or ",p:139,x:121,y:138,w:424,h:21},
{t:"listen to your words, shake off the dust from your feet as ",p:139,x:121,y:160,w:424,h:21},
{t:"you leave that house or town. (Matthew 10:11–14)",p:139,x:121,y:182,w:371,h:21},
{t:"Incarnation: becoming one of the poor",p:139,x:91,y:222,w:335,h:24},
{t:"Jesus’ effectiveness in evangelism was partly because of his ",p:139,x:121,y:253,w:454,h:21},
{t:"dependence on the poor: “Freely you have received, freely give. ",p:139,x:91,y:275,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Do not take along any gold, or silver, or copper in your belts; take ",p:139,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"no bag for the journey, or extra tunic, or sandals or a staff; for the ",p:139,x:91,y:319,w:484,h:21},
{t:"worker is worth his keep” (Matthew 10:8–10 NIV).",p:139,x:91,y:341,w:368,h:21},
{t:"What does it mean to depend on those to whom you go to ",p:139,x:121,y:371,w:454,h:21},
{t:"minister? The specific instructions here are not to be re produced, ",p:139,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but the principles may be. In the biblical in stance, the disciples ",p:139,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"were on an evangelistic trip. Our situation is different. Particularly ",p:139,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for those who are looking at church planting in another culture, ",p:139,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we have initially to consider a more stationary model than did the ",p:139,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"apostolic twelve. Unlike them, we have to learn a new language ",p:139,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and a new culture.",p:139,x:91,y:525,w:134,h:21},
{t:"Permit me to suggest how this biblical pattern might work out ",p:139,x:121,y:554,w:454,h:21},
{t:"for us today. We need to live among the people at their level—not ",p:139,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"independent of them—despite our re sources. As a typical single ",p:139,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"missionary among squatters in Manila, I once listed the following ",p:139,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in my house:",p:139,x:91,y:642,w:94,h:21},
{t:"•",p:139,x:121,y:739,w:5,h:17},
{t:"small one-cup water heater",p:139,x:151,y:739,w:162,h:17},
{t:"•",p:139,x:121,y:759,w:5,h:17},
{t:"220v/6v adaptor",p:139,x:151,y:759,w:97,h:17},
{t:"•",p:139,x:121,y:779,w:5,h:17},
{t:"a good cassette recorder ",p:139,x:151,y:779,w:148,h:17},
{t:"for language study with ",p:139,x:151,y:797,w:145,h:17},
{t:"a small AM/FM radio ",p:139,x:151,y:815,w:135,h:17},
{t:"which replaces expensive ",p:139,x:151,y:833,w:157,h:17},
{t:"newspapers",p:139,x:151,y:851,w:69,h:17},
{t:"•",p:139,x:372,y:739,w:5,h:17},
{t:"chess set",p:139,x:402,y:739,w:52,h:17},
{t:"•",p:139,x:372,y:759,w:5,h:17},
{t:"string",p:139,x:402,y:759,w:34,h:17},
{t:"•",p:139,x:372,y:779,w:5,h:17},
{t:"watch with date, alarm ",p:139,x:402,y:779,w:140,h:17},
{t:"(replaces calendar, alarm ",p:139,x:402,y:797,w:154,h:17},
{t:"clock) ",p:139,x:402,y:815,w:41,h:17},
{t:"•",p:139,x:372,y:836,w:5,h:17},
{t:"potted plants",p:139,x:402,y:836,w:77,h:17},
{t:"•",p:139,x:372,y:856,w:5,h:17},
{t:"toiletries",p:139,x:402,y:856,w:52,h:17},
{t:"EQUIPMENT FOR A SINGLE MISSIONARY",p:139,x:211,y:696,w:239,h:20},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:139,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:139,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"136",p:139,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"137",p:140,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Enter! The Man of Peace",p:140,x:414,y:76,w:157,h:16},
{t:"Acceptable roles",p:140,x:91,y:810,w:146,h:24},
{t:"Drs. Tom and Betty-Sue Brewster, who were instrumen tal ",p:140,x:121,y:841,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in initiating the USA-based Servants Among the Poor (now ",p:140,x:91,y:863,w:484,h:21},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:116,w:5,h:17},
{t:"small container for coins ",p:140,x:151,y:116,w:152,h:17},
{t:"for phone",p:140,x:151,y:134,w:57,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:155,w:5,h:17},
{t:"frying pan",p:140,x:151,y:155,w:62,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:175,w:5,h:17},
{t:"sandals",p:140,x:151,y:175,w:44,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:195,w:5,h:17},
{t:"shoes",p:140,x:151,y:195,w:33,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:216,w:5,h:17},
{t:"coconut husk for cleaning",p:140,x:151,y:216,w:155,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:236,w:5,h:17},
{t:"plastic bags",p:140,x:151,y:236,w:70,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:257,w:5,h:17},
{t:"stapler",p:140,x:151,y:257,w:39,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:277,w:5,h:17},
{t:"stamps/envelopes",p:140,x:151,y:277,w:105,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:297,w:5,h:17},
{t:"small two-burner and gas ",p:140,x:151,y:297,w:155,h:17},
{t:"tank (as cheap as kerosene ",p:140,x:151,y:315,w:162,h:17},
{t:"or wood and twice as ",p:140,x:151,y:333,w:131,h:17},
{t:"efficient)",p:140,x:151,y:351,w:54,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:372,w:5,h:17},
{t:"good rug",p:140,x:151,y:372,w:53,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:392,w:5,h:17},
{t:"two small pots",p:140,x:151,y:392,w:87,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:413,w:5,h:17},
{t:"anti-bacterial soap",p:140,x:151,y:413,w:110,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:433,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3 sets knife, fork, spoon, ",p:140,x:151,y:433,w:151,h:17},
{t:"plate, glass (for two ",p:140,x:151,y:451,w:122,h:17},
{t:"guests)",p:140,x:151,y:469,w:42,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:489,w:5,h:17},
{t:"dustpan",p:140,x:151,y:489,w:46,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:510,w:5,h:17},
{t:"hard broom",p:140,x:151,y:510,w:69,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:530,w:5,h:17},
{t:"yearly planner",p:140,x:151,y:530,w:86,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:551,w:5,h:17},
{t:"iron",p:140,x:151,y:551,w:24,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:571,w:5,h:17},
{t:"chairs (can be made there)",p:140,x:151,y:571,w:158,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:591,w:5,h:17},
{t:"tray for dishes",p:140,x:151,y:591,w:85,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:612,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3 pillows",p:140,x:151,y:612,w:55,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:632,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3 sleeping mats",p:140,x:151,y:632,w:93,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:653,w:5,h:17},
{t:"can opener",p:140,x:151,y:653,w:65,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:673,w:5,h:17},
{t:"scoop for water",p:140,x:151,y:673,w:93,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:693,w:5,h:17},
{t:"tea towel",p:140,x:151,y:693,w:54,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:714,w:5,h:17},
{t:"pot scrubbers",p:140,x:151,y:714,w:80,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:734,w:5,h:17},
{t:"hangers",p:140,x:151,y:734,w:46,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:121,y:755,w:5,h:17},
{t:"writing equipment",p:140,x:151,y:755,w:110,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:116,w:5,h:17},
{t:"Bible and reading material",p:140,x:406,y:116,w:159,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:137,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3 sets clothing (wash one ",p:140,x:406,y:137,w:155,h:17},
{t:"set each day)",p:140,x:406,y:155,w:78,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:175,w:5,h:17},
{t:"formal dress",p:140,x:406,y:175,w:74,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:195,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3–4 Christian music tapes",p:140,x:406,y:195,w:155,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:216,w:5,h:17},
{t:"small Philips screw driver, ",p:140,x:406,y:216,w:163,h:17},
{t:"cutters, hammer, chisel",p:140,x:406,y:234,w:139,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:254,w:5,h:17},
{t:"umbrella",p:140,x:406,y:254,w:53,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:275,w:5,h:17},
{t:"language/music tapes",p:140,x:406,y:275,w:128,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:295,w:5,h:17},
{t:"mouth organ",p:140,x:406,y:295,w:76,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:315,w:5,h:17},
{t:"small broom",p:140,x:406,y:315,w:75,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:336,w:5,h:17},
{t:"large knife",p:140,x:406,y:336,w:64,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:356,w:5,h:17},
{t:"egg slicer",p:140,x:406,y:356,w:57,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:377,w:5,h:17},
{t:"two buckets",p:140,x:406,y:377,w:72,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:397,w:5,h:17},
{t:"washing basin",p:140,x:406,y:397,w:85,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:417,w:5,h:17},
{t:"water jug",p:140,x:406,y:417,w:56,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:438,w:5,h:17},
{t:"chopping board",p:140,x:406,y:438,w:93,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:458,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3 blankets",p:140,x:406,y:458,w:61,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:479,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3 mosquito nets",p:140,x:406,y:479,w:95,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:499,w:5,h:17},
{t:"electric power cord",p:140,x:406,y:499,w:115,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:519,w:5,h:17},
{t:"light socket",p:140,x:406,y:519,w:69,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:540,w:5,h:17},
{t:"medium size fan",p:140,x:406,y:540,w:99,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:560,w:5,h:17},
{t:"desk (can be made there)",p:140,x:406,y:560,w:149,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:581,w:5,h:17},
{t:"typewriter",p:140,x:406,y:581,w:61,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:601,w:5,h:17},
{t:"fly spray",p:140,x:406,y:601,w:52,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:621,w:5,h:17},
{t:"40 gallon drum for water",p:140,x:406,y:621,w:149,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:642,w:5,h:17},
{t:"Vitamin B capsules",p:140,x:406,y:642,w:117,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:662,w:5,h:17},
{t:"small traveling bag",p:140,x:406,y:662,w:114,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:683,w:5,h:17},
{t:"scissors",p:140,x:406,y:683,w:46,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:703,w:5,h:17},
{t:"2 towels",p:140,x:406,y:703,w:50,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:723,w:5,h:17},
{t:"3” mirror",p:140,x:406,y:723,w:56,h:17},
{t:"•",p:140,x:376,y:744,w:5,h:17},
{t:"songbook and guitar",p:140,x:406,y:744,w:122,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:140,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:140,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"137",p:140,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"138",p:141,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:141,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Servant-Partners), have popularized five roles that are fitting ",p:141,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for new workers moving into an area: learner, servant, friend, ",p:141,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"storyteller, and intercessor.1 As we play these acceptable and ",p:141,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"non-threatening roles, relationships and cultural understanding ",p:141,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"can develop that lead to effective ministry.",p:141,x:91,y:204,w:313,h:21},
{t:"The humble person can move into many situations and earn ",p:141,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"people’s trust. Likewise, the person who enjoys their humanity ",p:141,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and loves life can move into many situations and earn peoples’ ",p:141,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"love.",p:141,x:91,y:299,w:36,h:21},
{t:"Effective missionaries are those who are wise enough to earn ",p:141,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"an acceptable status in the community so that their voice will ",p:141,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"be heard, and who can learn to accept with grace their ascribed ",p:141,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"status—a status that is often given by the people because of ",p:141,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"class, race, color, or role. They know that as guests they are often ",p:141,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"honored more highly than they truly deserve.",p:141,x:91,y:439,w:330,h:21},
{t:"We cannot identify with “macho” sins of drinking, gam bling, ",p:141,x:121,y:468,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and immorality, but we can humble ourselves to ac cept tasks that ",p:141,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:21},
{t:"define masculinity or femininity in that culture—tasks such as ",p:141,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"building houses, fetching water, cooking, or raising children.",p:141,x:91,y:534,w:446,h:21},
{t:"Winning hearts",p:141,x:91,y:575,w:132,h:24},
{t:"Ministry to children is frequently the entrance point to a com-",p:141,x:121,y:606,w:450,h:21},
{t:"munity. It should not, however, become a strategy for long-term ",p:141,x:91,y:628,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church planting. A wiser, more lasting strategy is to minister to ",p:141,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the needs of children by concentrating time and energy on their ",p:141,x:91,y:672,w:484,h:21},
{t:"parents. “And if anyone gives even a cup of cold water to one of ",p:141,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these little ones because he is my disciple, I tell you the truth, he ",p:141,x:91,y:716,w:484,h:21},
{t:"will certainly not lose his reward” (Mat thew 10:42 NIV).",p:141,x:91,y:738,w:409,h:21},
{t:"In most societies, women come to the Lord first. Perhaps the ",p:141,x:121,y:767,w:454,h:21},
{t:"reason for this is that women in most poor societies have only one ",p:141,x:91,y:789,w:484,h:21},
{t:"major relational question to answer when they convert—what will ",p:141,x:91,y:811,w:484,h:21},
{t:"be the effect on my husband and children?",p:141,x:91,y:833,w:311,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:141,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:141,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"138",p:141,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"139",p:142,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Enter! The Man of Peace",p:142,x:414,y:76,w:157,h:16},
{t:"For men, the issues are far more complex. They must consider ",p:142,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"carefully the impact of conversion on their rela tionships with other ",p:142,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"men in the community, particularly in the face of the accusation ",p:142,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that they are no longer men, or no longer part of the society. A ",p:142,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"man’s conversion will in volve relatives, friends, job security, ",p:142,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"status, and self-iden tity.",p:142,x:91,y:226,w:175,h:21},
{t:"Male church planters must be careful not to give all their time ",p:142,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and attention to the first female converts but rather through them ",p:142,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"reach the men of the community. It is not caring for women to ",p:142,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"bring them into the church without their men folk. The church ",p:142,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"planter must always aim to reach enough men for the kingdom so ",p:142,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that a stable elder ship may emerge from them.",p:142,x:91,y:365,w:340,h:21},
{t:"Perhaps the saddest ministry lesson I have learned took place ",p:142,x:121,y:395,w:454,h:21},
{t:"when I returned to an early fellowship and saw what had happened ",p:142,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to the marriages of the first converts. I sat up one night counseling ",p:142,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"one who is engaged to a man with another wife, and another ",p:142,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"whose husband, a non-believer, is now a drug addict, and another ",p:142,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"whose marriage was birthed in immorality—all because we failed ",p:142,x:91,y:505,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to push through to reaching enough single marriageable men.",p:142,x:91,y:527,w:449,h:21},
{t:"Notes",p:142,x:91,y:576,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:142,x:97,y:600,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Brewster, E. Thomas and Elizabeth S. Brewster, Language Learning IS ",p:142,x:116,y:600,w:423,h:16},
{t:"Communication—",p:142,x:91,y:616,w:105,h:16},
{t:"Communication",p:142,x:91,y:616,w:92,h:16},
{t:"IS Ministry!, Pasadena, California: Lingua House, 1987.",p:142,x:197,y:616,w:327,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:142,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:142,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"139",p:142,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"141",p:143,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Ten",p:143,x:196,y:115,w:111,h:24},
{t:"Patterns of Proclamation",p:143,x:196,y:150,w:324,h:32},
{t:"These twelve Jesus sent out, with the following ",p:143,x:196,y:189,w:345,h:23},
{t:"instructions: “Do not go among the Gentiles, or ",p:143,x:196,y:213,w:343,h:23},
{t:"enter any town of the Samaritans. Go rather to ",p:143,x:196,y:237,w:341,h:23},
{t:"the lost sheep of Israel. As you go, preach this ",p:143,x:196,y:261,w:340,h:23},
{t:"message: ‘The kingdom of heaven is near.’” ",p:143,x:196,y:285,w:322,h:23},
{t:"(Matthew 10:5-8 NIV)",p:143,x:196,y:309,w:147,h:23},
{t:"Before he comes, go quickly!",p:143,x:91,y:412,w:254,h:24},
{t:"Presence leads to proclamation. Jesus preached and taught ",p:143,x:121,y:443,w:454,h:21},
{t:"with brilliance and wisdom, speaking the very words of God. He ",p:143,x:91,y:465,w:484,h:21},
{t:"knew what was inside the people he met. God revealed to him ",p:143,x:91,y:487,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the inner life of a woman at a well, of a woman who touched his ",p:143,x:91,y:509,w:484,h:21},
{t:"garment, of a man who climbed a tree to see him. He spoke to their ",p:143,x:91,y:531,w:484,h:21},
{t:"needs with the power of a word from God—a word of revelation, ",p:143,x:91,y:553,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a word of knowl edge, a word of wisdom. Proclamation of the ",p:143,x:91,y:575,w:484,h:21},
{t:"word of God had power because it accompanied the exercise of ",p:143,x:91,y:597,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spiritual gifts.",p:143,x:91,y:619,w:101,h:21},
{t:"The impact of the kingdom comes from the proclaimed Word, ",p:143,x:121,y:648,w:454,h:21},
{t:"which is the power of God for salvation (Romans 1:16) as it is ",p:143,x:91,y:670,w:484,h:21},
{t:"taken by the Spirit to meet revealed needs.",p:143,x:91,y:692,w:311,h:21},
{t:"A slow approach to evangelism emphasizes building ini tial ",p:143,x:121,y:722,w:454,h:21},
{t:"acceptance and friendship in the community. This slow approach ",p:143,x:91,y:744,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is the only viable one during the first few years when a worker is ",p:143,x:91,y:766,w:484,h:21},
{t:"learning language and culture. It may begin on the first day, as the ",p:143,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:21},
{t:"worker lives among the people and prays for their needs.",p:143,x:91,y:810,w:416,h:21},
{t:"Then follows the formation of small Bible study groups, either ",p:143,x:121,y:839,w:454,h:21},
{t:"with families or even with groups of alcoholics. These studies ",p:143,x:91,y:861,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:143,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:143,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"141",p:143,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"142",p:144,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:144,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"often last only for three weeks because the broken social structure ",p:144,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"makes it difficult to develop a disciplined pattern. Each group ",p:144,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"meeting has to be celebrated as a spe cial occasion. A pattern of ",p:144,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"forming groups, then reforming them, with new approaches each ",p:144,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"time, seems to work well.",p:144,x:91,y:204,w:188,h:21},
{t:"Through these, people become converted. Social activi ties, ",p:144,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"such as an outing at the park, birthday parties, and then worship, ",p:144,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"can gradually be developed, drawing together people from several ",p:144,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Bible studies.",p:144,x:91,y:299,w:99,h:21},
{t:"The church planter needs to keep weekly records of who is in ",p:144,x:121,y:329,w:454,h:21},
{t:"what group, where new contacts are forming, where new groups ",p:144,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of people are opening up, and how to link these together, one ",p:144,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with another. There is a need, as well, to keep records from the ",p:144,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"outset about each contact and convert. These records may be kept ",p:144,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"either in a loose-leaf notebook or on small cards in a file. “Know ",p:144,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"well the condition of your flock and give attention to your herds” ",p:144,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(Proverbs 27:23).",p:144,x:91,y:483,w:128,h:21},
{t:"The second approach to evangelism is like a “fast break” in ",p:144,x:121,y:512,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the sport of basketball. It is the approach of the evangelist or the ",p:144,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"wan dering apostle. It involves entering a community with a team, ",p:144,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and for a series of successive nights, proclaiming the gospel until ",p:144,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a significant group has been saved and can form a church. We ",p:144,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"expect that many missionaries, after their mastery of language and ",p:144,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"culture, can exercise such a mobile ministry.",p:144,x:91,y:644,w:326,h:21},
{t:"Probably a combination of both approaches is most ef fective. ",p:144,x:121,y:674,w:454,h:21},
{t:"This would call for building a network of relation ships and then ",p:144,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"bringing in an evangelistic team for a period of active public ",p:144,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"proclamation.",p:144,x:91,y:740,w:101,h:21},
{t:"Put it up quickly",p:144,x:91,y:780,w:141,h:24},
{t:"“If you don’t get the building up within three days, the ",p:144,x:121,y:832,w:374,h:19},
{t:"materials will be stolen,” he told me.",p:144,x:121,y:851,w:251,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:144,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:144,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"142",p:144,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"143",p:145,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Patterns of Proclamation",p:145,x:415,y:76,w:155,h:16},
{t:"While he was building the little wooden churches, his ",p:145,x:121,y:116,w:373,h:19},
{t:"team—wife, son and daughter—moved through the favela ",p:145,x:121,y:135,w:410,h:19},
{t:"and started Bible studies with mothers and children. In the ",p:145,x:121,y:154,w:410,h:19},
{t:"evenings, using a loudspeaker, they would call the people ",p:145,x:121,y:173,w:409,h:19},
{t:"to come and hear. Then the gospel would be preached.",p:145,x:121,y:192,w:388,h:19},
{t:"In each place, fifty to a hundred people would be converted. ",p:145,x:121,y:221,w:423,h:19},
{t:"He would go to the local minister’s fraternal, find a pastor ",p:145,x:121,y:240,w:403,h:19},
{t:"who wanted to move to the city, and invite him to come ",p:145,x:121,y:259,w:388,h:19},
{t:"and pastor this newly-planted church. This pastor would ",p:145,x:121,y:278,w:395,h:19},
{t:"sleep in the squatter church until he found a home in the ",p:145,x:121,y:297,w:398,h:19},
{t:"community.",p:145,x:121,y:316,w:80,h:19},
{t:"Twenty-five churches were formed through this evangelist, ",p:145,x:121,y:345,w:413,h:19},
{t:"his family, and his incarnational pastors.",p:145,x:121,y:364,w:280,h:19},
{t:"Opposition",p:145,x:91,y:403,w:96,h:24},
{t:"Just as Jesus was thrown out of his synagogue when he ",p:145,x:121,y:449,w:454,h:21},
{t:"declared his mission to the poor, so workers among the poor face ",p:145,x:91,y:471,w:484,h:21},
{t:"opposition, persecution, and violence. If we walk in Jesus, if his ",p:145,x:91,y:493,w:484,h:21},
{t:"power and glory are manifest through us, we must expect the ",p:145,x:91,y:515,w:484,h:21},
{t:"opposition he experienced.",p:145,x:91,y:537,w:197,h:21},
{t:"Entrance into a slum is a political act—one that rich landown-",p:145,x:121,y:566,w:450,h:21},
{t:"ers and politicians may perceive as being against their interests if ",p:145,x:91,y:588,w:484,h:21},
{t:"they exploit the poor. The people them selves, bound by centuries ",p:145,x:91,y:610,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of darkness and bitterness, will oppose the light. Demonic powers ",p:145,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are present. Jesus warns us of all these.",p:145,x:91,y:654,w:286,h:21},
{t:"A pastor of courage",p:145,x:91,y:695,w:173,h:24},
{t:"Pastor Jun Paragas and his wife, Milleth, are a remarkable ",p:145,x:121,y:747,w:414,h:19},
{t:"couple in Tatalon, Manila. One of the marks of their lives is ",p:145,x:121,y:766,w:415,h:19},
{t:"their perseverance under opposition.",p:145,x:121,y:785,w:256,h:19},
{t:"Upon their first entrance into the slum, some twenty years ",p:145,x:121,y:814,w:408,h:19},
{t:"ago, they quickly discovered the dark gossip and backbiting ",p:145,x:121,y:833,w:421,h:19},
{t:"of some in the community. They expressed love in various ",p:145,x:121,y:852,w:411,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:145,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:145,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"143",p:145,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"144",p:146,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:146,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"ways to these. At times rocks were thrown on their roof by ",p:146,x:121,y:116,w:410,h:19},
{t:"those they were seeking to reach.",p:146,x:121,y:135,w:236,h:19},
{t:"For periods of time, love succeeded in winning over some ",p:146,x:121,y:164,w:408,h:19},
{t:"hearts. Then several Catholic leaders in the community ",p:146,x:121,y:183,w:390,h:19},
{t:"would seek to duplicate each aspect of the work, to talk ",p:146,x:121,y:202,w:391,h:19},
{t:"against it, and to keep people away from the fellowship (just ",p:146,x:121,y:221,w:423,h:19},
{t:"as the devout Jews troubled the Apostle Paul).",p:146,x:121,y:240,w:326,h:19},
{t:"When there were errors of judgment or sin in the church, ",p:146,x:121,y:269,w:400,h:19},
{t:"the whole community would turn against Pastor Jun and ",p:146,x:121,y:288,w:396,h:19},
{t:"Milleth. When there were new expressions of love for ",p:146,x:121,y:307,w:375,h:19},
{t:"people, the mood would change. At one point, when they ",p:146,x:121,y:326,w:403,h:19},
{t:"were absent for a few months, the community turned ",p:146,x:121,y:345,w:373,h:19},
{t:"against them with much darkness, taking down the tent that ",p:146,x:121,y:364,w:420,h:19},
{t:"was used for a place to meet.",p:146,x:121,y:383,w:206,h:19},
{t:"As in the case of the Apostle Paul or of any pastor, at ",p:146,x:121,y:412,w:377,h:19},
{t:"times there has also been opposition from the people ",p:146,x:121,y:431,w:376,h:19},
{t:"within the very church they have spent years of their lives ",p:146,x:121,y:450,w:405,h:19},
{t:"serving. One of the early converts moving into leadership ",p:146,x:121,y:469,w:403,h:19},
{t:"opposed Pastor Jun at one point. Now the relationship ",p:146,x:121,y:488,w:384,h:19},
{t:"has healed. Others have become disgruntled. Dealing with ",p:146,x:121,y:507,w:414,h:19},
{t:"one member’s sin led to a round of criticism. Another time, ",p:146,x:121,y:526,w:412,h:19},
{t:"there was dispute over the role of pastor. Again, a spirit of ",p:146,x:121,y:545,w:409,h:19},
{t:"forgiveness and humility brought healing.",p:146,x:121,y:564,w:287,h:19},
{t:"Outside agencies seeking to help the work have brought no ",p:146,x:121,y:593,w:420,h:19},
{t:"end of criticisms. They have sought to help, or control, and ",p:146,x:121,y:612,w:414,h:19},
{t:"then have moved on.",p:146,x:121,y:631,w:147,h:19},
{t:"But the call to a pastor is to remain firm, to stand ",p:146,x:121,y:660,w:344,h:19},
{t:"unbending, and to hold on to the territory that God has ",p:146,x:121,y:679,w:384,h:19},
{t:"given. Sometimes faltering, often discouraged, and at times ",p:146,x:121,y:698,w:420,h:19},
{t:"making mistakes and having to redeem them, this couple ",p:146,x:121,y:717,w:403,h:19},
{t:"has remained until the church has begun to mature in ",p:146,x:121,y:736,w:378,h:19},
{t:"Christ.",p:146,x:121,y:755,w:45,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:146,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:146,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"144",p:146,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"145",p:147,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Eleven",p:147,x:196,y:115,w:137,h:24},
{t:"Works of the Spirit of God",p:147,x:196,y:150,w:341,h:32},
{t:"“March!” He said,",p:147,x:196,y:224,w:115,h:21},
{t:"so I marched",p:147,x:196,y:246,w:86,h:21},
{t:"to the beat of a different drum,",p:147,x:196,y:268,w:201,h:21},
{t:"walking a long obedience,",p:147,x:196,y:290,w:172,h:21},
{t:"hearing the Beloved One",p:147,x:196,y:312,w:166,h:21},
{t:"as He called, “To the poor! Quickly!",p:147,x:196,y:334,w:234,h:21},
{t:"a glass of juice,",p:147,x:196,y:356,w:103,h:21},
{t:"a touch on the head of this child,",p:147,x:196,y:378,w:216,h:21},
{t:"a laugh with this prostitute,",p:147,x:196,y:400,w:177,h:21},
{t:"as sadly she tells of her trade",p:147,x:196,y:422,w:195,h:21},
{t:"and her desire to walk away.",p:147,x:196,y:444,w:190,h:21},
{t:"“",p:147,x:196,y:483,w:5,h:21},
{t:"And the faces, dead—yet alive—, the children, all ",p:147,x:199,y:483,w:332,h:21},
{t:"spindly and pain, cleanse them, heal them, raise them,” ",p:147,x:196,y:505,w:372,h:21},
{t:"His cry came again and again.",p:147,x:196,y:527,w:202,h:21},
{t:"“With what?” I screamed back,",p:147,x:196,y:567,w:203,h:21},
{t:"across the noise of the fight,",p:147,x:196,y:589,w:188,h:21},
{t:"the lonely hours of wrestling",p:147,x:196,y:611,w:186,h:21},
{t:"not with prayer (so spiritual)",p:147,x:196,y:633,w:184,h:21},
{t:"but with administration,",p:147,x:196,y:655,w:153,h:21},
{t:"and letters to workers,",p:147,x:196,y:677,w:147,h:21},
{t:"all night.",p:147,x:196,y:699,w:55,h:21},
{t:"“My spirit is dry—",p:147,x:196,y:721,w:116,h:21},
{t:"no laborers here—",p:147,x:196,y:743,w:124,h:21},
{t:"and so poorly do I know You,",p:147,x:196,y:765,w:193,h:21},
{t:"Your power seems so far away.",p:147,x:196,y:787,w:210,h:21},
{t:"What can I give? How can I pray . . . ?”",p:147,x:196,y:809,w:259,h:21},
{t:"Then He came. Oh! He came,",p:147,x:196,y:848,w:199,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:147,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:147,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"145",p:147,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"146",p:148,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:148,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"surrounding with love,",p:148,x:196,y:115,w:146,h:21},
{t:"away with the pain.",p:148,x:196,y:137,w:127,h:21},
{t:"His peace flooding over my spirit,",p:148,x:196,y:159,w:221,h:21},
{t:"my body enwrapped once again",p:148,x:196,y:181,w:213,h:21},
{t:"in Him who sustains the universe.",p:148,x:196,y:203,w:223,h:21},
{t:"I lifted my feet,",p:148,x:196,y:243,w:97,h:21},
{t:"on that long obedience into Him,",p:148,x:196,y:265,w:215,h:21},
{t:"who is found among the needy;",p:148,x:196,y:287,w:208,h:21},
{t:"laid my hands",p:148,x:196,y:309,w:92,h:21},
{t:"on the spindly bent legs of a hungry girl",p:148,x:196,y:331,w:261,h:21},
{t:"and prayed, in His power, for her healing,",p:148,x:196,y:353,w:274,h:21},
{t:"gave money to a blind man singing,",p:148,x:196,y:375,w:236,h:21},
{t:"wept with my old drunkard unsaved.",p:148,x:196,y:397,w:239,h:21},
{t:"And He came,",p:148,x:196,y:436,w:95,h:21},
{t:"and I knew Him once again,",p:148,x:196,y:458,w:185,h:21},
{t:"who is beyond thinking—",p:148,x:196,y:480,w:167,h:21},
{t:"King of my heart.",p:148,x:196,y:502,w:113,h:21},
{t:"Leader in battle.",p:148,x:196,y:524,w:107,h:21},
{t:"Savior of megacities.",p:148,x:196,y:546,w:139,h:21},
{t:"Lover of the migrant poor.",p:148,x:196,y:570,w:172,h:21},
{t:"Do you know him? Do you know his presence and peace that ",p:148,x:121,y:608,w:454,h:21},
{t:"passes all understanding, as he comes again and again to overflow ",p:148,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"us with his love?",p:148,x:91,y:652,w:123,h:21},
{t:"Evangelism with power",p:148,x:91,y:693,w:202,h:24},
{t:"Jesus came preaching and teaching the kingdom, healing the ",p:148,x:121,y:724,w:454,h:21},
{t:"sick, and casting out demons. Three of these four activities are ",p:148,x:91,y:746,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mentioned repeatedly in various patterns throughout the gospels. ",p:148,x:91,y:768,w:484,h:21},
{t:"He sent his disciples out to do the same. Evan gelism was always, ",p:148,x:91,y:790,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for Jesus, set in the context of healing the sick and delivering ",p:148,x:91,y:812,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people from the demonic.",p:148,x:91,y:834,w:188,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:148,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:148,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"146",p:148,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"147",p:149,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Works of the Spirit of God",p:149,x:408,y:76,w:162,h:16},
{t:"I have walked among the poor, dazed, knowing the im potence ",p:149,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of my life, as I face such a mass of destitute, dark ened half-faces. ",p:149,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Then, by his presence and power, he touches them, one by one. ",p:149,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"He is the transformer, and as I walk in his glory among them, he ",p:149,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"brings them hope.",p:149,x:91,y:204,w:131,h:21},
{t:"Forgive me if this seems mystical, or strange. It should not, ",p:149,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"for this is the normative life of a disciple cleansed by the washing ",p:149,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the water of the Word.",p:149,x:91,y:277,w:185,h:21},
{t:"Do you know those times of refreshing, sensing his pres-",p:149,x:121,y:307,w:450,h:21},
{t:"ence—sweet, like a perfume? There is no effective ministry among ",p:149,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poor without this knowledge of his presence. An anointing of ",p:149,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the Spirit and dependence upon his power is the starting point for ",p:149,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministry to the poor (Isaiah 61:1).",p:149,x:91,y:395,w:247,h:21},
{t:"The entrance point into communities is through this power. ",p:149,x:121,y:424,w:454,h:21},
{t:"The breakthrough of the kingdom comes with preaching, teach-",p:149,x:91,y:446,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ing, healing and deliverance. It may also be accompanied by ",p:149,x:91,y:468,w:484,h:21},
{t:"development projects or aid, but it is the Spirit that gives life, and ",p:149,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:21},
{t:"then enables such projects to bear good fruit.",p:149,x:91,y:512,w:328,h:21},
{t:"Of over a hundred churches planted among the poor, I have ",p:149,x:121,y:542,w:454,h:21},
{t:"seen only two that came into being through the giving of aid. ",p:149,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:21},
{t:"By itself, aid does not break open new territory for the kingdom ",p:149,x:91,y:586,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of God, although it may create a desire for teaching because ",p:149,x:91,y:608,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the people see Christ’s love demon strated. It may be the godly ",p:149,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"response in many emergency and destitute situations, but we must ",p:149,x:91,y:652,w:484,h:21},
{t:"be careful. The moti vation to give aid can be either from God’s ",p:149,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Spirit or from human planning.",p:149,x:91,y:696,w:228,h:21},
{t:"The Spirit and a lady",p:149,x:91,y:736,w:179,h:24},
{t:"We had spent time talking about how to form a worshipping, ",p:149,x:121,y:788,w:424,h:19},
{t:"celebrating fellowship in the red-light district of Ermita in ",p:149,x:121,y:807,w:395,h:19},
{t:"Manila. Now we were actually out on the streets, sitting in a ",p:149,x:121,y:826,w:419,h:19},
{t:"restaurant with five of this artist’s friends—prostitutes. Only ",p:149,x:121,y:845,w:416,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:149,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:149,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"147",p:149,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"148",p:150,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:150,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"we didn’t call them that, for each was hurting inside about ",p:150,x:121,y:116,w:406,h:19},
{t:"the past.",p:150,x:121,y:135,w:60,h:19},
{t:"Her outgoing warmth had drawn them to her. While they ",p:150,x:121,y:164,w:396,h:19},
{t:"shared laughter and jokes, the conversation would often dip ",p:150,x:121,y:183,w:422,h:19},
{t:"down into issues of seriousness.",p:150,x:121,y:202,w:227,h:19},
{t:"“I don’t want to live this life, but what else can I do. I had ",p:150,x:121,y:231,w:396,h:19},
{t:"nothing left, when I left my boyfriend. I had to live. I want ",p:150,x:121,y:250,w:398,h:19},
{t:"to get out but there are no jobs. I have to pay my rent. My ",p:150,x:121,y:269,w:406,h:19},
{t:"family don’t know what I am doing. They think I have a good ",p:150,x:121,y:288,w:424,h:19},
{t:"job. It is too late now. I tried to get free but it doesn’t work.”",p:150,x:121,y:307,w:410,h:19},
{t:"“Only the power of God can give you meaning and ",p:150,x:121,y:336,w:357,h:19},
{t:"freedom.”",p:150,x:121,y:355,w:67,h:19},
{t:"Five steps are essential in ministry to the squatters.",p:150,x:91,y:398,w:373,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:150,x:121,y:427,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Compassion (as in the person of Christ)",p:150,x:151,y:427,w:291,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:150,x:121,y:457,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Incarnation (presence)",p:150,x:151,y:457,w:164,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:150,x:121,y:486,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Intercession (prayer)",p:150,x:151,y:486,w:152,h:21},
{t:"4.",p:150,x:121,y:516,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Proclamation",p:150,x:151,y:516,w:97,h:21},
{t:"5.",p:150,x:121,y:545,w:13,h:21},
{t:"Power",p:150,x:151,y:545,w:46,h:21},
{t:"Power is so important that it requires some extended com-",p:150,x:121,y:575,w:449,h:21},
{t:"ments. I do not know of a single church among the poor in any of ",p:150,x:91,y:597,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the cities I have studied that has not been planted in the midst of ",p:150,x:91,y:619,w:484,h:21},
{t:"signs of healing, deliverance, and miracles.",p:150,x:91,y:641,w:316,h:21},
{t:"Anointed with authority",p:150,x:91,y:682,w:204,h:24},
{t:"“And he called to him his twelve disciples and gave them ",p:150,x:121,y:712,w:454,h:21},
{t:"authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every ",p:150,x:91,y:734,w:484,h:21},
{t:"disease and every infirmity” (Matthew 10:1-2).",p:150,x:91,y:756,w:346,h:21},
{t:"How do we recognize those who have this empowering with ",p:150,x:121,y:786,w:454,h:21},
{t:"authority, this anointing with power from God in their ministries? ",p:150,x:91,y:808,w:484,h:21},
{t:"We find it in love. Paul makes this clear by plac ing 1 Corinthians ",p:150,x:91,y:830,w:484,h:21},
{t:"13, his renowned chapter on love, be tween two chapters about ",p:150,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spiritual gifts.",p:150,x:91,y:874,w:101,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:150,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:150,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"148",p:150,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"149",p:151,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Works of the Spirit of God",p:151,x:408,y:76,w:162,h:16},
{t:"But do we look for some sign such as speaking in tongues? ",p:151,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"The Bible does not indicate that this is a neces sary sign. While ",p:151,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"affirming that it is a useful and positive gift if used wisely, ",p:151,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"privately or publicly with an interpreter, Paul clearly states that ",p:151,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not all speak in tongues (1 Corinthians 12:30).",p:151,x:91,y:204,w:340,h:21},
{t:"Luke 4:18 shows us some things that are more readily observ-",p:151,x:121,y:233,w:449,h:21},
{t:"able in those who have been anointed by God. Each is evidence of ",p:151,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"love. Each occurs in a context of love. Anoint ing of the Spirit is ",p:151,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"shown in a compulsion to preach. Anointing is shown in healing ",p:151,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and deliverance. Anointing is shown in involvement with the ",p:151,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor. Anointing is shown in seeking justice.",p:151,x:91,y:343,w:322,h:21},
{t:"When I refer to the anointing of God, I am not talking of ",p:151,x:121,y:373,w:454,h:21},
{t:"receiving the Spirit, nor even of receiving spiritual gifts. I believe ",p:151,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that all receive the Spirit at conversion (Romans 8:9). When he ",p:151,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"comes, he comes bearing gifts. I am talking about empower-",p:151,x:91,y:439,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ing—of the release of the power of the Spirit and his gifts that ",p:151,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:21},
{t:"comes when we walk in love and fellowship.",p:151,x:91,y:483,w:329,h:21},
{t:"The apostles were to be the anointed ones. In Matthew 10:1, ",p:151,x:121,y:512,w:454,h:21},
{t:"they experienced his anointing when he laid his hands upon them. ",p:151,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Similarly, God gives us special author ity, gifts, or empowering ",p:151,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for certain tasks. He does this through delegation by elders ",p:151,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(1 Timothy 4:14), just as the elders of Timothy’s church released ",p:151,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Timothy into ministry with a prophecy and laid their hands upon ",p:151,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"him.",p:151,x:91,y:644,w:33,h:21},
{t:"The disciples were told to wait for a deeper, more lasting ",p:151,x:121,y:674,w:454,h:21},
{t:"experience of the Holy Spirit. “For John baptized with water,” ",p:151,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Jesus said, “but in a few days you will be baptized with the Holy ",p:151,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Spirit” (Acts 1:5 NIV).",p:151,x:91,y:740,w:159,h:21},
{t:"Some have built on this verse a doctrine of “tarrying” or wait-",p:151,x:121,y:769,w:450,h:21},
{t:"ing. This is a specific event in the history of the church, however, ",p:151,x:91,y:791,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and not a doctrinal statement. There is enough evidence in the ",p:151,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Bible and in the church to believe that be fore God anoints us for ",p:151,x:91,y:835,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a task, he often wants us to seek him through a time of fasting, ",p:151,x:91,y:857,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:151,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:151,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"149",p:151,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"150",p:152,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:152,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"prayer, and waiting. Perhaps there are issues of purification that ",p:152,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"he wants us to work through, or perhaps there are factors of ",p:152,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"intensity of desire that he wants to know about.",p:152,x:91,y:160,w:346,h:21},
{t:"Hindrances to the anointing of God",p:152,x:91,y:200,w:306,h:24},
{t:"All Christians receive the Spirit at conversion. Some ex-",p:152,x:121,y:231,w:450,h:21},
{t:"perience a great overflowing (or immersion or baptism) of the ",p:152,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Spirit when they are converted. For others it seems never to have ",p:152,x:91,y:275,w:484,h:21},
{t:"occurred. He may be in us, but there are blockages that have never ",p:152,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"been dealt with so that he can freely use us.",p:152,x:91,y:319,w:318,h:21},
{t:"Sin will block the work of the Spirit. Daily we need to have ",p:152,x:121,y:349,w:454,h:21},
{t:"God cleanse and search us. For some, emotional scars from the ",p:152,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"past may be blocking the link between our emo tions and the Spirit. ",p:152,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"When these hurts, often unknown to us, are revealed by the Holy ",p:152,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Spirit and healed through prayer, we may have a new freedom to ",p:152,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"hear the Spirit and to walk in him. Sometimes, demonic factors ",p:152,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from the past may not have been dealt with at conversion.",p:152,x:91,y:481,w:424,h:21},
{t:"The Spirit and growth",p:152,x:91,y:521,w:188,h:24},
{t:"He had been a violent son of a violent father. He had a ",p:152,x:121,y:573,w:387,h:19},
{t:"hunger for God, and his conversion had led to changes. It ",p:152,x:121,y:592,w:407,h:19},
{t:"was real. But one night he would be at a prayer meeting ",p:152,x:121,y:611,w:396,h:19},
{t:"and the next night he would be drunk. His involvement in ",p:152,x:121,y:630,w:401,h:19},
{t:"street fighting raised tricky pastoral questions in the church. ",p:152,x:121,y:649,w:420,h:19},
{t:"How could we discipline a believer like this? Until . . . ",p:152,x:121,y:668,w:373,h:19},
{t:"One night, I had been preaching on the power of God to ",p:152,x:121,y:697,w:396,h:19},
{t:"heal. There was an atmosphere of faith, so we asked the ",p:152,x:121,y:716,w:402,h:19},
{t:"Spirit to come and minister. He came as we waited and fell ",p:152,x:121,y:735,w:415,h:19},
{t:"on this violent son. Trembling under the Spirit’s power, he ",p:152,x:121,y:754,w:407,h:19},
{t:"saw picture after picture of the traumas of childhood, the ",p:152,x:121,y:773,w:398,h:19},
{t:"source of the violence—and God healing each hurt, each ",p:152,x:121,y:792,w:403,h:19},
{t:"wound. Then he prayed, one by one, for the sick in the ",p:152,x:121,y:811,w:386,h:19},
{t:"room and watched God’s power anoint them.",p:152,x:121,y:830,w:315,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:152,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:152,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"150",p:152,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"151",p:153,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Works of the Spirit of God",p:153,x:408,y:76,w:162,h:16},
{t:"From that day, God took a violent man and turned him ",p:153,x:121,y:116,w:383,h:19},
{t:"into a pastor. His father was also saved. Spirits were dealt ",p:153,x:121,y:135,w:410,h:19},
{t:"with. People began to study the Bible. He began to preach. ",p:153,x:121,y:154,w:417,h:19},
{t:"Today he is a pastor in training in a jail ministry.",p:153,x:121,y:173,w:333,h:19},
{t:"No amount of counseling or Bible study could deal with ",p:153,x:121,y:223,w:454,h:21},
{t:"such deep wounds. They needed the power of the Spirit of God. ",p:153,x:91,y:245,w:484,h:21},
{t:"There can be little effective ministry among the poor without this ",p:153,x:91,y:267,w:484,h:21},
{t:"power.",p:153,x:91,y:289,w:50,h:21},
{t:"Many are hindered from a fullness of the power of the Spirit ",p:153,x:121,y:319,w:454,h:21},
{t:"by doctrinal barriers that block their minds from re lating to a God ",p:153,x:91,y:341,w:484,h:21},
{t:"who is present and doing miraculous things. Others have never ",p:153,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"seen the Holy Spirit at work, so they lack models, and hence ",p:153,x:91,y:385,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cannot discern between his works and those of other spirits, ",p:153,x:91,y:407,w:484,h:21},
{t:"withdrawing into a fearful rejection of any spiritual phenomena ",p:153,x:91,y:429,w:484,h:21},
{t:"whatsoever.",p:153,x:91,y:451,w:88,h:21},
{t:"There is also an ebb and flow in this area of the anointing of ",p:153,x:121,y:480,w:454,h:21},
{t:"God. Sometimes Jesus had to go out for a night of prayer. Later ",p:153,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we find the power of the Lord with him to heal. Jesus himself ",p:153,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:21},
{t:"tells us that the wind blows where it wills, and we cannot tell ",p:153,x:91,y:546,w:484,h:21},
{t:"where it comes from nor where it is going. So it is with the Spirit ",p:153,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(John 3:8). The work of the Spirit is too diverse to be placed in ",p:153,x:91,y:590,w:484,h:21},
{t:"theological boxes. What is important is the reality of his anointing ",p:153,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for ministry.",p:153,x:91,y:634,w:91,h:21},
{t:"Confrontations of power",p:153,x:91,y:675,w:212,h:24},
{t:"John Wimber ",p:153,x:121,y:706,w:111,h:21},
{t:"has ",p:153,x:240,y:706,w:29,h:21},
{t:"popularized ",p:153,x:276,y:706,w:91,h:21},
{t:"this ",p:153,x:375,y:706,w:31,h:21},
{t:"concept ",p:153,x:414,y:706,w:61,h:21},
{t:"using ",p:153,x:483,y:706,w:44,h:21},
{t:"Alan ",p:153,x:535,y:706,w:40,h:21},
{t:"Tippett’s phrase—power encounter.",p:153,x:91,y:728,w:272,h:21},
{t:"Tippett’s phrase—",p:153,x:91,y:728,w:140,h:21},
{t:"1 It has come to mean the ",p:153,x:363,y:728,w:211,h:21},
{t:"symbolic confrontations between the power of the Holy Spirit and ",p:153,x:91,y:750,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the powers of the demonic that take place as the gospel is breaking ",p:153,x:91,y:772,w:484,h:21},
{t:"into a community.",p:153,x:91,y:794,w:133,h:21},
{t:"Power encounters between the kingdom of God and the ",p:153,x:121,y:823,w:454,h:21},
{t:"kingdom of darkness are particularly evident when we are on the ",p:153,x:91,y:845,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pioneering edge of mission. They are more so among the urban ",p:153,x:91,y:867,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:153,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:153,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"151",p:153,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"152",p:154,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:154,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"poor, where even secular sociology and anthro pology demonstrate ",p:154,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a higher incidence of demon posses sion.",p:154,x:91,y:138,w:296,h:21},
{t:"The act of entering a squatter area is in itself a profound ",p:154,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"encounter between the two kingdoms. It is a declaration of victory ",p:154,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"over the spirits that dominate such areas. When a person enters ",p:154,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a squatter area to live and minister, it is nor mal for significant ",p:154,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spiritual phenomena to occur.",p:154,x:91,y:255,w:217,h:21},
{t:"Entrance phenomena vary widely. When new workers enter ",p:154,x:121,y:285,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a community, I have seen members of their families become ",p:154,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"emotionally and mentally unstable. Other times there have been ",p:154,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"dramatic occult phenomena—violent fe vers and sicknesses, or ",p:154,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"demons beginning to become afraid and stirring up trouble in a ",p:154,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"multitude of homes in the com munity on the same day. Sometimes ",p:154,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the demons cry out, telling the people that the workers have come ",p:154,x:91,y:417,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to cause them trouble, naming workers and their home countries ",p:154,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:21},
{t:"before workers have had the chance to introduce them selves.",p:154,x:91,y:461,w:446,h:21},
{t:"The kingdom of God invades with power. As it does, we ",p:154,x:121,y:490,w:454,h:21},
{t:"experience the first fruits of the “powers of the age to come” ",p:154,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(Hebrews 6:5). We have a taste of the power of that coming ",p:154,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"kingdom here in the present. It is not yet a banquet. We will feast ",p:154,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"at a banquet on the day when the rulers of this world are destroyed ",p:154,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and the King of Kings is manifest in all his glory.",p:154,x:91,y:600,w:363,h:21},
{t:"Sometimes we are surprised by these signs of the future. We ",p:154,x:121,y:630,w:454,h:21},
{t:"find ourselves experiencing the miraculous in many dif ferent ",p:154,x:91,y:652,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ways. Often it is in prophetic words about the future, or in healing ",p:154,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and deliverance from the powers of this age. Again, it may be ",p:154,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in direct revelations from God of specific unknown situations ",p:154,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(“words of knowledge”).",p:154,x:91,y:740,w:182,h:21},
{t:"A Shepherd in the mist",p:154,x:91,y:780,w:199,h:24},
{t:"It was Christmas in Calcutta. We were celebrating. I had ",p:154,x:121,y:832,w:397,h:19},
{t:"given lights to this bustee family. As Hindu neighbors came ",p:154,x:121,y:851,w:418,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:154,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:154,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"152",p:154,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"153",p:155,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Works of the Spirit of God",p:155,x:408,y:76,w:162,h:16},
{t:"to see the lights, we would tell them a little of the Christmas ",p:155,x:121,y:116,w:419,h:19},
{t:"story.",p:155,x:121,y:135,w:38,h:19},
{t:"I asked a 78-year-old man: “How do you know God? I mean ",p:155,x:121,y:164,w:423,h:19},
{t:"really know God?” I knew that there were many nominal ",p:155,x:121,y:183,w:395,h:19},
{t:"Christians who have never really known God, and I wanted ",p:155,x:121,y:202,w:417,h:19},
{t:"to discover more about this man’s faith.",p:155,x:121,y:221,w:275,h:19},
{t:"“Let me tell you a story,” he said. “Eighteen years ago, ",p:155,x:121,y:250,w:384,h:19},
{t:"I was climbing a mountain with my baby daughter in my ",p:155,x:121,y:269,w:392,h:19},
{t:"arms. Some mist came, and in the mist I became trapped, ",p:155,x:121,y:288,w:410,h:19},
{t:"unable to move up or down.",p:155,x:121,y:307,w:195,h:19},
{t:"“Suddenly in the mist a big man appeared, leaning on a ",p:155,x:121,y:336,w:392,h:19},
{t:"staff. He helped me put my foot on the next step and then ",p:155,x:121,y:355,w:407,h:19},
{t:"the next until we arrived at the top of the mountain where ",p:155,x:121,y:374,w:403,h:19},
{t:"the rest of my family was watting. I reached into my pocket ",p:155,x:121,y:393,w:414,h:19},
{t:"to give him two rupees for his help, but when I looked up, ",p:155,x:121,y:412,w:403,h:19},
{t:"suddenly . . . he was gone!”",p:155,x:121,y:431,w:193,h:19},
{t:"“From that time,” he said, “I have known the Shepherd.”",p:155,x:121,y:460,w:388,h:19},
{t:"God had reached into the slums and revealed himself. But ",p:155,x:121,y:489,w:411,h:19},
{t:"nobody in the 18 years since had come to tell more about ",p:155,x:121,y:508,w:406,h:19},
{t:"how to follow that Shepherd!",p:155,x:121,y:527,w:199,h:19},
{t:"The Spirit and justice for the poor",p:155,x:91,y:589,w:293,h:24},
{t:"In the last phrase of Luke 4:18, we find Jesus speaking of ",p:155,x:121,y:619,w:454,h:21},
{t:"bringing in an age of justice, the age of the kingdom—a time ",p:155,x:91,y:641,w:484,h:21},
{t:"when equality will reign, when the poor will be uplifted and the ",p:155,x:91,y:663,w:484,h:21},
{t:"rich brought low.",p:155,x:91,y:685,w:126,h:21},
{t:"He had been cursed by a tribal enemy. As he died, he had ",p:155,x:121,y:736,w:412,h:19},
{t:"a conversation with Jesus, who told him to go back to the ",p:155,x:121,y:755,w:404,h:19},
{t:"living, for it was not his time yet. He must go and minister to ",p:155,x:121,y:774,w:421,h:19},
{t:"the poor.",p:155,x:121,y:793,w:62,h:19},
{t:"He began to pray for the sick. The lame, deaf, and blind ",p:155,x:121,y:822,w:394,h:19},
{t:"were healed. Once, he raised a man from the dead. During ",p:155,x:121,y:841,w:417,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:155,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:155,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"153",p:155,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"154",p:156,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:156,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"a rebellion, the leaders of both sides would come to him, for ",p:156,x:121,y:116,w:422,h:19},
{t:"he had become known as a holy man.",p:156,x:121,y:135,w:266,h:19},
{t:"He encouraged the police not to fire, not to use real bullets. ",p:156,x:121,y:164,w:418,h:19},
{t:"He encouraged negotiations. He helped develop trade ",p:156,x:121,y:183,w:383,h:19},
{t:"unions to deal with the fundamental cause of the rebellion—",p:156,x:121,y:202,w:419,h:19},
{t:"the loss of the people’s ecological environment through ",p:156,x:121,y:221,w:390,h:19},
{t:"open-caste copper mining.",p:156,x:121,y:240,w:186,h:19},
{t:"The man who knows the Spirit will often be the man whom ",p:156,x:121,y:283,w:454,h:21},
{t:"God chooses to effect justice.",p:156,x:91,y:305,w:216,h:21},
{t:"I believe that from among movements of men and women ",p:156,x:121,y:334,w:454,h:21},
{t:"who will live among the poor, God will call some who, feeling ",p:156,x:91,y:356,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the pain of the poor, are able to speak prophetically to those in ",p:156,x:91,y:378,w:484,h:21},
{t:"authority. In India, only a holy man could speak in such a way, ",p:156,x:91,y:400,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and holy men live as poor men. Incarnation among the poor is a ",p:156,x:91,y:422,w:484,h:21},
{t:"prerequisite for this kind of prophetic role to the rich.",p:156,x:91,y:444,w:391,h:21},
{t:"Notes",p:156,x:91,y:494,w:34,h:16},
{t:"1.",p:156,x:97,y:517,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Wimber, John, Power Evangelism, San Franciso: Harper and Row, 1993.",p:156,x:116,y:517,w:431,h:16},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:156,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:156,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"154",p:156,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"155",p:157,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Twelve",p:157,x:196,y:115,w:140,h:24},
{t:"Biblical Theology for Poor ",p:157,x:196,y:150,w:350,h:32},
{t:"People ’s Churches",p:157,x:196,y:180,w:245,h:32},
{t:"What is the goal of life? According to the Westminster ",p:157,x:121,y:311,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Catechism, “the chief end of man is to enjoy God and glorify ",p:157,x:91,y:333,w:484,h:21},
{t:"him forever.” Romans 8:29 tells us we were predestined to be ",p:157,x:91,y:355,w:484,h:21},
{t:"conformed to the image (likeness) of his Son. One aspect of this ",p:157,x:91,y:377,w:484,h:21},
{t:"goal of the Christian life is summed up in the old phrase, imitatio ",p:157,x:91,y:399,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cristo—the imitation of Christ.",p:157,x:91,y:421,w:231,h:21},
{t:"If we accept this as the goal of the Christian life, what then is ",p:157,x:121,y:450,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the goal of Christian ministry?",p:157,x:91,y:472,w:224,h:21},
{t:"Jesus commands us to make disciples of all nations. That ",p:157,x:121,y:502,w:454,h:21},
{t:"means developing people who are walking behind him, learning ",p:157,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:21},
{t:"from him, and seeking to become like him. Colossians 1:28–29 ",p:157,x:91,y:546,w:484,h:21},
{t:"tells us that Paul’s goal is to “present everyone mature in Christ.” ",p:157,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:21},
{t:"For this he toiled, “laboring with all the energy which [God] ",p:157,x:91,y:590,w:484,h:21},
{t:"mightily inspires within me.”",p:157,x:91,y:612,w:214,h:21},
{t:"Ephesians 5:27 makes it clear that God desires this ma turity (or ",p:157,x:121,y:641,w:454,h:21},
{t:"as some translations put it, perfection), not alone for individuals, ",p:157,x:91,y:663,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but for the church, “without stain or wrin kle or any other blemish, ",p:157,x:91,y:685,w:484,h:21},
{t:"but holy and blameless” (NIV). For we move to maturity in Christ ",p:157,x:91,y:707,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as we move to unity and matu rity with our brothers: “We will in ",p:157,x:91,y:729,w:484,h:21},
{t:"all things grow up in him who is the head, that is, Christ. From ",p:157,x:91,y:751,w:484,h:21},
{t:"him the whole body, joined and held together by every supporting ",p:157,x:91,y:773,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ligament, grows and . . . does its work” (Ephesians 4:15–16 NIV). ",p:157,x:91,y:795,w:479,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:157,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:157,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"155",p:157,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"156",p:158,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:158,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"The aim of the Christian life is perfection and maturity in ",p:158,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Christlikeness. The aim of Christian ministry is the perfec tion and ",p:158,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"maturity of the church in spiritual unity with Christ.",p:158,x:91,y:160,w:380,h:21},
{t:"What then is the aim of Christian missions? We are to “go ",p:158,x:121,y:189,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and make disciples of all nations” (Matthew 28:18). The aim is ",p:158,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not only to put missionaries on the field. The aim is not only to ",p:158,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"establish churches. The aim is not just to pro duce mature churches ",p:158,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"or growing churches. The aim is to disciple the peoples. The goal ",p:158,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is to form movements—movements of mature churches among ",p:158,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the peoples.",p:158,x:91,y:321,w:87,h:21},
{t:"The church—declaration of Christ",p:158,x:91,y:362,w:295,h:24},
{t:"It is the church that is the body of Christ, not just indi viduals. ",p:158,x:121,y:393,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Individual compassion, incarnation, intercession, and proclama-",p:158,x:91,y:415,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tion are insufficient. We must press on until the church ",p:158,x:91,y:437,w:461,h:21},
{t:"is ",p:158,x:558,y:437,w:16,h:21},
{t:"established in any city. The apostle among the poor may incarnate ",p:158,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Christ initially, but it is the emerg ing church or churches that ",p:158,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"are in a fuller sense the incar nation of Christ—his body. The ",p:158,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"apostle may proclaim, but it is the church that daily manifests to ",p:158,x:91,y:525,w:484,h:21},
{t:"principalities and powers the resurrected Lord and the defeat of ",p:158,x:91,y:547,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Satan on the cross (Ephesians 3:10).",p:158,x:91,y:569,w:265,h:21},
{t:"But what is meant by “church”? It is generally perceived as the ",p:158,x:121,y:598,w:454,h:21},
{t:"worshipping people of God gathered together under the preached ",p:158,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"word, each exercising his or her spiritual gifts in ministry, under a ",p:158,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"defined leadership of elders, pastors, and/or deacons, in a variety ",p:158,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of structured relationships.",p:158,x:91,y:686,w:196,h:21},
{t:"The structural components of this have become known in a ",p:158,x:121,y:716,w:454,h:21},
{t:"school of thought called “church growth” theory. Based on an ",p:158,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:21},
{t:"American world-view of structures and sociological pragmatism, ",p:158,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"it has developed some helpful concepts and research. Its basic ",p:158,x:91,y:782,w:484,h:21},
{t:"conceptualization revolves around evan gelism, discipleship, and ",p:158,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the structure of the church.",p:158,x:91,y:826,w:197,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:158,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:158,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"156",p:158,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"157",p:159,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Biblical Theology for Poor People's Churches",p:159,x:286,y:76,w:284,h:16},
{t:"But the commission of Jesus, as we have seen it, is for holistic ",p:159,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"and relational discipling. From this, and from the centrality of ",p:159,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"his preaching of the kingdom, church growth concepts unwit-",p:159,x:91,y:160,w:480,h:21},
{t:"tingly have been largely divorced. Jesus’ commitment was not ",p:159,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to evangelistic or pastoral structures, although he used these. His ",p:159,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"commitment was to love people. His commitment was to extend ",p:159,x:91,y:226,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the kingdom. His com mitment was holistic.",p:159,x:91,y:248,w:320,h:21},
{t:"Over the last decade among evangelicals there has been a ",p:159,x:121,y:277,w:454,h:21},
{t:"growing understanding of the role of the kingdom of God in our ",p:159,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"theology. First, we moved from “great commission missions” to ",p:159,x:91,y:321,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a more holistic perspective on mission. Then came a new under-",p:159,x:91,y:343,w:480,h:21},
{t:"standing of the kingdom of God as a broader theological concept ",p:159,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that under girds the various components of mission and ministry. ",p:159,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"This broad concept of the kingdom has also made possible an ",p:159,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"integration of char ismatic thinking into mainline evangelical ",p:159,x:91,y:431,w:484,h:21},
{t:"perspectives.",p:159,x:91,y:453,w:95,h:21},
{t:"CHURCH GROWTH MISSION",p:159,x:91,y:554,w:186,h:19},
{t:"Its Generally Perceived Emphases",p:159,x:91,y:574,w:209,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:159,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:159,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"157",p:159,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"158",p:160,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:160,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"KINGDOM MISSION",p:160,x:91,y:116,w:126,h:19},
{t:"A Broader Historical and Holistic View",p:160,x:91,y:136,w:229,h:19},
{t:"HOLISTIC KINGDOM MISSION",p:160,x:91,y:517,w:193,h:19},
{t:"Its Focus and Socio-Economic Impact",p:160,x:91,y:537,w:229,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:160,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:160,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"158",p:160,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"159",p:161,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Biblical Theology for Poor People's Churches",p:161,x:286,y:76,w:284,h:16},
{t:"These theological trends are timely, for they have at last ",p:161,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"provided evangelicals with a theology that can grapple with ",p:161,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"issues of poverty and the poor, urbanization, and injustice, while ",p:161,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"not denying the centrality of proclamation.",p:161,x:91,y:182,w:313,h:21},
{t:"The kingdom—basis for a squatter theology",p:161,x:91,y:222,w:383,h:24},
{t:"What is the kingdom of God? To understand effectively ",p:161,x:121,y:253,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the nature of the church in the slums, we need to look beyond ",p:161,x:91,y:275,w:484,h:21},
{t:"structural church growth studies to a holistic king dom of God ",p:161,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:21},
{t:"concept.",p:161,x:91,y:319,w:61,h:21},
{t:"Jesus came preaching the kingdom of God. Thirty years later ",p:161,x:121,y:349,w:454,h:21},
{t:"we find Paul in Rome, again preaching the kingdom of God. It is ",p:161,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the central theme of the gospels, and gives us a more holistic per-",p:161,x:91,y:393,w:479,h:21},
{t:"spective than one that focuses only on the growth of the church.",p:161,x:91,y:415,w:468,h:21},
{t:"Church growth is an insufficient goal for which to give our ",p:161,x:121,y:444,w:454,h:21},
{t:"lives. The kingdom of God is an objective that sets us free for ",p:161,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a variety of ministries. The kingdom encompasses all of life. ",p:161,x:91,y:488,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Church growth theory encompasses only a small part.",p:161,x:91,y:510,w:394,h:21},
{t:"Traditional evangelical mission has focused on preaching ",p:161,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the gospel, making disciples, and establishing them in churches. ",p:161,x:91,y:562,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Kingdom-style mission sees these as central ele ments in a holistic ",p:161,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:21},
{t:"pattern of ministry that encompasses every area of life.",p:161,x:91,y:606,w:402,h:21},
{t:"Is the kingdom separate from, ",p:161,x:91,y:646,w:265,h:24},
{t:"involved in, or set over the slums?",p:161,x:91,y:668,w:301,h:24},
{t:"Based on a theological understanding of the relationship of ",p:161,x:121,y:699,w:454,h:21},
{t:"kingdom with culture, we may ask practical issues about church-",p:161,x:91,y:721,w:480,h:21},
{t:"planting among the poor.",p:161,x:91,y:743,w:184,h:21},
{t:"For example, should we establish the kingdom in the slums ",p:161,x:121,y:773,w:454,h:21},
{t:"by gathering believers separated from the community (as in ",p:161,x:91,y:795,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Anabaptist, Baptist, Holiness, and Pentecostal con cepts of a ",p:161,x:91,y:817,w:484,h:21},
{t:"kingdom that is against culture)? Or should the believers identify ",p:161,x:91,y:839,w:484,h:21},
{t:"themselves in the slums in fellowships that seek to infiltrate all ",p:161,x:91,y:861,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:161,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:161,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"159",p:161,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"160",p:162,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:162,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"areas of life (according to the An glican, Lutheran, Wesleyan ",p:162,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"transformational model)? Or, rather, should they be considered ",p:162,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"as over the slums (as in the identificational-dominance Calvinist ",p:162,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"model)?",p:162,x:91,y:182,w:60,h:21},
{t:"No single, traditional, Western model of the kingdom or ",p:162,x:121,y:211,w:454,h:21},
{t:"church suffices. A new synthesis that is specifically useful for ",p:162,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministry in the slums is needed. Such a model may well find ",p:162,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"components in each of the above.",p:162,x:91,y:277,w:245,h:21},
{t:"From the Anabaptist, or separational paradigm, we find ",p:162,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"components of incarnation among the poor, based in theol ogies of ",p:162,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Jesus as the model for our life.",p:162,x:91,y:351,w:224,h:21},
{t:"From Reformed teaching, there are aspects of moderate ",p:162,x:121,y:380,w:454,h:21},
{t:"kingdom theology—in contrast with dogmatic Calvinism—that ",p:162,x:91,y:402,w:484,h:21},
{t:"enable us to deal with issues of injustice within the city.",p:162,x:91,y:424,w:409,h:21},
{t:"From Pentecostal theology we learn the practice of min istering ",p:162,x:121,y:454,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in the power of the Spirit to the poor.",p:162,x:91,y:476,w:272,h:21},
{t:"From Lutheran, Anglican, and Wesleyan church struc tures, ",p:162,x:121,y:505,w:454,h:21},
{t:"we learn the importance of authoritarian leadership structures for ",p:162,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministry to the poor.",p:162,x:91,y:549,w:149,h:21},
{t:"Point of focus among the poor",p:162,x:91,y:590,w:265,h:24},
{t:"A theology of the kingdom also predicts the style of min istry ",p:162,x:121,y:621,w:454,h:21},
{t:"that should be central in working among the poor. There are many ",p:162,x:91,y:643,w:484,h:21},
{t:"possible Christian or Christian-influenced responses to the plight ",p:162,x:91,y:665,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the slums. Which is most strate gic? The answer depends on the ",p:162,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:21},
{t:"strength and resources of the church, and the issues of oppression ",p:162,x:91,y:709,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and poverty that are present in any given situation.",p:162,x:91,y:731,w:371,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:162,x:91,y:772,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Economic determinism",p:162,x:121,y:772,w:176,h:21},
{t:"If the cause of the poverty of the slums is seen as an economic ",p:162,x:121,y:801,w:454,h:21},
{t:"lack, we will probably end up with a Chris tianized development ",p:162,x:91,y:823,w:484,h:21},
{t:"agency. Compassion for the vic tims of oppression most frequently ",p:162,x:91,y:845,w:484,h:21},
{t:"results in an economic response. This was true for Jesus, and it is ",p:162,x:91,y:867,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:162,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:162,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"160",p:162,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"161",p:163,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Biblical Theology for Poor People's Churches",p:163,x:286,y:76,w:284,h:16},
{t:"true for us. We give aid. Linking our compassion with an analysis ",p:163,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the economic structures of our society re sults in Christian ",p:163,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"developmental responses to the poor. This is a kingdom response ",p:163,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and a good one.",p:163,x:91,y:182,w:116,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:163,x:91,y:223,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Sociological determinism",p:163,x:121,y:223,w:193,h:21},
{t:"On the other hand, if we perceive that the poverty of the poor ",p:163,x:121,y:252,w:454,h:21},
{t:"is caused by cultural and social factors, our ten dency, over a ",p:163,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:21},
{t:"period of time, will be to opt for more com munity organizational ",p:163,x:91,y:296,w:484,h:21},
{t:"solutions.",p:163,x:91,y:318,w:70,h:21},
{t:"Current theories in this area fall into the broad category of ",p:163,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:21},
{t:"empowering the poor—enabling them to fulfill their destiny by ",p:163,x:91,y:370,w:484,h:21},
{t:"empowering the poor",p:163,x:91,y:370,w:160,h:20},
{t:"learning about their own dignity and strength, and then, step by ",p:163,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:21},
{t:"step, gaining their rights. These can be good kingdom responses. ",p:163,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Often they have been emphasized by liberal and liberationist ",p:163,x:91,y:436,w:484,h:21},
{t:"theologies, which with inadequate biblical roots are open to cap-",p:163,x:91,y:458,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ture by Marxist philosophy. This is not a reason for evan gelicals ",p:163,x:91,y:480,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and Pentecostals to ignore the issues. Nor is it a reason to copy ",p:163,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:21},
{t:"their categories.",p:163,x:91,y:524,w:117,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:163,x:91,y:565,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Political determinism",p:163,x:121,y:565,w:160,h:21},
{t:"Many go further than this, seeing the poverty of the poor ",p:163,x:121,y:594,w:454,h:21},
{t:"as being caused by political systems and the mis use of power. ",p:163,x:91,y:616,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Depending on where you start ideologi cally, you may perceive ",p:163,x:91,y:638,w:484,h:21},
{t:"it as the result of exploitative capitalism and class struggle, of ",p:163,x:91,y:660,w:484,h:21},
{t:"multinational rape of the nation, or of the abuse of power inherent ",p:163,x:91,y:682,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in Marx ism. These we have discussed previously under the ru bric ",p:163,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of marginality and social dualism.",p:163,x:91,y:726,w:250,h:21},
{t:"To recognize oppression as the basic cause of poverty implies ",p:163,x:121,y:756,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the need of a corresponding Christian response. To see the effects ",p:163,x:91,y:778,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of oppression among the poor requires a kingdom response. The ",p:163,x:91,y:800,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Scriptures are very forceful on the issue of living justly and effect-",p:163,x:91,y:822,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ing justice for the poor.",p:163,x:91,y:844,w:171,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:163,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:163,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"161",p:163,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"162",p:164,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:164,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"4.",p:164,x:91,y:116,w:14,h:21},
{t:"A Jesus-style ministry",p:164,x:121,y:116,w:169,h:21},
{t:"The logical starting point for a Christian is to go to his Master, ",p:164,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:21},
{t:"who is truth, manifested truth, and hence prob ably has the best ",p:164,x:91,y:167,w:484,h:21},
{t:"answer to the issues. How did Jesus respond to the poverty of the ",p:164,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"city?",p:164,x:91,y:211,w:35,h:21},
{t:"First, he was involved in dealing with ",p:164,x:121,y:241,w:312,h:21},
{t:"it. ",p:164,x:438,y:241,w:19,h:21},
{t:"He incarnated ",p:164,x:463,y:241,w:112,h:21},
{t:"himself in it. He became one of the oppressed poor.",p:164,x:91,y:263,w:378,h:21},
{t:"Second, he saw spiritual transformation as primary.",p:164,x:121,y:292,w:377,h:21},
{t:"Third, he had a longer-term view than we do. He looked for ",p:164,x:121,y:322,w:454,h:21},
{t:"the primacy of the kingdom—not of economic, so cial, or political ",p:164,x:91,y:344,w:484,h:21},
{t:"development. Economic development, for Jesus, was a result ",p:164,x:91,y:366,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of proclamation and subsequent submission to the King. In his ",p:164,x:91,y:388,w:484,h:21},
{t:"eyes, repentance and discipleship were more significant than an ",p:164,x:91,y:410,w:484,h:21},
{t:"approach based on political change.",p:164,x:91,y:432,w:262,h:21},
{t:"At the same time, he made it clear that the kingdom at times ",p:164,x:126,y:461,w:449,h:21},
{t:"impinged on economics, politics, and sociology. His kingdom was ",p:164,x:91,y:483,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spiritual, but it involved new societies, new patterns of econom-",p:164,x:91,y:505,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ics, and had a political philoso phy of servanthood. Leadership ",p:164,x:91,y:527,w:484,h:21},
{t:"development was central to his activities. But it was a leadership ",p:164,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:21},
{t:"development whose cutting edge remained in spiritual ministry.",p:164,x:91,y:571,w:467,h:21},
{t:"For this reason, it seems appropriate to focus on evange lism, ",p:164,x:121,y:601,w:454,h:21},
{t:"followed by discipling and forming new social groups of converts. ",p:164,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:21},
{t:"This has become known as church planting.",p:164,x:91,y:645,w:321,h:21},
{t:"If our desire is spiritual confrontation with principalities and ",p:164,x:121,y:674,w:454,h:21},
{t:"powers, we must also focus on church planting, be cause the lack ",p:164,x:91,y:696,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of churches in the slums means an inade quate ethical base from ",p:164,x:91,y:718,w:484,h:21},
{t:"which to seek political change. If it is in our hearts to effect justice ",p:164,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for the poor, we focus on church planting because significant ",p:164,x:91,y:762,w:484,h:21},
{t:"movements among the poor have a habit of effecting social and ",p:164,x:91,y:784,w:484,h:21},
{t:"political change.",p:164,x:91,y:806,w:121,h:21},
{t:"Interestingly, ",p:164,x:121,y:836,w:101,h:21},
{t:"whatever ",p:164,x:233,y:836,w:71,h:21},
{t:"views ",p:164,x:316,y:836,w:47,h:21},
{t:"are ",p:164,x:374,y:836,w:26,h:21},
{t:"determinative, ",p:164,x:411,y:836,w:109,h:21},
{t:"some ",p:164,x:532,y:836,w:43,h:21},
{t:"so ciological conclusions are general to each of the four op tions ",p:164,x:91,y:858,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:164,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:164,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"162",p:164,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"163",p:165,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Biblical Theology for Poor People's Churches",p:165,x:286,y:76,w:284,h:16},
{t:"above. Whether the organizations are economic, political, or ",p:165,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"religious, the key to change among the poor is multiplication of ",p:165,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"small organizations. Economically it is the multiplication of small ",p:165,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"cooperative ventures. Politically it is movements of small cells ",p:165,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of totally committed cadres. Spiri tually it is the multiplication of ",p:165,x:91,y:204,w:484,h:21},
{t:"small churches or fellow ships knit together in a web-like move-",p:165,x:91,y:226,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ment. Each of these empowers the poor, enabling them to begin to ",p:165,x:91,y:248,w:484,h:21},
{t:"take their own destiny into their own hands. ",p:165,x:91,y:270,w:326,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:165,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:165,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"163",p:165,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"165",p:166,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Chapter Thirteen",p:166,x:196,y:115,w:150,h:24},
{t:"Group Structures for ",p:166,x:196,y:150,w:279,h:32},
{t:"Squatter Churches",p:166,x:196,y:180,w:243,h:32},
{t:"In John 17, Jesus reflects in prayer about the work he had ",p:166,x:121,y:311,w:454,h:21},
{t:"accomplished on earth. It is his final prayer, and final words ",p:166,x:91,y:333,w:484,h:21},
{t:"usually contain central convictions. He prays for those whom God ",p:166,x:91,y:355,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the Father has given from the world. He does not now pray for the ",p:166,x:91,y:377,w:484,h:21},
{t:"world, but for this group of twelve.",p:166,x:91,y:399,w:257,h:21},
{t:"Here he defines the goals of group discipling. He has mani-",p:166,x:121,y:428,w:450,h:21},
{t:"fested the Father. He has taught the Word in such a way that the ",p:166,x:91,y:450,w:484,h:21},
{t:"disciples have obeyed. He has protected them, leaving them in the ",p:166,x:91,y:472,w:484,h:21},
{t:"world, but sanctifying them in it. He has sent them forth and has ",p:166,x:91,y:494,w:484,h:21},
{t:"modeled for them how they should minister. He prays for their ",p:166,x:91,y:516,w:484,h:21},
{t:"spiritual unity.",p:166,x:91,y:538,w:106,h:21},
{t:"These men are central elements in his ministry. Through ",p:166,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:21},
{t:"these men he sees the world. He has formed a new socio logical ",p:166,x:91,y:590,w:484,h:21},
{t:"paradigm—a new small-group structure and a new pattern for ",p:166,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:21},
{t:"birthing a movement. Based on these building blocks we can ",p:166,x:91,y:634,w:484,h:21},
{t:"develop patterns for forming churches.",p:166,x:91,y:656,w:284,h:21},
{t:"Three structures for the poor",p:166,x:91,y:697,w:252,h:24},
{t:"I have found that there are three patterns of church structure ",p:166,x:121,y:727,w:454,h:21},
{t:"that serve the urban poor: ",p:166,x:91,y:749,w:191,h:21},
{t:"1.",p:166,x:91,y:791,w:14,h:21},
{t:"Multiplication of squatter churches",p:166,x:121,y:791,w:264,h:21},
{t:"The pattern prevalent in the ministry of Latin American ",p:166,x:121,y:820,w:454,h:21},
{t:"churches among the poor is a multiplication in geo graphically-",p:166,x:91,y:842,w:480,h:21},
{t:"defined ",p:166,x:91,y:864,w:59,h:21},
{t:"squatter ",p:166,x:158,y:864,w:62,h:21},
{t:"areas ",p:166,x:228,y:864,w:42,h:21},
{t:"and slums through ",p:166,x:278,y:864,w:155,h:21},
{t:"an ",p:166,x:441,y:864,w:21,h:21},
{t:"incarnational, ",p:166,x:470,y:864,w:104,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:166,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:166,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"165",p:166,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"166",p:167,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:167,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"small-group-movement approach. This model I have defined for ",p:167,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"missionaries in a number of writings.",p:167,x:91,y:138,w:272,h:21},
{t:"These local slum congregations speak the heart lan guage ",p:167,x:121,y:167,w:454,h:21},
{t:"of the people, have local eldership, but are linked to other slum ",p:167,x:91,y:189,w:484,h:21},
{t:"churches or vertically dependent on a middle-class church. They ",p:167,x:91,y:211,w:484,h:21},
{t:"enable the slum dweller to feel at home in a slum culture, but have ",p:167,x:91,y:233,w:484,h:21},
{t:"some ties to the outside middle-class city structures.",p:167,x:91,y:255,w:381,h:21},
{t:"Many slum residents, while connected to the city, rarely ",p:167,x:121,y:285,w:454,h:21},
{t:"venture into that city. A squatter may be a city-dweller in his or ",p:167,x:91,y:307,w:484,h:21},
{t:"her own mind, but he or she is not necessarily identified with the ",p:167,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"structures of the middle-class city. The kind of church we have ",p:167,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"referred to in the preceding paragraphs is the only one that is ",p:167,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"likely to be appropri ate for such a squatter.",p:167,x:91,y:395,w:314,h:21},
{t:"Some traditions talk of a return to the New Testament church ",p:167,x:121,y:424,w:454,h:21},
{t:"patterns. In the slums, however, first century patterns are inap-",p:167,x:91,y:446,w:480,h:21},
{t:"propriate. There are no villas for house churches to meet in, so ",p:167,x:91,y:468,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a local church building must be built (frequently known in Latin ",p:167,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:21},
{t:"America as a templo, or “temple”). In Third World slum areas, ",p:167,x:91,y:512,w:484,h:21},
{t:"there are no godly Jewish converts with stable families and depth ",p:167,x:91,y:534,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the Scriptures who can immediately step forward to lead new ",p:167,x:91,y:556,w:484,h:21},
{t:"congregations. In the slums, heavy dependence upon the pastor ",p:167,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for leadership may continue for some years. There is no concept ",p:167,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of a synagogue to clarify what a church should look like, causing ",p:167,x:91,y:622,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poor to import middle-class Western or Catholic styles of ",p:167,x:91,y:644,w:484,h:21},
{t:"church.",p:167,x:91,y:666,w:54,h:21},
{t:"2.",p:167,x:91,y:707,w:14,h:21},
{t:"A gang-structured discipling web",p:167,x:121,y:707,w:252,h:21},
{t:"A gang-like discipling movement works among special ized ",p:167,x:121,y:737,w:454,h:21},
{t:"groups such as addicts, alcoholics etc. It may have a structure ",p:167,x:91,y:759,w:484,h:21},
{t:"similar to a drug gang, but it is built around the authority of ",p:167,x:91,y:781,w:484,h:21},
{t:"discipling relationships that emanate from ",p:167,x:91,y:803,w:338,h:21},
{t:"a ",p:167,x:436,y:803,w:12,h:21},
{t:"strong, central, ",p:167,x:455,y:803,w:120,h:21},
{t:"intensive, discipling, charismatic figure.",p:167,x:91,y:825,w:294,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:167,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:167,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"166",p:167,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"167",p:168,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Group Structures for Squatter Churches",p:168,x:320,y:76,w:250,h:16},
{t:"Alcoholics Anonymous, jail ministries, and work among drug ",p:168,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"addicts, such as those of Jackie Pullinger or Teen Challenge, are ",p:168,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"among the current models of these city-wide ministries among ",p:168,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the poor. They are not churches, yet churches may result in the ",p:168,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"squatter areas from such effective discipling.",p:168,x:91,y:204,w:328,h:21},
{t:"3.",p:168,x:91,y:245,w:14,h:21},
{t:"A central-city, front-led superchurch",p:168,x:121,y:245,w:276,h:21},
{t:"In some urban areas, there are great inner-city, charis matic ",p:168,x:121,y:274,w:454,h:21},
{t:"celebrations held in the trade language of the city (in Asia, this is ",p:168,x:91,y:296,w:484,h:21},
{t:"often English). The squatter can be linked to a middle-class city ",p:168,x:91,y:318,w:484,h:21},
{t:"structure through these large-scale celebrations, yet at the same ",p:168,x:91,y:340,w:484,h:21},
{t:"time attend smaller cell groups among other squatter and slum ",p:168,x:91,y:362,w:484,h:21},
{t:"people that are holistic and incarnational. The middle-class fel-",p:168,x:91,y:384,w:479,h:21},
{t:"lowship has sufficient income to underwrite an indig enous pattern ",p:168,x:91,y:406,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of supporting these smaller churches among the poor.",p:168,x:91,y:428,w:393,h:21},
{t:"A woman transformed!",p:168,x:91,y:469,w:199,h:24},
{t:"She had served as an assistant to the wife of a deposed ",p:168,x:121,y:521,w:389,h:19},
{t:"dictator and was used to getting things done. Now she had ",p:168,x:121,y:540,w:406,h:19},
{t:"just completed the foundation for a new church in the slums.",p:168,x:121,y:559,w:412,h:19},
{t:"She had been touched by God in a big, upper-middle class, ",p:168,x:121,y:588,w:420,h:19},
{t:"charismatic fellowship that met in a shopping mall—at ",p:168,x:121,y:607,w:381,h:19},
{t:"times there had been 4,000 attending. The leaders had ",p:168,x:121,y:626,w:389,h:19},
{t:"sent her to this garbage dump as she responded to God’s ",p:168,x:121,y:645,w:408,h:19},
{t:"call. Every day she traveled an hour and a half to reach the ",p:168,x:121,y:664,w:418,h:19},
{t:"people who lived at the dump. Hers was one of five new ",p:168,x:121,y:683,w:396,h:19},
{t:"outreaches to the poor from this particular fellowship.",p:168,x:121,y:702,w:371,h:19},
{t:"This approach, however, cannot even be considered where the ",p:168,x:121,y:752,w:454,h:21},
{t:"poor speak a different language from that of the rich and middle ",p:168,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"class. John Maust makes an interesting observation:",p:168,x:91,y:796,w:380,h:21},
{t:"My informal investigations turned up only two Quechua-",p:168,x:121,y:828,w:419,h:21},
{t:"language evangelical congregations in all of Lima. More ",p:168,x:121,y:850,w:424,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:168,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:168,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"167",p:168,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"168",p:169,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:169,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"Quechua churches seem a pressing need, considering the ",p:169,x:121,y:116,w:424,h:21},
{t:"influx of thousands of people who grew up speaking one ",p:169,x:121,y:138,w:424,h:21},
{t:"of the Quechua dialects as their mother tongue. Statistics ",p:169,x:121,y:160,w:424,h:21},
{t:"say that 30 per cent of the 18 million Peruvians speak only ",p:169,x:121,y:182,w:424,h:21},
{t:"Quechua. These people will never go to a superchurch. ",p:169,x:121,y:204,w:424,h:21},
{t:"And if they did, they couldn’t invite their neighbors, ",p:169,x:121,y:226,w:424,h:21},
{t:"who probably will never be able to afford the bus fare. ",p:169,x:121,y:248,w:424,h:21},
{t:"Incarnation in this situation is our only option.1",p:169,x:121,y:270,w:345,h:21},
{t:"Four seasons of growth",p:169,x:91,y:310,w:207,h:24},
{t:"Just as there are normal patterns of personal spiritual growth, ",p:169,x:121,y:341,w:454,h:21},
{t:"church growth of poor peoples’ churches also fol lows regular ",p:169,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:21},
{t:"patterns. Some steps must precede others. Some areas need to ",p:169,x:91,y:385,w:484,h:21},
{t:"grow before others can develop. 2 Co rinthians 3:18 tells us: “And ",p:169,x:91,y:407,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we, who with unveiled faces all reflect the Lord’s glory, are being ",p:169,x:91,y:429,w:484,h:21},
{t:"transformed into his like ness with ever-increasing glory, which ",p:169,x:91,y:451,w:484,h:21},
{t:"comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit” (NIV).",p:169,x:91,y:473,w:336,h:21},
{t:"The chart on page 170 came from Gene Tabor and the ",p:169,x:121,y:503,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Philippine leadership of REACH, a chart whose initial framework ",p:169,x:91,y:525,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is known as the FOCUS Chart. Based on experi ence among the ",p:169,x:91,y:547,w:484,h:21},
{t:"poor, this chart illustrates four distinct phases in the development ",p:169,x:91,y:569,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of the life of a disciple and of fel lowships of disciples as they ",p:169,x:91,y:591,w:484,h:21},
{t:"move step-by-step to maturity.",p:169,x:91,y:613,w:225,h:21},
{t:"Whereas most methods are most useful in the culture where ",p:169,x:121,y:642,w:454,h:21},
{t:"they originate, the principles in the FOCUS chart’s analysis of ",p:169,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministry appear to be universal. Starting with these principles, ",p:169,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we can determine methodologies in each culture or sub-culture. ",p:169,x:91,y:708,w:484,h:21},
{t:"The principles are based on pro cesses a group of believers goes ",p:169,x:91,y:730,w:484,h:21},
{t:"through when the Holy Spirit is working in a healthy manner in ",p:169,x:91,y:752,w:484,h:21},
{t:"them. Beware, however—the processes are not the Holy Spirit. ",p:169,x:91,y:774,w:484,h:21},
{t:"They are only the evidence of his indefinable and infinitely varied ",p:169,x:91,y:796,w:484,h:21},
{t:"work.",p:169,x:91,y:818,w:42,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:169,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:169,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"168",p:169,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"169",p:170,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Group Structures for Squatter Churches",p:170,x:320,y:76,w:250,h:16},
{t:"The idea of a growth-oriented theology is implied in 1 John ",p:170,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"2:12-14, where John talks of three phases of growth and defines ",p:170,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"some qualities of believers at each phase. From these, we may ",p:170,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"derive some ideas of what to focus on at any given season of ",p:170,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth.",p:170,x:91,y:204,w:56,h:21},
{t:"I write to you, dear children, because your sins have been ",p:170,x:121,y:236,w:424,h:21},
{t:"forgiven on account of his name. I write to you, fathers, ",p:170,x:121,y:258,w:424,h:21},
{t:"because you have known him who is from the beginning. ",p:170,x:121,y:280,w:424,h:21},
{t:"I write to you, young men, be cause you have overcome ",p:170,x:121,y:302,w:424,h:21},
{t:"the evil one. I write to you, dear children, because you ",p:170,x:121,y:324,w:424,h:21},
{t:"have known the Fa ther. I write to you, fathers, because ",p:170,x:121,y:346,w:424,h:21},
{t:"you have known him who is from the beginning. I write ",p:170,x:121,y:368,w:424,h:21},
{t:"to you, young men, because you are strong, and the word ",p:170,x:121,y:390,w:424,h:21},
{t:"of God lives in you, and you have overcome the evil one.",p:170,x:121,y:412,w:420,h:21},
{t:"We can define the characteristics of each phase de scribed ",p:170,x:121,y:689,w:454,h:21},
{t:"by John. The knowledge of God mentioned for both children ",p:170,x:91,y:711,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and fathers in the Greek text is the same word. In practice, ",p:170,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:21},
{t:"however, we realize that John is talking to chil dren who have first ",p:170,x:91,y:755,w:484,h:21},
{t:"experienced knowing God, and to fa thers with a deep intimate ",p:170,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:21},
{t:"relationship with God. We may also infer that the spiritual fathers ",p:170,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:21},
{t:"have spiritual children.",p:170,x:91,y:821,w:168,h:21},
{t:"Children",p:170,x:99,y:497,w:70,h:22},
{t:"Young Men",p:170,x:258,y:497,w:92,h:22},
{t:"Fathers",p:170,x:418,y:497,w:60,h:22},
{t:"• Know Father",p:170,x:99,y:532,w:107,h:21},
{t:"• Strong",p:170,x:258,y:532,w:59,h:21},
{t:"• Spiritual children",p:170,x:418,y:532,w:138,h:21},
{t:"• Sins forgiven",p:170,x:99,y:565,w:109,h:21},
{t:"• Word abides in ",p:170,x:258,y:565,w:127,h:21},
{t:"them",p:170,x:270,y:587,w:36,h:21},
{t:"• Companionship ",p:170,x:418,y:565,w:131,h:21},
{t:"with Father",p:170,x:430,y:587,w:84,h:21},
{t:"• Overcome evil ",p:170,x:258,y:613,w:124,h:21},
{t:"one",p:170,x:270,y:635,w:26,h:21},
{t:"1 JOHN 2:12–14",p:170,x:274,y:454,w:113,h:20},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:170,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:170,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"169",p:170,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"170",p:171,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:171,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"While John defines three phases of the Christian life, in ",p:171,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"practice we have found there are four distinct phases, as the ",p:171,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"development of spiritual fathers is not a simple process. Before ",p:171,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"these four phases, we should remember that there is a “zero ",p:171,x:91,y:182,w:484,h:21},
{t:"phase”—evangelism.",p:171,x:91,y:204,w:156,h:21},
{t:"By looking at the characteristics above, we find a single ",p:171,x:121,y:233,w:454,h:21},
{t:"word that defines a focus of ministry at each of four phases. ",p:171,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:21},
{t:"(Notice, however, that this is a merely a focus—we do all things ",p:171,x:91,y:277,w:484,h:21},
{t:"at all phases, but we concentrate on some at certain times). Many ",p:171,x:91,y:299,w:484,h:21},
{t:"American books ",p:171,x:91,y:321,w:133,h:21},
{t:"on ",p:171,x:232,y:321,w:22,h:21},
{t:"disciple-making ",p:171,x:263,y:321,w:122,h:21},
{t:"define ",p:171,x:394,y:321,w:50,h:21},
{t:"discipleship ",p:171,x:452,y:321,w:92,h:21},
{t:"by ",p:171,x:552,y:321,w:22,h:21},
{t:"specifying goals for each phase. In Asia, and among the poor, this ",p:171,x:91,y:343,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is a threatening and counter-productive approach, because it runs ",p:171,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"against the holistic cultural values of traditional societies. This ",p:171,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:21},
{t:"chart is useful in Asia because of its focus on an atmosphere for ",p:171,x:91,y:409,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministry rather than on goals for ministry at each phase.",p:171,x:91,y:431,w:409,h:21},
{t:"THE FOUR SEASONS OF GROWTH",p:171,x:91,y:516,w:228,h:19},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:171,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:171,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"170",p:171,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"171",p:172,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Group Structures for Squatter Churches",p:172,x:320,y:76,w:250,h:16},
{t:"First season: security",p:172,x:91,y:115,w:189,h:24},
{t:"Forgiveness of sins and knowledge of the Father indicate ",p:172,x:121,y:146,w:454,h:21},
{t:"a focus on assurance and security. For those with difficul ties ",p:172,x:91,y:168,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in their relationships with their human fathers, there has to be ",p:172,x:91,y:190,w:484,h:21},
{t:"healing if they are to love God. Some have diffi culty in relating ",p:172,x:91,y:212,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to others. They need a warm, loving group with lots of fun and ",p:172,x:91,y:234,w:484,h:21},
{t:"fellowship, where fears are put to rest and new skills in relating ",p:172,x:91,y:256,w:484,h:21},
{t:"can be learned.",p:172,x:91,y:278,w:110,h:21},
{t:"During this phase, a leader will concentrate on teaching those ",p:172,x:121,y:307,w:454,h:21},
{t:"aspects of the nature of God that lead to security—forgiveness, ",p:172,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:21},
{t:"love, faithfulness. What are known as the ba sics of Christian ",p:172,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:21},
{t:"growth are also important—how to be come familiar with the ",p:172,x:91,y:373,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Bible, how to have a daily quiet time, how to read the Bible, how ",p:172,x:91,y:395,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to pray.",p:172,x:91,y:417,w:56,h:21},
{t:"Togetherness and a sense of family and friendship are factors ",p:172,x:121,y:447,w:454,h:21},
{t:"in all these activities, including many fun activities such as out-",p:172,x:91,y:469,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ings, sports, and meals together. It is also a time of fruitfulness ",p:172,x:91,y:491,w:484,h:21},
{t:"for a new Christian, for he or she has many friends who may not ",p:172,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:21},
{t:"believe in Jesus Christ. An older Christian also needs to be pres-",p:172,x:91,y:535,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ent, for while the new Chris tian can stir interest, he or she may not ",p:172,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:21},
{t:"know how fully to communicate the gospel.",p:172,x:91,y:579,w:322,h:21},
{t:"Charismatic worship is useful at this stage because it creates ",p:172,x:121,y:608,w:454,h:21},
{t:"an environment where the presence of a loving Fa ther God is seen ",p:172,x:91,y:630,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and felt and preached through word and song.",p:172,x:91,y:652,w:336,h:21},
{t:"Healing of major past hurts is also an aspect of growth at this ",p:172,x:121,y:682,w:454,h:21},
{t:"time. The Scriptures say little about the psychology that is popular ",p:172,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in present evangelicalism concerning inner healing. The central ",p:172,x:91,y:726,w:484,h:21},
{t:"element in the Scriptures is forgiveness for those who oppress, ",p:172,x:91,y:748,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and confession to those we have of fended. Healthy patterns of ",p:172,x:91,y:770,w:484,h:21},
{t:"confession and forgiveness need to be built into a fellowship as a ",p:172,x:91,y:792,w:484,h:21},
{t:"basis for the continuing work of the Holy Spirit.",p:172,x:91,y:814,w:352,h:21},
{t:"Self-acceptance is important during this phase. People tend ",p:172,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:21},
{t:"to accept themselves on the basis of good looks, achievements, or ",p:172,x:91,y:865,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:172,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:172,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"171",p:172,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"172",p:173,x:91,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor",p:173,x:91,y:76,w:137,h:16},
{t:"status. God has a different basis of accep tance—his forgiveness ",p:173,x:91,y:116,w:484,h:21},
{t:"on the cross and his fatherhood. If these areas do not become ",p:173,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"strong during the early Chris tian life, there is insufficient basis to ",p:173,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"handle later pressures of ministry.",p:173,x:91,y:182,w:248,h:21},
{t:"Second season: commitment",p:173,x:91,y:222,w:254,h:24},
{t:"Young people are strong. It is the younger generations who ",p:173,x:121,y:253,w:454,h:21},
{t:"participate in sports and go to war. There is a level of commitment ",p:173,x:91,y:275,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in youth that develops and can be encour aged.",p:173,x:91,y:297,w:339,h:21},
{t:"Commitment to each other at this phase differs from that in the ",p:173,x:121,y:327,w:454,h:21},
{t:"first phase. For people from broken families, a commitment to the ",p:173,x:91,y:349,w:484,h:21},
{t:"family of God is a major undertaking. The first phase of growth ",p:173,x:91,y:371,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in the family of God is one of fun and fellowship. Commitment to ",p:173,x:91,y:393,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the Body during this sec ond phase is a commitment that is tested. ",p:173,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"After realizing the failings of other members, after perhaps having ",p:173,x:91,y:437,w:484,h:21},
{t:"some conflict with another member, then each new Christian faces ",p:173,x:91,y:459,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the challenge of continuing to love. There needs to be a regular ",p:173,x:91,y:481,w:484,h:21},
{t:"evaluation of the issues of forgiveness and restitu tion in group ",p:173,x:91,y:503,w:484,h:21},
{t:"relationships—usually at the communion table.",p:173,x:91,y:525,w:346,h:21},
{t:"I have used a phrase—“Commitments 1,2,3”—as a basis for ",p:173,x:121,y:554,w:454,h:21},
{t:"building core teams during this period of ministry. Commitment ",p:173,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:21},
{t:"to the Lord comes first, to the Body second, and to ministry ",p:173,x:91,y:598,w:484,h:21},
{t:"third. If there are relational problems within the team, they will ",p:173,x:91,y:620,w:484,h:21},
{t:"take priority over the external ministry of the team. The external ",p:173,x:91,y:642,w:484,h:21},
{t:"ministry will always be there—there will always be needs, and the ",p:173,x:91,y:664,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Lord promises that we will bear fruit. But relational problems are ",p:173,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:21},
{t:"an im mediate block to his working in and through us.",p:173,x:91,y:708,w:392,h:21},
{t:"There are also issues of commitment to the Lordship of ",p:173,x:121,y:738,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Christ. The discipler has to help people evaluate that Lord ship ",p:173,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"in each area of their lives step by step. Will Christ be Lord in ",p:173,x:91,y:782,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the areas of finances, family, marriage, missions, reputation, and ",p:173,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:21},
{t:"honesty? Any of these things may come under testing during this ",p:173,x:91,y:826,w:484,h:21},
{t:"phase of growth.",p:173,x:91,y:848,w:122,h:21},
{t:"Cry of the Urban Poor.indd",p:173,x:23,y:1028,w:118,h:12},
{t:"12/20/2004, 3:51 PM",p:173,x:451,y:1028,w:92,h:12},
{t:"172",p:173,x:166,y:1028,w:16,h:12},
{t:"173",p:174,x:550,y:919,w:20,h:17},
{t:"Group Structures for Squatter Churches",p:174,x:320,y:76,w:250,h:16},
{t:"This is a time also of battle—of spiritual warfare. Young ",p:174,x:121,y:116,w:454,h:21},
{t:"Christians need a commitment to the Word of God as the weapon ",p:174,x:91,y:138,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of war. The Word also is their food and authority for life. Many ",p:174,x:91,y:160,w:484,h:21},
{t:"may have an academic acceptance of the Word of God as author-",p:174,x:91,y:182,w:480,h:21},
{t:"ity. But discipling involves more than that—it involves helping ",p