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{t:"RESPONDING T",p:1,x:56,y:567,w:159,h:26},
{t:"O THE RW",p:1,x:249,y:567,w:102,h:26},
{t:"AND AN GENOCIDE ",p:1,x:374,y:567,w:205,h:26},
{t:"WHERE EVIL REIGNED ",p:1,x:52,y:466,w:570,h:66},
{t:"Emmanuel M. Kolini ",p:1,x:60,y:42,w:208,h:22},
{t:"ARCHBISHOP OF RWANDA",p:1,x:307,y:48,w:179,h:15},
{t:"& Peter R. Holmes",p:1,x:60,y:72,w:185,h:22},
{t:"PhD",p:1,x:283,y:78,w:27,h:15},
{t:"CHRIST WALKS ",p:1,x:52,y:371,w:576,h:96},
{t:"The Rwandan genocide, where over a million people were killed in one hundred days in ",p:1,x:-126,y:46,w:551,h:13},
{t:"1994, looms as one of the great atrocities of our generation. ",p:1,x:-300,y:66,w:378,h:13},
{t:"The apathy and inaction of the ",p:1,x:-105,y:66,w:194,h:13},
{t:"W",p:1,x:-675,y:86,w:13,h:13},
{t:"est was inexcusable. Even more horrible was the complicity of many in the Rwandan ",p:1,x:-132,y:86,w:533,h:13},
{t:"church. In the eyes of many",p:1,x:-508,y:106,w:174,h:13},
{t:", God became weak and lost. ",p:1,x:-318,y:106,w:187,h:13},
{t:"And evil, personified by Satan, ",p:1,x:-124,y:106,w:195,h:13},
{t:"seemed to become more powerful than God. ",p:1,x:-394,y:126,w:284,h:13},
{t:"If God appeared absent during the genocide, he is ever present and active in the healing ",p:1,x:-120,y:166,w:558,h:13},
{t:"taking place in Rwanda at this time. ",p:1,x:-452,y:186,w:226,h:13},
{t:"This is a book of action outlining what God wants to do ",p:1,x:-105,y:186,w:346,h:13},
{t:"now in Rwanda and what we can do to be a part of these initiatives. ",p:1,x:-252,y:206,w:426,h:13},
{t:"This book will be of ",p:1,x:-127,y:206,w:124,h:13},
{t:"interest to those asking questions about the power of evil and how the traumatized and ",p:1,x:-131,y:226,w:547,h:13},
{t:"emotionally damaged can find healing. ",p:1,x:-433,y:246,w:245,h:13},
{t:"This book is a window into the hellish slaughter of ",p:1,x:-118,y:246,w:314,h:13},
{t:"human life while of",p:1,x:-561,y:266,w:117,h:13},
{t:"fering guidance to churches, groups, and individuals bold enough to ",p:1,x:-133,y:266,w:428,h:13},
{t:"tackle the dif",p:1,x:-599,y:286,w:79,h:13},
{t:"ficult situations of life. ",p:1,x:-461,y:286,w:138,h:13},
{t:"Christ W",p:1,x:-416,y:286,w:54,h:13},
{t:"alks Where Evil Reigned",p:1,x:-256,y:286,w:154,h:13},
{t:" is a personal, first ",p:1,x:-133,y:286,w:118,h:13},
{t:"hand journey of the hell, trauma, forgiveness, and redemption experienced during the ",p:1,x:-141,y:306,w:537,h:13},
{t:"Rwandan genocide.",p:1,x:-553,y:326,w:125,h:13},
{t:"ARCHBISHOP EMMANUEL",p:1,x:-601,y:644,w:149,h:11},
{t:" M. KOLINI attended Bishop ",p:1,x:-363,y:644,w:159,h:11},
{t:"T",p:1,x:-360,y:644,w:7,h:11},
{t:"ucker College in Mukono, now Uganda ",p:1,x:-138,y:644,w:218,h:11},
{t:"Christian University",p:1,x:-574,y:663,w:107,h:11},
{t:", and holds a degree in theology from V",p:1,x:-359,y:663,w:218,h:11},
{t:"irginia ",p:1,x:-317,y:663,w:36,h:11},
{t:"Theological Seminary in the US. He ",p:1,x:-116,y:663,w:201,h:11},
{t:"served as a headmaster in refugee schools in Bunyoro-Uganda. Following an appointment as bishop in ",p:1,x:-106,y:681,w:573,h:11},
{t:"a diocese in the Congo, he has served as both the ",p:1,x:-397,y:699,w:282,h:11},
{t:"Archbishop of Rwanda and Bishop of Kigali ",p:1,x:-154,y:699,w:243,h:11},
{t:"Diocese, Rwanda since 1997.",p:1,x:-513,y:718,w:165,h:11},
{t:"PETER R. HOLMES, Ph.D., combines a career in business consultancy and Christian service. His ",p:1,x:-133,y:749,w:546,h:11},
{t:"doctorate is in therapeutic faith community",p:1,x:-447,y:768,w:234,h:11},
{t:". He has developed a therapeutic discipleship wholeness ",p:1,x:-128,y:768,w:317,h:11},
{t:"program available in seminars and books. He leads pastoral care at Christ Church Deal, Kent, UK. He ",p:1,x:-113,y:786,w:566,h:11},
{t:"is a fellow of the Chartered Management Institute, a member of the ",p:1,x:-305,y:804,w:373,h:11},
{t:"T",p:1,x:-302,y:804,w:7,h:11},
{t:"yndale Fellowship, and a lead ",p:1,x:-130,y:804,w:168,h:11},
{t:"reviewer of the Community of Communities project of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.",p:1,x:-192,y:823,w:486,h:11},
{t:"Contemporary Issues",p:1,x:-109,y:852,w:95,h:9},
{t:"",p:1,x:-252,y:955,w:9,h:13},
{t:"",p:1,x:-235,y:955,w:51,h:13},
{t:"",p:1,x:-177,y:955,w:51,h:13},
{t:"ISBN 978-1-934068-41-0",p:1,x:-129,y:880,w:119,h:9},
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{t:"WHERE EVIL REIGNED",p:1,x:-46,y:318,w:0,h:32},
{t:"Kolini ",p:1,x:-40,y:665,w:0,h:22},
{t:"& ",p:1,x:-40,y:745,w:0,h:22},
{t:"Holmes",p:1,x:-40,y:769,w:0,h:22},
{t:"FOREWORD BY RICK WARREN",p:1,x:60,y:108,w:218,h:24},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   1",p:2,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:53",p:2,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Emmanuel M. Kolini",p:3,x:89,y:515,w:186,h:20},
{t:"Archbishop of ",p:3,x:297,y:521,w:101,h:13},
{t:"rwAndA",p:3,x:407,y:521,w:56,h:13},
{t:"& peter r. holmes phd",p:3,x:89,y:540,w:215,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   3",p:3,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:3,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Authentic Publishing",p:4,x:89,y:110,w:107,h:16},
{t:"We welcome your questions and comments.",p:4,x:89,y:126,w:218,h:16},
{t:"USA",p:4,x:89,y:143,w:25,h:16},
{t:"1820 Jet Stream Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80921  www.authenticbooks.com",p:4,x:134,y:143,w:401,h:16},
{t:"UK",p:4,x:89,y:160,w:19,h:16},
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{t:"Logos Bhavan, Medchal Road, Jeedimetla Village, Secunderabad 500 055, A.P.",p:4,x:134,y:193,w:392,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned",p:4,x:89,y:226,w:169,h:16},
{t:"ISBN-13: 978-1-934068-41-0",p:4,x:89,y:243,w:151,h:16},
{t:"ISBN-10: 1-934068-41-1",p:4,x:89,y:260,w:128,h:16},
{t:"Copyright © 2007 by Emmanuel M. Kolini and Peter R. Holmes",p:4,x:89,y:276,w:324,h:16},
{t:"10 09 08 / 6 5 4 3 2 1",p:4,x:89,y:310,w:107,h:16},
{t:"Published in 2008 by Authentic",p:4,x:89,y:343,w:159,h:16},
{t:"All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without ",p:4,x:89,y:360,w:403,h:16},
{t:"permission in writing from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied ",p:4,x:89,y:376,w:445,h:16},
{t:"in critical articles or reviews. ",p:4,x:89,y:393,w:144,h:16},
{t:"Published in association with the literary agency of Credo Communications LLC, ",p:4,x:89,y:410,w:412,h:16},
{t:"Grand Rapids, MI 49525.",p:4,x:89,y:426,w:130,h:16},
{t:"All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible, New ",p:4,x:89,y:459,w:440,h:18},
{t:"International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. ",p:4,x:89,y:476,w:455,h:18},
{t:"Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved.",p:4,x:89,y:493,w:269,h:16},
{t:"Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data",p:4,x:89,y:526,w:261,h:16},
{t:"Kolini, Emmanuel M.",p:4,x:89,y:560,w:109,h:16},
{t:"  Christ walks where evil reigned : responding to the Rwandan genocide / Emmanuel M. Kolini, ",p:4,x:89,y:576,w:479,h:16},
{t:"Archbishop of Rwanda and Peter Holmes.",p:4,x:89,y:593,w:210,h:16},
{t:"       p. cm.",p:4,x:89,y:610,w:48,h:16},
{t:"  Includes bibliographical references.",p:4,x:89,y:626,w:181,h:16},
{t:"  ISBN-13: 978-1-934068-41-0",p:4,x:89,y:643,w:156,h:16},
{t:"  ISBN-10: 1-934068-41-1",p:4,x:89,y:660,w:133,h:16},
{t:" 1.  Rwanda--History--Civil War, 1994--War work--Churches. 2.  Rwanda--History--Civil War, ",p:4,x:89,y:676,w:473,h:16},
{t:"1994--Religious aspects. 3.  Rwanda--History--Civil War, 1994--Atrocities. 4.  Genocide--",p:4,x:89,y:693,w:447,h:16},
{t:"Rwanda--Religious aspects. 5.  Genocide--Rwanda. 6.  Christianity--Rwanda. 7.  Christianity-",p:4,x:89,y:710,w:464,h:16},
{t:"-Great Lakes Region (Africa) 8.  Race relations--Religious aspects--Christianity. 9.  Ethnic ",p:4,x:89,y:726,w:450,h:16},
{t:"relations--Religious aspects--Christianity.  I. Holmes, Peter R. II. Title. ",p:4,x:89,y:743,w:355,h:16},
{t:"  DT450.435.K65 2008",p:4,x:89,y:776,w:118,h:16},
{t:"  967.57104’3--dc22",p:4,x:89,y:793,w:101,h:16},
{t:"                                                            2007041663",p:4,x:89,y:810,w:224,h:16},
{t:"Cover design: Paul Lewis",p:4,x:89,y:826,w:126,h:16},
{t:"Interior design: Angela Lewis",p:4,x:89,y:843,w:147,h:16},
{t:"Editorial team: Credo Communications, Jenn Maslyn, Dana Bromley",p:4,x:89,y:860,w:347,h:16},
{t:"Printed in the United States of America",p:4,x:89,y:901,w:198,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   4",p:4,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:4,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"In the eternal hope of the fnished work of Christ",p:5,x:170,y:360,w:317,h:25},
{t:"we commend",p:5,x:286,y:385,w:85,h:25},
{t:"Christopher “Eric” Mucyo Kolini",p:5,x:213,y:436,w:230,h:22},
{t:"(1970–2002)",p:5,x:282,y:461,w:93,h:22},
{t:"Pastor to street kids and to the hungry",p:5,x:204,y:485,w:249,h:25},
{t:"and",p:5,x:316,y:536,w:25,h:22},
{t:"Jeanette Uwera Kolini",p:5,x:252,y:586,w:153,h:22},
{t:"(1971–1974)",p:5,x:282,y:611,w:93,h:22},
{t:"Into Your hands we commend her life",p:5,x:205,y:635,w:246,h:25},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   5",p:5,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:5,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Contents",p:6,x:266,y:99,w:116,h:30},
{t:"Foreword ",p:6,x:89,y:200,w:70,h:22},
{t:"ix",p:6,x:556,y:200,w:12,h:22},
{t:"Lord Carey of Clifon",p:6,x:119,y:225,w:151,h:22},
{t:"Foreword ",p:6,x:89,y:265,w:70,h:22},
{t:"xi",p:6,x:556,y:265,w:12,h:22},
{t:"Pastor Rick Warren ",p:6,x:119,y:290,w:138,h:22},
{t:"Acknowledgments ",p:6,x:89,y:330,w:132,h:22},
{t:"xiii",p:6,x:547,y:330,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Preface ",p:6,x:89,y:370,w:53,h:22},
{t:"xv",p:6,x:553,y:370,w:15,h:22},
{t:"Emmanuel Kolini",p:6,x:119,y:395,w:123,h:22},
{t:"Preamble ",p:6,x:89,y:435,w:68,h:22},
{t:"xix",p:6,x:548,y:435,w:20,h:22},
{t:"Peter R. Holmes",p:6,x:119,y:460,w:114,h:22},
{t:"Introduction ",p:6,x:89,y:500,w:93,h:22},
{t:"1",p:6,x:560,y:500,w:8,h:22},
{t:"  1 ",p:6,x:119,y:525,w:19,h:22},
{t:"Introducing Rwanda Today ",p:6,x:149,y:525,w:191,h:22},
{t:"7",p:6,x:560,y:525,w:8,h:22},
{t:"Part One: Introducing a Genocide ",p:6,x:89,y:565,w:240,h:22},
{t:"15",p:6,x:551,y:565,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  2 ",p:6,x:119,y:590,w:19,h:22},
{t:"Te Place of Violence in Our Modern World ",p:6,x:149,y:590,w:311,h:22},
{t:"17",p:6,x:551,y:590,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  3 ",p:6,x:119,y:615,w:19,h:22},
{t:"A Brief History of Rwanda ",p:6,x:149,y:615,w:188,h:22},
{t:"25",p:6,x:551,y:615,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  4 ",p:6,x:119,y:640,w:19,h:22},
{t:"Drawing the Landscape Behind the Genocide ",p:6,x:149,y:640,w:317,h:22},
{t:"33",p:6,x:551,y:640,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  5 ",p:6,x:119,y:665,w:19,h:22},
{t:"Te Genocide: What Actually Happened? ",p:6,x:149,y:665,w:295,h:22},
{t:"41",p:6,x:551,y:665,w:17,h:22},
{t:"Part Two: Writing a Social Teology in a Rwandan Setting ",p:6,x:89,y:705,w:405,h:22},
{t:"53",p:6,x:551,y:705,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  6 ",p:6,x:119,y:730,w:19,h:22},
{t:"Taking a Step Back: Te Rwandan Revival ",p:6,x:149,y:730,w:292,h:22},
{t:"57",p:6,x:551,y:730,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  7 ",p:6,x:119,y:755,w:19,h:22},
{t:"Traditional Rwandan Values ",p:6,x:149,y:755,w:197,h:22},
{t:"69",p:6,x:551,y:755,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  8 ",p:6,x:119,y:780,w:19,h:22},
{t:"When the Value of Human Life Is Rejected ",p:6,x:149,y:780,w:301,h:22},
{t:"77",p:6,x:551,y:780,w:17,h:22},
{t:"Part Tree: Africa, Genocide, and Evil ",p:6,x:89,y:820,w:265,h:22},
{t:"83",p:6,x:551,y:820,w:17,h:22},
{t:"  9 ",p:6,x:119,y:845,w:19,h:22},
{t:"Te Role of Evil ",p:6,x:149,y:845,w:113,h:22},
{t:"85",p:6,x:551,y:845,w:17,h:22},
{t:"10 ",p:6,x:119,y:870,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Human Personal Evil and the Demonic ",p:6,x:149,y:870,w:273,h:22},
{t:"97",p:6,x:551,y:870,w:17,h:22},
{t:"11 ",p:6,x:119,y:895,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Te East African Great Lakes Region ",p:6,x:149,y:895,w:258,h:22},
{t:"107",p:6,x:542,y:895,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   7",p:6,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:6,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"12 ",p:7,x:119,y:100,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Violence Against Women and Children ",p:7,x:148,y:100,w:277,h:22},
{t:"115",p:7,x:542,y:100,w:26,h:22},
{t:"13 ",p:7,x:119,y:125,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Te Role of the Rwandan Church in the Genocide ",p:7,x:148,y:125,w:350,h:22},
{t:"123",p:7,x:542,y:125,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Part Four: Te Church, Justice, and Healing ",p:7,x:88,y:165,w:306,h:22},
{t:"135",p:7,x:542,y:165,w:26,h:22},
{t:"14 ",p:7,x:119,y:190,w:21,h:22},
{t:"A Terapeutic Response to the Genocide ",p:7,x:148,y:190,w:285,h:22},
{t:"137",p:7,x:542,y:190,w:26,h:22},
{t:"15 ",p:7,x:119,y:215,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Te Place of Justice ",p:7,x:148,y:215,w:136,h:22},
{t:"147",p:7,x:542,y:215,w:26,h:22},
{t:"16 ",p:7,x:119,y:240,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Launching a Terapeutic Program ",p:7,x:148,y:240,w:238,h:22},
{t:"157",p:7,x:542,y:240,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Part Five: An Action Plan ",p:7,x:88,y:280,w:181,h:22},
{t:"167",p:7,x:542,y:280,w:26,h:22},
{t:"17 ",p:7,x:119,y:305,w:21,h:22},
{t:"Outlining a Way Forward for Rwanda ",p:7,x:148,y:305,w:263,h:22},
{t:"169",p:7,x:542,y:305,w:26,h:22},
{t:"18 ",p:7,x:119,y:330,w:21,h:22},
{t:"How Can the Church Respond? ",p:7,x:148,y:330,w:227,h:22},
{t:"175",p:7,x:542,y:330,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Conclusion ",p:7,x:88,y:370,w:84,h:22},
{t:"183",p:7,x:542,y:370,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Appendix ",p:7,x:88,y:410,w:72,h:22},
{t:"185",p:7,x:542,y:410,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Other Books by Dr. Peter R. Holmes ",p:7,x:88,y:450,w:257,h:22},
{t:"187",p:7,x:542,y:450,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Bibliography ",p:7,x:88,y:490,w:93,h:22},
{t:"189",p:7,x:542,y:490,w:26,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   8",p:7,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:7,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"ix",p:8,x:559,y:945,w:8,h:16},
{t:"Foreword",p:8,x:263,y:293,w:127,h:30},
{t:"Shame was the word that instantly came to my mind when I con-",p:8,x:119,y:378,w:449,h:25},
{t:"cluded reading this immensely powerful and disturbing book. A deep ",p:8,x:88,y:404,w:484,h:22},
{t:"shame that should continue to be felt by the nation of Rwanda, the ",p:8,x:88,y:429,w:485,h:22},
{t:"international community, the UN, and, of course, the church.",p:8,x:88,y:454,w:421,h:22},
{t:"My wife and I were among the frst western visitors to Rwanda ",p:8,x:118,y:479,w:455,h:22},
{t:"following the genocide. Even the careful preparations by my staf could ",p:8,x:88,y:504,w:483,h:22},
{t:"not lessen the horror that awaited us: the wailing of women whose ",p:8,x:88,y:529,w:486,h:22},
{t:"husbands and fathers had been taken away and murdered; the haunted ",p:8,x:88,y:554,w:483,h:22},
{t:"look on the faces of young girls who had been violated or raped; the ",p:8,x:88,y:579,w:484,h:22},
{t:"tiny bones of hundreds of young children in that Roman Catholic ",p:8,x:88,y:604,w:486,h:22},
{t:"church outside Kigali; holding Tacienne, the widow of the Dean of ",p:8,x:88,y:629,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Kigali, a former student, as she wept for her husband. And yes, my ",p:8,x:88,y:654,w:486,h:22},
{t:"shame too. Could I have done more as Archbishop of Canterbury ",p:8,x:88,y:679,w:486,h:22},
{t:"when I had discussed the problems of the Rwandan church with the ",p:8,x:88,y:704,w:485,h:22},
{t:"former Archbishop of Rwanda a year or so earlier?",p:8,x:88,y:729,w:343,h:22},
{t:"Writing a social theology of the traumatic events that began on ",p:8,x:118,y:754,w:455,h:22},
{t:"April 6, 1994, and lasted a mere one hundred days is a most difcult ",p:8,x:88,y:779,w:484,h:22},
{t:"task if one wishes to go deeply into the soil of evil. Emmanuel Kolini, ",p:8,x:88,y:804,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Archbishop of Rwanda, and Dr. Holmes are well qualifed to do so, ",p:8,x:88,y:829,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and the combination of African and European perspectives enables the ",p:8,x:88,y:854,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   9",p:8,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:8,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:9,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:9,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"x",p:9,x:88,y:945,w:5,h:16},
{t:"reader to stand back from the tragic events and see the long gestation ",p:9,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of evil that led to a true “heart of darkness. ”",p:9,x:89,y:125,w:295,h:22},
{t:"What continues to shock me is the way the church conspired in ",p:9,x:118,y:150,w:454,h:22},
{t:"the genocide and the failure of leadership to speak out prophetically ",p:9,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and clearly. How could the Anglican Church, so deeply infuenced by ",p:9,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the East African Revival some decades earlier, fail to see the danger ",p:9,x:89,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"signs and halt the menacing growth of hatred and racism?",p:9,x:89,y:250,w:393,h:22},
{t:"Kolini and Holmes do not pull their punches in demonstrating ",p:9,x:118,y:275,w:455,h:22},
{t:"the failure of Christian leaders in the performance of their duties. ",p:9,x:89,y:300,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Yes, I know it is easy for an outsider to condemn, because I and other ",p:9,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Europeans and Americans were not there to feel the constricting bonds ",p:9,x:89,y:350,w:482,h:22},
{t:"of fear or to know what might be the consequences of speaking out. ",p:9,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Be that as it may, it is the experiences of the most vulnerable that this ",p:9,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"small book records, and among them the terrible plight of women and ",p:9,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"children. ",p:9,x:89,y:450,w:65,h:22},
{t:"Shame. Yes, but with it goes hope. Te Christian message is that ",p:9,x:118,y:475,w:454,h:22},
{t:"with genuine repentance comes the strength to build a new future. In ",p:9,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"my wife’s study there is a beautiful print that the Rwandan Minister ",p:9,x:89,y:525,w:485,h:22},
{t:"for Women gave to her when we met Paul Kagame, who was then vice ",p:9,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"president. Te print shows three small children, clearly orphans, tilling ",p:9,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the ground with large hoes. Te print is saying “Rwanda is building its ",p:9,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"future once more.” But it will only be a secure future if we all learn the ",p:9,x:89,y:625,w:483,h:22},
{t:"lessons of the past. And Christ will reign only when we, his people, deal ",p:9,x:89,y:650,w:482,h:22},
{t:"with evil through the power of his cross. Tat is why this book deserves ",p:9,x:89,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to be widely read.",p:9,x:89,y:700,w:120,h:22},
{t:"Lord Carey of Clifon ",p:9,x:425,y:750,w:147,h:25},
{t:"George Carey (Archbishop of Canterbury, 1991–2002)",p:9,x:185,y:775,w:383,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   10",p:9,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:9,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"xi",p:10,x:559,y:945,w:8,h:16},
{t:"Foreword",p:10,x:263,y:293,w:127,h:30},
{t:"Rwanda is my second home. I love Rwanda and its people, but this ",p:10,x:119,y:379,w:453,h:22},
{t:"country has been the victim of all fve evils: spiritual emptiness, corrupt ",p:10,x:89,y:404,w:482,h:22},
{t:"leadership, poverty, disease, and illiteracy. Te genocide only made it ",p:10,x:89,y:429,w:484,h:22},
{t:"worse.",p:10,x:89,y:454,w:43,h:22},
{t:"Tis book is not only intended for the church, but it also should ",p:10,x:119,y:479,w:454,h:22},
{t:"appeal to anyone who wants to live in a better world. Christ Walks ",p:10,x:89,y:503,w:486,h:25},
{t:"Where Evil Reigned illustrates for us the consequences and impact of ",p:10,x:89,y:528,w:484,h:25},
{t:"sin on a national scale; however it also encourages us to think in new ",p:10,x:89,y:554,w:484,h:22},
{t:"ways so that we can work toward global peace. ",p:10,x:89,y:579,w:319,h:22},
{t:"Emmanuel Kolini has been a friend for some time now, and for ",p:10,x:119,y:604,w:455,h:22},
{t:"nearly forty years he has dedicated his life to serving people all over ",p:10,x:89,y:629,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Africa and to learning and sharing the lessons from his life experiences. ",p:10,x:89,y:654,w:483,h:22},
{t:"He is an ordinary man whom God has used in an extraordinary way. I ",p:10,x:89,y:679,w:483,h:22},
{t:"am excited to endorse Emmanuel Kolini and Dr. Peter Holmes’s joint ",p:10,x:89,y:704,w:484,h:22},
{t:"efort. Both the principles they highlight and the suggestions they ",p:10,x:89,y:729,w:486,h:22},
{t:"make apply way beyond Rwanda. ",p:10,x:89,y:754,w:230,h:22},
{t:"As you read Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned, you will be chal-",p:10,x:119,y:778,w:449,h:25},
{t:"lenged to speak for those who have no voice. May this book inspire you ",p:10,x:88,y:804,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   11",p:10,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:10,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:11,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:11,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"xii",p:11,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"to have a diferent perspective on how you use your personal infuence ",p:11,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"as you live out God’s purpose for your life!",p:11,x:89,y:125,w:289,h:22},
{t:"Pastor Rick Warren ",p:11,x:438,y:174,w:134,h:25},
{t:"Saddleback Community",p:11,x:400,y:200,w:168,h:22},
{t:"California, USA",p:11,x:454,y:225,w:114,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   12",p:11,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:54",p:11,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"xiii",p:12,x:550,y:945,w:15,h:16},
{t:"acknowledgments",p:12,x:201,y:293,w:250,h:30},
{t:"A large number of people have been engaged in giving us mate-",p:12,x:119,y:379,w:449,h:22},
{t:"rial, talking with us, or reading the drafs of this book as it has evolved. ",p:12,x:88,y:404,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tough the fnal product is entirely our eforts as authors, a great ",p:12,x:88,y:429,w:486,h:22},
{t:"number of people have contributed and deserve thanks. ",p:12,x:88,y:454,w:384,h:22},
{t:"In Rwanda a number of people have contributed to this book, ",p:12,x:118,y:479,w:456,h:22},
{t:"but special thanks must go to the Kinyarwanda translation team. Also ",p:12,x:88,y:504,w:483,h:22},
{t:"thanks to Dr. James Ndahiro, Pastor Ezra Mpyisi, Bishop Geofrey M. ",p:12,x:88,y:529,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Rwubusisi, Bishop John K. Rucyahana, Dr. Tito Rutaremara, Dick and ",p:12,x:88,y:554,w:482,h:22},
{t:"Caroline Seed, Father Dr. Bernardin Muzungu, Nicholas Nkurunziza, ",p:12,x:88,y:579,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Dusabe-Mugabe Athanase, the UNICEF and the World Health ",p:12,x:88,y:604,w:489,h:22},
{t:"Organization stafs, and the leadership of AVEGA, a volunteer move-",p:12,x:88,y:629,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ment of survivors and dependents. ",p:12,x:88,y:654,w:239,h:22},
{t:"Also, we wish to commend the leadership and government of ",p:12,x:118,y:679,w:457,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda for their contribution in helping bring back from the dead this ",p:12,x:88,y:704,w:483,h:22},
{t:"beautiful country. But in Rwanda we must also not forget all the staf ",p:12,x:88,y:729,w:482,h:22},
{t:"at the archbishop ’s ofce: Speciose, Peninah, Nathan, Gatera, Francis, ",p:12,x:88,y:754,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Adrian and Liz Verwijs, and especially the archbishop ’s wonderful sec-",p:12,x:88,y:779,w:480,h:22},
{t:"retary, Rose. ",p:12,x:88,y:804,w:88,h:22},
{t:"In the United Kingdom we would like to thank Alphonse Bartson, ",p:12,x:118,y:829,w:452,h:22},
{t:"Lord Carey of Clifon, and Yvonne Cooper, trauma healer and friend ",p:12,x:88,y:854,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to women in Rwanda. Tanks to Dr. Susan Williams for her perceptive ",p:12,x:88,y:879,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   13",p:12,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:12,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:13,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:13,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"xiv",p:13,x:88,y:945,w:14,h:16},
{t:"sociological comment on the text and its editing. As we acknowledge ",p:13,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"several times in the text, a huge thank you must also go to Paul Wood ",p:13,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for his insightful comments on the Great Lakes Region. ",p:13,x:89,y:150,w:385,h:22},
{t:"In the United States frst thanks must go to our publisher, Mr. ",p:13,x:118,y:175,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Volney James of Paternoster, who went beyond the call of duty in get-",p:13,x:89,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ting the book to print in both English and Kinyarwanda. Also thanks ",p:13,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to Pastor Rick Warren for his friendship with Emmanuel Kolini and ",p:13,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for his willingness to write a commendation for the book. ",p:13,x:89,y:275,w:398,h:22},
{t:"Others in the U.S. also need mentioning, especially Dr. Samuel ",p:13,x:118,y:300,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Richardson for his helpful comments and Susan Grayson who very ably ",p:13,x:89,y:325,w:482,h:22},
{t:"helped coordinate much of the detail with us both. Emmanuel would ",p:13,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"also like to thank some of his friends in the U.S.: Judge Bart Milling, ",p:13,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Dr. Tom Yearwood, Dr. Mike Maitre and family, Sonja Hokstra-Foss, ",p:13,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and Bishop Gordon Scrutton of West Massachusetts diocese.",p:13,x:89,y:425,w:418,h:22},
{t:"Special thanks are due to Bishop Charles Murphy, Chairman, and ",p:13,x:118,y:450,w:453,h:22},
{t:"all members of the Anglican Mission in the Americas, who welcomed ",p:13,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the launch of the book at their conference in Dallas, January 2008. ",p:13,x:89,y:500,w:458,h:22},
{t:"Lastly, substantial thanks are due to our wives. Peter’s wife Mary ",p:13,x:118,y:525,w:454,h:22},
{t:"graciously blessed him on numerous trips to Rwanda, subsequently liv-",p:13,x:89,y:550,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing at the end of an email. Tank you!",p:13,x:89,y:575,w:259,h:22},
{t:"I, Emmanuel, wish to thank my children who graciously gave their ",p:13,x:118,y:600,w:453,h:22},
{t:"father away to the church! Also, to my wife Freda Mukakarinda, a re-",p:13,x:89,y:625,w:480,h:22},
{t:"markable woman who has patiently supported me in my ministry, even ",p:13,x:89,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"though it has taken me away for days, weeks, and even months! She ",p:13,x:89,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"had to love and care for our nine children while also standing with me. ",p:13,x:89,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Finally, to both of our parents, who continue to love and support us in ",p:13,x:89,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"prayer. ",p:13,x:89,y:750,w:49,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   14",p:13,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:13,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"xv",p:14,x:556,y:945,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Preface",p:14,x:278,y:293,w:93,h:30},
{t:"As a Christian and minister in the church, I feel we need to remind ",p:14,x:119,y:379,w:452,h:22},
{t:"ourselves of the true purpose of the gospel. We are saved, yes, but it ",p:14,x:89,y:404,w:485,h:22},
{t:"is also about change, our transformation, making us real, making us ",p:14,x:89,y:429,w:485,h:22},
{t:"whole. It is our learning what it means to be in God’s image—to be ",p:14,x:89,y:454,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Christlike. ",p:14,x:89,y:479,w:76,h:22},
{t:"We have no excuse. For in the power of the Holy Spirit, we are not ",p:14,x:119,y:504,w:453,h:22},
{t:"defeated human beings. It is the role of the Holy Spirit, as we learn to ",p:14,x:89,y:529,w:484,h:22},
{t:"surrender to Him, to help us all in this process of change. But it is also ",p:14,x:89,y:554,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the role of grace—no, we cannot do it alone—as Paul says, I can do it ",p:14,x:89,y:579,w:484,h:22},
{t:"because Christ gives me strength to change. Tis avoids anyone saying ",p:14,x:89,y:604,w:484,h:22},
{t:"that they can do it on their own.",p:14,x:89,y:629,w:221,h:22},
{t:"What I am saying is that it is by God’s grace that we are able to ",p:14,x:119,y:654,w:455,h:22},
{t:"overcome our own dark selves, our circumstances, and all our shortfalls ",p:14,x:89,y:679,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and weaknesses. We can all be healed, made whole. Jesus told us that ",p:14,x:89,y:704,w:484,h:22},
{t:"He was leaving us physically at the Ascension but He would send the ",p:14,x:89,y:729,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Holy Spirit, who is able to help us escape from our circumstances. But ",p:14,x:89,y:754,w:483,h:22},
{t:"such escape is possible only if we surrender and invite Him.",p:14,x:89,y:779,w:404,h:22},
{t:"Terefore, it is not that we did not hear about Him or did not ",p:14,x:119,y:804,w:455,h:22},
{t:"receive Him, but that we are still infants. We hear the gospel preached, ",p:14,x:89,y:829,w:483,h:22},
{t:"get excited, but then stop there as the temptations food in. So we shy ",p:14,x:89,y:854,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   15",p:14,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:14,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:15,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:15,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"xvi",p:15,x:88,y:945,w:15,h:16},
{t:"away from the Lord. Tat is how I see Christianity in Rwanda. It is still ",p:15,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in its infancy, shying away from the fullness that the Lord ofers to us.",p:15,x:89,y:125,w:474,h:22},
{t:"I am suggesting that it is the role of the church to acknowledge ",p:15,x:118,y:150,w:455,h:22},
{t:"both our personal and corporate failures. Tere is no way we should ",p:15,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"call politicians to account when we ourselves are unwilling to also be ",p:15,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"held to account. We are guilty of pointing a fnger at others while try-",p:15,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing to make ourselves look more holy. ",p:15,x:89,y:250,w:260,h:22},
{t:"So what are the roles of the church and the gospel in what hap-",p:15,x:118,y:275,w:449,h:22},
{t:"pened in Rwanda? How do we get out of this mess? Afer admitting ",p:15,x:88,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the place we are in, that is, afer acknowledging our failures, we must ",p:15,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"then begin to believe there is a way out. Tere is a Redeemer. We must ",p:15,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"return to the cross to seek God’s help. We must begin by inviting Him ",p:15,x:88,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to forgive us, to help us to do our own work well. We read in Scripture ",p:15,x:88,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that Peter was a complete failure, as was David on frequent occasions. ",p:15,x:88,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"When Peter and David were rebuked, they also found their tears. Tat ",p:15,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is probably the image I will most remember about them. Afer they ",p:15,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"found their tears and their brokenness, then they could move forward.",p:15,x:88,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Te church is meant to be a blessing to the country it resides in. ",p:15,x:118,y:525,w:454,h:22},
{t:"By its prayer and action it should bring blessings to a nation. But for ",p:15,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"this to happen we must frst connect to God by living more in His im-",p:15,x:88,y:575,w:480,h:22},
{t:"age. Tis is our responsibility now, today, not just beginning tomor-",p:15,x:88,y:600,w:480,h:22},
{t:"row. I would not want people to think I am criticizing the church, for ",p:15,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"I am part of the church to which we all have a responsibility in. As ",p:15,x:88,y:650,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Rick Warren suggests, the church needs a second reformation. Part of ",p:15,x:88,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"this reformation must be the church ’s willingness to learn and live the ",p:15,x:88,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"power to both heal and to make whole. ",p:15,x:88,y:725,w:271,h:22},
{t:"Te East African Revival brought God’s values to Africa. People ",p:15,x:118,y:750,w:454,h:22},
{t:"were taught by the Lord to be in fellowship, to be accountable to each ",p:15,x:88,y:775,w:483,h:22},
{t:"other in love. In this revival we saw no superiors, no bosses. All were ",p:15,x:88,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"equals. In this equality they had the support of the Lord, and His Spirit ",p:15,x:88,y:825,w:483,h:22},
{t:"refected the heart of God. His values were being heard and lived. We ",p:15,x:88,y:850,w:484,h:22},
{t:"also must learn again how to live these values.",p:15,x:88,y:875,w:311,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   16",p:15,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:15,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"PreFaCe",p:16,x:515,y:63,w:53,h:13},
{t:"xv ii",p:16,x:548,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"May Rwanda and the whole of Africa know this love, along with ",p:16,x:119,y:100,w:454,h:22},
{t:"its healing in Christ.",p:16,x:89,y:125,w:139,h:22},
{t:"Emmanuel Kolini",p:16,x:447,y:149,w:121,h:25},
{t:"Archbishop of Rwanda",p:16,x:410,y:175,w:158,h:22},
{t:"Kigali, Rwanda",p:16,x:464,y:200,w:104,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   17",p:16,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:16,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"xix",p:17,x:552,y:945,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Preamble",p:17,x:264,y:293,w:119,h:30},
{t:"I am sitting on the covered terrace in the guesthouse of St. Stephens ",p:17,x:119,y:379,w:452,h:22},
{t:"Cathedral in Kigali, Rwanda. It is winter in Europe and the warm rainy ",p:17,x:89,y:404,w:483,h:22},
{t:"season here in Central East Africa. I am fnalizing this book with ",p:17,x:89,y:429,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Emmanuel Kolini. I have been having regular meetings with His Grace, ",p:17,x:89,y:454,w:482,h:22},
{t:"who either drops in and we sit on the terrace together overlooking the ",p:17,x:89,y:479,w:483,h:22},
{t:"city, or alternately I drop in on him at his ofce across the road. ",p:17,x:89,y:504,w:435,h:22},
{t:"Tis arrangement has gone on for more than a year, including sev-",p:17,x:119,y:529,w:449,h:22},
{t:"eral trips to Rwanda, two one-day meetings at a hotel near Heathrow, ",p:17,x:88,y:554,w:484,h:22},
{t:"one meeting in an airport transit lounge in Amsterdam, and a week ",p:17,x:88,y:579,w:485,h:22},
{t:"in Jacksonville, Florida. For me this has meant around two and a half ",p:17,x:88,y:604,w:484,h:22},
{t:"months in Rwanda and much more time writing and rewriting drafs ",p:17,x:88,y:629,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in my home in England. ",p:17,x:88,y:654,w:168,h:22},
{t:"Emmanuel is a most remarkable man, both on the global stage as ",p:17,x:118,y:679,w:454,h:22},
{t:"one of the leaders of the Anglican Communion and locally as pastor ",p:17,x:88,y:704,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and bishop of Kigali. He once mentioned to me, “I know the price my ",p:17,x:88,y:729,w:483,h:22},
{t:"family and I have paid—especially in Congo. My diocese was the size ",p:17,x:88,y:754,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of Kenya. I was on the move all the time. It was a new diocese, with ",p:17,x:88,y:779,w:485,h:22},
{t:"only one small Anglican congregation of twenty to twenty-fve people ",p:17,x:88,y:804,w:483,h:22},
{t:"when I began. It had ten thousand Anglicans and twenty-two schools ",p:17,x:88,y:829,w:484,h:22},
{t:"when I fnished. So I know what compassion fatigue is!”",p:17,x:88,y:854,w:384,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   19",p:17,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:17,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:18,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:18,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"xx",p:18,x:88,y:945,w:11,h:16},
{t:"But Emmanuel now has a global ministry and is the archbishop ",p:18,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"of numerous Anglican communities way outside the boundaries of the ",p:18,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"diocese of Kigali, Rwanda. For instance, he is the archbishop for the ",p:18,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Anglican Mission to the Americas, as well as the pastor of thousands. ",p:18,x:89,y:175,w:476,h:22},
{t:"My relationship with Emmanuel began early in 2006 on my frst ",p:18,x:119,y:200,w:454,h:22},
{t:"trip to Rwanda with Susan Williams. Susan and I were exploring a per-",p:18,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sistent challenge made to us by Mary Weeks (now Millard). She told us ",p:18,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"we should take our teaching to Rwanda where many were still sufering ",p:18,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the trauma of the genocide. Sitting in Emmanuel’s study within the ",p:18,x:89,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"cathedral grounds, I began sharing with him my own journey over the ",p:18,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"previous few months as I had prepared myself for the trip. Te Lord ",p:18,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"had been speaking to me about Rwanda, its people, and its need. ",p:18,x:89,y:375,w:443,h:22},
{t:"My words clearly resonated with him, his face lit up, and we found ",p:18,x:119,y:400,w:453,h:22},
{t:"ourselves of the same mind on a range of key issues. We joked about ",p:18,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"writing a book together, and before the trip ended I had written the ",p:18,x:89,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"frst twelve thousand words from the conversations that Emmanuel, ",p:18,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Susan, and I had. Tis has continued, with the central message of the ",p:18,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"book becoming clearer as we worked through a number of drafs. ",p:18,x:89,y:525,w:448,h:22},
{t:"But it also became apparent to us that what was happening in ",p:18,x:119,y:550,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda was also a problem elsewhere, for instance, in the Great Lakes ",p:18,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Region of East Africa, Afghanistan, and Iraq. What we were dreaming ",p:18,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"for Rwanda could easily be extended to other countries as well, where ",p:18,x:89,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"violence, strife, and pain are also present. ",p:18,x:89,y:650,w:282,h:22},
{t:"So the ideas are ours together, sometimes voiced in theology, soci-",p:18,x:119,y:675,w:450,h:22},
{t:"ology, psychology, or psychotherapy, but all the time seasoned with an ",p:18,x:89,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"African beauty and wisdom, drawing on a long history of storytelling ",p:18,x:89,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and relational wisdom. ",p:18,x:89,y:750,w:160,h:22},
{t:"I am not sure what the response to this book will be, but for me ",p:18,x:119,y:775,w:454,h:22},
{t:"it has been one of the most delightful and rewarding projects I have ",p:18,x:89,y:800,w:485,h:22},
{t:"ever undertaken in the Lord. Come join us in our desire to “help heal ",p:18,x:89,y:825,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda, ” looking at the needs of the great and stunning continent of ",p:18,x:89,y:850,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   20",p:18,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:18,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Preamble",p:19,x:506,y:63,w:56,h:13},
{t:"xxi",p:19,x:552,y:945,w:15,h:16},
{t:"Africa and bringing Christ to all those nations where open wounds still ",p:19,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"remain unhealed. ",p:19,x:89,y:125,w:123,h:22},
{t:"Peter R. Holmes",p:19,x:460,y:149,w:108,h:25},
{t:"St. Stephens Cathedral",p:19,x:411,y:175,w:157,h:22},
{t:"Kigali, Rwanda ",p:19,x:464,y:200,w:108,h:22},
{t:"March 2007",p:19,x:484,y:225,w:84,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   21",p:19,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:19,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"1",p:20,x:562,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"introduction",p:20,x:242,y:293,w:160,h:30},
{t:"Te Purpose of Tis Book",p:20,x:89,y:398,w:211,h:27},
{t:"Tis book is a case study set in the heart of Central East Africa ",p:20,x:119,y:434,w:455,h:22},
{t:"with lessons for us all, wherever we live in the world. It is about the peo-",p:20,x:89,y:459,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple of Rwanda, the Abanyarwanda. It carries a message that is painful, a ",p:20,x:89,y:483,w:483,h:25},
{t:"message about the darkness of the human condition. But it also carries ",p:20,x:89,y:509,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a message of hope, of transformation, of redemption. It has relevance ",p:20,x:89,y:534,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for all those parts of the world where people are in pain because of the ",p:20,x:89,y:559,w:483,h:22},
{t:"actions of others. ",p:20,x:89,y:584,w:120,h:22},
{t:"A case study is created when we look closely at an event or situa-",p:20,x:119,y:609,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tion, seeking to draw valuable lessons from it. In the case of Rwanda ",p:20,x:88,y:634,w:485,h:22},
{t:"this means our being able to relate one way or another with what hap-",p:20,x:88,y:659,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pened and then respond by letting the lessons change our lives. Tis ",p:20,x:88,y:684,w:485,h:22},
{t:"learning change should be at both a personal and a relational level and ",p:20,x:88,y:709,w:483,h:22},
{t:"as individuals, churches, local communities, and nations. ",p:20,x:88,y:734,w:390,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Africa, yet it has one ",p:20,x:118,y:759,w:455,h:22},
{t:"of the most serious social problems imaginable. In 1994 over one mil-",p:20,x:88,y:784,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lion people were killed, many by those they knew and trusted. Te ",p:20,x:88,y:809,w:486,h:22},
{t:"numbers  of those killed are still rising as more bodies continue to be ",p:20,x:88,y:834,w:484,h:22},
{t:"found. In addition several hundred thousand women were raped and ",p:20,x:88,y:859,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   1",p:20,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:20,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:21,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:21,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"2",p:21,x:88,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"an unknown number of children killed. Tese one hundred days of ",p:21,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"slaughter in 1994 are unprecedented in Africa ’s history. ",p:21,x:89,y:125,w:381,h:22},
{t:"But as this book will illustrate, genocide was not caused by ancient ",p:21,x:118,y:150,w:453,h:22},
{t:"ethnic hate but by a fanatical elite exploiting a vocational distinction ",p:21,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to gain power, wealth, and control by the vicious weapon of a taught ",p:21,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"racial hate.",p:21,x:89,y:225,w:73,h:22},
{t:"Today the events are no longer news, but the tragedy and its fallout ",p:21,x:118,y:250,w:453,h:22},
{t:"still remain. A toxic history lies just below the surface and is beginning ",p:21,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to take a serious emotional and physical toll on tens of thousands of ",p:21,x:89,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"lives. For instance, victims of the violence now have to live with the ",p:21,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"guilt of surviving. Also, children who were pulled from under dead ",p:21,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"bodies in their village have no name and never knew their parents. ",p:21,x:89,y:375,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Tey still do not know who they are. ",p:21,x:89,y:400,w:254,h:22},
{t:"In addition, women who contracted HIV/AIDS continue to live, ",p:21,x:118,y:425,w:453,h:22},
{t:"knowing their rapist but are too afraid to seek justice. Others are in dai-",p:21,x:89,y:450,w:479,h:22},
{t:"ly pain, powerless because they do not know their abusers. Tey do not ",p:21,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"know when they might get justice or even where justice is available. ",p:21,x:89,y:500,w:462,h:22},
{t:"Children have also sufered. Large numbers of those who survived ",p:21,x:118,y:525,w:453,h:22},
{t:"were in their early teens, suddenly found themselves responsible for ",p:21,x:89,y:550,w:485,h:22},
{t:"their younger brothers and sisters—forming child-headed families. ",p:21,x:89,y:575,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Tens of thousands are now beginning to show signs of a range of emo-",p:21,x:89,y:600,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tional and physical illnesses never known before in Africa. Clearly this ",p:21,x:89,y:625,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is the legacy and consequence of the most violent episode of Africa ’s ",p:21,x:89,y:650,w:485,h:22},
{t:"history. ",p:21,x:89,y:675,w:55,h:22},
{t:"But this book is also a case study of the church in Rwanda. As au-",p:21,x:118,y:700,w:449,h:22},
{t:"thors, African and western, we have teamed up to refect on the role ",p:21,x:88,y:725,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of the church in these terrible events. We are suggesting a range of ",p:21,x:88,y:750,w:486,h:22},
{t:"ways that the church might now respond to the situation. Although ",p:21,x:88,y:775,w:485,h:22},
{t:"set in Rwanda, many of the outcomes that we are proposing need to ",p:21,x:88,y:800,w:485,h:22},
{t:"be extended to all those parts of the world where violence is rife and ",p:21,x:88,y:825,w:484,h:22},
{t:"where compassion is needed to rebuild people’s lives. Where there is ",p:21,x:88,y:850,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   2",p:21,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:55",p:21,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"introdu Ction",p:22,x:471,y:63,w:95,h:13},
{t:"3",p:22,x:562,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"sufering, one should also be able to fnd the gospel of Christ bringing ",p:22,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"healing and wholeness to those in need. ",p:22,x:89,y:125,w:274,h:22},
{t:"So this book has three purposes. First, it is a book about Rwanda, ",p:22,x:118,y:150,w:454,h:22},
{t:"for the Rwandese people. It is intended to highlight what is now hap-",p:22,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pening in your nation more than a decade afer the genocide. We ",p:22,x:89,y:200,w:487,h:22},
{t:"hope to consolidate some ideas about what is needed to “help heal ",p:22,x:89,y:225,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda. ” ",p:22,x:89,y:250,w:68,h:22},
{t:"But this book is also an outreach to the rest of the world, to the ",p:22,x:118,y:275,w:454,h:22},
{t:"victims of violence everywhere who need to know that there is hope in ",p:22,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ. Christ walks again in Rwanda. He has not forgotten such peo-",p:22,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple. He will also walk again in all those places where He is invited. ",p:22,x:89,y:350,w:454,h:22},
{t:"Finally, this is a book for the free world with a message for a church ",p:22,x:118,y:375,w:452,h:22},
{t:"that may be too safe and comfortable, a church that may have grown ",p:22,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"too complacent in its success. We want this book to be an invitation ",p:22,x:89,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"from Christ for you and your faith community to become involved ",p:22,x:89,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"in the needs of the second and third worlds, especially in lands with ",p:22,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"open wounds like Rwanda. Perhaps you will fnd here an invitation to ",p:22,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"become involved, even in communities closer to your home, where vio-",p:22,x:89,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lence and tragedy continue to scar lives and landscapes.",p:22,x:89,y:550,w:376,h:22},
{t:"Te Outline of Tis Book",p:22,x:89,y:594,w:209,h:27},
{t:"People in Rwanda and the surrounding lands felt God became lost, ",p:22,x:119,y:630,w:452,h:22},
{t:"hidden, in the 1994 Rwandan genocide. Tis is the way people ofen ",p:22,x:89,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"feel when they have experienced violent abuse. In Rwanda, the land ",p:22,x:89,y:680,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of a thousand hills, God is still small in many people’s eyes. Satan and ",p:22,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"evil1 are ofen perceived to be more powerful than God because of the ",p:22,x:89,y:730,w:483,h:23},
{t:"appalling slaughter of the genocide. ",p:22,x:89,y:755,w:246,h:22},
{t:"1. We are very aware that by attributing evil to Satan some would now argue we are ",p:22,x:89,y:826,w:467,h:18},
{t:"stepping outside Scripture into what is called “the new biography, ” begun by the Early ",p:22,x:89,y:845,w:481,h:18},
{t:"Church Fathers. See H. A. Kelly, Satan: A Biography (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-",p:22,x:89,y:863,w:466,h:20},
{t:"versity Press, 2006). For an excellent treatment of the problem of evil from a biblical ",p:22,x:89,y:881,w:473,h:18},
{t:"perspective, see P. Hicks, Te Message of Evil and Sufering (Nottingham: IVP, 2006).",p:22,x:89,y:899,w:476,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   3",p:22,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:22,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:23,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:23,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"4",p:23,x:88,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"Tis book, with Christ, is suggesting a way forward. Although ",p:23,x:119,y:100,w:456,h:22},
{t:"God was not in the carnage of the genocide, we believe He does want ",p:23,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to be part of the healing of its wounds. So this is a book of action outlin-",p:23,x:89,y:149,w:479,h:25},
{t:"ing some of what God wants to do in Rwanda now and in all countries ",p:23,x:88,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and communities like it. We will also be suggesting things that you can ",p:23,x:88,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"do if you so wish. ",p:23,x:88,y:225,w:122,h:22},
{t:"We believe that Christ is ofering Rwanda and the Great Lakes ",p:23,x:118,y:250,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Region of East Africa a blueprint of how people and the nation can ",p:23,x:88,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"fnd healing and wholeness. We all need to learn how to give to Him ",p:23,x:88,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"our right to justice, our deep pain, and our trauma, as well as how to ",p:23,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fnd a way of difusing the persistent fear of it happening again. ",p:23,x:88,y:350,w:434,h:22},
{t:"Te book documents step by step some of the key aspects that led ",p:23,x:118,y:375,w:453,h:22},
{t:"to the genocide, so we can all spiritually begin to defuse and reverse ",p:23,x:88,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"these forces. With little modifcation these same steps can apply to all ",p:23,x:88,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"communities with such deep histories of division and bloodshed. So ",p:23,x:88,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"at a practical level, we will be introducing you to the increasing deep ",p:23,x:88,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"emotional needs in society and to a practical relational way that we can ",p:23,x:88,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"begin to help release Christ’s healing. ",p:23,x:88,y:525,w:257,h:22},
{t:"Te book is written for Rwanda, for the Great Lakes Region of ",p:23,x:118,y:550,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Central East Africa, a center of bloodshed, and for the church, work-",p:23,x:88,y:575,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing globally in so many arenas of continuing violence around the world ",p:23,x:88,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"where loss and damage to human life tenaciously continues. ",p:23,x:88,y:625,w:410,h:22},
{t:"Te book will be of interest to anyone who is asking questions ",p:23,x:118,y:650,w:455,h:22},
{t:"about the power of evil and to anyone wanting to know how emotion-",p:23,x:88,y:675,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ally sick people can fnd healing. Likewise, if you live in comparative ",p:23,x:88,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"luxury and safety, and if you have the courage, this book will give you ",p:23,x:88,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a window into a hellish slaughter of human life, probably unknown ",p:23,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to you until now, and introduce you to the devastation that still needs ",p:23,x:88,y:775,w:483,h:22},
{t:"your help to resolve.",p:23,x:88,y:800,w:138,h:22},
{t:"We would also like this book to be part of Christ’s reply to the ",p:23,x:118,y:825,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Rwandan genocide. We are all invited to step into the sickness, pain, ",p:23,x:88,y:850,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   4",p:23,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:23,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"introdu Ction",p:24,x:471,y:63,w:95,h:13},
{t:"5",p:24,x:562,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"and trauma that is Rwanda and to fnd Christ walking there, waiting ",p:24,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for us. Help heal Rwanda.",p:24,x:89,y:125,w:177,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   5",p:24,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:24,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"7",p:25,x:562,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 1",p:25,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"introducing",p:25,x:141,y:293,w:150,h:30},
{t:"rwanda today",p:25,x:314,y:293,w:197,h:30},
{t:"Te Christian church has preached a gospel of salvation to Africa. ",p:25,x:119,y:379,w:453,h:22},
{t:"But today we must learn as a church to bring a gospel of healing and ",p:25,x:89,y:404,w:484,h:22},
{t:"wholeness in Christ to countries like Rwanda and the Great Lakes ",p:25,x:89,y:429,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Region of Africa, along with many other countries and communities, ",p:25,x:89,y:454,w:484,h:22},
{t:"especially in East Africa.",p:25,x:89,y:479,w:167,h:22},
{t:"Any case study requires an in-depth understanding of a specifc ",p:25,x:119,y:504,w:455,h:22},
{t:"situation. It is in the detail of the history, the people, and the pain that ",p:25,x:89,y:529,w:483,h:22},
{t:"we will discover the message that can be shared elsewhere.1 So in this ",p:25,x:89,y:553,w:484,h:25},
{t:"book we will introduce you to Rwanda and its people. As we do we ",p:25,x:89,y:579,w:485,h:22},
{t:"must not forget that Rwanda is one of the smallest countries in Africa, ",p:25,x:89,y:604,w:483,h:22},
{t:"though part of a great continent. Also, we must remember that the ",p:25,x:89,y:629,w:485,h:22},
{t:"events in Rwanda over the last ffy years or more are unique, even in ",p:25,x:89,y:654,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the history of Africa. ",p:25,x:89,y:679,w:147,h:22},
{t:"Some will say that the genocide happened in 1994, and surely the ",p:25,x:119,y:704,w:453,h:22},
{t:"people have recovered by now. Te millions in foreign aid, the invest-",p:25,x:89,y:729,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ment of expertise, and a resilient people getting on with their lives, with ",p:25,x:89,y:754,w:482,h:22},
{t:"a signifcant emphasis on reconciliation from the government—these ",p:25,x:89,y:779,w:484,h:22},
{t:"must have all helped. All this is true. But we are learning that such deep ",p:25,x:89,y:804,w:483,h:22},
{t:"1. Sociologically one must be cautious about drawing generalizations from case stud-",p:25,x:89,y:863,w:474,h:18},
{t:"ies. But we believe there are clear themes that resonate with other troubled locations ",p:25,x:89,y:881,w:472,h:18},
{t:"around the world.",p:25,x:89,y:900,w:100,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   7",p:25,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:25,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:26,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:26,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"8",p:26,x:88,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"scars in the history and culture of a nation like Rwanda are not healed ",p:26,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"merely by time and investment. It may help us feel more comfortable ",p:26,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"believing survivors have recovered, and some are, but the overall reality ",p:26,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is rather diferent. Let us look at how things are today.",p:26,x:89,y:175,w:369,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda Today: Te Personal Devastation of the Genocide",p:26,x:89,y:219,w:474,h:27},
{t:"Anyone who was born before 1994 and lived in Rwanda during ",p:26,x:119,y:255,w:455,h:22},
{t:"the genocide is a “genocide survivor.” Tere was no part of the country ",p:26,x:89,y:280,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that was free from the hate and bloodshed. It is estimated that over ",p:26,x:89,y:305,w:485,h:22},
{t:"two million people were made refugees, without discrimination of age ",p:26,x:89,y:330,w:483,h:22},
{t:"or gender. One in four of the Rwandan population were displaced. ",p:26,x:89,y:355,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Meredith also suggests that more people were killed more quickly than ",p:26,x:89,y:380,w:483,h:22},
{t:"at any other time in human history (2005.523). An easy, quick death ",p:26,x:89,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"like drowning or a bullet was an “act of love” by friends and parents. ",p:26,x:89,y:430,w:466,h:22},
{t:"Hundreds of thousands experienced unimaginable horrors, ei-",p:26,x:119,y:455,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ther directly or indirectly. Writes one woman, “I will never forget the ",p:26,x:89,y:480,w:484,h:22},
{t:"sight of my son pleading with me not to bury him alive . . . he kept ",p:26,x:89,y:505,w:485,h:22},
{t:"trying to come out and was beaten back. And we had to keep covering ",p:26,x:89,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the pit with earth until . . . there was no movement lef” (Meredith ",p:26,x:89,y:555,w:485,h:22},
{t:"2005.516).",p:26,x:89,y:580,w:76,h:22},
{t:"Te genocide has particularly afected the lives of young survivors ",p:26,x:119,y:605,w:453,h:22},
{t:"in both practical and emotional ways. Te shadow of the genocide re-",p:26,x:89,y:630,w:480,h:22},
{t:"mains a tangible and painful part of everyday life. “Tey have never ",p:26,x:89,y:655,w:485,h:22},
{t:"known love, and cannot therefore, love others in return . . . the morale ",p:26,x:89,y:680,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of survivors is on the decline. Teir hearts are much more wounded. ",p:26,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Tey are the living-dead who, rightly, feel that they have been aban-",p:26,x:89,y:730,w:480,h:22},
{t:"doned . . . the older the survivors get, the more they are saddened and ",p:26,x:89,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"troubled by the genocide . . . a growing awareness of what they actually ",p:26,x:89,y:780,w:483,h:22},
{t:"went through. ”2 What love they may have since known is too little for ",p:26,x:89,y:805,w:483,h:23},
{t:"2. African Rights, “A Wounded Generation: Te Children Who Survived Rwanda ’s ",p:26,x:89,y:863,w:470,h:18},
{t:"Genocide,” (2006, online). Available from <lt;www.africanrights.org>gt;[accessed April ",p:26,x:89,y:881,w:467,h:20},
{t:"14, 2006]. All the following quotes are from pages 5–20 of this report.",p:26,x:89,y:900,w:394,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   8",p:26,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:26,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"introdu Cing rWanda today",p:27,x:371,y:63,w:195,h:13},
{t:"9",p:27,x:562,y:945,w:6,h:16},
{t:"them, while at the time of the events they were totally overwhelmed ",p:27,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"with the pain and its abuse. ",p:27,x:89,y:125,w:190,h:22},
{t:"In part, the reason for such oppressive sickness is that the original ",p:27,x:118,y:150,w:453,h:22},
{t:"experience of trauma and its emotional damage has still not been dealt ",p:27,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"with. Many, including children, have developed emotional disorders. ",p:27,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Speaking of her parents, one survivor said “. . . they were tortured before ",p:27,x:89,y:225,w:482,h:22},
{t:"they died. And I’ll feel tortured for the rest of my life.” Many children ",p:27,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"were troubled by not being able to save their parents, or bury them.",p:27,x:89,y:275,w:458,h:22},
{t:"Tis, in turn, made it hard for them to return to school and to ",p:27,x:118,y:300,w:455,h:22},
{t:"learning. Tey were unable to focus, becoming troublemakers or ab-",p:27,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sconders. “I think about my mother and my brothers and my sisters. ",p:27,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Even my grandmother who was eighty. Tinking about this almost ",p:27,x:89,y:375,w:486,h:22},
{t:"drives me mad and prevents me from studying” . . . “Now he has lef ",p:27,x:89,y:400,w:482,h:22},
{t:"school because he used to shout that everyone was a killer, while the ",p:27,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"teacher was giving the lesson . . . we tried to calm him down but noth-",p:27,x:89,y:450,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing worked.” Such children, young people, and their parents have never ",p:27,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"been taught how to let go of the pain and its trauma. “I ofen lose my-",p:27,x:89,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"self and ask why God permitted such a horror.” Such thinking can eas-",p:27,x:89,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ily lead to despair. From a Christian perspective they ask, “Where my ",p:27,x:89,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"family is there is no sufering. Why did I remain on this cursed earth?” ",p:27,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Such despair is continuing to grow among the survivors: “I will not ",p:27,x:118,y:600,w:452,h:22},
{t:"fnd happiness as long as I live.” Others sufer profound loneliness: “It is ",p:27,x:89,y:625,w:483,h:22},
{t:"difcult to reinvent oneself and to be sociable on one’s own.” Children, ",p:27,x:89,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"ofen being the only survivors, became heads of child families: “I ended ",p:27,x:89,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"my schooling in order to dedicate myself to my younger sisters’ educa-",p:27,x:89,y:700,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tion.” Te genocide changed little girls of ten into mothers of young-",p:27,x:89,y:725,w:480,h:22},
{t:"er siblings. Such a thing is inconceivable in the West. Others seek to ",p:27,x:89,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"cope with the pressure diferently: “At the age of twelve, Floride tried ",p:27,x:89,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to commit suicide, together with her eleven year old sister, Josephine. ",p:27,x:89,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Such sickness builds over the years. Time does not heal. ”",p:27,x:89,y:825,w:384,h:22},
{t:"Among the men, tragically, there are few survivors. So those men ",p:27,x:118,y:850,w:454,h:22},
{t:"who remain fnd themselves in many communities under real pressure: ",p:27,x:89,y:875,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   9",p:27,x:15,y:1056,w:188,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:27,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:28,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:28,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"10",p:28,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"“Because many of the survivors in my extended family are women, ",p:28,x:89,y:100,w:486,h:22},
{t:"they ask me to help with this or that urgent matter. And I feel under ",p:28,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"an obligation to put my studies aside.” Te men feel an obligation to ",p:28,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"remain strong for the many who are dependent on them. Yet the ter-",p:28,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"rible betrayal they themselves experienced will ofen mean that they ",p:28,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"may prefer to sufer in isolated silence rather than run the further risk ",p:28,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of ever trusting others again. However, family demands may make this ",p:28,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"very difcult.",p:28,x:89,y:275,w:91,h:22},
{t:"Te one hundred days of genocide were particularly bad for the ",p:28,x:118,y:300,w:455,h:22},
{t:"women. Many were lef barely alive and purposely infected with HIV/",p:28,x:89,y:325,w:479,h:22},
{t:"AIDS. “Girls as young as six were gang raped and kept as sexual slaves, ",p:28,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"both in Rwanda and in the refugee camps set up in the neighboring ",p:28,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"countries. . . some of the young girls became pregnant. . . many more ",p:28,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"have endured illness or caught sexually transmitted diseases, including ",p:28,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"HIV/AIDS.” Devota describes her experience: “Eight of them, they ",p:28,x:89,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"were all boys: I was the only girl. Te eight boys raped me . . . sometimes ",p:28,x:89,y:475,w:482,h:22},
{t:"they all raped me. Other times it was just the eldest one. ” ",p:28,x:89,y:500,w:391,h:22},
{t:"Such abuse and its emotional pain compounds, worsening over the ",p:28,x:118,y:525,w:452,h:22},
{t:"years, fed by the victim ’s inability to get justice: “I didn ’t recognize any ",p:28,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the men who raped me, so I can ’t bring them to justice.” Likewise, ",p:28,x:89,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Anathalie was “about to get married, but she became sick, and her ",p:28,x:89,y:600,w:486,h:22},
{t:"HIV-positive diagnosis has destroyed her future.” She contracted it at ",p:28,x:89,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"age fourteen through multiple rapes from unknown assailants.",p:28,x:89,y:650,w:426,h:22},
{t:"Te Consequences of the Genocide",p:28,x:89,y:694,w:288,h:27},
{t:"Twelve years later the victims of the genocide are easy to see. Many ",p:28,x:119,y:730,w:453,h:22},
{t:"are economically under-privileged, have emotional or physical ill ",p:28,x:89,y:755,w:489,h:22},
{t:"health, and still live with haunting pasts, fears, trauma, and loneliness. ",p:28,x:89,y:780,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Today, those who know they cannot cope ofen feel in the minority, ",p:28,x:89,y:805,w:485,h:22},
{t:"accused of lying or making up stories for attention. Few will achieve ",p:28,x:89,y:830,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the standards in their education that they would have reached had the ",p:28,x:89,y:855,w:483,h:22},
{t:"genocide not occurred. Careers and family life are unlikely to recover. ",p:28,x:89,y:880,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   10",p:28,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:28,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"introdu Cing rWanda today",p:29,x:371,y:63,w:195,h:13},
{t:"11",p:29,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Yet schools, colleges, and faith communities ofen remain the only so-",p:29,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cial network that such victims have. ",p:29,x:89,y:125,w:247,h:22},
{t:"While trying to survive, and even make some progress in their ",p:29,x:118,y:150,w:456,h:22},
{t:"education or relationships, other problems arise for the victims. Many ",p:29,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the mass graves are close to classrooms or church buildings, which ",p:29,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"were places of slaughter. Also, some teachers and priests were active ",p:29,x:89,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"participants in the genocide, along with pupils themselves. According ",p:29,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to Afican Rights, the continuing comments from teachers close to sur-",p:29,x:89,y:275,w:480,h:25},
{t:"vivors in schools make it clear that the situation has hardly changed in ",p:29,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the twelve years since the genocide. Tey are suggesting that the gen-",p:29,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"eral impact of the genocide has not faded in a positive way but has ",p:29,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"merely gone below ground. It surfaces emotionally when triggered by ",p:29,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"events like the one hundred days of national mourning held every year ",p:29,x:89,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"or when others begin to relive their own traumatic personal hell.",p:29,x:89,y:425,w:439,h:22},
{t:"Perhaps the most tangible legacy of the genocide is the efect it ",p:29,x:118,y:450,w:455,h:22},
{t:"is having on the psychophysiology of the people of Rwanda. We are ",p:29,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"describing the negative impact of toxic or traumatic emotion on the ",p:29,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"physical body. Many people are showing signs of diseases traditionally ",p:29,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"unknown to Africans, like heart disease, cancers, and a range of physi-",p:29,x:89,y:550,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cal illnesses and immunity problems. For instance, it is said that the ",p:29,x:89,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Rwandese now have more ulcers than other African societies. In the ",p:29,x:89,y:600,w:485,h:22},
{t:"view of one World Health Organization doctor, this is inevitable. It ",p:29,x:89,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"can only get worse. ",p:29,x:89,y:650,w:133,h:22},
{t:"What is becoming evident from a great deal of research is that all ",p:29,x:118,y:675,w:454,h:22},
{t:"forms of negative stress are unhealthy, but abuse of the body and as-",p:29,x:89,y:700,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sault of the spirit carries terrible consequences when it is not owned, ",p:29,x:89,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"engaged, and let go. For instance, in holding on to trauma the body ",p:29,x:89,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"will experience greater vulnerability to disease, heightened blood pres-",p:29,x:89,y:775,w:479,h:22},
{t:"sure, increased emotional instability, and fear of intimacy, to name but ",p:29,x:89,y:800,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a few.",p:29,x:89,y:825,w:38,h:22},
{t:"Along with the physical-medical illnesses, the emotional damage ",p:29,x:118,y:850,w:454,h:22},
{t:"of trauma also afects people’s ability to learn and to sustain long-term ",p:29,x:89,y:875,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   11",p:29,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:56",p:29,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:30,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:30,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"12",p:30,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"relationships. Te consequences for Rwanda in twenty to thirty years ",p:30,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"time are profoundly disturbing. Likewise, how will latent trauma im-",p:30,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pact the family and community? Will it feed addictive disorders and ",p:30,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"alcoholism? How will it be stopped from transmitting down through ",p:30,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the generations?3 Later in this book we will suggest that economically ",p:30,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:23},
{t:"and socially we are all sitting on time bombs in a number of countries ",p:30,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"where death and events like war leave their carnage. We need to begin ",p:30,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to defuse such possibilities as soon as we are able. In Rwanda, over a ",p:30,x:89,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"decade later, and contrary to earlier hopes, the human carnage created ",p:30,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"by the genocide has worsened, not just faded away as was originally ",p:30,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"hoped. Te implications for the free world are profoundly disturbing. ",p:30,x:89,y:350,w:478,h:22},
{t:"With its very limited resources, the Rwandan government has ",p:30,x:118,y:375,w:457,h:22},
{t:"been trying very hard to meet these increasing needs. For instance, it ",p:30,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"has provided school fees for survivors. But at a time when interest is ",p:30,x:89,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"waning toward the events of over a decade ago, the entire Rwandan ",p:30,x:89,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and international community needs to feel they are able to help. As it ",p:30,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"was in pre-colonial times here in Rwanda, the child was the responsi-",p:30,x:89,y:500,w:479,h:22},
{t:"bility of the whole village. We will note in due course how “extended ",p:30,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"family” responsibilities have been lost, how cultural values have been ",p:30,x:89,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"stolen. Tat is where part of the problem lies. We are suggesting that ",p:30,x:89,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the rebuilding of Rwandan society, and all such areas of the world, is ",p:30,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the task of us all.",p:30,x:89,y:625,w:114,h:22},
{t:"An Unfnished Task",p:30,x:89,y:669,w:164,h:27},
{t:"How could such genocide have happened? How could over one ",p:30,x:119,y:705,w:455,h:22},
{t:"million people be killed in one hundred days? Te answer is both sim-",p:30,x:89,y:730,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple and complex. Simple in that it did happen, though complex when ",p:30,x:89,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"seeking to understand why. Tere are no easy answers, and anyone who ",p:30,x:89,y:780,w:483,h:22},
{t:"3. D. Rowland-Klein, “Te Transmission of Trauma Across Generations: Identifca-",p:30,x:89,y:845,w:469,h:18},
{t:"tion with Parental Trauma in Children of the Holocaust Survivors, ” in Handbook of ",p:30,x:89,y:863,w:469,h:20},
{t:"Stress, Trauma and the Family, ed. D. R. Catherall (New York: Brunner Routledge, ",p:30,x:89,y:881,w:465,h:20},
{t:"2004) 117–138.",p:30,x:89,y:900,w:92,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   12",p:30,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:30,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"introdu Cing rWanda today",p:31,x:371,y:63,w:195,h:13},
{t:"13",p:31,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ofers the Rwandese a trite or simplistic response to their trauma only ",p:31,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"adds to their pain.",p:31,x:89,y:125,w:124,h:22},
{t:"It is shocking to discover that some, especially among the moder-",p:31,x:118,y:150,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ate Hutu and Tutsi peoples of Rwanda, fear the genocide could return. ",p:31,x:88,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tat it was something unexpected, uncontrollable, explosive, and un-",p:31,x:88,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"able to be explained means the fear of its reoccurrence will continue ",p:31,x:88,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"festering. However, if some of the contributing factors and causes can ",p:31,x:88,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"be identifed, then preventative action can be taken to lay a frm foun-",p:31,x:88,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dation for the future. In this book, we seek to identify some of the is-",p:31,x:88,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sues, while also suggesting a way forward for Rwanda and anywhere ",p:31,x:88,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"else where the taking of human life and freedom is still prevalent. ",p:31,x:88,y:350,w:448,h:22},
{t:"It is not that little has been done; a vast amount has already been ",p:31,x:118,y:375,w:454,h:22},
{t:"achieved. Te problem is that there is a great deal still to be done. What ",p:31,x:88,y:400,w:482,h:22},
{t:"is becoming evident over a decade later is that matters are not getting ",p:31,x:88,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"any better for many people in the country. But at a time when the need ",p:31,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is increasing, interest is waning. In fact, matters are getting worse: “Te ",p:31,x:88,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"tenacity, resilience and morale of the survivors is diminishing. ”4 ",p:31,x:88,y:500,w:436,h:23},
{t:"Tis is a deep concern to us and something that needs to be more ",p:31,x:118,y:525,w:453,h:22},
{t:"widely known. History is being written in the world news every day; dis-",p:31,x:88,y:550,w:480,h:22},
{t:"asters, both natural and man-made, continue to proliferate. Yesterday’s ",p:31,x:88,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"news is out of fashion and out of mind. But in ten years time, those ",p:31,x:88,y:600,w:485,h:22},
{t:"parts of the world currently experiencing violence will have accrued a ",p:31,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"similar complex legacy of repressed trauma and its illnesses. In Rwanda, ",p:31,x:88,y:650,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the real work should just now be beginning, and we all need to help in ",p:31,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"one way or another.",p:31,x:88,y:700,w:134,h:22},
{t:"So while this book highlights some of the broad themes, in talking ",p:31,x:118,y:725,w:453,h:22},
{t:"with people in both the West and Rwanda, it is clear that this question ",p:31,x:88,y:750,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is not just of academic or localized interest. If we can gain a deeper ",p:31,x:88,y:775,w:485,h:22},
{t:"understanding of what happened in Rwanda then it may give us the ",p:31,x:88,y:800,w:485,h:22},
{t:"4. Most of the quotes in this Introduction are from African Rights, “A Wounded ",p:31,x:89,y:863,w:454,h:18},
{t:"Generation: Te Children Who Survived Rwanda ’s Genocide,” (2006, online). Avail-",p:31,x:89,y:881,w:475,h:20},
{t:"able from <lt;www.africanrights.org>gt; [accessed April 14, 2006].",p:31,x:89,y:900,w:346,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   13",p:31,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:31,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:32,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:32,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"14",p:32,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"understanding to stop it elsewhere. Other genocides still threaten to ",p:32,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"happen while some are still going on even now as we write, as in the ",p:32,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Darfur region of Sudan. Help heal Rwanda.",p:32,x:89,y:150,w:299,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   14",p:32,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:32,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"15",p:33,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Part one",p:33,x:284,y:101,w:89,h:20},
{t:"introducing",p:33,x:164,y:160,w:150,h:30},
{t:" a genocide",p:33,x:328,y:160,w:156,h:30},
{t:"Events never just happen. Human-incited hurt builds over ",p:33,x:119,y:250,w:429,h:16},
{t:"time. It is rarely instant. So violence in our modern world is ",p:33,x:89,y:275,w:443,h:16},
{t:"something that evolves. It has a place, a time, and a range of ",p:33,x:89,y:300,w:451,h:16},
{t:"drivers behind it. On every continent it has its own story.",p:33,x:89,y:325,w:416,h:16},
{t:"Therefore the place of violence and abuse should not sur-",p:33,x:119,y:350,w:421,h:16},
{t:"prise us. Neither should the consequences surprise us. Every ",p:33,x:89,y:375,w:449,h:16},
{t:"continent and every life is impacted by abuse, and it is not going ",p:33,x:89,y:400,w:477,h:16},
{t:"away. But the consequences of abuse are not merely the events of ",p:33,x:89,y:425,w:481,h:16},
{t:"the abuse. They are much wider in their impact. ",p:33,x:89,y:450,w:355,h:16},
{t:"Abuse and violence may scar the lives of those that are ",p:33,x:119,y:475,w:407,h:16},
{t:"abused. But we now know there is also a generational legacy. ",p:33,x:89,y:500,w:456,h:16},
{t:"Children will carry some of the stress and trauma of what their ",p:33,x:89,y:525,w:467,h:16},
{t:"parents experienced, even if the children were not present (or ",p:33,x:89,y:550,w:453,h:16},
{t:"perhaps not even born) at the time. Especially damaging for fam-",p:33,x:89,y:575,w:479,h:16},
{t:"ily members are those things that are buried and denied by the ",p:33,x:89,y:600,w:463,h:16},
{t:"parents. ",p:33,x:89,y:625,w:63,h:16},
{t:"Then there is the impact on both the economy in lost produc-",p:33,x:119,y:650,w:445,h:16},
{t:"tivity and the damage to the environment because no one has ei-",p:33,x:89,y:675,w:471,h:16},
{t:"ther the energy or the will to care. For instance, the 2006 Israel-",p:33,x:89,y:700,w:474,h:16},
{t:"Lebanon confict lasted just a week or two, but the collateral ",p:33,x:89,y:721,w:449,h:20},
{t:"damage will take millions of dollars and years to rebuild. ",p:33,x:89,y:750,w:425,h:16},
{t:"It is all too easy to just look on the surface, to feel sad, and ",p:33,x:119,y:775,w:437,h:16},
{t:"then to allow yourself to forget what happened. But violence and ",p:33,x:89,y:800,w:479,h:16},
{t:"abuse are not like that. The impact and damage is pernicious, ",p:33,x:89,y:825,w:457,h:16},
{t:"deep, and far-reaching. In using Rwanda as a case study, not-",p:33,x:89,y:850,w:453,h:16},
{t:"ing the impact of hatred, abuse, and bloodshed, we intend to go ",p:33,x:89,y:875,w:470,h:16},
{t:"deeper. We will look in more detail at the build-up behind the ",p:33,x:89,y:900,w:452,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   15",p:33,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:33,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:34,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:34,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"16",p:34,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"outbreaks of genocidal violence. We will illustrate how important ",p:34,x:89,y:104,w:483,h:16},
{t:"it is in any such situation to meet the people and to understand ",p:34,x:89,y:129,w:464,h:16},
{t:"the background and history in order to prepare a response.",p:34,x:89,y:154,w:432,h:16},
{t:"Most of us are reticent to do this of course. We are bom-",p:34,x:118,y:179,w:411,h:16},
{t:"barded by so many images every day, images of pain and suffer-",p:34,x:89,y:204,w:470,h:16},
{t:"ing, of death and violence. The frequency creates its own kind of ",p:34,x:89,y:229,w:476,h:16},
{t:"immunity. Our invitation to you is to put aside the broad-brush ",p:34,x:89,y:254,w:464,h:16},
{t:"perspective and instead be willing to engage the detail. Allow ",p:34,x:89,y:279,w:456,h:16},
{t:"yourself to feel involved, just as Christ himself was involved in ",p:34,x:89,y:304,w:463,h:16},
{t:"numerous human tragedies in His day. Likewise, the prophets ",p:34,x:89,y:329,w:455,h:16},
{t:"were involved in the anguish and injustice of their societies. We ",p:34,x:89,y:354,w:470,h:16},
{t:"also can take up God’s call to live responsively as salt and light.",p:34,x:89,y:379,w:471,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   16",p:34,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:34,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"17",p:35,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 2",p:35,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"the Place of ",p:35,x:178,y:293,w:166,h:30},
{t:"violence",p:35,x:361,y:293,w:110,h:30},
{t:"in our modern World",p:35,x:181,y:325,w:281,h:30},
{t:"Te genocide in Rwanda must be put into its context in modern ",p:35,x:119,y:410,w:454,h:22},
{t:"society. Nelson Mandela, writing the Foreword to the World Health ",p:35,x:89,y:435,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Organization ’s World Report on Violence and Health,1 suggests that ",p:35,x:89,y:460,w:486,h:25},
{t:"the twentieth century will be remembered as a century marked by vio-",p:35,x:89,y:485,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lence and abuse. He goes on to observe that one of the tragedies of this ",p:35,x:89,y:510,w:483,h:22},
{t:"legacy is the way that it reproduces itself, in that victims learn abuse ",p:35,x:89,y:535,w:485,h:22},
{t:"from victimizers. He believes that our only hope of breaking these ",p:35,x:89,y:560,w:486,h:22},
{t:"cycles in modern society is in our willingness to expose such abuse ",p:35,x:89,y:585,w:486,h:22},
{t:"through the example of the democratic process. “Safety and security ",p:35,x:89,y:610,w:485,h:22},
{t:"don ’t just happen; they are the result of collective consensus and public ",p:35,x:89,y:635,w:483,h:22},
{t:"investment. ” ",p:35,x:89,y:660,w:88,h:22},
{t:"But Mandela, a fellow African, makes another important point. ",p:35,x:119,y:685,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Tose who live with violence and its abuse day in and day out begin to ",p:35,x:89,y:710,w:483,h:22},
{t:"assume it is an intrinsic part of the human condition. People not only ",p:35,x:89,y:735,w:484,h:22},
{t:"resign themselves to it, they accept it as normal. To quote an American ",p:35,x:89,y:760,w:483,h:22},
{t:"proverb, “Evil, once tolerated, is soon preferred.” Mandela observes ",p:35,x:89,y:785,w:486,h:22},
{t:"that abuse becomes deeply rooted in the social, cultural, and economic ",p:35,x:89,y:810,w:483,h:22},
{t:"1. E. G. Krug, et. al., eds., World Report on Violence and Health (Geneva: World ",p:35,x:89,y:881,w:448,h:20},
{t:"Health Organization, 2002).",p:35,x:89,y:900,w:162,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   17",p:35,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:35,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:36,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:36,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"18",p:36,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"fabric of human life. Once abuse and violence have become “normal” ",p:36,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"they are very hard to change. Tis observation is particularly disturbing ",p:36,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in a country like Rwanda, where an explosive genocide has lef a whole ",p:36,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"generation traumatized and some fearing it could happen again.",p:36,x:89,y:175,w:436,h:22},
{t:"Defning Genocide",p:36,x:89,y:219,w:156,h:27},
{t:"Te term genocide was coined in 1943 by Raphael Lemkin (1900–",p:36,x:119,y:254,w:449,h:25},
{t:"1959), a Polish legal scholar. He took the word from the root genos ",p:36,x:89,y:279,w:483,h:25},
{t:"(Greek for family, tribe or race), and cide (Latin for occidere or cideo, ",p:36,x:89,y:304,w:483,h:25},
{t:"to massacre). Article 2 ratifed by the Convention on the Prevention ",p:36,x:88,y:329,w:485,h:25},
{t:"and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), defnes geno-",p:36,x:88,y:355,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cide as “any act committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, ",p:36,x:88,y:380,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a national, ethnic, racial or religious group, ” such as “killing members ",p:36,x:88,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the ",p:36,x:88,y:430,w:483,h:22},
{t:"group; deliberately inficting on the group conditions of life calculated ",p:36,x:88,y:455,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing ",p:36,x:88,y:480,w:485,h:22},
{t:"measures intended to prevent births within the group; and forcibly ",p:36,x:88,y:505,w:486,h:22},
{t:"transferring children of the group to another group. ”2 Tis happened ",p:36,x:88,y:530,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Rwanda, where “an entire generation lost their childhood and will ",p:36,x:88,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"be forever scarred by their memories. ”3 Te horrors they experienced ",p:36,x:88,y:580,w:485,h:23},
{t:"remain with them even today.4 ",p:36,x:88,y:605,w:212,h:22},
{t:"Lemkin successfully campaigned to have this defnition adopted ",p:36,x:118,y:630,w:455,h:22},
{t:"under international law. It was adopted by the United Nations General ",p:36,x:89,y:655,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Assembly on December 9, 1948, coming into efect on January 12, ",p:36,x:89,y:680,w:486,h:22},
{t:"1951 (Resolution 260 [III]). It was then adopted by the International ",p:36,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"2. For a list of some of the main genocides from the 1750s into modern times, see J. ",p:36,x:89,y:808,w:469,h:18},
{t:"Diamond, Life Energy: Using the Meridians to Unlock the Hidden Power of Your Emo-",p:36,x:89,y:826,w:476,h:20},
{t:"tions (St. Paul, MN: Paragon House, 1985/1990) 284–286.",p:36,x:89,y:844,w:334,h:20},
{t:"3. African Rights, “Wounded Generation. ” ",p:36,x:89,y:863,w:244,h:18},
{t:"4. African Rights, Rwanda: Broken Bodies, Torn Spirits. Living with Genocide, Rape, ",p:36,x:89,y:881,w:471,h:20},
{t:"and HIV/AIDS (2004) 55.",p:36,x:89,y:899,w:151,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   18",p:36,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:36,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the Pla Ce oF violen Ce in our modern World",p:37,x:254,y:63,w:305,h:13},
{t:"19",p:37,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Criminal Court (ICC) and by many countries as part of their national ",p:37,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"law.5 ",p:37,x:89,y:125,w:34,h:22},
{t:"But a debate has continued, because although society now has a ",p:37,x:118,y:150,w:455,h:22},
{t:"defnition of genocide, it seems inadequate. For instance, in the case of ",p:37,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda, international confusion, chaos, and reluctance to intervene ",p:37,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"allowed the genocide to take its full course. No legal mechanism or ",p:37,x:89,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"mandate existed that allowed the international community to inter-",p:37,x:89,y:250,w:480,h:22},
{t:"vene once it became known that genocide was taking place. Dallaire6",p:37,x:89,y:275,w:479,h:22},
{t:"documents this reluctance, especially where an internationally recog-",p:37,x:88,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"nized government is either initiating or taking an active part in the ",p:37,x:88,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"genocide.7 Rummel8 suggests we need a distinction between genocide ",p:37,x:88,y:350,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and democide to help clarify this situation. By democide we mean the ",p:37,x:88,y:374,w:484,h:25},
{t:"process whereby a recognized government perpetrates the crime of ",p:37,x:88,y:400,w:486,h:22},
{t:"genocide. Modern examples could be Vladimir Lenin, Mao Zedong, ",p:37,x:88,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Idi Amin, and Saddam Hussein.9",p:37,x:88,y:450,w:224,h:22},
{t:"Rather than entering the complex debate surrounding these ques-",p:37,x:119,y:475,w:450,h:22},
{t:"tions, in outlining the events in Rwanda we will use a more straightfor-",p:37,x:89,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ward, abbreviated defnition of genocide: “Te deliberate extermina-",p:37,x:89,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tion of a racial, religious or ethnic group. ”10 In taking Rwanda as our ",p:37,x:89,y:550,w:485,h:23},
{t:"case study, we focus on one of the worst human slaughters in human ",p:37,x:88,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"history. But we must frst put this tragedy into context. ",p:37,x:88,y:600,w:379,h:22},
{t:"5. Wikipedia, “Genocide,” <lt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide>gt; (accessed).",p:37,x:89,y:661,w:458,h:18},
{t:"6. R. Dallaire, Shake Hands with the Devil: Te Failure of Humanity in Rwanda ",p:37,x:89,y:679,w:447,h:20},
{t:"(London: Arrow Books, 2004).",p:37,x:89,y:698,w:177,h:18},
{t:"7. R. J. Rummel, Death by Government (Piscataway, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, ",p:37,x:89,y:716,w:456,h:20},
{t:"1997).",p:37,x:89,y:735,w:37,h:18},
{t:"8. Rummel, Death. ",p:37,x:89,y:753,w:110,h:20},
{t:"9. In this book we are not attempting to look at the historic biblical account of what ",p:37,x:89,y:771,w:474,h:18},
{t:"some claim was genocide (Joshua 6).",p:37,x:89,y:790,w:205,h:18},
{t:"10. ",p:37,x:89,y:808,w:20,h:18},
{t:"For a helpful edited work on the subject of genocide, see R. Frey, Te Geno-",p:37,x:118,y:808,w:421,h:20},
{t:"cidal Temptation: Auschwitz, Hiroshima, Rwanda, and Beyond (Lanham, Maryland: ",p:37,x:89,y:826,w:472,h:20},
{t:"University Press of America, 2004). For a now classic work outlining the eight stages ",p:37,x:89,y:845,w:475,h:18},
{t:"of how a genocide happens, see G. H. Stanton, Eight Stages of Genocide (Washington: ",p:37,x:89,y:863,w:481,h:20},
{t:"Department of State, 1998). Tis is also available on <lt;http://www.genocidewatch.",p:37,x:89,y:881,w:463,h:18},
{t:"org/8stages.htm>gt;.",p:37,x:89,y:900,w:103,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   19",p:37,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:57",p:37,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:38,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:38,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"20",p:38,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Putting the Rwandan Genocide in Context",p:38,x:89,y:99,w:350,h:27},
{t:"Violence exists on a global scale. For instance, violent deaths in ",p:38,x:119,y:135,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Uganda in 2006 averaged 146 a week, three times those of Iraq.11 Or ",p:38,x:89,y:160,w:485,h:22},
{t:"moving to another continent, under the Maduro regime (2002–2005) ",p:38,x:88,y:185,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in Honduras, some 431 children and young people were killed or ",p:38,x:88,y:210,w:487,h:22},
{t:"executed in 2005 alone,12 an increase of almost 90 percent from the ",p:38,x:88,y:235,w:485,h:23},
{t:"10 percent from the previous year. It is an ugly economy of violence ",p:38,x:88,y:260,w:484,h:22},
{t:"where it is chea per to destroy than build, or to take by force than ",p:38,x:88,y:285,w:484,h:22},
{t:"negotiate. Yet on this basis certain types of violence are accelerat-",p:38,x:88,y:310,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing.13 For instance, there are currently 25 million people internally dis-",p:38,x:88,y:335,w:480,h:23},
{t:"placed around the world, and Africa has the most.14 ",p:38,x:88,y:360,w:355,h:22},
{t:"Major areas of tension remain around the globe, like in Iraq and ",p:38,x:118,y:385,w:454,h:22},
{t:"the Sudan ’s western Darfur region, plus the sixty or more wars still go-",p:38,x:89,y:410,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing on around the world. But not everyone agrees global violence is ",p:38,x:89,y:435,w:485,h:22},
{t:"still on the increase. For instance, the United Nations claims that glo-",p:38,x:89,y:460,w:480,h:22},
{t:"bal violence since the cold war has declined dramatically, while global ",p:38,x:89,y:485,w:484,h:22},
{t:"terrorism has increased signifcantly.15 Violent confict dropped more ",p:38,x:89,y:510,w:484,h:23},
{t:"than 40 percent by the beginning of the twenty-frst century.16 Te ",p:38,x:89,y:535,w:486,h:22},
{t:"twentieth century has been the century of violence, so the twenty-frst ",p:38,x:88,y:560,w:483,h:22},
{t:"century could be the age for healing wounds. Many voices are begin-",p:38,x:88,y:585,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ning to speak out about how to support this encouraging decline.17 But ",p:38,x:88,y:610,w:483,h:23},
{t:"11.",p:38,x:89,y:698,w:17,h:18},
{t:"K. Pownall, “Uganda ’s Daily Rate of Violent Death Is Tree Times Iraq’s, Says ",p:38,x:118,y:698,w:438,h:18},
{t:"Report, ” Independent, London, March 30, 2006. ",p:38,x:89,y:716,w:273,h:20},
{t:"12. ",p:38,x:89,y:735,w:20,h:18},
{t:"<lt;http://www.casa-allianz.org.uk/northsouth/CasaWeb.nsf/CasaNews/chil-",p:38,x:118,y:735,w:429,h:18},
{t:"dren>gt;. Should read <lt;http://www.casa-alianza.org.uk/>gt;.",p:38,x:89,y:753,w:317,h:18},
{t:"13. ",p:38,x:89,y:771,w:20,h:18},
{t:"T. Holmes, “Te Acceleration of Global Violence,” (2005), <lt;http://www.",p:38,x:118,y:771,w:414,h:18},
{t:"simplyted.blogspot.com/2005/07/acceleration-of-global-violence.html>gt; (accessed ",p:38,x:89,y:790,w:467,h:18},
{t:"February 2, 2007).",p:38,x:89,y:808,w:104,h:18},
{t:"14. ",p:38,x:89,y:826,w:20,h:18},
{t:"<lt;www.fmreview.org/FMRpdfs/FMR20/FMR20gidp.pdf>gt;. ",p:38,x:118,y:826,w:339,h:18},
{t:"15. ",p:38,x:89,y:845,w:20,h:18},
{t:"<lt;http://www.star.net/content/view/574/37/>gt;. ",p:38,x:118,y:845,w:273,h:18},
{t:"16. ",p:38,x:89,y:863,w:20,h:18},
{t:"<lt;http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/003957.html>gt;. ",p:38,x:118,y:863,w:338,h:18},
{t:"17. ",p:38,x:89,y:881,w:20,h:18},
{t:"M. W. Ashford and G. Dauncey, Enough Blood Shed: 101 Solutions to Violence, ",p:38,x:118,y:881,w:443,h:20},
{t:"Terror and War (New Society Publishers, 2005).",p:38,x:89,y:899,w:270,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   20",p:38,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:38,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the Pla Ce oF violen Ce in our modern World",p:39,x:254,y:63,w:305,h:13},
{t:"21",p:39,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"if we are to encourage an age of healing, we must frst defne what we ",p:39,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"mean by this. ",p:39,x:89,y:125,w:94,h:22},
{t:"Taking Healing Where It Is Most Needed",p:39,x:89,y:169,w:338,h:27},
{t:"Unless you believe the future can be better, you are unlikely to take ",p:39,x:119,y:205,w:453,h:22},
{t:"responsibility for changing it. By assuming hope for the future, one ",p:39,x:89,y:230,w:485,h:22},
{t:"guarantees the possibility of permanent positive change. It is very dif-",p:39,x:89,y:255,w:479,h:22},
{t:"fcult to have such a hope in light of the numbers of displaced peoples, ",p:39,x:89,y:280,w:483,h:22},
{t:"refugees, genocides, and ongoing wars, with all the associated carnage ",p:39,x:89,y:305,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and tragedy. In addition, we need to look closer to home at the long-",p:39,x:89,y:330,w:479,h:22},
{t:"term consequences of 25 percent of people now living alone or “living-",p:39,x:89,y:355,w:479,h:22},
{t:"apart-together.” Consider too the consequences of one in two children ",p:39,x:89,y:380,w:483,h:22},
{t:"living with only one parent and/or stepparent. Wherever you look, you ",p:39,x:89,y:405,w:482,h:22},
{t:"see the need for healing in people. ",p:39,x:89,y:430,w:236,h:22},
{t:"Although some are beginning to praise institutions for the turn-",p:39,x:119,y:455,w:449,h:22},
{t:"around in global violence, the carnage it leaves behind and the impo-",p:39,x:89,y:480,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tence of international governments and the church is still a cause for ",p:39,x:89,y:505,w:484,h:22},
{t:"concern. Even some of the basic questions remain unanswered. Is there ",p:39,x:89,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"more racial hatred now than in the past? If so, how do we tackle it? Or ",p:39,x:89,y:555,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is ethnic cleansing a new phenomenon that needs a new range of poli-",p:39,x:89,y:580,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cies to countermand it?",p:39,x:89,y:605,w:161,h:22},
{t:"What is becoming clear is the inadequacy of therapeutic care for ",p:39,x:119,y:630,w:454,h:22},
{t:"trauma victims, especially when trauma includes sustained violence ",p:39,x:89,y:655,w:486,h:22},
{t:"and abuse, loss of home, loss of family, and in many cases torture. In ",p:39,x:89,y:680,w:484,h:22},
{t:"using Rwanda as a case study we are suggesting that the lessons we are ",p:39,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"learning here are much wider than just for this land of a thousand hills. ",p:39,x:89,y:730,w:483,h:22},
{t:"For the Rwandan genocide involved all three: abuse, torture, and loss ",p:39,x:89,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of life, home, family, and poverty. Only a holistic approach to the total ",p:39,x:89,y:780,w:483,h:22},
{t:"problem is going to break the cycles of trauma and pain in these peo-",p:39,x:89,y:805,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple’s lives. Tis is why we believe Rwanda has lessons to teach that will ",p:39,x:89,y:830,w:483,h:22},
{t:"beneft all those who have been or are the victims of abuse and racial ",p:39,x:89,y:855,w:484,h:22},
{t:"violence. ",p:39,x:89,y:880,w:64,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   21",p:39,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:39,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:40,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:40,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"22",p:40,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Our reason for thinking this way is simple. It is in the most ex-",p:40,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"treme of examples that one will ofen see clearly what the core issues ",p:40,x:88,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"really are. Looking at these extreme situations helps clarify what ideas ",p:40,x:88,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and specifc issues need to be addressed frst. In identifying these, we ",p:40,x:88,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"are then able to see the same problems when they are more subtly ex-",p:40,x:88,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pressed in other local situations, for example, the race issues or similar ",p:40,x:88,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"problems emerging from the uneven distribution of aid afer Hurricane ",p:40,x:88,y:250,w:482,h:22},
{t:"Katrina. In seeking to resolve complex issues successfully, one is able to ",p:40,x:88,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"then apply these principles to more routine situations. ",p:40,x:88,y:300,w:373,h:22},
{t:"So we would like you to join us “help heal Rwanda.” We are using ",p:40,x:118,y:325,w:454,h:22},
{t:"this phrase as a symbol of all those places in the world that have experi-",p:40,x:88,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"enced violence and atrocities. Tey all need the healing hands of both ",p:40,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a God who loves and a people of compassion. So as you read through ",p:40,x:88,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"this book we would like you to begin to think locally of your own situ-",p:40,x:88,y:425,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ation: What are the issues we highlight in this extreme case study that ",p:40,x:88,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"could be relevant to your life or circumstances? Please join us on this ",p:40,x:88,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"journey. ",p:40,x:88,y:500,w:59,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:40,x:211,y:574,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:40,x:119,y:610,w:16,h:22},
{t:"We have mentioned a range of damaging social issues. Do ",p:40,x:148,y:610,w:396,h:22},
{t:"any of these exist where you live: racism, segregation, or ",p:40,x:148,y:635,w:383,h:22},
{t:"professional privilege of one group over another?",p:40,x:148,y:660,w:335,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:40,x:119,y:692,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Is racism and ethnic-minority prejudice a problem in your ",p:40,x:148,y:692,w:400,h:22},
{t:"church, group, or region?",p:40,x:148,y:717,w:173,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:40,x:119,y:750,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you see any evidence of a “divide and rule” culture ",p:40,x:148,y:750,w:371,h:22},
{t:"around you? Who, if any, are the people groups whose voice ",p:40,x:148,y:775,w:413,h:22},
{t:"is disregarded?",p:40,x:148,y:800,w:101,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:40,x:119,y:833,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How do you feel about the suggestion that the twentieth ",p:40,x:148,y:833,w:391,h:22},
{t:"century was the most violent in human history and that the ",p:40,x:148,y:858,w:410,h:22},
{t:"twenty-frst could be the century for healing?",p:40,x:148,y:883,w:310,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   22",p:40,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:40,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the Pla Ce oF violen Ce in our modern World",p:41,x:254,y:63,w:305,h:13},
{t:"23",p:41,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"5. ",p:41,x:119,y:100,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How ethnically diverse is the discussion group of which you ",p:41,x:148,y:100,w:413,h:22},
{t:"are a part?",p:41,x:148,y:125,w:71,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   23",p:41,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:41,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"25",p:42,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 3",p:42,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"a brief history of ",p:42,x:148,y:293,w:240,h:30},
{t:"rwanda",p:42,x:402,y:293,w:102,h:30},
{t:"Setting the Landscape ",p:42,x:89,y:398,w:183,h:27},
{t:"As with any case study, we must be careful to approach the subject ",p:42,x:119,y:434,w:453,h:22},
{t:"of the Rwandan genocide within an historical context. By this we mean ",p:42,x:89,y:459,w:483,h:22},
{t:"we should not consider just the facts of what happened. We frst place ",p:42,x:89,y:484,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the facts in the context of what led to the genocide and then set criteria ",p:42,x:89,y:509,w:483,h:22},
{t:"for how we interpret them. For instance, it is naive to suggest that the ",p:42,x:89,y:534,w:484,h:22},
{t:"genocide in Rwanda just fared up. Tere were numerous contributing ",p:42,x:89,y:559,w:483,h:22},
{t:"factors, including personal, local, national, historic, political, cultural, ",p:42,x:89,y:584,w:484,h:22},
{t:"social, and spiritual aspects to the events, to name but a few. Human ",p:42,x:89,y:609,w:484,h:22},
{t:"nature, as complex as it is, always brings complexity to any situation it ",p:42,x:89,y:634,w:483,h:22},
{t:"encounters. ",p:42,x:89,y:659,w:83,h:22},
{t:"So, our goal in this book is to identify some of the underlying ",p:42,x:119,y:684,w:456,h:22},
{t:"dynamics that fed into the tragedy of the genocides in the frst place, ",p:42,x:89,y:709,w:484,h:22},
{t:"while also questioning what might still be perpetuating, sustaining, ",p:42,x:89,y:734,w:486,h:22},
{t:"and maybe even pushing toward its threat today. If we are unwilling ",p:42,x:89,y:759,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to look at these dynamics, we will never notice how similar or difer-",p:42,x:89,y:784,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ent our own preconceptions and cultural experiences are. Meeting the ",p:42,x:89,y:809,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people in their own context, within their own history, is an essential ",p:42,x:89,y:834,w:485,h:22},
{t:"precursor to loving them.",p:42,x:89,y:859,w:173,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   25",p:42,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:42,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:43,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:43,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"26",p:43,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"To do this in a serious way, we must always start with what is in-",p:43,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"herited, what the landscape looked like, taking the courage to look at ",p:43,x:88,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"it in some depth. Ten we can seek to interpret what we identify. Tus, ",p:43,x:88,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in the next three chapters, we look at diferent aspects of the history ",p:43,x:88,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of Rwanda. In this frst part, we look at some characteristics of the ",p:43,x:88,y:200,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Rwandese people, then at the background to the genocide, and fnally ",p:43,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"at what actually happened in the 1994 genocide. ",p:43,x:88,y:250,w:334,h:22},
{t:"Who Are the Hutu and Tutsi Peoples?",p:43,x:89,y:294,w:312,h:27},
{t:"Most people who have heard of the Rwandan genocide will com-",p:43,x:119,y:330,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ment that it was about a war between two people groups, the Hutu and ",p:43,x:88,y:355,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the Tutsi. Nothing could be further from the truth. It is not that simple.",p:43,x:88,y:380,w:478,h:22},
{t:"All the peoples of Rwanda speak the same language, Kinyarwanda; ",p:43,x:118,y:405,w:452,h:22},
{t:"and although the Rwandese are comprised of thirteen clans, they never ",p:43,x:88,y:430,w:483,h:22},
{t:"had dogmatic distinctions regarding their type, class, or hierarchies. ",p:43,x:88,y:455,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Tey were one indigenous people ruled by kings, the Mwami. Te tribal ",p:43,x:88,y:480,w:482,h:25},
{t:"chiefains and their families, subject to the king, carried the leadership ",p:43,x:88,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"authority role. Among these peoples we note three ways of describing ",p:43,x:88,y:530,w:484,h:22},
{t:"them: the Tutsi, the Hutu, and the Twa.",p:43,x:88,y:555,w:273,h:22},
{t:"Te origin of the Tutsi-Hutu distinction is still hotly debated even ",p:43,x:118,y:580,w:453,h:22},
{t:"today. It clearly preceded colonial rule, as recently noted,1 but these ",p:43,x:88,y:605,w:485,h:23},
{t:"distinctions, prior to Colonialism, were never racial. From the begin-",p:43,x:88,y:630,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ning, all Rwandan people shared a common language, culture, and re-",p:43,x:88,y:655,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ligion. Te distinction was merely vocational. ",p:43,x:88,y:680,w:314,h:22},
{t:"Te pastoralists had cows, so they were able to feed their children ",p:43,x:118,y:705,w:454,h:22},
{t:"milk while they were young. Tis benefted their growth, so the pas-",p:43,x:88,y:730,w:480,h:22},
{t:"toralists were ofen taller than those who did not own cows. Tey also ",p:43,x:88,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"had visible wealth through the cattle they owned. Even in Rwanda to-",p:43,x:88,y:780,w:480,h:22},
{t:"day the number of cows you own is one of the most visible signs of how ",p:43,x:88,y:805,w:483,h:22},
{t:"wealthy you are. Regardless of which clan they were from, pastoralists ",p:43,x:88,y:830,w:484,h:22},
{t:"1. M. Mamdani, When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Geno-",p:43,x:89,y:881,w:473,h:20},
{t:"cide in Rwanda (Kampala & Dar es Salaam: Fountain, 2001).",p:43,x:89,y:899,w:343,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   26",p:43,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:43,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"a brieF history o F rWanda",p:44,x:381,y:63,w:183,h:13},
{t:"27",p:44,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"were called Tutsi. Te other main group were farmers, working very ",p:44,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"hard on the land and feeding mainly on grain. Tese people were de-",p:44,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"scribed as Hutu. Once again, Hutu could come from any clan. ",p:44,x:89,y:150,w:428,h:22},
{t:"Tis distinction was common across the whole of Africa, not just ",p:44,x:118,y:175,w:454,h:22},
{t:"in Rwanda. Speaking of the Toro in Eastern Uganda, “the tall Bahima ",p:44,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"were the ruling race, the aristocracy, a cattle-herding people. Under ",p:44,x:89,y:225,w:486,h:22},
{t:"them were the vast majority of people, the farming Bairu” (Anderson ",p:44,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"1977.41). Likewise we see the distinction and confict in Darfur ",p:44,x:89,y:275,w:488,h:22},
{t:"with the Arab pastoralists and “African” agriculturalist (Meredith ",p:44,x:89,y:300,w:488,h:22},
{t:"2005:598).",p:44,x:89,y:325,w:76,h:22},
{t:"Most of the family of Rwanda ’s king were Tutsi, while some of ",p:44,x:118,y:350,w:456,h:22},
{t:"their mothers were Hutu! Te ruling chiefs under the king were mixed ",p:44,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa. If you increased your wealth—by beginning to ",p:44,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"own cows, for instance—then you became Tutsi; but if you lost your ",p:44,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"wealth you became Hutu. Te distinction was mainly vocational and ",p:44,x:89,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"wealth-based, not in any way racial. Pastoral and agricultural distinc-",p:44,x:89,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tions exist all around the world, but they have never developed into ",p:44,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"genocide like they did in Rwanda. ",p:44,x:89,y:525,w:235,h:22},
{t:"Te third people group was much smaller in both stature and ",p:44,x:118,y:550,w:456,h:22},
{t:"numbers. Tey were distinguished physically—because of their very ",p:44,x:89,y:575,w:486,h:22},
{t:"small stature—rather than by vocation, and they were called the Twa. ",p:44,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Te Twa were jungle people and had their own distinct culture and ",p:44,x:89,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"way of life.",p:44,x:89,y:650,w:73,h:22},
{t:"Although widely accepted, these distinctions were not clear-cut. ",p:44,x:118,y:675,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Both Tutsi and Hutu had sexual relations with the Twa and intermar-",p:44,x:89,y:700,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ried with them. Also, when a Tutsi family became poor, without cows, ",p:44,x:89,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"they started working the land and became Hutu. Similarly, when the ",p:44,x:89,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Hutu began to own cows, they became Tutsi.2 What becomes clear is ",p:44,x:89,y:775,w:484,h:23},
{t:"2. For a detailed account of the origins of the Hutu and Tutsi, see J. Vasina, Anteced-",p:44,x:89,y:826,w:469,h:20},
{t:"ents to Modern Rwanda: Te Nyiginya Kingdom (Madison: University of Wisconsin ",p:44,x:89,y:844,w:472,h:20},
{t:"Press, 2004) 23 f. For background to Kinyaga society and the history of Rwanda, ",p:44,x:89,y:863,w:458,h:18},
{t:"see C. Newbury, Te Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda ",p:44,x:89,y:881,w:452,h:20},
{t:"1860–1960 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).",p:44,x:89,y:899,w:332,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   27",p:44,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:44,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:45,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:45,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"28",p:45,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"that such distinctions were not divisive, just descriptive, and they were ",p:45,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"never seen as racial, since they were all of the same language and race.",p:45,x:89,y:125,w:472,h:22},
{t:"Hutu and Tutsi were equals, except in how they made their living. ",p:45,x:118,y:150,w:453,h:22},
{t:"But vocation did dictate wealth, since cattle were a premium wealth ",p:45,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"creator in the culture. But it was the role of the king, who lived above ",p:45,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"such distinctions, to emphasize that society was one. He led a complex, ",p:45,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"integrated hierarchical society, where one of his key jobs was to settle ",p:45,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"all disputes, thereby resolving confict.3 ",p:45,x:89,y:275,w:270,h:23},
{t:"Te Political History",p:45,x:89,y:319,w:171,h:27},
{t:"In the late 1800s this long-existing culture began to be infuenced ",p:45,x:119,y:355,w:453,h:22},
{t:"by foreigners from the West. Initially, German missionaries had an im-",p:45,x:89,y:380,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pact; then in 1899, Germany took Rwanda as one of its colonies, and ",p:45,x:89,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the king began losing his power. Tis was the period of the 1st Republic, ",p:45,x:89,y:430,w:482,h:23},
{t:"the time when the king and the people began losing the Rwanda they ",p:45,x:88,y:455,w:484,h:22},
{t:"knew. ",p:45,x:88,y:480,w:43,h:22},
{t:"As early as the end of the eighteenth century, there is evidence ",p:45,x:118,y:505,w:456,h:22},
{t:"that the German overlords in this part of Africa took a keen interest in ",p:45,x:88,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"distinguishing the appearance of these tribal peoples. Like their own ",p:45,x:88,y:555,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Aryan culture, they sought to defne these African mountain people in ",p:45,x:88,y:580,w:483,h:22},
{t:"types or classes, emphasizing the diference between the Hutu, Tutsi, ",p:45,x:88,y:605,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and Twa. ",p:45,x:88,y:630,w:66,h:22},
{t:"In 1924, the Belgians, delegated by the League of Nations, began ",p:45,x:118,y:655,w:454,h:22},
{t:"ruling the region as the 2nd Republic. Tey brought with them ethnic ",p:45,x:88,y:680,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attitudes and values already established in the Benelux. Racial distinc-",p:45,x:88,y:705,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tions between the Walloon (French speaking) and Flanders (Dutch ",p:45,x:88,y:730,w:486,h:22},
{t:"speaking) peoples were part of the Belgian culture.4 Similar “racial” ",p:45,x:88,y:755,w:485,h:23},
{t:"distinctions between Tutsi and Hutu were imposed on the Rwandese, ",p:45,x:88,y:780,w:484,h:22},
{t:"building on German colonial attitudes. Te Europeans brought a “spir-",p:45,x:88,y:805,w:480,h:22},
{t:"3. Tank you to Pastor R. Ezra Mpyisi for some of these helpful reminders. ",p:45,x:89,y:863,w:423,h:18},
{t:"4. P. Roegiere, La Belgique: Le Roman d’un Pays (Bruxelles: Gallimard Publishers, ",p:45,x:89,y:881,w:461,h:20},
{t:"2005) 77.",p:45,x:89,y:900,w:54,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   28",p:45,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:58",p:45,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"a brieF history o F rWanda",p:46,x:381,y:63,w:183,h:13},
{t:"29",p:46,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"it of colonialism” with them that was a highly contagious disease, and ",p:46,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"both church and people were infected by it. We would describe this ",p:46,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"disease as racism. ",p:46,x:89,y:150,w:120,h:22},
{t:"Under Belgian rule these “German” distinctions became even ",p:46,x:118,y:175,w:458,h:22},
{t:"more defned in several diferent ways. Rwandese were given personal ",p:46,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"ID cards, naming them as either Hutu or Tutsi, based in part on the ",p:46,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"measurement of their noses and their social status, such as how many ",p:46,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"cows they owned. More than three cows made you Tutsi, the privileged ",p:46,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"minority who ruled on behalf of the colonialists.5 Tis distinction in-",p:46,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:23},
{t:"stilled hate and jealousy that began to fester. It was further fueled by ",p:46,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"mainly “Christian” education that taught these “ethnic” distinctions in ",p:46,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the classroom, even though they did not actually exist. ",p:46,x:89,y:375,w:375,h:22},
{t:"Under Belgian rule for the next forty years, the Rwandese lived ",p:46,x:118,y:400,w:455,h:22},
{t:"with a divide that had not existed before colonial rule and was rein-",p:46,x:89,y:425,w:480,h:22},
{t:"forced until independence in 1962.6 For much of the frst half of the ",p:46,x:89,y:450,w:484,h:23},
{t:"twentieth century resentment was being encouraged against the rul-",p:46,x:89,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing, favored, and extreme Tutsi, leading many Tutsi into exile.7",p:46,x:89,y:500,w:426,h:22},
{t:"In the early 1960s, free elections following independence brought ",p:46,x:119,y:525,w:453,h:22},
{t:"about an inevitable Hutu majority, and power shifed abruptly. Te ",p:46,x:89,y:550,w:485,h:22},
{t:"5. Having said this, it is far too simplistic to place all the blame on the Colonial ",p:46,x:89,y:606,w:446,h:18},
{t:"infltrators from Europe. Much of this change began as early as the time of King ",p:46,x:89,y:625,w:448,h:18},
{t:"Umuryamo Rwabugiri (died 1895). So even in the times of the kings both the lineage ",p:46,x:89,y:643,w:480,h:18},
{t:"and clans were undergoing internal change that began under girding the distinctions. ",p:46,x:89,y:661,w:477,h:18},
{t:"See C. Newbury, Te Cohesion of Oppression: Clientship and Ethnicity in Rwanda ",p:46,x:89,y:679,w:455,h:20},
{t:"1860–1960, 11, 95 f.",p:46,x:89,y:698,w:122,h:20},
{t:"6. For a brief history of Rwanda see C. M. Peter and E. Kibalama (eds.), Civil Society ",p:46,x:89,y:716,w:475,h:20},
{t:"and the Struggle for a Better Rwanda: A Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Rwanda ",p:46,x:89,y:734,w:477,h:20},
{t:"Organized Under the Auspices of Kituo Cha Katiba (Kampala: Fountain Publish-",p:46,x:89,y:753,w:448,h:20},
{t:"ers, 2006) 16 f. Tis book was also published in Kinyarwanda, titled Sosiyete Sivili ",p:46,x:89,y:771,w:464,h:20},
{t:"n ’Urugamba: Rwo Guharanira u Rwanda Rwiza. ",p:46,x:89,y:789,w:274,h:20},
{t:"7. It is tempting to talk in terms of percent of Hutu and Tutsi, but because the race ",p:46,x:89,y:808,w:465,h:18},
{t:"distinction was artifcial anyway, it is unrealistic to put fgures on it. For instance, ",p:46,x:89,y:826,w:454,h:18},
{t:"because many Tutsi were in exile, they were not counted in any census, while many ",p:46,x:89,y:845,w:463,h:18},
{t:"Hutu were actually herdsmen. So we prefer to talk about extreme Tutsi or extreme ",p:46,x:89,y:863,w:458,h:20},
{t:"Hutu who were leading and feeding this racism, rather than go for a simplistic Hutu-",p:46,x:89,y:881,w:473,h:18},
{t:"Tutsi distinction. ",p:46,x:89,y:900,w:99,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   29",p:46,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:46,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:47,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:47,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"30",p:47,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"oppressed Hutu came to power. In 1973 a coup brought General ",p:47,x:89,y:100,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Habyarimana to power. He continued the marginalization and oppres-",p:47,x:89,y:125,w:479,h:22},
{t:"sion of the Tutsi in a reign lasting for twenty-one years, until his death ",p:47,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"on April 6, 1994. Tis assassination sparked the beginning of the 1994 ",p:47,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"genocide. ",p:47,x:89,y:200,w:69,h:22},
{t:"As early as 1979, the Tutsi exiled in Kenya had launched the ",p:47,x:118,y:225,w:457,h:22},
{t:"National Rwandan Union. In 1986 this became the Rwandan Patriotic ",p:47,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Front (RPF). Its commander, General Fred Rwigyema, was killed early ",p:47,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in the struggle, following an invasion in October 1990. So Major Paul ",p:47,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Kagame, who had grown up in the same refugee camp as Rwigyema, ",p:47,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"returned from the U.S. to lead the RPF. Kagame turned the RPF inva-",p:47,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sion into a fully fedged guerrilla war that they won against the forces ",p:47,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the Habyarimana. ",p:47,x:89,y:400,w:144,h:22},
{t:"Mamdani suggests that it was the Belgium colonialists who hard-",p:47,x:118,y:425,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ened the distinctions between Hutu and Tutsi, with the Hutu as the in-",p:47,x:88,y:450,w:480,h:22},
{t:"digenous Bantu and the Tutsi as alien Hamites.8 Not everyone agrees, ",p:47,x:88,y:475,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but whatever the outcome of these debates, what is clear is that the ten-",p:47,x:89,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sion between the two groups was used for political and economic ends, ",p:47,x:89,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and it simmers just below the surface even today. For instance, a Tutsi ",p:47,x:89,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"living in the West mentioned he was unwilling to go to the Rwandan ",p:47,x:89,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"congregation in his area, since it was Hutu. ",p:47,x:89,y:600,w:297,h:22},
{t:"Te Rwandese People",p:47,x:89,y:644,w:175,h:27},
{t:"Before looking more closely at the background to the genocide, we ",p:47,x:119,y:680,w:452,h:22},
{t:"should note something else about the Rwandese. It becomes obvious ",p:47,x:89,y:705,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to anyone working in Rwanda or who has Rwandese friends that they ",p:47,x:89,y:730,w:484,h:22},
{t:"are not typical Africans. Tey have little of the famboyant choleric na-",p:47,x:89,y:755,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ture of other African races. Instead, though somewhat embarrassing to ",p:47,x:89,y:780,w:483,h:22},
{t:"admit, they are in some ways close to the English or German tempera-",p:47,x:89,y:805,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ment. Let us explain what we mean. ",p:47,x:89,y:830,w:248,h:22},
{t:"8. Mamdani, Victims. ",p:47,x:89,y:899,w:123,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   30",p:47,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:47,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"a brieF history o F rWanda",p:48,x:381,y:63,w:183,h:13},
{t:"31",p:48,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"From an early age a little boy is told to not show his feelings, espe-",p:48,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cially not his tears. Likewise, he is to keep private what he really feels or ",p:48,x:88,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"thinks until it is appropriate, and appropriate times are rare. Prof. Peter ",p:48,x:88,y:149,w:484,h:25},
{t:"Rwanyindo Ruzirabwoba, director of the Institute for Research and ",p:48,x:88,y:175,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Dialogue for Peace (IRDP) in Rwanda, suggests that in Rwandese cul-",p:48,x:88,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ture, men showing tears is a sign of weakness; instead, tears need to fow ",p:48,x:88,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"inside. Tis makes people very private, even secretive and unintention-",p:48,x:88,y:250,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ally deceptive, with their instinct being to say nothing. It would not even ",p:48,x:88,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"occur to them to introduce their name unless invited to do so. ",p:48,x:88,y:300,w:415,h:22},
{t:"In a culture where “no” is rarely used and challenging your superi-",p:48,x:118,y:325,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ors or speaking your mind is frowned upon, creating a culture of open ",p:48,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and transparent relationships that facilitate healing is a real challenge! ",p:48,x:88,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"In the current climate people do not trust each other. Prof. Simeon ",p:48,x:88,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Gasiberege is one of the few psychotherapists in the country. He has ",p:48,x:88,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"had to invest signifcant time when establishing therapeutic support ",p:48,x:88,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"groups, having to teach them fve “protecting rules” he has devised spe-",p:48,x:88,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cifcally to give group members confdence to begin speaking openly of ",p:48,x:88,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"their experience.",p:48,x:88,y:525,w:113,h:22},
{t:"We must stress this personality type is not true of other African ",p:48,x:118,y:550,w:455,h:22},
{t:"peoples. Te Great Lakes Region of East Africa proliferates with tribes, ",p:48,x:88,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"language groups, and a diversity of temperaments. But among them all ",p:48,x:88,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is Rwanda, land of the thousand hills, where a unique African culture ",p:48,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and people have grown up that have few of the native personality traits ",p:48,x:88,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of this part of the world. Instead, in some ways Rwandese would be ",p:48,x:88,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"best at home alongside the stif upper-lip of the British. ",p:48,x:88,y:700,w:381,h:22},
{t:"So having looked at the history and temperament of Rwanda, let ",p:48,x:118,y:725,w:454,h:22},
{t:"us now look in more detail at the background to the Genocide. ",p:48,x:88,y:750,w:434,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:48,x:211,y:824,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:48,x:119,y:860,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Were the Rwandese people fairly treated?",p:48,x:148,y:860,w:282,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:48,x:119,y:892,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How similar is the Rwandese temperament to yours?",p:48,x:148,y:892,w:360,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   31",p:48,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:48,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:49,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:49,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"32",p:49,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"3. ",p:49,x:119,y:100,w:16,h:22},
{t:"If you inherited responsibility for this region of Africa, how ",p:49,x:148,y:100,w:412,h:22},
{t:"would you rule it? ",p:49,x:148,y:125,w:128,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:49,x:119,y:157,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What do you think the Colonial masters did wrong?",p:49,x:148,y:157,w:361,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:49,x:119,y:190,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Were the Rwandese people justly treated? ",p:49,x:148,y:190,w:287,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   32",p:49,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:49,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"33",p:50,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 4",p:50,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"drawing the landscape",p:50,x:165,y:293,w:318,h:30},
{t:"behind the genocide",p:50,x:183,y:325,w:282,h:30},
{t:"Te Undermining of a Culture",p:50,x:89,y:430,w:249,h:27},
{t:"Rwanda is an interesting case study in what happens when a society ",p:50,x:119,y:465,w:452,h:22},
{t:"that has existed for hundreds of years goes through a shif of authority. ",p:50,x:89,y:490,w:483,h:22},
{t:"We now see the consequences of a way of life suited to a people and ",p:50,x:89,y:515,w:485,h:22},
{t:"owned by them being subversively replaced by a government system ",p:50,x:89,y:540,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that is alien to them. When this new form of governance was imposed ",p:50,x:89,y:565,w:483,h:22},
{t:"on the people, it did not take into account the depth and authority of ",p:50,x:89,y:590,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the way of life already being successfully lived by the people. In retro-",p:50,x:89,y:615,w:480,h:22},
{t:"spect, it suggests to us that monarchy and democracy as we know it in ",p:50,x:89,y:640,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the western world may not be the best governance structure for every ",p:50,x:89,y:665,w:484,h:22},
{t:"society on earth.",p:50,x:89,y:690,w:113,h:22},
{t:"By replacing the monarchy as it existed in Rwanda until the end of ",p:50,x:119,y:715,w:453,h:22},
{t:"the eighteenth century, and then undermining the authority and values ",p:50,x:89,y:740,w:482,h:22},
{t:"of traditional Rwandese society, as both the missionaries and then the ",p:50,x:89,y:765,w:484,h:22},
{t:"colonials did, we see a progressive fragmenting of the culture. Tose ",p:50,x:89,y:790,w:485,h:22},
{t:"cohesive elements of the culture that held traditional Rwandese society ",p:50,x:89,y:815,w:483,h:22},
{t:"together inevitably began to break down. Tings like the traditional ",p:50,x:89,y:840,w:485,h:22},
{t:"justice system, the authority of the king, and the successful balance be-",p:50,x:89,y:865,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   33",p:50,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:50,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:51,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:51,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"34",p:51,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"tween pastoralists and farmers were all overturned when frst the mis-",p:51,x:89,y:100,w:479,h:22},
{t:"sionaries and then the colonialists arrived. ",p:51,x:89,y:125,w:291,h:22},
{t:"Agriculturalist Versus Herdsman",p:51,x:89,y:169,w:266,h:27},
{t:"Te colonial attitude was that if one could manipulate the ruling ",p:51,x:119,y:205,w:454,h:22},
{t:"group, it would facilitate them as a colonizer. So they used the Tutsi ",p:51,x:89,y:230,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to manage by indirect rule. Te colonials made all the decisions but ",p:51,x:89,y:255,w:485,h:22},
{t:"ordered others to implement them. Te Belgians gave the orders, but ",p:51,x:89,y:280,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the Tutsi implemented them, getting blamed by the Hutu for what ",p:51,x:89,y:305,w:486,h:22},
{t:"happened. ",p:51,x:89,y:330,w:75,h:22},
{t:"Inevitably, these distinctions between Hutu and Tutsi fed division ",p:51,x:119,y:355,w:453,h:22},
{t:"and jealousy. Tere was an inequality in the distribution of power and ",p:51,x:89,y:380,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of resources. In any society where such division occurs, some people ",p:51,x:89,y:405,w:485,h:22},
{t:"become marginalized. During the Colonial period, Tutsi were seen as ",p:51,x:89,y:430,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the “middle class” and Hutu the “working class.” What had been mere-",p:51,x:89,y:455,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ly a distinction between livelihoods became over time racially based ",p:51,x:89,y:480,w:485,h:22},
{t:"hatred that was deeply ingrained in the culture.",p:51,x:89,y:505,w:322,h:22},
{t:"Te practices of one’s livelihood, pastoralist or herdsman, continu-",p:51,x:119,y:530,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ally reinforced these divisions, though in retrospect it is likely that the ",p:51,x:88,y:555,w:483,h:22},
{t:"area that brought the most long-term damage was the misuse of the ",p:51,x:88,y:580,w:485,h:22},
{t:"education system.",p:51,x:88,y:605,w:122,h:22},
{t:"During Belgian rule, most of the education was church-based ",p:51,x:118,y:630,w:457,h:22},
{t:"and colonial in values, promoting Tutsi and humiliating Hutu. For in-",p:51,x:88,y:655,w:480,h:22},
{t:"stance, the Belgian colonial government ofered fnancial inducement ",p:51,x:88,y:680,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in the form of subsidies to the Catholic Church and its missionaries,1",p:51,x:88,y:705,w:480,h:22},
{t:"who ran the schools and successfully trained administrators for work ",p:51,x:88,y:730,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in the Colonial government. But for these roles the government de-",p:51,x:88,y:755,w:480,h:22},
{t:"1. Father Stefaan Minnaert of the Missionnaires d’Afrique explains that from its ",p:51,x:89,y:808,w:450,h:18},
{t:"founding in 1900, the Catholic Church of Rwanda has struggled with ambiguity, ",p:51,x:89,y:826,w:456,h:18},
{t:"by ideology standing with the poor, yet institutionally supporting the ruling powers ",p:51,x:89,y:845,w:471,h:18},
{t:"P. S. M. A. Minneart, Premier Voyage de Mgr Hirth au Rwanda: Novembre 1899–",p:51,x:89,y:863,w:456,h:20},
{t:"Février 1900. Contribution à l’étude de la Fondation de l’Eglise Catholique au Rwanda ",p:51,x:89,y:881,w:478,h:20},
{t:"(Kigali: 2006). (Tank you Lisette Verwijs for this reference).",p:51,x:89,y:900,w:344,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   34",p:51,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:51,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"draWing the ",p:52,x:251,y:63,w:86,h:13},
{t:"landsCaPe behind the ",p:52,x:345,y:63,w:150,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:52,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"35",p:52,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"manded Tutsi. Not all Tutsi benefted, of course. Some were discrimi-",p:52,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"nated against in a way similar to the Hutu. But it is clear that the Tutsi ",p:52,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"were favored, and the Hutu majority were denied access to both educa-",p:52,x:89,y:150,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tion and power.",p:52,x:89,y:175,w:107,h:22},
{t:"Tis favor lasted for a generation. Children born when Belgian rule ",p:52,x:118,y:200,w:452,h:22},
{t:"began were over forty years old when Rwanda was granted independ-",p:52,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ence. Many of these men and women had a lifetime of resentment and ",p:52,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"bitterness when the Hutus fnally came to power. Ten there was terri-",p:52,x:89,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ble reverse discrimination in the classroom. Teachers would make Tutsi ",p:52,x:89,y:300,w:482,h:22},
{t:"children stand up and be mocked. Tey were required to say, “Teacher, ",p:52,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"forgive me, I will never again be a Tutsi . . .” Even among Tutsi parents, ",p:52,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"children were named with terms of contempt. For instance, makaku ",p:52,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:25},
{t:"means “monkey, ” while nomdechien means “you are a dog.” Many Tutsi ",p:52,x:89,y:400,w:483,h:25},
{t:"used these phrases to name their children without fully knowing what ",p:52,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the names meant.",p:52,x:89,y:450,w:120,h:22},
{t:"Under the Hutu majority in the 1980s, the educational system ",p:52,x:118,y:475,w:456,h:22},
{t:"changed and a concessional policy was introduced. But still only 10 ",p:52,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"percent of Tutsi were allowed into secondary schools, and even these ",p:52,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"places were ofered to the weak. So they lef afer a year because they ",p:52,x:89,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"could not handle the demands. Although the government was seen to ",p:52,x:89,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"be implementing greater equality, like the 10 percent of Tutsi as men-",p:52,x:89,y:600,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tioned above, the way it was practiced meant that most Tutsi never ",p:52,x:89,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"graduated. ",p:52,x:89,y:650,w:76,h:22},
{t:"Where Was the Church?",p:52,x:89,y:694,w:201,h:27},
{t:"Te church, rather than stand against all of this racism and dis-",p:52,x:119,y:730,w:450,h:22},
{t:"crimination, seems to have colluded with it, denying education to most ",p:52,x:89,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the children because it was less proftable fnancially. “Te admin-",p:52,x:89,y:780,w:480,h:22},
{t:"istration wanted a Tutsi bureaucracy, and the church ’s education pro-",p:52,x:89,y:805,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   35",p:52,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:52,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:53,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:53,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"36",p:53,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"gram supplied it, thus consolidating the ethnic defnitions of an artif-",p:53,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cial and iniquitous class structure. ”2",p:53,x:89,y:125,w:242,h:22},
{t:"Tough we generally agree with this comment, it is not entirely ",p:53,x:119,y:150,w:455,h:22},
{t:"true. Tere are few aspects of Rwanda ’s history that can be summarized ",p:53,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that simplistically. Te colonialists favored the chiefs’ children, not ",p:53,x:89,y:200,w:486,h:22},
{t:"necessarily all Tutsi children. Tey targeted the children of those in ",p:53,x:89,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"power. Some of the chiefs were Hutu, and their children were likewise ",p:53,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"favored. So it is wrong to talk about a Tutsi bureaucracy, because it cre-",p:53,x:89,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ates the impression that the rulers were all Tutsi and only Tutsi. Tey ",p:53,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"were not. Instead, the rulers were some of the children of the chiefs.",p:53,x:89,y:325,w:458,h:25},
{t:"What we are suggesting is that a racist church was planted in ",p:53,x:119,y:350,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda by both the Colonialists and some missionaries. Today, some ",p:53,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"suggest that this racism is still present in the church. Regardless of ",p:53,x:89,y:400,w:486,h:22},
{t:"which group dominates at any one time, oppression will continue until ",p:53,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"it is specifcally and deliberately exorcized. ",p:53,x:89,y:450,w:292,h:22},
{t:"In a similar way to the tension in the church, feelings still run very ",p:53,x:119,y:475,w:453,h:22},
{t:"high against the Germans and Belgians for the appalling racist inherit-",p:53,x:89,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ance they lef the Rwandese. Comments Paul Wood, ",p:53,x:89,y:525,w:362,h:22},
{t:"It is probably not just a coincidence that Belgium was the key ",p:53,x:126,y:558,w:415,h:22},
{t:"colonial player in Rwanda. Itself a blood-soaked land partner-",p:53,x:126,y:583,w:412,h:22},
{t:"ing and soaking overseas territories in blood. I’m not saying ",p:53,x:126,y:608,w:416,h:22},
{t:"we should blame the Belgians for the genocide, but there is a ",p:53,x:126,y:633,w:416,h:22},
{t:"bigger picture that may be helpful . . . In the frst and second ",p:53,x:126,y:658,w:416,h:22},
{t:"world wars on a massive scale the fathers sacrifced the sons ",p:53,x:126,y:683,w:416,h:22},
{t:"to the national gods. It happened that much of that blood ",p:53,x:126,y:708,w:417,h:22},
{t:"was spilt on Belgian soil . . . a place of sacrifce. Was Rwanda, ",p:53,x:126,y:733,w:416,h:22},
{t:"like Belgium, a primary place of sacrifce in the interplay of ",p:53,x:126,y:758,w:417,h:22},
{t:"2. J. Reader, Afica: A Biography of the Continent (London: Penguin, 1998) 629.",p:53,x:89,y:899,w:447,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   36",p:53,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:53,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"draWing the ",p:54,x:251,y:63,w:86,h:13},
{t:"landsCaPe behind the ",p:54,x:345,y:63,w:150,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:54,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"37",p:54,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"powers over-arching a far larger territory? 3",p:54,x:126,y:100,w:293,h:22},
{t:"In Europe the parents gave the children to death, whereas in Rwanda ",p:54,x:89,y:132,w:484,h:22},
{t:"it was the intentional killing of the boys that was intended to bring an ",p:54,x:89,y:157,w:483,h:22},
{t:"end to war.",p:54,x:89,y:182,w:75,h:22},
{t:"So when we use the term racism in this book we are speaking of ",p:54,x:118,y:207,w:455,h:25},
{t:"something unique to the Rwandan setting. We are not just talking ",p:54,x:88,y:232,w:486,h:22},
{t:"about racism as we know it in the western world—one ethnic group ",p:54,x:88,y:257,w:485,h:22},
{t:"inciting hate against another. In Rwanda it was a learned racism, a ",p:54,x:88,y:283,w:486,h:22},
{t:"hate that was taught in an imaginary ethnic divide in order to justify ",p:54,x:88,y:308,w:484,h:22},
{t:"prejudice against the Tutsi, treating them as foreigners so Hutu were ",p:54,x:88,y:333,w:485,h:22},
{t:"allowed to hate them. ",p:54,x:88,y:358,w:152,h:22},
{t:"In the 1960s, Tutsi were talked about as if they were dispossessed ",p:54,x:118,y:383,w:454,h:22},
{t:"Jews. Tis ideology was taught and bred, not just defned by physical ",p:54,x:88,y:408,w:484,h:22},
{t:"features and distinguishing marks of race. It was also a racism bred ",p:54,x:88,y:433,w:486,h:22},
{t:"from the heart, incited and fed by an ideology that was intended to ",p:54,x:88,y:458,w:485,h:22},
{t:"divide and rule. It was the creating of an artifcial race that one was ",p:54,x:88,y:483,w:485,h:22},
{t:"taught to hate, even when the race did not actually exist in the way it ",p:54,x:88,y:508,w:484,h:22},
{t:"was claimed. Let us not forget that these were one people, one race, ",p:54,x:88,y:533,w:485,h:22},
{t:"deceived into believing they were diferent. Paul Wood continues:",p:54,x:88,y:558,w:450,h:22},
{t:"Tere is an old confict between agricultural and pastoral ",p:54,x:126,y:590,w:418,h:22},
{t:"which frst appears in the account of Cain and Abel (Genesis ",p:54,x:126,y:615,w:415,h:22},
{t:"4). Some commentators have tried to make a case for one ",p:54,x:126,y:640,w:418,h:22},
{t:"lifestyle being more sacred than another, which I would not ",p:54,x:126,y:665,w:416,h:22},
{t:"support. Others have used the fruits of land and soil as meta-",p:54,x:126,y:690,w:412,h:22},
{t:"phors for spiritual principles, which, though interesting is ",p:54,x:126,y:715,w:418,h:22},
{t:"not compelling for me. But the two lifestyles have ofen con-",p:54,x:126,y:740,w:412,h:22},
{t:"ficted over issues of land use. I only mention this to suggest ",p:54,x:126,y:765,w:416,h:22},
{t:"that it is somehow connected, perhaps more than coinciden-",p:54,x:126,y:790,w:412,h:22},
{t:"3. Paul Wood lived and studied in Egypt for a number of years, with a particular ",p:54,x:89,y:845,w:452,h:18},
{t:"interest in the Great Lakes and Nile Regions of Central and North East Africa. He ",p:54,x:89,y:863,w:465,h:18},
{t:"kindly ofered to comment on some of our ideas, and these are included throughout ",p:54,x:89,y:881,w:471,h:18},
{t:"the book. ",p:54,x:89,y:900,w:56,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   37",p:54,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:53:59",p:54,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:55,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:55,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"38",p:55,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"tally, in the frst murder recorded in the Bible.4 ",p:55,x:126,y:100,w:322,h:22},
{t:"Genesis 4:2 lays the foundation for this suggestion. Abel kept ",p:55,x:119,y:132,w:456,h:22},
{t:"focks (the herdsman), and Cain worked the soil (the agronomist). ",p:55,x:89,y:157,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Abel brought the frstborn of the fock as an ofering (verse 3) to give ",p:55,x:89,y:182,w:484,h:22},
{t:"back to God, while Cain brought some fruit, which displeased God. ",p:55,x:89,y:207,w:485,h:22},
{t:"(Perhaps the fruit that Cain brought was not the frst fruits.) Cain then ",p:55,x:89,y:232,w:483,h:22},
{t:"got angry with God (verse 6), and it is interesting to note God’s reply, ",p:55,x:89,y:257,w:484,h:22},
{t:"“If you do what is right . . . if not, sin is crouching at your door” (verse ",p:55,x:89,y:283,w:483,h:22},
{t:"7). ",p:55,x:89,y:308,w:22,h:22},
{t:"Te consequence of Cain ’s anger was murder (verse 8), and his jus-",p:55,x:119,y:333,w:450,h:22},
{t:"tifcation ignored any responsibility to fellow men. “Am I my brother’s ",p:55,x:89,y:358,w:483,h:22},
{t:"keeper?” (verse 9). We read that Abel’s blood cries out from the ground, ",p:55,x:89,y:383,w:482,h:22},
{t:"for the ground is under a curse (verses 10–11), no longer yielding crops ",p:55,x:89,y:408,w:483,h:22},
{t:"(verse 12). Could this possibly be a partial explanation for the droughts ",p:55,x:89,y:433,w:482,h:22},
{t:"and famines in Africa? Also, one of the outcomes of such sin makes for ",p:55,x:89,y:458,w:483,h:22},
{t:"restless wandering, living under the power and fear of men. Perhaps ",p:55,x:89,y:483,w:485,h:22},
{t:"this was a root of the subsequent slavery (verses 12–14). While God ",p:55,x:89,y:508,w:484,h:22},
{t:"cleansed mankind (Genesis 6:7), the ground remained cursed.5 One ",p:55,x:89,y:532,w:485,h:23},
{t:"wonders whether such curses still need lifing.",p:55,x:88,y:557,w:313,h:22},
{t:"Whatever the roots of this division between agriculturalist and ",p:55,x:118,y:582,w:456,h:22},
{t:"herdsman, the hate festered and grew throughout the colonialist era. ",p:55,x:88,y:607,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Tings began to boil over in the late 1950s, eventually leading to the ",p:55,x:88,y:632,w:484,h:22},
{t:"1959 genocide. Figures difer widely, but between 20,000 and 100,000 ",p:55,x:88,y:657,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people were killed, and some estimates suggest that over 100,000 fed ",p:55,x:88,y:683,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to Burundi, the Congo, Tanzania, and Uganda. ",p:55,x:88,y:708,w:327,h:22},
{t:"Some Tutsi were also sent into “exile” in their own country to ",p:55,x:118,y:733,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Bugesara. Tis was a region in southeastern Rwanda infested with tset-",p:55,x:88,y:758,w:480,h:22},
{t:"se fies and poisonous snakes. Many died while displaced in this region. ",p:55,x:88,y:783,w:483,h:22},
{t:"It was also the area where the invading Tutsi from Burundi entered the ",p:55,x:88,y:808,w:483,h:22},
{t:"4. Tis is an extract from personal correspondence.",p:55,x:89,y:881,w:285,h:18},
{t:"5. Tanks to Patrick Davidson for these thoughts. ",p:55,x:89,y:900,w:282,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   38",p:55,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:55,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"draWing the ",p:56,x:251,y:63,w:86,h:13},
{t:"landsCaPe behind the ",p:56,x:345,y:63,w:150,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:56,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"39",p:56,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"country, so the local exiled people sufered a great deal. Te region has ",p:56,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"never been economically developed until now, with the plan to build ",p:56,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a dual highway to the new international airport and an international ",p:56,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"girls school, among other projects. ",p:56,x:89,y:175,w:238,h:22},
{t:"During the frst outbreak of genocide, the church stood against it. ",p:56,x:118,y:200,w:453,h:22},
{t:"Numerous stories are told of missionaries, priests, and Christian lead-",p:56,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ers standing against the genocidals, siding with the aficted rather than ",p:56,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"helping promote the murder, as some of the church did. For both the ",p:56,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"church and society, these early events should have been a warning of ",p:56,x:89,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"what simmered just below the surface and what could boil over into ",p:56,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"something much worse. Tis proved to be the case. So what really hap-",p:56,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pened in the 1994 genocide?",p:56,x:89,y:375,w:197,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:56,x:211,y:449,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:56,x:119,y:485,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What do you feel about the unhelpful changes brought to ",p:56,x:148,y:485,w:399,h:22},
{t:"traditional Rwandese culture by the foreigners?",p:56,x:148,y:510,w:323,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:56,x:119,y:542,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you see any parallels between the Hutu and Tutsi ",p:56,x:148,y:542,w:365,h:22},
{t:"distinction and your own society?",p:56,x:148,y:567,w:232,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:56,x:119,y:600,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Is it right to have such “class” distinctions?",p:56,x:148,y:600,w:289,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:56,x:119,y:632,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Does democracy as we know it lessen or increase such ",p:56,x:148,y:632,w:370,h:22},
{t:"distinctions?",p:56,x:148,y:657,w:88,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:56,x:119,y:690,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What are your feelings about the role of the church in ",p:56,x:148,y:690,w:372,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda?",p:56,x:148,y:715,w:62,h:22},
{t:"6. ",p:56,x:119,y:748,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What do you think of the suggestion that the Hutu-Tutsi ",p:56,x:148,y:748,w:395,h:22},
{t:"problem can be found in early Scripture?",p:56,x:148,y:773,w:279,h:22},
{t:"7. ",p:56,x:119,y:805,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What would you want to do to change Rwandese society ",p:56,x:148,y:805,w:392,h:22},
{t:"now?",p:56,x:148,y:830,w:38,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   39",p:56,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:56,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"41",p:57,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 5",p:57,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"the genocide:",p:57,x:228,y:293,w:191,h:30},
{t:"What actually happened?",p:57,x:151,y:325,w:345,h:30},
{t:"Who Is Judge and Jury?",p:57,x:89,y:430,w:192,h:27},
{t:"By taking the Rwandese situation as a model of what can go wrong ",p:57,x:119,y:465,w:453,h:22},
{t:"in a culture, we are not suggesting that the Rwandese as a people are ",p:57,x:89,y:490,w:484,h:22},
{t:"worse than others. Tis is not true. When tragedy befalls a society, like ",p:57,x:89,y:515,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the Gulag in the Soviet Union or the killing of the Kurds by the Turks, ",p:57,x:89,y:540,w:483,h:22},
{t:"we are not making a moral judgment of what is right or wrong. Both ",p:57,x:89,y:565,w:484,h:22},
{t:"sides will justify their position, but one argument always sounds con-",p:57,x:89,y:590,w:480,h:22},
{t:"vincing until the other position is heard (Proverbs 18:17).",p:57,x:89,y:615,w:395,h:22},
{t:"Instead, what we do need to understand is that no one person is ",p:57,x:119,y:640,w:454,h:22},
{t:"righteous, while others are evil. Real life is never that clear-cut. As his-",p:57,x:89,y:665,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tory has already shown, some of the most “enlightened” cultures of the ",p:57,x:89,y:690,w:483,h:22},
{t:"West can be the worst, for example, the slaughter of the native Indians ",p:57,x:89,y:715,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of North America or the murder of those during the Inquisition. It ",p:57,x:89,y:740,w:485,h:22},
{t:"is important to recognize that such a fate can befall even the best of ",p:57,x:89,y:765,w:485,h:22},
{t:"societies. ",p:57,x:89,y:790,w:64,h:22},
{t:"But what we also need to note is that socially nothing happens ",p:57,x:119,y:815,w:455,h:22},
{t:"quickly. When a society implodes with racist hate and carnage, it will ",p:57,x:89,y:840,w:484,h:22},
{t:"not have “just happened.” It will have built over many years. Most of ",p:57,x:89,y:865,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the signifcant things that take place in our society happen slowly, grad-",p:57,x:89,y:890,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   41",p:57,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:57,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:58,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:58,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"42",p:58,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ually. It is not the overnight news that changes society, but rather the ",p:58,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"gradual mega-trends that happen over time. Tey ofen go unnoticed, ",p:58,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"being gradual changes, which bring about lasting deep change to soci-",p:58,x:89,y:150,w:479,h:22},
{t:"ety or culture, good or bad. Let us now look at how a number of social, ",p:58,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"racial, political, and economic factors fowed into one another, leading ",p:58,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to the worst genocide in African history. ",p:58,x:89,y:225,w:280,h:22},
{t:"Te Events",p:58,x:89,y:269,w:88,h:27},
{t:"From the early 1990s onward, militias were being fnanced and ",p:58,x:119,y:305,w:455,h:22},
{t:"trained to torture and kill both Tutsi and moderate Hutu. Teir killing ",p:58,x:89,y:330,w:483,h:22},
{t:"felds were the villages on the fringes of the country. Some have sug-",p:58,x:89,y:355,w:480,h:22},
{t:"gested that they were learning this under the skillfull eye of military ",p:58,x:89,y:380,w:485,h:22},
{t:"experts from neighboring Burundi. You can only learn to kill with a ",p:58,x:89,y:405,w:485,h:22},
{t:"machete if you practice, and whole villages of Tutsi were wiped out ",p:58,x:89,y:430,w:485,h:22},
{t:"during this “training” process. ",p:58,x:89,y:455,w:208,h:22},
{t:"Ten in one hundred days, from April to July 1994, it is estimated ",p:58,x:119,y:480,w:453,h:22},
{t:"that fellow Rwandese killed around 1.2 million of their countrymen.1",p:58,x:89,y:505,w:479,h:22},
{t:"Te carnage broke out within hours of the assassination of President ",p:58,x:88,y:530,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Habyarimana. Roadblocks were set up, and the killing quickly spread ",p:58,x:88,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"across the country. Men and women, most who had previously been ",p:58,x:88,y:580,w:485,h:22},
{t:"law-abiding, some even professional, took up whatever weapon they ",p:58,x:88,y:605,w:485,h:22},
{t:"could fnd to kill. Lists had already been prepared of who was to be ",p:58,x:88,y:630,w:485,h:22},
{t:"murdered, so names were read over the radio, giving permission for ",p:58,x:88,y:655,w:485,h:22},
{t:"family members to turn against one another. Te violence is almost ",p:58,x:88,y:680,w:485,h:22},
{t:"unbelievable, until you remind yourself of the gas chambers of the ",p:58,x:88,y:705,w:486,h:22},
{t:"holocaust, or the genocide of Stalin ’s era. Yes, Rwanda ’s nightmare was ",p:58,x:88,y:730,w:483,h:22},
{t:"extreme, but similar abuses have occurred before and tragically will no ",p:58,x:88,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"doubt occur again.",p:58,x:88,y:780,w:128,h:22},
{t:"1. Tese fgures are constantly being revised and increased as more mass graves are be-",p:58,x:89,y:863,w:478,h:18},
{t:"ing found. Tis fgure of 1.2 million is from one of the key survivor agencies, though ",p:58,x:89,y:881,w:474,h:18},
{t:"some estimates still place the fgure at around 500,000. ",p:58,x:89,y:900,w:308,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   42",p:58,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:58,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the genoCide: What ",p:59,x:282,y:63,w:136,h:13},
{t:"aCtually ",p:59,x:428,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"haPPened?",p:59,x:498,y:63,w:65,h:13},
{t:"43",p:59,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"We can estimate that one in eight Rwandese who were in the coun-",p:59,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"try at the time were killed. An average of more than 10,000 people ",p:59,x:88,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"were killed every day. It is thought that around 300,000 of these were ",p:59,x:88,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"children. Mass graves are still being found: for instance, another 40,000 ",p:59,x:88,y:175,w:482,h:22},
{t:"bodies were found and properly buried in the Nyamasheke District on ",p:59,x:88,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"April 7, 2006, in the presence of the president of Rwanda and his entire ",p:59,x:88,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Cabinet.2 But in addition to those who were killed (ofen afer being ",p:59,x:88,y:250,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tortured), it is also estimated that around 500,000 women were raped. ",p:59,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Many of them were intentionally infected with AIDS/HIV. Te num-",p:59,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"bers involved in this range of atrocities are still rising.3",p:59,x:89,y:325,w:368,h:22},
{t:"Despite the sterling efort at the time of the UN Chief in Rwanda, ",p:59,x:119,y:350,w:453,h:22},
{t:"Major General Roméo Dallaire, it was not the international commu-",p:59,x:89,y:375,w:480,h:22},
{t:"nity that halted this genocide.4 It was the RPF (Rwandan Patriotic ",p:59,x:89,y:400,w:486,h:23},
{t:"Front), a so-called “rebel” army made up mainly of Tutsi, that inter-",p:59,x:88,y:425,w:480,h:22},
{t:"vened by entering Kigali on July 4, 1994. Murekezi5 has recently noted ",p:59,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:23},
{t:"the fact that Rwanda had to resolve its own problems as the free world ",p:59,x:88,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"played spectator. Te genocide was brought to an end by the persecuted ",p:59,x:88,y:500,w:482,h:22},
{t:"2. In this book we will not attempt to document large numbers of stories, just a few ",p:59,x:89,y:570,w:469,h:18},
{t:"for illustrative purposes. Tis has already been ably done in two volumes by African ",p:59,x:89,y:588,w:468,h:18},
{t:"Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair and Defance (London: African Rights, 1995). Also, ",p:59,x:89,y:606,w:477,h:20},
{t:"an award-winning popular account is P. Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You Tat ",p:59,x:89,y:624,w:454,h:20},
{t:"Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families (New York: Picador, 1998).",p:59,x:89,y:643,w:420,h:20},
{t:"3. For a helpful summary of the key events, see <lt;http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/",p:59,x:89,y:661,w:479,h:18},
{t:"pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1288230.stm>gt;. For a more ",p:59,x:89,y:680,w:447,h:18},
{t:"detailed report, see Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (Human Rights ",p:59,x:89,y:698,w:479,h:20},
{t:"Watch Report, March 1999), also available at <lt;http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/",p:59,x:89,y:716,w:468,h:18},
{t:"rwanda/Geno15-8-03.htm#P803_251203>gt;. Also see Te International Commission ",p:59,x:89,y:734,w:474,h:20},
{t:"of Inquiry into Human Rights Abuse in Rwanda (1999).",p:59,x:89,y:753,w:310,h:20},
{t:"4. Te absolute failure of the UN/UNAMIR initiative, and the failure of the Arusha ",p:59,x:89,y:771,w:478,h:18},
{t:"Agreement, is well documented in African Rights, Lef to Die: At ETO and Nyanza: ",p:59,x:89,y:789,w:474,h:20},
{t:"Te Stories of Rwandese Civilians Abandoned by UN Troops on April 11, 1994 (2001). ",p:59,x:89,y:808,w:478,h:20},
{t:"Also L. R. Melvern, A People Betrayed: Te Role of the West in Rwanda ’s Genocide ",p:59,x:89,y:826,w:453,h:20},
{t:"(London: Zed Books, 2000), looks at the failure of the West as a whole. ",p:59,x:89,y:845,w:404,h:18},
{t:"5. A. A. Murekezi, “Don ’t Patronize or Belittle Rwandan Christians Committed to ",p:59,x:89,y:863,w:468,h:18},
{t:"Progress,” (2006, online), <lt;http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2006/004/19.98.",p:59,x:89,y:881,w:469,h:18},
{t:"html>gt; (accessed April 15, 2006).",p:59,x:89,y:900,w:184,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   43",p:59,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:59,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:60,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:60,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"44",p:60,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"themselves. Tree remarkable personal accounts of what happened to ",p:60,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"individuals at this time have recently been published.6 But let us look ",p:60,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"at the reality of what happened.",p:60,x:88,y:150,w:217,h:22},
{t:"Looking at the Spiritual Landscape of the Genocide",p:60,x:89,y:194,w:419,h:27},
{t:"It feels paradoxical to remember that Rwanda was the location of ",p:60,x:119,y:230,w:454,h:22},
{t:"one of the most signifcant spiritual movements in Africa during the ",p:60,x:89,y:255,w:485,h:22},
{t:"1900s, the East African Revivals. In the Revivals there was a movement ",p:60,x:89,y:280,w:483,h:22},
{t:"from God emphasizing equality, open confession, and restoration of ",p:60,x:89,y:305,w:485,h:22},
{t:"relationship. We will consider this movement in chapter 6. Perhaps it ",p:60,x:89,y:330,w:484,h:22},
{t:"was God’s preparation to the genocides that He saw coming.",p:60,x:89,y:355,w:412,h:22},
{t:"But during the 1930s a second spiritual force was at work, a colo-",p:60,x:119,y:380,w:449,h:22},
{t:"nial power spiritually undermining the authority of the king by slowly ",p:60,x:88,y:405,w:483,h:22},
{t:"dismantling his traditional spiritual authority. Te bazungu (foreign-",p:60,x:88,y:430,w:479,h:25},
{t:"ers), behind the newly educated nationals, used education to under-",p:60,x:88,y:455,w:480,h:22},
{t:"mine the king and his traditional value systems. Te culture was being ",p:60,x:88,y:480,w:483,h:22},
{t:"undermined and lost. But these two spiritual forces, the Revivals and ",p:60,x:88,y:505,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the loss of traditional spiritual authority, were joined by a third.",p:60,x:88,y:530,w:433,h:22},
{t:"Tere was also a dark spiritual movement that began when the co-",p:60,x:118,y:555,w:449,h:22},
{t:"lonialists frst arrived in Rwanda and became a pernicious evil under-",p:60,x:88,y:580,w:480,h:22},
{t:"mining the entire culture and promoting hatred of one group of people ",p:60,x:88,y:605,w:483,h:22},
{t:"toward another. Tis built alongside colonial power, expressing itself ",p:60,x:88,y:630,w:485,h:22},
{t:"viciously in 1959 and even more so in the 1994 genocide. Tis was the ",p:60,x:88,y:655,w:483,h:22},
{t:"fruit of the ongoing subversive undermining of the Tutsi and the king ",p:60,x:88,y:680,w:484,h:22},
{t:"by some of the Hutu and the foreign ruling class. Tis hate and jealousy ",p:60,x:88,y:705,w:483,h:22},
{t:"was seeded by colonial class attitudes and fertilized by those Rwandese ",p:60,x:88,y:730,w:483,h:22},
{t:"6. I. Llibagiza, Lef to Tell: Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust",p:60,x:89,y:826,w:419,h:20},
{t:"(Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, 2006); G. Tuhabonye and G. Brozek, A Genocide ",p:60,x:89,y:844,w:437,h:20},
{t:"Survivors Story of Escape, Faith and Forgiveness (London: Harper Collins, 2006); B. ",p:60,x:89,y:863,w:469,h:20},
{t:"Bilinda, With What Remains: A Widow ’s Quest for Truth in Rwanda. (London: Hod-",p:60,x:89,y:881,w:477,h:20},
{t:"der and Stoughton, 2006).",p:60,x:89,y:900,w:149,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   44",p:60,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:60,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the genoCide: What ",p:61,x:282,y:63,w:136,h:13},
{t:"aCtually ",p:61,x:428,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"haPPened?",p:61,x:498,y:63,w:65,h:13},
{t:"45",p:61,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"nationals who implemented such social subversion. Tese three con-",p:61,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"trasting movements formed part of the spiritual landscape of Rwanda. ",p:61,x:89,y:125,w:481,h:22},
{t:"Tere is a startling conclusion to be drawn from this landscape. ",p:61,x:118,y:150,w:455,h:22},
{t:"If the hate built up gradually, expressing itself in the 1959 genocide, ",p:61,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"then our observation, shared by many in the country, is that genocide ",p:61,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in Rwanda should be viewed as lasting a full thirty-fve years. Te one ",p:61,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"hundred days in 1994 were simply the most horrifc expression of it. ",p:61,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Tis long-running genocide spanned as it does over three decades.  It ",p:61,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"took root long before 1959, but surfaced at that time, running its sub-",p:61,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"versive course until its full blossoming in 1994. On this basis, until we ",p:61,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"are able to dismantle and remove such spiritual and emotional preju-",p:61,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dice, fed and exploited by evil, we cannot be sure it will not happen ",p:61,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"again.",p:61,x:89,y:400,w:41,h:22},
{t:"Te Serpent",p:61,x:89,y:444,w:98,h:27},
{t:"What becomes evident to anyone studying the history surround-",p:61,x:119,y:480,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ing the 1994 genocide is that it was not an explosive, isolated one hun-",p:61,x:88,y:505,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dred-day event. Instead, it was part of a darker history in Rwanda going ",p:61,x:88,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"back into the 1800s. Te strands of this history are sinister and com-",p:61,x:88,y:555,w:480,h:22},
{t:"plex, but they could be likened to a sea serpent weaving in and out of ",p:61,x:88,y:580,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the waves, one minute curling above the surface where you can see it, ",p:61,x:88,y:605,w:484,h:22},
{t:"then plunging below the waterline, hidden but still very present. ",p:61,x:88,y:630,w:441,h:22},
{t:"Te way was inadvertently prepared for the serpent prior to the ",p:61,x:118,y:655,w:455,h:22},
{t:"coming of the European Colonials, with the innocent distinction of ",p:61,x:88,y:680,w:485,h:22},
{t:"pastoralist and farmer. But it was the arrival of the Europeans that ",p:61,x:88,y:705,w:486,h:22},
{t:"made this distinction more dogmatic and sinister, by developing a sys-",p:61,x:88,y:730,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tem of identifying the diference between the herdsman and farmer. ",p:61,x:88,y:755,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Milk made the people taller, and these were the Tutsi. Te shorter ",p:61,x:88,y:780,w:486,h:22},
{t:"more stocky muscular farmers were the Hutu. Divide and rule was the ",p:61,x:88,y:805,w:483,h:22},
{t:"colonial strategy, initially implemented by the Catholic White Father ",p:61,x:88,y:830,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Order of missionaries, sent to “sofen up” the “natives.” Tis same strat-",p:61,x:88,y:855,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   45",p:61,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:61,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:62,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:62,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"46",p:62,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"egy of divide and rule was then more directly implemented by the gov-",p:62,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ernment itself to help exploit division among local people. ",p:62,x:89,y:125,w:401,h:22},
{t:"Te preferential treatment of the Tutsi festered into distrust and ",p:62,x:118,y:150,w:454,h:22},
{t:"jealousy, which burst to the surface for the frst time in 1959–1963, ",p:62,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"when 20,000 Tutsi were killed and an exodus began of around 120,000 ",p:62,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"refugees from Rwanda to the surrounding lands.7 Te serpent then ",p:62,x:89,y:225,w:486,h:23},
{t:"plunged below the waterline again, reappearing on the surface in July ",p:62,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"1973 during a coup d’Etat led by the military. Te serpent quickly ",p:62,x:89,y:274,w:486,h:25},
{t:"plunged again below the surface where it hid and festered for another ",p:62,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"two decades until the four-year period from 1990 to 1994, when it ex-",p:62,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ploded yet again onto the surface, building to the worst genocide in ",p:62,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Rwandan history. Over one million people were killed, and countless ",p:62,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"tens of thousands were emotionally scarred. And now? Te serpent has ",p:62,x:89,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"again plunged below the surface—for the time being. ",p:62,x:89,y:425,w:368,h:22},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, “Such water-serpents are ofen linked to ",p:62,x:118,y:450,w:454,h:22},
{t:"political and ruling powers, in Africa and in other places, with those ",p:62,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"desiring political power making covenantal relationship with them ",p:62,x:89,y:500,w:487,h:22},
{t:"involving sacrifce. Ezekiel 29:3 and 32:1–3 identifes just such a ser-",p:62,x:89,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pent with Pharaoh, and even more interestingly for Rwanda, it is a Nile ",p:62,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"serpent. ”",p:62,x:89,y:575,w:59,h:22},
{t:"So what we are suggesting is that even though we talk about 1959 ",p:62,x:118,y:600,w:453,h:22},
{t:"as the frst genocide, it is better to say that the genocide began in 1959 ",p:62,x:89,y:625,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and ended (for the time being) in 1994. When one talks about gen-",p:62,x:89,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ocide survivors it is not just 1994, but also those who were in exile ",p:62,x:89,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"from the 1950s. Most Tutsi or moderate Hutu would say the genocide ",p:62,x:89,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"started in 1959, and this is the line, as authors, that we are taking in this ",p:62,x:89,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"book. Te events of 1994 were just the most recent rising of the serpent ",p:62,x:89,y:750,w:483,h:22},
{t:"above the water line.",p:62,x:89,y:775,w:140,h:22},
{t:"7. Peter, C. M. and E. Kibalama (eds.), Civil Society and the Struggle for a Better ",p:62,x:89,y:863,w:447,h:20},
{t:"Rwanda: A Report of the Fact-Finding Mission to Rwanda Organized Under the Aus-",p:62,x:89,y:881,w:466,h:20},
{t:"pices of Kituo Cha Katiba (Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2006).",p:62,x:89,y:899,w:362,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   46",p:62,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:00",p:62,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the genoCide: What ",p:63,x:282,y:63,w:136,h:13},
{t:"aCtually ",p:63,x:428,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"haPPened?",p:63,x:498,y:63,w:65,h:13},
{t:"47",p:63,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Some of the Contributing Factors to the Genocide",p:63,x:89,y:99,w:410,h:27},
{t:"It is not difcult to kill another human being when you believe ",p:63,x:119,y:135,w:455,h:22},
{t:"they are less than human. Tis was the hate fed to the Hutu about their ",p:63,x:89,y:160,w:483,h:22},
{t:"fellow human beings, the Tutsi. But psychologically you cannot believe ",p:63,x:89,y:185,w:483,h:22},
{t:"others are less than human without an accompanying ideology, like fas-",p:63,x:89,y:210,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cism or racism. Tis has to be taught. So even in the (Christian) school ",p:63,x:89,y:235,w:483,h:22},
{t:"system here in Rwanda, Hutu were told they were superior, and Tutsi ",p:63,x:89,y:260,w:484,h:22},
{t:"were required to admit their sub-class status. ",p:63,x:89,y:285,w:309,h:22},
{t:"Tis lack of status followed the Tutsi into adult life. Te few jobs ",p:63,x:119,y:310,w:454,h:22},
{t:"with any sense of security were available primarily for the Hutu. For ",p:63,x:89,y:335,w:485,h:22},
{t:"instance, only 9 percent of Tutsi were allowed employment in govern-",p:63,x:89,y:360,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ment positions under Habyarimana.8 Denial fed the racism that was ",p:63,x:89,y:385,w:485,h:23},
{t:"below the surface as the serpent lurked and grew. ",p:63,x:88,y:410,w:336,h:22},
{t:"Such a culture also created fear and mistrust. Te ideology ran ",p:63,x:118,y:435,w:456,h:22},
{t:"so deep that even in families of “mixed” marriages, children could be ",p:63,x:88,y:460,w:484,h:22},
{t:"treated very diferently, depending on their appearance. Parents would ",p:63,x:88,y:485,w:483,h:22},
{t:"know that one child was more Tutsi, another more Hutu. It was com-",p:63,x:88,y:510,w:480,h:22},
{t:"mon for the parent and child who were apparently more Tutsi to be ",p:63,x:88,y:535,w:485,h:22},
{t:"despised by those who looked more Hutu.",p:63,x:88,y:560,w:288,h:22},
{t:"Such sinister contempt of even those close to you would feed levels ",p:63,x:118,y:585,w:452,h:22},
{t:"of unrighteous hate that became capable of the unbelievable, the kill-",p:63,x:88,y:610,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing of members of one’s own family simply based on hate of appear-",p:63,x:88,y:635,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ance, but fed by this racist ideology. During the 1994 genocide there ",p:63,x:88,y:660,w:484,h:22},
{t:"are countless examples of husbands or wives killing their own partners, ",p:63,x:88,y:685,w:483,h:22},
{t:"or giving them up to be killed together with one or more of their chil-",p:63,x:88,y:710,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dren, solely because they were Tutsi, or appeared Tutsi. Some pastors ",p:63,x:88,y:735,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and church members behaved in just the same way.",p:63,x:88,y:760,w:347,h:22},
{t:"But this racism was also fed by jealousy. People were very jealous ",p:63,x:118,y:785,w:454,h:22},
{t:"of what they had, or more specifcally, what others had. Tey were also ",p:63,x:88,y:810,w:483,h:22},
{t:"very jealous for the success of their own. Tis legacy continues. Even ",p:63,x:88,y:835,w:484,h:22},
{t:"8. Peter and Kibalama (eds.), Civil Society, 37.",p:63,x:89,y:899,w:257,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   47",p:63,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:63,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:64,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:64,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"48",p:64,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"today within families in Rwanda it is not unusual to see one member ",p:64,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"being poisoned simply because he is perceived to be more clever than ",p:64,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"those who are loved more. ",p:64,x:89,y:150,w:183,h:22},
{t:"Hand in hand with this jealousy was resentment and anger at the ",p:64,x:118,y:175,w:454,h:22},
{t:"success of others. Cows are a very important part of Rwandan society, ",p:64,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and they gave status to all those who owned them. But the Tutsi herds-",p:64,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"men were the ones who owned them, not the Hutu farmers. It was a ",p:64,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"long tradition (still current today) that the marriage dowry be paid in ",p:64,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"cows. So everyone who wanted a wife would need to go to the Tutsi to ",p:64,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"buy the cow(s) to negotiate for a wife, afer her value has been estab-",p:64,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lished. Women today can be worth between three to six cows, valued at ",p:64,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"around $500 each. In Rwanda this is a huge sum of money. Tis culture ",p:64,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"no doubt added to the growth of the serpent. ",p:64,x:89,y:400,w:312,h:22},
{t:"Poverty has also played its part. Rwanda, though rich, green, and ",p:64,x:118,y:425,w:454,h:22},
{t:"lush, is a very poor country with few natural resources and a very high ",p:64,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"population for its size. Although not widely talked about, its dense ",p:64,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"population places great strain on the land and its people. In this, the ",p:64,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"“law of the jungle” probably adds its own tension in that one person ",p:64,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"dying, as some argue, allows another to live more easily.9 During the ",p:64,x:89,y:550,w:485,h:23},
{t:"genocide it was thought by many that killing Tutsi was a shortcut to ",p:64,x:89,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"wealth, because the wealth would be redistributed.",p:64,x:89,y:600,w:346,h:22},
{t:"Much of what we are describing was manipulated by ofcial gov-",p:64,x:118,y:625,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ernment policy to eliminate Tutsi as part of its ideological policy. ",p:64,x:88,y:650,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Kayibanda, the second president of Rwanda and a hater of Tutsi, was ",p:64,x:88,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"ousted by his successor Habyarimana, though both were among the ",p:64,x:88,y:700,w:485,h:22},
{t:"masterminds of this “fnal solution.” Te latter said, “We will kill Tutsi ",p:64,x:88,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"until a Hutu child asks, ‘What does a Tutsi look like?’” Te vicious ",p:64,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"intention was that this “race” would be completely wiped out.",p:64,x:88,y:775,w:422,h:22},
{t:"9. Tis is not as farfetched as it might sound. “Te population is expected to double ",p:64,x:89,y:826,w:472,h:18},
{t:"in the next ffeen to twenty years to an estimated 18 million. Tis raises serious ques-",p:64,x:89,y:845,w:477,h:18},
{t:"tions about Rwanda ’s economic and political stability—there is simply not enough ",p:64,x:89,y:863,w:464,h:18},
{t:"land to sustain such a population, ” says E. Giradet, Investing in Peace: Interpeace An-",p:64,x:89,y:881,w:468,h:20},
{t:"nual Report 2005 (Geneva: Interpeace, 2006) 30.",p:64,x:89,y:899,w:275,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   48",p:64,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:64,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the genoCide: What ",p:65,x:282,y:63,w:136,h:13},
{t:"aCtually ",p:65,x:428,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"haPPened?",p:65,x:498,y:63,w:65,h:13},
{t:"49",p:65,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Tis goal was one of the clearest evidences that what happened in ",p:65,x:119,y:100,w:453,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda was indeed genocide. Te dictionary defnition of genocide ",p:65,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that we have adopted includes the word deliberate. Te genocide in ",p:65,x:89,y:149,w:485,h:25},
{t:"Rwanda was clearly both deliberately planned and meticulously imple-",p:65,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"mented. Te sinister intention is here illustrated. Te ideology that fed ",p:65,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"genocide was already there.",p:65,x:89,y:225,w:186,h:22},
{t:"Ignorance also played its part in the genocide. Many ordinary peo-",p:65,x:118,y:250,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ple in Rwandan society believed they would beneft from supporting ",p:65,x:88,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the genocide. Some thought little about it, while others saw what was ",p:65,x:88,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"happening but refused to challenge it. When someone’s life and those ",p:65,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of his family were under threat, it was better just to ignore what was go-",p:65,x:88,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing on, and let others deal with it. Tis is what many did, and it is part ",p:65,x:88,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the pain they must now live with.",p:65,x:88,y:400,w:247,h:22},
{t:"Added to these social forces was the need for solidarity. It is hard ",p:65,x:118,y:425,w:454,h:22},
{t:"in Rwandan society to step out of line. In a traditional society like this ",p:65,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"one, the interests of the community are more important than the indi-",p:65,x:88,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"vidual’s rights or wishes. Reputation is more important than the risk of ",p:65,x:88,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"making mistakes. So people rarely break rank, especially in the extend-",p:65,x:88,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ed family. Such “solidarity” makes it very hard for a person to question ",p:65,x:88,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the community’s or group ’s actions. When it is generally believed to be ",p:65,x:88,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"“best for everyone, ” who are you to question?",p:65,x:88,y:600,w:308,h:22},
{t:"We must also remember here that it is too simplistic to say that ",p:65,x:118,y:625,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Hutu killed Tutsi. Many Hutu also died during the genocide, some ",p:65,x:88,y:650,w:486,h:22},
{t:"merely because they were in the wrong place at the wrong time. Others ",p:65,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"challenged the threat and paid with their lives. Others were part of ",p:65,x:88,y:700,w:485,h:22},
{t:"mixed marriages and also paid the price, while others actively defended ",p:65,x:88,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"their Tutsi brothers and sisters, paying the ultimate price. What we are ",p:65,x:88,y:750,w:483,h:22},
{t:"therefore suggesting is that the idea of typical racism being the driv-",p:65,x:88,y:775,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing force behind the genocide is far too simplistic. Instead, a complex ",p:65,x:88,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"stream of values and ideas all fowed in together to feed this serpent, ",p:65,x:88,y:825,w:484,h:22},
{t:"enticing it onto the surface once again. ",p:65,x:88,y:850,w:268,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   49",p:65,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:65,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:66,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:66,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"50",p:66,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Has the Serpent Gone?",p:66,x:89,y:99,w:189,h:27},
{t:"Such a horrifc and deeply embedded ideology, expressed in so ",p:66,x:119,y:135,w:456,h:22},
{t:"many diferent layers of Rwandese society, helped promote the geno-",p:66,x:89,y:160,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cide. Tose of us outside Rwanda may look on and feel it inconceivable ",p:66,x:89,y:185,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that overnight apparently peaceful, perhaps even professional, people ",p:66,x:89,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"would pick up machetes to kill men and children or rape women. But ",p:66,x:89,y:235,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for a generation that had learned a communal hate through so many ",p:66,x:89,y:260,w:484,h:22},
{t:"subtle means, such a call to arms was merely the next step.",p:66,x:89,y:285,w:394,h:22},
{t:"Te mass killing stopped in 1994. But how much of the ideology ",p:66,x:119,y:310,w:454,h:22},
{t:"has changed? Te government has abolished the “racist” distinctions ",p:66,x:89,y:335,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of Hutu and Tutsi. Teir message today is a proactive assertion of rec-",p:66,x:89,y:360,w:480,h:22},
{t:"onciliation and shared leadership, Hutu and Tutsi, male and female. ",p:66,x:89,y:385,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Everyone born before 1985, however, will have experienced many years ",p:66,x:89,y:410,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of indoctrination of a way of life that was so deeply divisive. Terefore, ",p:66,x:89,y:435,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to change attitudes and values requires a deep commitment. New val-",p:66,x:89,y:460,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ues in education are essential. ",p:66,x:89,y:485,w:204,h:22},
{t:"In a range of ways the ideology is still clearly there. One detects a ",p:66,x:119,y:510,w:454,h:22},
{t:"spirit of discouragement, as well as despair at the poverty. Just to give ",p:66,x:89,y:535,w:484,h:22},
{t:"every child a good meal each day and clean water is still beyond reach. ",p:66,x:89,y:560,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Some talk about a “silent genocide” that is continuing, with some peo-",p:66,x:89,y:585,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple vanishing and others being poisoned. Even the naming of children, ",p:66,x:89,y:610,w:483,h:22},
{t:"helped by the way the Kinyarwanda language is structured, can be a sig-",p:66,x:89,y:635,w:480,h:22},
{t:"nal to neighbors that you know something about them. An unhealthy ",p:66,x:89,y:660,w:483,h:22},
{t:"fear still rules many people’s lives. Jealousy, anger, and even hate are all ",p:66,x:89,y:685,w:483,h:22},
{t:"very infuential. Some people still do not trust even members of their ",p:66,x:89,y:710,w:484,h:22},
{t:"own family.",p:66,x:89,y:735,w:79,h:22},
{t:"So although the genocide has stopped, the undercurrents in some ",p:66,x:119,y:760,w:453,h:22},
{t:"ways remain. At various points during the rest of this book we will be ",p:66,x:89,y:785,w:484,h:22},
{t:"noting some of these undercurrents and how we might respond to ",p:66,x:89,y:810,w:486,h:22},
{t:"them. But God was not silent during this frst half of the twentieth ",p:66,x:89,y:835,w:485,h:22},
{t:"century as the serpent grew. He was setting His own agenda, which ",p:66,x:89,y:860,w:485,h:22},
{t:"before we go further it would be helpful to note.",p:66,x:89,y:885,w:331,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   50",p:66,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:66,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the genoCide: What ",p:67,x:282,y:63,w:136,h:13},
{t:"aCtually ",p:67,x:428,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"haPPened?",p:67,x:498,y:63,w:65,h:13},
{t:"51",p:67,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:67,x:211,y:99,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:67,x:119,y:135,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What is your reaction to the slaughter of so many people?",p:67,x:148,y:135,w:395,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:67,x:119,y:167,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What do you think of the idea that the genocide was merely ",p:67,x:148,y:167,w:413,h:22},
{t:"an expression of racial hatred building over several decades?",p:67,x:148,y:192,w:407,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:67,x:119,y:225,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Can you imagine a culture built on the value of cows, not ",p:67,x:148,y:225,w:395,h:22},
{t:"cash?",p:67,x:148,y:250,w:36,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:67,x:119,y:282,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What would be some of the problems where a community is ",p:67,x:148,y:282,w:416,h:22},
{t:"more important than the individual?",p:67,x:148,y:307,w:252,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:67,x:119,y:340,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How many contributing factors to the genocide can you ",p:67,x:148,y:340,w:387,h:22},
{t:"fnd?",p:67,x:148,y:365,w:35,h:22},
{t:"6. ",p:67,x:119,y:397,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How have you behaved when peer pressure has compromised ",p:67,x:148,y:397,w:422,h:22},
{t:"your own values? ",p:67,x:148,y:422,w:121,h:22},
{t:"7. ",p:67,x:119,y:455,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Have you watched either of the movies Killing Dogs or Hotel ",p:67,x:148,y:454,w:417,h:25},
{t:"Rwanda? How did you react to the movie(s)?",p:67,x:148,y:479,w:310,h:25},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   51",p:67,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:67,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"53",p:68,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Part tWo",p:68,x:282,y:101,w:93,h:20},
{t:"Writing a social theolog y  ",p:68,x:149,y:160,w:377,h:30},
{t:"in a rwandan setting",p:68,x:180,y:190,w:289,h:30},
{t:"We have looked at the history of violence in our case study, ",p:68,x:119,y:280,w:437,h:16},
{t:"how it grew, and some of the apparent factors. We have learned ",p:68,x:89,y:305,w:470,h:16},
{t:"about the ideology that allowed such appalling loss of life to oc-",p:68,x:89,y:330,w:472,h:16},
{t:"cur. But this is like mapping the outcome of an earthquake with-",p:68,x:89,y:355,w:469,h:16},
{t:"out learning about the lives and values of the communities that ",p:68,x:89,y:380,w:465,h:16},
{t:"were devastated. We propose that an approach that merely looks ",p:68,x:89,y:405,w:476,h:16},
{t:"at outcomes is inadequate. ",p:68,x:89,y:430,w:200,h:16},
{t:"Imagine a people like the Rwandese survivors. Having ex-",p:68,x:119,y:455,w:427,h:16},
{t:"perienced such terrible tragedy, partly as a consequence of the ",p:68,x:89,y:480,w:465,h:16},
{t:"intervention of the colonial powers in their traditional culture, ",p:68,x:89,y:505,w:462,h:16},
{t:"they are now in need of support from the rest of the world to help ",p:68,x:89,y:530,w:481,h:16},
{t:"them recover from their trauma. Should we support them by of-",p:68,x:89,y:555,w:463,h:16},
{t:"fering our own values and ways of life as a replacement for what ",p:68,x:89,y:580,w:480,h:16},
{t:"has been lost of their own? Or should we take the time to learn ",p:68,x:89,y:605,w:466,h:16},
{t:"from them what they lost and then help empower them to recover ",p:68,x:89,y:630,w:480,h:16},
{t:"and develop their own values? ",p:68,x:89,y:655,w:228,h:16},
{t:"This book is a call to support abused people to discover and ",p:68,x:119,y:680,w:446,h:16},
{t:"develop the best of their own values and traditions, to help them ",p:68,x:89,y:705,w:475,h:16},
{t:"discover who they were created to be rather than to make them ",p:68,x:89,y:730,w:466,h:16},
{t:"in our image!",p:68,x:89,y:755,w:99,h:16},
{t:"The 1994 genocide and its build up were symbolic of the ap-",p:68,x:119,y:780,w:442,h:16},
{t:"palling devaluing of human life. Human life became worthless, ",p:68,x:89,y:805,w:465,h:16},
{t:"so it could be easily snuffed out. When such an attitude toward ",p:68,x:89,y:830,w:464,h:16},
{t:"human life is adopted, everything about the victims is treated ",p:68,x:89,y:855,w:451,h:16},
{t:"with contempt: their children, history, and culture. None of their ",p:68,x:89,y:880,w:475,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   53",p:68,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:68,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:69,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:69,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"54",p:69,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"values matter anymore. One can delete them from existence. ",p:69,x:89,y:104,w:446,h:16},
{t:"In this way whole communities were destroyed, and their local ",p:69,x:89,y:129,w:462,h:16},
{t:"culture, knowledge, and experience were lost forever. So killing ",p:69,x:89,y:154,w:468,h:16},
{t:"people also becomes cultural annihilation when done on a scale ",p:69,x:89,y:179,w:475,h:16},
{t:"of genocide. ",p:69,x:89,y:204,w:94,h:16},
{t:"What is also lost is their faith and beliefs. Whether it is a ",p:69,x:118,y:229,w:421,h:16},
{t:"native religion or one of the global religions, it is erased when ",p:69,x:89,y:254,w:462,h:16},
{t:"large numbers of people are killed. Also, with such killing all the ",p:69,x:89,y:279,w:479,h:16},
{t:"social values and history are gone forever. That is why a number ",p:69,x:89,y:304,w:478,h:16},
{t:"of those who were little children at the time of genocide now do ",p:69,x:89,y:329,w:469,h:16},
{t:"not know their family names, times of birth, or who owned what ",p:69,x:89,y:354,w:472,h:16},
{t:"property or cattle. This information was group-held knowledge ",p:69,x:89,y:379,w:466,h:16},
{t:"known to the adult community, so when the adults are killed, the ",p:69,x:89,y:404,w:474,h:16},
{t:"children lose their bearings and identity.",p:69,x:89,y:429,w:297,h:16},
{t:"With the loss of the social norms, we also see the loss of the ",p:69,x:118,y:454,w:441,h:16},
{t:"integrity of the whole community. It is no longer a viable, healthy ",p:69,x:89,y:479,w:483,h:16},
{t:"local community when those left are the traumatized, diseased ",p:69,x:89,y:504,w:460,h:16},
{t:"women and their fatherless children. Those left alive, or refu-",p:69,x:89,y:529,w:450,h:16},
{t:"gees as they fee, all experience loss of community. All that is ",p:69,x:89,y:550,w:451,h:20},
{t:"meaningful to them has gone: loved ones, the seasons of the fruit ",p:69,x:89,y:579,w:480,h:16},
{t:"trees, the local herbal medicines, the best soil for growing the ",p:69,x:89,y:604,w:457,h:16},
{t:"sugar cane, and the best grasses at differing seasons of the year ",p:69,x:89,y:629,w:474,h:16},
{t:"for grazing. All this community IQ is also lost, as it was with the ",p:69,x:89,y:654,w:476,h:16},
{t:"coffee and tea plantations of Rwanda. When all those who knew ",p:69,x:89,y:679,w:473,h:16},
{t:"how to grow one of the world’s most exquisite coffees were killed, ",p:69,x:89,y:704,w:484,h:16},
{t:"then the community and its self-sustainability was devastated. ",p:69,x:89,y:729,w:457,h:16},
{t:"Other things are also lost. What is behind a lot of racial hate ",p:69,x:118,y:754,w:451,h:16},
{t:"is jealousy, a jealousy against others for their relative wealth or ",p:69,x:89,y:779,w:473,h:16},
{t:"success. In the West, we talk about the rise of “selfsm,” where ",p:69,x:89,y:800,w:463,h:20},
{t:"the individual’s personal needs and wants are more important ",p:69,x:89,y:829,w:458,h:16},
{t:"than the common good or wellbeing of the whole community. ",p:69,x:89,y:854,w:451,h:16},
{t:"Words like respect, honor, and dignity are abandoned, replaced ",p:69,x:89,y:879,w:469,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   54",p:69,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:69,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Writing a ",p:70,x:220,y:63,w:63,h:13},
{t:"soCial theology in a ",p:70,x:292,y:63,w:143,h:13},
{t:"rWandan ",p:70,x:447,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"setting",p:70,x:516,y:63,w:48,h:13},
{t:"55",p:70,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"by a new range of values like “me,” “my needs,” and “what is ",p:70,x:89,y:99,w:465,h:20},
{t:"best for me.” ",p:70,x:89,y:124,w:100,h:20},
{t:"Behind this shift is a loss of respect for values. Ethics be-",p:70,x:118,y:154,w:418,h:16},
{t:"come relative to one’s present situation. If you have both oppor-",p:70,x:89,y:179,w:467,h:16},
{t:"tunity and need then you can abandon what you once believed ",p:70,x:89,y:204,w:460,h:16},
{t:"for this new opportunism. In this sense Rwanda offers an inter-",p:70,x:89,y:229,w:462,h:16},
{t:"esting case study because we see a social clash of several value ",p:70,x:89,y:254,w:471,h:16},
{t:"systems: that of the Revival, an ideologically inspired racism, ",p:70,x:89,y:279,w:456,h:16},
{t:"and personal hate and greed. Add to this opportunism and you ",p:70,x:89,y:304,w:463,h:16},
{t:"have abuse and far worse.",p:70,x:89,y:329,w:192,h:16},
{t:"Rwanda is still in the midst of this process of coming out of ",p:70,x:118,y:354,w:437,h:16},
{t:"these dark days. It is still going through the process of coming to ",p:70,x:89,y:379,w:479,h:16},
{t:"terms with what has been happening on its soil and in the sur-",p:70,x:89,y:404,w:455,h:16},
{t:"rounding regions. Rwanda is still learning what healing is. In ",p:70,x:89,y:429,w:456,h:16},
{t:"this we have the privilege of going on a learning journey with the ",p:70,x:89,y:454,w:484,h:16},
{t:"Rwandese people to recover the best of what was lost and build ",p:70,x:89,y:479,w:469,h:16},
{t:"for the future, letting Christ walk again through the beautiful ",p:70,x:89,y:504,w:451,h:16},
{t:"land of a thousand hills.",p:70,x:89,y:529,w:177,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   55",p:70,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:01",p:70,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"57",p:71,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 6",p:71,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"taking a step back: ",p:71,x:191,y:293,w:284,h:30},
{t:"the rwandan revival",p:71,x:181,y:325,w:288,h:30},
{t:"When God Shares His Heart",p:71,x:89,y:430,w:237,h:27},
{t:"One of the most compelling problems with the genocide in ",p:71,x:119,y:465,w:458,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda was the tragic loss of faith in God and the church by many ",p:71,x:89,y:490,w:485,h:22},
{t:"people. We have already noted that in the 1959 genocide there was a ",p:71,x:89,y:515,w:484,h:22},
{t:"clear stand by the church in Rwanda to protect those being persecuted. ",p:71,x:89,y:540,w:483,h:22},
{t:"But in the 1994 genocide this was much less clear. Many of those who ",p:71,x:89,y:565,w:483,h:22},
{t:"assumed the church would protect them found instead that the church ",p:71,x:89,y:590,w:483,h:22},
{t:"turned against them. What was meant to be a safe place, the church ",p:71,x:89,y:615,w:485,h:22},
{t:"building, sometimes became the place of terrible bloodshed. Tis was ",p:71,x:89,y:640,w:484,h:22},
{t:"one of the key problems that we have now inherited in Rwanda. But ",p:71,x:89,y:665,w:484,h:22},
{t:"another interesting one must also be noted. ",p:71,x:89,y:690,w:299,h:22},
{t:"Long before the frst major genocide in 1959, God had been speak-",p:71,x:119,y:715,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ing to the people of Rwanda about what was right and what was wrong ",p:71,x:88,y:740,w:483,h:22},
{t:"with them, both personally and collectively. Te East African Revival ",p:71,x:88,y:765,w:484,h:22},
{t:"is a window of God’s perspective and values that should have spoken ",p:71,x:88,y:790,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to all of us about how we should think and live as Christians. Instead, ",p:71,x:88,y:815,w:484,h:22},
{t:"it failed to do so for a number of reasons. It was a statement by God ",p:71,x:88,y:840,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of what should be embraced, and had it found wider acceptance, it ",p:71,x:88,y:865,w:484,h:22},
{t:"could have signifcantly changed the events that were to follow.",p:71,x:88,y:890,w:441,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   57",p:71,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:71,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:72,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:72,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"58",p:72,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"When God Intervenes in Society",p:72,x:89,y:99,w:268,h:27},
{t:"Christianity frst came to Africa in the early chapters of Acts. ",p:72,x:119,y:135,w:457,h:22},
{t:"African ’s were present at Pentecost (Acts 2:9–10), from Egypt, Libya, ",p:72,x:89,y:160,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and Cyrene. Afer he was led to Christ by Philip, the Ethiopian ",p:72,x:89,y:185,w:488,h:22},
{t:"eunuch took the gospel into the heart of East Africa (Acts 8:26–38). ",p:72,x:89,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Also, tradition has it that John Mark went to Egypt, was martyred ",p:72,x:89,y:235,w:486,h:22},
{t:"in Alexandria, but lef a young and vigorous church that by a.d. 300 ",p:72,x:89,y:260,w:484,h:22},
{t:"had over eighty bishops. In time, North Africa gave birth to some of ",p:72,x:89,y:285,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the greatest Christian thinkers, including Tertullian, Cyprian, and of ",p:72,x:89,y:310,w:485,h:22},
{t:"course Augustine (Hildebrandt 1981:5).",p:72,x:89,y:335,w:278,h:22},
{t:"So in talking about African Christianity we should be thinking ",p:72,x:119,y:360,w:455,h:22},
{t:"from the birth of Christianity, not just from the eighteenth century ",p:72,x:89,y:385,w:485,h:22},
{t:"with the coming of colonial or “Kusoma” (missionary) Christianity ",p:72,x:89,y:410,w:486,h:22},
{t:"(Anderson 1977:118). An important part of the spiritual landscape of ",p:72,x:89,y:435,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda in recent times was the revival movements of the Holy Spirit ",p:72,x:89,y:460,w:484,h:22},
{t:"from 1933 to the 1950s. Tis extended period of revival was followed ",p:72,x:89,y:485,w:484,h:22},
{t:"by another smaller movement in Rwanda in the early 1970s. Tese ",p:72,x:89,y:510,w:486,h:22},
{t:"moves of the Holy Spirit are signifcant for our understanding of the ",p:72,x:89,y:535,w:484,h:22},
{t:"genocide that was to follow. ",p:72,x:89,y:560,w:194,h:22},
{t:"Hildebrandt records:",p:72,x:119,y:585,w:146,h:22},
{t:"In 1928 two Ugandan churchmen working at an Anglican ",p:72,x:126,y:618,w:417,h:22},
{t:"mission in Rwanda, Gahini, came under the conviction of ",p:72,x:126,y:643,w:418,h:22},
{t:"the Holy Spirit and their need for full salvation . . . Under ",p:72,x:126,y:668,w:417,h:22},
{t:"the leadership of missionary Dr. Joe Church they found true ",p:72,x:126,y:693,w:416,h:22},
{t:"peace with God . . . but this movement did not last for long ",p:72,x:126,y:718,w:416,h:22},
{t:". . . then in 1933 a wider, deeper movement began. From ",p:72,x:126,y:743,w:418,h:22},
{t:"Rukiga Kabale the movement spread throughout Rwanda ",p:72,x:126,y:768,w:419,h:22},
{t:"and Uganda, southward to Buhaya and the CMS areas of ",p:72,x:126,y:793,w:418,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   58",p:72,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:72,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"taking a ",p:73,x:276,y:63,w:59,h:13},
{t:"steP baCk: the rWandan ",p:73,x:342,y:63,w:167,h:13},
{t:"revival",p:73,x:517,y:63,w:46,h:13},
{t:"59",p:73,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Tanzania, north to Sudan, and eastward into Kenya where it ",p:73,x:126,y:100,w:416,h:22},
{t:"became particularly strong.1",p:73,x:126,y:125,w:191,h:22},
{t:"Let us cite some of the experiences. ",p:73,x:119,y:157,w:243,h:22},
{t:"A revival team from Uganda and Ruanda visited Katoke. Te ",p:73,x:126,y:190,w:415,h:22},
{t:"team included some of the great leaders of the revival: Dr. Joe ",p:73,x:126,y:215,w:415,h:22},
{t:"Church, Canon Barham, Simeoni Nsimbambi, Blasio ’s older ",p:73,x:126,y:240,w:416,h:22},
{t:"brother, and Erisafi Matovu from Buganda. Te Katoke stu-",p:73,x:126,y:265,w:412,h:22},
{t:"dents attended the mission, although they did not take to the ",p:73,x:126,y:290,w:415,h:22},
{t:"message with enthusiasm. Ten two prefects confessed they ",p:73,x:126,y:315,w:416,h:22},
{t:"had been pocketing Shs. 1/20 every day when they bought ",p:73,x:126,y:340,w:417,h:22},
{t:"the school meat. Others began to confess and put things ",p:73,x:126,y:365,w:419,h:22},
{t:"right. Afer a time it became more Pentecostal, with long ",p:73,x:126,y:390,w:418,h:22},
{t:"meetings at night, speaking in tongues, trembling, and great ",p:73,x:126,y:415,w:416,h:22},
{t:"excitement.2 ",p:73,x:126,y:440,w:88,h:23},
{t:"Following three years of prayer, a group in southern Maragoli ",p:73,x:119,y:472,w:422,h:22},
{t:". . . used drums, rattles, and iron bars to accompany singing. ",p:73,x:126,y:505,w:416,h:22},
{t:"Hallelujahs punctuated the services. Prophets and ordinary ",p:73,x:126,y:530,w:417,h:22},
{t:"Christians received new hymns in their dreams, and shared ",p:73,x:126,y:555,w:417,h:22},
{t:"these with the rest. Worship began with a time of confes-",p:73,x:126,y:580,w:412,h:22},
{t:"sion, where every man confessed his sins of the past week . . . ",p:73,x:126,y:605,w:416,h:22},
{t:"services included a time of healing, and for testimony about ",p:73,x:126,y:630,w:416,h:22},
{t:"God’s work among them.3",p:73,x:126,y:655,w:178,h:22},
{t:"Another smaller revival began in Rwanda in 1970, located ",p:73,x:119,y:687,w:460,h:22},
{t:"mainly in the Gahini region, through the Scripture Union and Peter ",p:73,x:89,y:712,w:485,h:22},
{t:"1. J. Hildebrandt, History of the Church in Afica: A Survey (Achimota, Ghana: Afri-",p:73,x:89,y:782,w:472,h:20},
{t:"can Christian Press, 1981) 233.",p:73,x:89,y:801,w:175,h:18},
{t:"2. W. B. Anderson, Te Church in East Afica 1840–1974 (Dodoma: Central Tan-",p:73,x:89,y:819,w:463,h:20},
{t:"ganyika Press, 1977) 125.",p:73,x:89,y:838,w:142,h:18},
{t:"3. Anderson, Church, 120.",p:73,x:89,y:856,w:149,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   59",p:73,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:73,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:74,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:74,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"60",p:74,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Guillebaud. Christians became anointed, sharing with all those around ",p:74,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"them. Revivals are not that common but have occurred in many parts ",p:74,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the world, except in regions like central Asia and what is now called ",p:74,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the 10/40 window. Tis is the band of Islam that stretches from the ",p:74,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"west coast of North Africa through the Middle East and into Asia. But ",p:74,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"when revivals do occur they have a signifcant impact on those around ",p:74,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"them. ",p:74,x:89,y:250,w:43,h:22},
{t:"Some of the most notable are the Welsh revival, the Azusa Street ",p:74,x:118,y:275,w:454,h:22},
{t:"revival of California, and those of South East Asia. In each part of the ",p:74,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"world that has tasted revival, the Holy Spirit adapts His wishes and acts ",p:74,x:89,y:325,w:482,h:22},
{t:"to the local communities and individuals. Te East African revival was ",p:74,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"no exception. It had a message from God to the people of East Africa, ",p:74,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"especially Rwanda. ",p:74,x:89,y:400,w:132,h:22},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, “One of the key aspects of the Rwandan ",p:74,x:118,y:425,w:454,h:22},
{t:"revival was that of the foot of the cross, the place of sacrifce, being the ",p:74,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"only place where ethnic, racial, and class divides are reconciled, which ",p:74,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"was expressed in the Rwandan renewal movement in the saying, ‘Te ",p:74,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"ground is level at the foot of the cross. ’”4",p:74,x:89,y:525,w:273,h:22},
{t:"Some of the Revival’s Notable Characteristics",p:74,x:89,y:569,w:367,h:27},
{t:"Te revival was characterized by repentance and sometimes a cost-",p:74,x:119,y:605,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ly restitution. Central to the movement was the conviction of sin and ",p:74,x:88,y:630,w:484,h:22},
{t:"then public confession of allegiance to Christ, and an emphasis on ho-",p:74,x:88,y:655,w:480,h:22},
{t:"liness, forgiveness through the cross, and reconciliation with others. It ",p:74,x:88,y:680,w:483,h:22},
{t:"was a trumpet call from the Lord to the people of God.",p:74,x:88,y:705,w:377,h:22},
{t:"It also awakened a hunger to be taught from the Word of God, and ",p:74,x:118,y:730,w:453,h:22},
{t:"more interestingly, a desire to “walk in the light” with one another. By ",p:74,x:88,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"this we mean a desire to be honest about one’s feelings and a felt need ",p:74,x:88,y:780,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to live in harmony and love with others, along with a deeper desire for ",p:74,x:88,y:805,w:483,h:22},
{t:"4. J. J. Kritzinger, Te Rwandan Tragedy as a Public Indictment Against Christian Mis-",p:74,x:89,y:881,w:478,h:20},
{t:"sion (Missionalia, 2007) 7.",p:74,x:89,y:899,w:148,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   60",p:74,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:74,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"taking a ",p:75,x:276,y:63,w:59,h:13},
{t:"steP baCk: the rWandan ",p:75,x:342,y:63,w:167,h:13},
{t:"revival",p:75,x:517,y:63,w:46,h:13},
{t:"61",p:75,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"prayer.5 Reconciliation also included putting things right and “walking ",p:75,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in the light” as individuals began for the frst time to talk to each other. ",p:75,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"When being transparent became difcult, the burden was shared and ",p:75,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"carried among the fellowship. ",p:75,x:89,y:175,w:206,h:22},
{t:"Te revival was characterized by a willingness of people to be open ",p:75,x:118,y:200,w:453,h:22},
{t:"and honest with each other. But these were not Rwandese qualities. ",p:75,x:89,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"We must remember that the Holy Spirit came to Rwanda at a time of ",p:75,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"deep racial division. Guillebaud records how local people were being ",p:75,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"impacted by the Holy Spirit: ",p:75,x:89,y:300,w:200,h:22},
{t:"“Tey could not live closely together under those circumstances ",p:75,x:118,y:325,w:455,h:22},
{t:"unless they brought into the open things that troubled them, such as a ",p:75,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"loss of temper, which needed to be repented of quickly. When some-",p:75,x:89,y:375,w:480,h:22},
{t:"one failed to do something and that failure irritated another, it was ",p:75,x:89,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"talked about, the irritation confessed, the forgetfulness explained, and ",p:75,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"forgiveness sought and received. ”6",p:75,x:89,y:450,w:230,h:22},
{t:"In putting things right, there was sometimes an immaturity, espe-",p:75,x:119,y:475,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cially when believers went to non-believers. Tis could be a cause of ",p:75,x:88,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"real difculty. For instance, if a person had an afair with someone’s ",p:75,x:88,y:525,w:485,h:22},
{t:"wife, he apologized to the woman, but he would also confess to the ",p:75,x:88,y:550,w:485,h:22},
{t:"husband. Tis sometimes had disastrous results. Likewise, in public ",p:75,x:88,y:575,w:486,h:22},
{t:"confession, people publicly named others and talked about things that ",p:75,x:88,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"were inappropriate in large gatherings. ",p:75,x:88,y:625,w:266,h:22},
{t:"But overall the emphasis was good, focused around the cross and ",p:75,x:118,y:650,w:454,h:22},
{t:"an understanding of sin, pain, forgiveness, and reconciliation between ",p:75,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"sinner and God. Ten the focus was toward other fellow human beings, ",p:75,x:88,y:700,w:482,h:22},
{t:"and “being led,” which sometimes was taken literally. But the subjec-",p:75,x:88,y:725,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tivity about the Holy Spirit’s guidance was balanced with a great deal ",p:75,x:88,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of emphasis on discipline, sometimes to the exclusion of God’s grace. ",p:75,x:88,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"5. M. Guillebaud, Rwanda: Te Land God Forgot? Revival, Genocide, and Hope (Mill ",p:75,x:89,y:863,w:478,h:20},
{t:"Hill, London: Monarch Books, 2002) 60.",p:75,x:89,y:881,w:234,h:18},
{t:"6. Guillebaud, Rwanda, 62.",p:75,x:89,y:899,w:155,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   61",p:75,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:75,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:76,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:76,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"62",p:76,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Where legalism takes over, self-control is not prepared to acknowledge ",p:76,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"it as human weakness.",p:76,x:89,y:125,w:150,h:22},
{t:"Another feature of the revival was healthy self-control and a ",p:76,x:118,y:150,w:458,h:22},
{t:"healthy release of emotion as the Holy Spirit touched them. While un-",p:76,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"der the infuence of the Holy Spirit, people wept for hours, let out deep ",p:76,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"pain, confessed to fears in their lives, and showed a spontaneous open ",p:76,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"expression of emotion. Fear of emotionalism was swept away under the ",p:76,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"waves of the Holy Spirit. People became radiant, full of joy, and flled ",p:76,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"with a sense of awe at the holiness of God and the power of the work ",p:76,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the cross.7 Te Lord was clearly pointing the way to how Rwanda ",p:76,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:23},
{t:"should live as a nation—together under Him. Sadly, it was not to be. ",p:76,x:88,y:350,w:472,h:22},
{t:"Overall the Lord was talking to Rwanda about what was to befall ",p:76,x:118,y:375,w:454,h:22},
{t:"them and the qualities they needed to survive and even redeem the ",p:76,x:88,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"loss. Tis revival emphasized prayer, both corporate and private, and ",p:76,x:88,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"people coming together for prayer and Bible study.",p:76,x:88,y:450,w:347,h:22},
{t:"All of this was being experienced in a womb of love, where the ",p:76,x:118,y:475,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Holy Spirit was teaching people that maturity in Christ must lead to ",p:76,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"love and honor of one another. Learning such love, under the guidance ",p:76,x:88,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and power of the Holy Spirit, was a life-changing experience. ",p:76,x:88,y:550,w:418,h:22},
{t:"Also, a number of missionaries and European Christian leaders ",p:76,x:118,y:575,w:456,h:22},
{t:"were involved in Rwanda. Among these was Dr. Joe Church, who later ",p:76,x:88,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"wrote the now seminal work, Every Man a Bible Student, still in print ",p:76,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:25},
{t:"some ffy years later.8 Also some of the leaders of the renewal move-",p:76,x:88,y:650,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ment from the 1950s onward in Europe, like Roy Hession, author of ",p:76,x:88,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Calvary Road, had their ideas birthed in the Rwandan East African ",p:76,x:88,y:699,w:485,h:25},
{t:"Revival.9",p:76,x:88,y:725,w:60,h:22},
{t:"7. Guillebaud, Rwanda, 69 f.",p:76,x:89,y:844,w:166,h:20},
{t:"8. J. E. Church, Every Man a Bible Student (Exeter: Paternoster Press Ltd, ",p:76,x:89,y:863,w:415,h:20},
{t:"1938/1976).",p:76,x:89,y:881,w:72,h:18},
{t:"9. R. Hession, Calvary Road (Alresford, Hants: CLC, 1950/1988) 8 f.",p:76,x:89,y:899,w:400,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   62",p:76,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:76,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"taking a ",p:77,x:276,y:63,w:59,h:13},
{t:"steP baCk: the rWandan ",p:77,x:342,y:63,w:167,h:13},
{t:"revival",p:77,x:517,y:63,w:46,h:13},
{t:"63",p:77,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Te Place of Women",p:77,x:89,y:99,w:168,h:27},
{t:"But the revival was accompanied by another signifcant feature, ",p:77,x:119,y:135,w:455,h:22},
{t:"the emancipation of women. Tis is most important since the geno-",p:77,x:89,y:160,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cide took the greatest toll on women, children, and the elderly who ",p:77,x:89,y:185,w:485,h:22},
{t:"remained. Long before the genocide, the Lord was emphasizing the ",p:77,x:89,y:210,w:485,h:22},
{t:"values of the Kingdom of Heaven:",p:77,x:89,y:235,w:234,h:22},
{t:"Many high-class Tutsi (women) were not allowed to be ",p:77,x:126,y:267,w:420,h:22},
{t:"seen outside their rugo (the enclosure around their houses). ",p:77,x:126,y:292,w:417,h:25},
{t:"When they insisted in joining fellowship meetings and go-",p:77,x:126,y:317,w:412,h:22},
{t:"ing to church, it was misunderstood and led to much per-",p:77,x:126,y:342,w:412,h:22},
{t:"secution. Even now, men are always given chairs, while the ",p:77,x:126,y:367,w:417,h:22},
{t:"women sit on mats, and at a recent convention to commemo-",p:77,x:126,y:392,w:412,h:22},
{t:"rate the revival in Gahini, I was horrifed to fnd that not a ",p:77,x:126,y:417,w:417,h:22},
{t:"single woman was allowed to speak. During the revival days ",p:77,x:126,y:442,w:416,h:22},
{t:"it was impossible to muzzle the women. Once they had ex-",p:77,x:126,y:467,w:412,h:22},
{t:"perienced acceptance in Christ, they wanted to tell everyone ",p:77,x:126,y:492,w:416,h:22},
{t:"what He meant to them. Tey joined teams going to other ",p:77,x:126,y:517,w:417,h:22},
{t:"villages to tell of what God had done for them.10 ",p:77,x:126,y:542,w:334,h:23},
{t:"As well as the emancipation of women, the revival meant that the ",p:77,x:119,y:575,w:453,h:22},
{t:"children were given greater status. In traditional Kinyarwanda society ",p:77,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"each age group had its place. Te young were protected, the women ",p:77,x:89,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"had their place, while the elderly, the “library of experience, ” were hon-",p:77,x:89,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ored. In many ways, the revival both supported and challenged these ",p:77,x:89,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"beliefs and values. ",p:77,x:89,y:700,w:126,h:22},
{t:"Te Lord emphasized through this revival a mutual honor of ",p:77,x:119,y:725,w:457,h:22},
{t:"women by the men that could have led the way for future helpful and ",p:77,x:89,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"liberating attitudes to women. Instead, during the genocide, along with ",p:77,x:89,y:775,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the sufering of children and the elderly, women became a special target ",p:77,x:89,y:800,w:482,h:22},
{t:"of rape, though they were allowed to live. Te adoration and honor of ",p:77,x:89,y:825,w:483,h:22},
{t:"10.",p:77,x:89,y:881,w:17,h:18},
{t:"Guillebaud, Rwanda, 60. Te Minister for Unity and Reconciliation, who is a ",p:77,x:118,y:881,w:437,h:20},
{t:"woman, spoke at this conference and said that this quoted statement was inaccurate. ",p:77,x:89,y:900,w:473,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   63",p:77,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:77,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:78,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:78,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"64",p:78,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"women by the Lord in the revival, bestowing His Holy Spirit on them ",p:78,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in equal anointing, was to be stolen and reversed in the forthcoming ",p:78,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"genocide. One wonders whether even the western church has learned ",p:78,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"these lessons: that it is vulnerable when it compromises such values as ",p:78,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"its high view of all human worth. ",p:78,x:89,y:200,w:230,h:22},
{t:"Te Response of the Church",p:78,x:89,y:244,w:231,h:27},
{t:"Denominationally Rwanda was largely Catholic, but the revival ",p:78,x:119,y:280,w:455,h:22},
{t:"broke out among the Anglicans and the free churches. Confessing ",p:78,x:89,y:305,w:486,h:22},
{t:"publicly was strange to the Catholics. Also, since the Protestant con-",p:78,x:89,y:330,w:480,h:22},
{t:"gregations were already marginalized, it meant the revival actually gave ",p:78,x:89,y:355,w:483,h:22},
{t:"these people more dignity and afrmation. In addition, the revival was ",p:78,x:89,y:380,w:483,h:22},
{t:"mainly lay-led, so it never had the dignity or status of being “ofcial” ",p:78,x:89,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"church. Tis was no doubt one of the points that the Lord was making ",p:78,x:89,y:430,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to the wider faith community. ",p:78,x:89,y:455,w:209,h:22},
{t:"Looking back on these events, it is tragic that more people in the ",p:78,x:119,y:480,w:454,h:22},
{t:"wider church in Rwanda did not come under the teaching and mutual ",p:78,x:89,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"love of the revival. One of the reasons for this resistance may have ",p:78,x:89,y:530,w:485,h:22},
{t:"been some of the foreign Christian workers’ scepticism and doubt ",p:78,x:89,y:555,w:485,h:22},
{t:"regarding the efcacy of the revival. Some clearly disliked certain ",p:78,x:89,y:580,w:486,h:22},
{t:"features: ",p:78,x:89,y:605,w:63,h:22},
{t:"(Some missionaries) were very disapproving of the excesses ",p:78,x:126,y:638,w:417,h:22},
{t:"they had seen. Tey considered that some of those afected ",p:78,x:126,y:663,w:417,h:22},
{t:"were verging on heresy . . . they attended a 4 a.m. prayer meet-",p:78,x:126,y:688,w:412,h:22},
{t:"ing which they did not enjoy. Tey felt, and showed, that it ",p:78,x:126,y:713,w:416,h:22},
{t:"was too emotional and loud, and was probably just the way ",p:78,x:126,y:738,w:417,h:22},
{t:"ignorant Africans could express their feelings.11 ",p:78,x:126,y:762,w:326,h:23},
{t:"One wonders to what extend such attitudes contributed to the ",p:78,x:119,y:795,w:456,h:22},
{t:"waning of the revival, for love is fnding the worth of a person while ",p:78,x:89,y:820,w:485,h:22},
{t:"overlooking their faults (Romans 5:8).",p:78,x:89,y:845,w:262,h:22},
{t:"11.",p:78,x:89,y:900,w:17,h:18},
{t:"Guillebaud, Rwanda, 85, 102.",p:78,x:118,y:899,w:168,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   64",p:78,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:02",p:78,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"taking a ",p:79,x:276,y:63,w:59,h:13},
{t:"steP baCk: the rWandan ",p:79,x:342,y:63,w:167,h:13},
{t:"revival",p:79,x:517,y:63,w:46,h:13},
{t:"65",p:79,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"One of the other difculties of the revival was that it was very lo-",p:79,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"calized in the Kigeme region, where many people now have Christian ",p:79,x:88,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"names. Te revival had a positive cleansing afect. In contrast, in ",p:79,x:88,y:150,w:487,h:22},
{t:"other parts of the country the depth of the pain in the culture is seen ",p:79,x:88,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in the children ’s names—Ntuyenabo, “I dwell among enemies, ” and ",p:79,x:88,y:199,w:486,h:25},
{t:"Ntamabyariro, “no place to bear children.” Given the controlling and ",p:79,x:88,y:224,w:484,h:25},
{t:"private nature of the Rwandese people, it is not surprising the Lord ",p:79,x:88,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"needed to demonstrate how people could live with Him in freedom, ",p:79,x:88,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"relationally and emotionally healthy. ",p:79,x:88,y:300,w:253,h:22},
{t:"It is likely that the revival helped the church to stand against the ",p:79,x:118,y:325,w:454,h:22},
{t:"1959 genocide. Had it spread among more people in Rwanda, it would ",p:79,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"surely have helped defuse the hate being fed into the people’s lives by ",p:79,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the dominant ideology in the country. Alas, defusing this growing ha-",p:79,x:88,y:400,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tred was not to happen, and the church is now perceived to have col-",p:79,x:88,y:425,w:480,h:22},
{t:"laborated with the policy of genocide rather than standing against it in ",p:79,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"1994. Nonetheless, before the 1994 genocidal atrocities occurred, God ",p:79,x:88,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"clearly showed people the way they could live harmoniously together ",p:79,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"under His Lordship.12",p:79,x:88,y:525,w:150,h:22},
{t:"In Summary",p:79,x:89,y:569,w:100,h:27},
{t:"Following the 1959 genocide, a number of church leaders, both ",p:79,x:119,y:605,w:455,h:22},
{t:"missionaries and Rwandese, lef Rwanda. Tis deeply impacted the ",p:79,x:89,y:630,w:486,h:22},
{t:"church. It also ended the revival, since most of its leadership was lost. ",p:79,x:89,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Tose who remained were cut of from East Africa, because a number ",p:79,x:89,y:680,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the refugees went into Uganda. Before this, travel and communi-",p:79,x:89,y:705,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cation was easier, but when refugees entered Uganda, the Rwandese ",p:79,x:89,y:730,w:485,h:22},
{t:"who had stayed could not go there. Tis was further complicated by ",p:79,x:89,y:755,w:485,h:22},
{t:"political problems between Belgians and English, meaning the borders ",p:79,x:89,y:780,w:483,h:22},
{t:"could not be crossed. So Uganda became isolated, as did Burundi, and ",p:79,x:89,y:805,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the revival was compromised. Individuals and small groups continued ",p:79,x:89,y:830,w:484,h:22},
{t:"12.",p:79,x:89,y:881,w:17,h:18},
{t:"Another anticipation of the coming atrocities were the prophecies of Kibeho in ",p:79,x:118,y:881,w:447,h:18},
{t:"the 1980s.",p:79,x:89,y:900,w:58,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   65",p:79,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:79,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:80,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:80,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"66",p:80,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"to carry it, but there was a sense in which it never fulflled its full poten-",p:80,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tial or purpose. Tis was also the case with the more localized revival ",p:80,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the 1970s. ",p:80,x:89,y:150,w:92,h:22},
{t:"Te remarkable zeal of the Victorian missionary movement in ",p:80,x:118,y:175,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Europe and North America sought to reach the world so Christ could ",p:80,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"return (Matthew 28:18; Revelation 7:9). Tis movement, along with ",p:80,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the shattered dreams, was broken by the Great War (1914–1918) ",p:80,x:89,y:250,w:487,h:22},
{t:"in Europe. Two of the world’s leading missionary sending countries, ",p:80,x:89,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Britain and Germany, inexplicably found themselves in not one, but ",p:80,x:89,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"two wars with each other. Te slaughter of millions of people led to ",p:80,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the subsequent decimation of the church, bringing to an end any hope ",p:80,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that Europe and North America could lead the way for the fulflment ",p:80,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the Great Commission and the return of Christ (Mark 16:15–18). ",p:80,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Te part of God’s plan to fulfll His Commission through the Rwanda ",p:80,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"revivals was likewise halted through a variety of events, not the least of ",p:80,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"which were the genocides of 1959 and 1994. ",p:80,x:89,y:475,w:309,h:22},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, “I would intuitively see the revival as criti-",p:80,x:118,y:500,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cal to the whole process because it probably had the potential to not ",p:80,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"only prevent the genocide, but to heal ancient wounds and launch the ",p:80,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"region into its calling—if it had fulflled its heavenly mandate. It raised ",p:80,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the stakes over the destiny of the region . . . a detailed study of the re-",p:80,x:89,y:600,w:480,h:22},
{t:"vival would, I feel, be very helpful. ”",p:80,x:89,y:625,w:239,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:80,x:211,y:784,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:80,x:119,y:820,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you see a devaluing of human life in modern society?",p:80,x:148,y:820,w:387,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:80,x:119,y:852,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Would you welcome a revival if it had values like the ",p:80,x:148,y:852,w:361,h:22},
{t:"Rwandan one?",p:80,x:148,y:877,w:101,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   66",p:80,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:80,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"taking a ",p:81,x:276,y:63,w:59,h:13},
{t:"steP baCk: the rWandan ",p:81,x:342,y:63,w:167,h:13},
{t:"revival",p:81,x:517,y:63,w:46,h:13},
{t:"67",p:81,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"3. ",p:81,x:119,y:100,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Which aspects of the revival would you have found most ",p:81,x:148,y:100,w:392,h:22},
{t:"difcult?",p:81,x:148,y:125,w:62,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:81,x:119,y:157,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What are your feelings regarding the mixed response of the ",p:81,x:148,y:157,w:407,h:22},
{t:"missionaries?",p:81,x:148,y:182,w:91,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:81,x:119,y:215,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How do you feel about the Holy Spirit’s response to the ",p:81,x:148,y:215,w:384,h:22},
{t:"gender issue in the revival?",p:81,x:148,y:240,w:182,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   67",p:81,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:81,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"69",p:82,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 7",p:82,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"traditional ",p:82,x:133,y:293,w:148,h:30},
{t:"rwandan values",p:82,x:297,y:293,w:222,h:30},
{t:"When a Society Goes Trough Change",p:82,x:89,y:398,w:319,h:27},
{t:"When doing any ethnographic research on a culture, it is very im-",p:82,x:119,y:434,w:449,h:22},
{t:"portant not to lose one’s perspective. It is all too easy to romanticize ",p:82,x:88,y:459,w:485,h:22},
{t:"how wonderful a society is or is not. For instance, when we look at ",p:82,x:88,y:484,w:485,h:22},
{t:"biblical Hebrew society it is easy to see it in a rose-tinted way. Likewise, ",p:82,x:88,y:509,w:483,h:22},
{t:"when looking at Rwandan society, it is tempting to say that the king ",p:82,x:88,y:534,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and his people lived a harmonious existence for hundreds of years prior ",p:82,x:88,y:559,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to the missionaries and colonialists arriving. Tese bazungas (foreign-",p:82,x:88,y:583,w:479,h:25},
{t:"ers) then “messed it all up.” Unfortunately, most of life is not about ",p:82,x:88,y:609,w:485,h:22},
{t:"such simple black and white ideas; it is mostly shades of gray. Human ",p:82,x:88,y:634,w:484,h:22},
{t:"nature being what it is, we all have a tendency to fall below our own ",p:82,x:88,y:659,w:484,h:22},
{t:"morals in our actual behavior. ",p:82,x:88,y:684,w:206,h:22},
{t:"Te dramatic change in the way Rwandese society was ruled afer ",p:82,x:118,y:709,w:454,h:22},
{t:"colonialism is an interesting study. In retrospect, it is now clear to see ",p:82,x:88,y:734,w:484,h:22},
{t:"that under the king and his chiefains, up until the late 1800s, society ",p:82,x:88,y:759,w:484,h:22},
{t:"was held together in a successful way, with pastoralist and herdsman ",p:82,x:88,y:784,w:485,h:22},
{t:"working with one another. It was as colonialism undermined these tra-",p:82,x:88,y:809,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ditional structures that much of this cohesion was lost. Let us see if we ",p:82,x:88,y:834,w:483,h:22},
{t:"can identify some of these values that held Rwandese society together, ",p:82,x:88,y:859,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and what was to happen when it came under threat. ",p:82,x:88,y:884,w:356,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   69",p:82,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:82,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:83,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:83,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"70",p:83,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Traditional Rwandan Society and Its Values1",p:83,x:89,y:99,w:359,h:27},
{t:"At the time of the kings of Rwanda, until the end of the nineteenth ",p:83,x:119,y:135,w:452,h:22},
{t:"century, society was ruled by a system of courts called Gusasinzobe. ",p:83,x:89,y:159,w:483,h:25},
{t:"When a family or community matter needed to be tested or resolved, ",p:83,x:89,y:185,w:484,h:22},
{t:"members of the same clan would sit around the skin of an inzobe, an ",p:83,x:89,y:209,w:484,h:25},
{t:"antelope, with their feet touching it. Tey would commit to each other ",p:83,x:89,y:235,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to be open, honest, and confdential, then they discussed the matter  ",p:83,x:89,y:260,w:485,h:22},
{t:"more fully. Tere was no punishment of those involved if they spoke ",p:83,x:89,y:284,w:484,h:25},
{t:"honestly and did not repeat their mistakes. ",p:83,x:89,y:310,w:295,h:22},
{t:"Te decisions made in the Gusasinzobe were fnal. Anyone later ",p:83,x:119,y:334,w:455,h:25},
{t:"found guilty of lying was no longer a true Rwandan, no longer Impfura. ",p:83,x:89,y:359,w:483,h:25},
{t:"For to be called Rwandan during those times was a sign of respect, in-",p:83,x:89,y:385,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tegrity, and stature, not merely a term for a person living in a certain ",p:83,x:89,y:410,w:484,h:22},
{t:"region of East Africa. To be Rwandan was to be a graduate of life and to ",p:83,x:89,y:435,w:483,h:22},
{t:"have achieved integrity. Rwandan was an ideology, not a geography. ",p:83,x:89,y:460,w:465,h:22},
{t:"It was an open society where everyone was responsible for the ",p:83,x:119,y:485,w:456,h:22},
{t:"community. No one actually owned anything; property was owned by ",p:83,x:89,y:510,w:483,h:22},
{t:"everyone. To actively participate in society, such as having your chil-",p:83,x:89,y:535,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dren marry, you frst had to be in good standing in the community. ",p:83,x:89,y:560,w:485,h:22},
{t:"For instance, a man known to beat women was no longer allowed to ",p:83,x:89,y:585,w:484,h:22},
{t:"sit with the men. Te ultimate disgrace was to be sent away from the ",p:83,x:89,y:610,w:484,h:22},
{t:"community, with no hope of marriage, or to have no one attend your ",p:83,x:89,y:635,w:484,h:22},
{t:"burial.",p:83,x:89,y:660,w:44,h:22},
{t:"Communities worked together, and the justice system would go ",p:83,x:119,y:685,w:455,h:22},
{t:"as wide as was necessary to ensure justice. A person could be heavily ",p:83,x:89,y:710,w:485,h:22},
{t:"punished for refusing communal responsibility and allowing a neigh-",p:83,x:89,y:735,w:480,h:22},
{t:"bor to go hungry. Although the nation had thirteen clans, it had both a ",p:83,x:89,y:760,w:483,h:22},
{t:"common language and a system of justice and was able to adapt to any ",p:83,x:89,y:785,w:483,h:22},
{t:"situation. Integration characterized this society.",p:83,x:89,y:810,w:324,h:22},
{t:"1. Tank you to Dr. James Ndahiro for a delightful conversation in which he shared ",p:83,x:89,y:881,w:472,h:18},
{t:"some of these ideas. ",p:83,x:89,y:900,w:113,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   70",p:83,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:83,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"traditional ",p:84,x:362,y:63,w:80,h:13},
{t:"rWandan ",p:84,x:453,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"values",p:84,x:522,y:63,w:43,h:13},
{t:"71",p:84,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Allegiance to the Clan, Village, or Family? ",p:84,x:89,y:99,w:348,h:27},
{t:"Reader suggests that there is a strong authoritarian tradition in ",p:84,x:119,y:135,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Rwandese culture and an equally strong acceptance of group identity.2",p:84,x:89,y:160,w:479,h:22},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, ",p:84,x:88,y:185,w:165,h:22},
{t:"In most African ethnic groups at birth or soon aferward ",p:84,x:126,y:217,w:419,h:22},
{t:"there is a reinforcing of allegiance through “traditional” ",p:84,x:126,y:242,w:420,h:22},
{t:"ritual dedications. It is ofen accompanied by ritual sacrifce, ",p:84,x:126,y:267,w:416,h:22},
{t:"which indicates its covenant nature . . . its efect is to bind ",p:84,x:126,y:292,w:417,h:22},
{t:"an individual more strongly to any spiritual power incorpo-",p:84,x:126,y:317,w:412,h:22},
{t:"rated in the group identity. Tereafer, to subsequently act ",p:84,x:126,y:342,w:418,h:22},
{t:"on their behalf, and in its interests. If the church is not al-",p:84,x:126,y:367,w:412,h:22},
{t:"ready taking a stand on transference of covenantal allegiance ",p:84,x:126,y:392,w:416,h:22},
{t:"to Christ, then this is, perhaps, an issue that will help the ",p:84,x:126,y:417,w:418,h:22},
{t:"church become part of the answer and not part of the prob-",p:84,x:126,y:442,w:412,h:22},
{t:"lem. Especially in times of crisis these corporate spirits get ",p:84,x:126,y:467,w:418,h:22},
{t:"very stirred up. Africa now has a mixture of both.",p:84,x:126,y:492,w:336,h:22},
{t:"Although we accept Reader’s observation that there was a strong ",p:84,x:118,y:525,w:454,h:22},
{t:"authoritarian tradition, we should also note that it raises the question ",p:84,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of allegiance in Rwanda today. It wasn ’t necessarily because of the way ",p:84,x:88,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"family values were dismantled within traditional cultural commitments ",p:84,x:88,y:600,w:482,h:22},
{t:"to families and other groups, but what its undoing had unleashed in ",p:84,x:88,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"racism, confict, and the genocide. Many have clearly thrown these ",p:84,x:88,y:650,w:486,h:22},
{t:"values aside, with its authoritarian traditions, because they have not ",p:84,x:88,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"understood their importance.",p:84,x:88,y:700,w:203,h:22},
{t:"What we are suggesting is that blood covenants, or setting vows ",p:84,x:118,y:725,w:455,h:22},
{t:"through the shedding of blood, are behind the living history of the ",p:84,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"whole of Africa. Tis links spiritual reality with past, present, and fu-",p:84,x:88,y:775,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ture material reality. Although as Christians we accept that the high-",p:84,x:88,y:800,w:480,h:22},
{t:"est authority is the shed blood of Christ, many other claims also ap-",p:84,x:88,y:825,w:480,h:22},
{t:"2. Reader, Afica, 671.",p:84,x:89,y:899,w:124,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   71",p:84,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:84,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:85,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:85,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"72",p:85,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ply to us. Te church still has much work to do in disentangling these ",p:85,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"claims. ",p:85,x:89,y:125,w:50,h:22},
{t:"One outcome is that in Rwanda today we now have a problem with ",p:85,x:118,y:150,w:452,h:22},
{t:"authority. Traditional family authority rests with the eldest male—the ",p:85,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"“gray hair.” He is the “Elder.” Age gives a person authority. So when a ",p:85,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"male authority fgure passes away, his wife automatically has authority, ",p:85,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"unless he has appointed one of his children or grandchildren to assume ",p:85,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"authority. In this case the mother becomes a helper, and when there is ",p:85,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a disagreement, the son or grandson will make decisions. With these ",p:85,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"structures no longer in place, the situation either becomes more fuid ",p:85,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"or there are no structures at all that replace it. ",p:85,x:89,y:350,w:313,h:22},
{t:"In traditional Rwandese society the older people carried the au-",p:85,x:118,y:375,w:449,h:22},
{t:"thority, but much of this respect has been lost. Both the church and the ",p:85,x:88,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"government have been taking away authority from the home, which ",p:85,x:88,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"has contributed to the breakdown of family life. Before the arrival of a ",p:85,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christian witness in Rwanda, fathers maintained a “priestly” authority, ",p:85,x:88,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"having the power of blessing, cursing, and protecting. Te “priesthood” ",p:85,x:88,y:500,w:482,h:22},
{t:"at home is missing now. People are accepting it less and less. ",p:85,x:88,y:525,w:410,h:22},
{t:"We are not suggesting a return to this patriarchy, but we need to ",p:85,x:118,y:550,w:454,h:22},
{t:"acknowledge its loss and the lack of accountability of people as a result. ",p:85,x:88,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"We are also not suggesting that adults should claim authority unless ",p:85,x:88,y:600,w:485,h:22},
{t:"they are already doing the job of an Elder—a father or a mother as spir-",p:85,x:88,y:625,w:480,h:22},
{t:"itual leader. Exercising such authority should be a gif that is used hon-",p:85,x:88,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"orably. Where allegiance to the clan, to the family, or even to Christ no ",p:85,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"longer exists, people become accountable only to themselves. Te re-",p:85,x:88,y:700,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sults, as the history of genocide demonstrates, can be disastrous. Much ",p:85,x:88,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is lost, including spiritual values.",p:85,x:88,y:750,w:221,h:22},
{t:"Traditional Rwandan Spirituality",p:85,x:89,y:794,w:269,h:27},
{t:"In traditional pre-Christian Rwandan society, spirituality was an ",p:85,x:119,y:829,w:455,h:25},
{t:"important value. Te king worked with wise authorities, diviners, and ",p:85,x:88,y:855,w:484,h:22},
{t:"God—four distinct spiritual powers. Te king was the political head, ",p:85,x:88,y:880,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   72",p:85,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:85,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"traditional ",p:86,x:362,y:63,w:80,h:13},
{t:"rWandan ",p:86,x:453,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"values",p:86,x:522,y:63,w:43,h:13},
{t:"73",p:86,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"with his people subject to him. In addition there were wise people with ",p:86,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"whom the king would consult on difcult matters. Ten the diviners ",p:86,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"would be consulted on the conclusion of the wise people. Tese divin-",p:86,x:89,y:150,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ers in turn would then go for the blessing of the spirits, for the king was ",p:86,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"appointed by God, the fourth power, not chosen by the people. ",p:86,x:89,y:200,w:436,h:22},
{t:"Te king represented both political and spiritual power. Both were ",p:86,x:118,y:225,w:453,h:22},
{t:"vested in him. But the spiritual advisers had the fnal say. If the people ",p:86,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"went against those in spiritual authority, misfortune and punishment ",p:86,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"could befall both the people involved in the transgression and the ",p:86,x:89,y:300,w:486,h:22},
{t:"country. So the diviners had enormous power.",p:86,x:89,y:325,w:314,h:22},
{t:"Rwandan traditional spirituality had a “father God, ” Imana ",p:86,x:118,y:350,w:453,h:25},
{t:"Rurema, a son Rurema, ofen described as Ryangombe, and a mother, ",p:86,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:25},
{t:"Babinoa. Tey lived in the jungles and the forests. Part of traditional ",p:86,x:88,y:400,w:484,h:25},
{t:"Rwandan religion tells a beautiful story about how God spends the day ",p:86,x:88,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"traveling across Africa, but he always came home to sleep in Rwanda—",p:86,x:88,y:450,w:479,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda was God’s home. Te title of this book echoes this tradition. ",p:86,x:88,y:475,w:474,h:22},
{t:"One of the bishops of Rwanda said that in the early stages of mis-",p:86,x:118,y:500,w:450,h:22},
{t:"sionary eforts the Rwandese found it easy to adopt Christian ideas ",p:86,x:88,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"into their spirituality. Tey could believe God loved them and that ",p:86,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"He had sent His Son, that He was both Creator and Father. But it ",p:86,x:88,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"was when the missionaries forced them to choose that they then felt ",p:86,x:88,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"they were being asked to abandon their own heritage for colonialist ",p:86,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"values. Te country was held together by the king and those wise peo-",p:86,x:88,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple and diviners with whom he consulted. A spiritual Christ and the ",p:86,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Bible, which replaced the king and his consultants, did not hold so-",p:86,x:88,y:700,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ciety together in the same way. Because of this, traditional Rwandese ",p:86,x:88,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"spirituality and its emphasis on mutuality has been largely lost, as ",p:86,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"has much of the coherence of the culture. Te duty to be part of the ",p:86,x:88,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"wider community no longer forms part of the people’s consciousness ",p:86,x:88,y:800,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in the way it once did. ",p:86,x:88,y:825,w:159,h:22},
{t:"For the Rwandese, nothing was secular. Everything was sacred. ",p:86,x:118,y:850,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Tere was always a connection with God through everything. God ",p:86,x:88,y:875,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   73",p:86,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:86,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:87,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:87,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"74",p:87,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"was involved in everything. Before they sowed seed, they went to their ",p:87,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"father and mother (the “gray hairs”) who blessed the seed. Also, they ",p:87,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"refrained from eating the frst fruits, because these were to go to the ",p:87,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"ones who blessed them. ",p:87,x:89,y:175,w:164,h:22},
{t:"Even animals, when they entered a home or village, were protect-",p:87,x:118,y:200,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ed. When an animal was being hunted, it could enter a home as a safe ",p:87,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"haven. Te hunters were not allowed to drive it out, because anybody ",p:87,x:88,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"or anything seeking refuge had a right to safety in the village, even ani-",p:87,x:88,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"mals. Likewise, when a stranger entered the village he was an honored ",p:87,x:88,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"guest. Traditional Rwandese culture honored the stranger, and even ",p:87,x:88,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the animals. ",p:87,x:88,y:350,w:86,h:22},
{t:"Confusion followed the arrival of Christianity, when people were ",p:87,x:118,y:375,w:453,h:22},
{t:"told that all they had learned and believed was wrong and must be for-",p:87,x:88,y:400,w:480,h:22},
{t:"gotten. Although as Christians we must not teach what is contrary to ",p:87,x:88,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the Bible, we believe that some of the traditional Rwandan values were ",p:87,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"biblical. It would be very fruitful to research and recover some of the ",p:87,x:88,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"positive values of traditional Rwandan spirituality, thereby beginning ",p:87,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to build a contemporary Rwandese Christian spirituality. Te thirty-",p:87,x:88,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"year genocide saw many of these traditional values largely lost, by both ",p:87,x:88,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the death of so many and the loss of value for all human life that such ",p:87,x:88,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a genocide creates. Perhaps the most devastating loss was the value and ",p:87,x:88,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"importance of children.",p:87,x:88,y:625,w:162,h:22},
{t:"Te Importance of Children",p:87,x:89,y:669,w:231,h:27},
{t:"Te Rwandans talk about the way of snakes with sleeping babies. ",p:87,x:119,y:705,w:454,h:22},
{t:"When a snake fnds a baby sleeping, it places its tail into the child’s ",p:87,x:89,y:730,w:485,h:22},
{t:"mouth. If the baby has no teeth, then the snake will not bite the baby, ",p:87,x:89,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for the snake will kill only an enemy, and only those who have teeth can ",p:87,x:89,y:780,w:482,h:22},
{t:"be its enemies.",p:87,x:89,y:805,w:99,h:22},
{t:"During war in Rwanda, women and children were more likely not ",p:87,x:119,y:830,w:453,h:22},
{t:"to be killed but to be taken away instead. If a person killed a woman or ",p:87,x:89,y:855,w:483,h:22},
{t:"child, the act stirred such a lasting hatred toward the perpetrator that ",p:87,x:89,y:880,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   74",p:87,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:03",p:87,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"traditional ",p:88,x:362,y:63,w:80,h:13},
{t:"rWandan ",p:88,x:453,y:63,w:61,h:13},
{t:"values",p:88,x:522,y:63,w:43,h:13},
{t:"75",p:88,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"no one would forgive him. Babies especially are innocent; they even ",p:88,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"smile at an enemy. In fact, a baby does not even know who an enemy is. ",p:88,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Babies have no enemies. Tey are called “angels” in Kinyarwanda ",p:88,x:89,y:150,w:445,h:22},
{t:"Along similar lines every villager was considered an extended fam-",p:88,x:118,y:175,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ily member. Whoever was around the village took care of the children, ",p:88,x:88,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"so they never starved or had problems. Tis is one of the reasons why ",p:88,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"villagers would never tell an orphan he was an orphan. A child was ",p:88,x:88,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"everybody’s responsibility. But treatment was expected to be equal, ",p:88,x:88,y:275,w:486,h:22},
{t:"without favoritism, otherwise the child would turn against those in ",p:88,x:88,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"authority. Genocide turned all these values upside down.",p:88,x:88,y:325,w:388,h:22},
{t:"One really awful example of how badly things have changed is ",p:88,x:118,y:350,w:456,h:22},
{t:"the justifying of sexual abuse against children. Many years ago a witch ",p:88,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"doctor suggested that raping children prevents and provides a cure for ",p:88,x:88,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"HIV. In the genocide, it was then used forcefully as a justifcation for ",p:88,x:88,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"abuse. Even today, it is still used as a way to justify and excuse severe ",p:88,x:88,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"sexual abuse against young girls. In response, the president of Rwanda ",p:88,x:88,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"has asked the police to work very closely with doctors. Even the wife ",p:88,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the president, seeking to restore traditional Rwandan values, has em-",p:88,x:88,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"phasized that one should “look at every child as your own.” Such loss is ",p:88,x:88,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the loss of the value of human life. ",p:88,x:88,y:575,w:236,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:88,x:211,y:734,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:88,x:119,y:770,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Can you see any modern society being run as a kingdom like ",p:88,x:148,y:770,w:416,h:22},
{t:"the Rwandese?",p:88,x:148,y:795,w:101,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:88,x:119,y:827,w:16,h:22},
{t:"If you were an eighteenth century missionary, what would ",p:88,x:148,y:827,w:399,h:22},
{t:"you do diferently in bringing  the gospel to the Rwandese?",p:88,x:148,y:852,w:402,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:88,x:119,y:885,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Should western society value the elderly more?",p:88,x:148,y:885,w:319,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   75",p:88,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:88,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:89,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:89,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"76",p:89,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"4. ",p:89,x:119,y:100,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do we have “group identity” in society today? ",p:89,x:148,y:100,w:317,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:89,x:119,y:132,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you see a loss of authority in society of the “elder” or ",p:89,x:148,y:132,w:387,h:22},
{t:"“priest”?",p:89,x:148,y:157,w:58,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   76",p:89,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:89,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"77",p:90,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 8",p:90,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"When the value of  ",p:90,x:200,y:293,w:275,h:30},
{t:"human life is rejected",p:90,x:167,y:325,w:315,h:30},
{t:"In the late 1800s, the missionaries came frst, then the Germans, ",p:90,x:119,y:410,w:454,h:22},
{t:"disarming the king and his people. Te Rwandese describe it as kiriziya ",p:90,x:89,y:435,w:483,h:25},
{t:"yakuye kirazira, when “the church replaced the values of the Rwandese. ” ",p:90,x:89,y:460,w:482,h:25},
{t:"Tis imperialist Christianity, imposed from the West, stifed innova-",p:90,x:89,y:485,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tion and insisted on western court values, implying the “primitive” val-",p:90,x:89,y:510,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ues of the kings were inadequate because they were not “Christian.” ",p:90,x:89,y:535,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Sadly this represented a fundamental misunderstanding of Rwandese ",p:90,x:89,y:560,w:484,h:22},
{t:"justice. Te king frequently said “Never!” imposing absolute rule where ",p:90,x:89,y:585,w:483,h:22},
{t:"necessary. It was when the church told people to read the Book and ",p:90,x:89,y:610,w:485,h:22},
{t:"follow its rules that justice became relative and instability increased for ",p:90,x:89,y:635,w:483,h:22},
{t:"many. ",p:90,x:89,y:660,w:45,h:22},
{t:"Te westerners intended to “civilize” the “savages.” Tese pagan ",p:90,x:119,y:685,w:455,h:22},
{t:"peoples were to receive new values from the church, so the king, the ",p:90,x:89,y:710,w:484,h:22},
{t:"chiefs, and the elders were no longer needed. By taking their absolute ",p:90,x:89,y:735,w:484,h:22},
{t:"rule away, westerners stole from the culture the unifying power and ",p:90,x:89,y:760,w:485,h:22},
{t:"authority that could say “No!” From that time, despite the protests of ",p:90,x:89,y:785,w:484,h:22},
{t:"king and people, the culture no longer had the constraint of the king ",p:90,x:89,y:810,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and his chiefs. Tere was no longer a ruler whose duty it was to hold ",p:90,x:89,y:835,w:484,h:22},
{t:"things together and bring people to account. ",p:90,x:89,y:860,w:308,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   77",p:90,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:90,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:91,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:91,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"78",p:91,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"So in reality the Colonial masters had a strategy of “divide and ",p:91,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"rule.” It was a breakdown of traditional Rwandan society. A Rwandan ",p:91,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"joke comments on how bad things were: God called two Rwandese ",p:91,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and said to one of them, “Ask me what you would like, and I will give ",p:91,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"your neighbor a double portion.” Te Rwandese replied, “Remove my ",p:91,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"one eye. ”",p:91,x:89,y:225,w:60,h:22},
{t:"God’s View of the Worth of Human Life",p:91,x:89,y:269,w:330,h:27},
{t:"For people to hurt other people, it is necessary to have a view of ",p:91,x:119,y:305,w:454,h:22},
{t:"human personhood that values others as worth little or nothing. A ",p:91,x:89,y:330,w:486,h:22},
{t:"modern example of the de-valuing of human life was the collectivist ",p:91,x:89,y:355,w:485,h:22},
{t:"philosophy of Stalin. Here the individual was dispensable for the great-",p:91,x:89,y:380,w:480,h:22},
{t:"er good of the movement and the nation. Te many were more impor-",p:91,x:89,y:405,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tant than the one. As one follows a wider political or social agenda, an ",p:91,x:89,y:430,w:483,h:22},
{t:"individual’s life can be worth less. But before we begin to look at some ",p:91,x:89,y:455,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the reasons, from a Christian perspective, why life can be worth so ",p:91,x:89,y:480,w:484,h:22},
{t:"little in genocide, we need to understand how Scripture sees human ",p:91,x:89,y:505,w:485,h:22},
{t:"life normally.",p:91,x:89,y:530,w:90,h:22},
{t:"“Ten God said, ‘Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, ",p:91,x:119,y:555,w:454,h:22},
{t:"and let them rule over the fsh of the sea and the birds of the air’” ",p:91,x:89,y:580,w:486,h:22},
{t:"(Genesis 1:26). Likewise, “Te Lord God formed man from the dust ",p:91,x:89,y:605,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the ground and breathed in his nostrils the breath of life” (Genesis ",p:91,x:89,y:630,w:484,h:22},
{t:"2:7). What these verses suggest is that the creation of man and woman ",p:91,x:89,y:655,w:483,h:22},
{t:"had a special place in the creation of all things. God placed His breath ",p:91,x:89,y:680,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in the dust of humanity, giving human beings a unique, supernatural ",p:91,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"nature. We are a unity of body and spirit; they commingle with one ",p:91,x:89,y:730,w:485,h:22},
{t:"another, giving us our full unique human nature.1",p:91,x:89,y:755,w:337,h:22},
{t:"We now equate this spiritual aspect of our nature with the human ",p:91,x:119,y:780,w:453,h:22},
{t:"spirit. We share a spiritual nature with God Himself. In one sense, our ",p:91,x:89,y:805,w:483,h:22},
{t:"1. P. R. Holmes, Becoming More Human: Exploring the Interface of Spirituality, Dis-",p:91,x:89,y:863,w:469,h:20},
{t:"cipleship and Terapeutic Faith Community (Bletchley, Milton Keynes: Paternoster, ",p:91,x:89,y:881,w:466,h:20},
{t:"2005) 75 f.",p:91,x:89,y:900,w:66,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   78",p:91,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:91,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"When the ",p:92,x:275,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"value o F human liFe is rejeCted",p:92,x:345,y:63,w:221,h:13},
{t:"79",p:92,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"spirit is like the Holy Spirit. Terefore, there is something divine and ",p:92,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"signifcant in man and woman as together they refect the image of ",p:92,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"God—imago Dei. Human beings, unlike any other created beings in ",p:92,x:89,y:149,w:485,h:25},
{t:"the universe, combine the mortality of a physical body with the ever-",p:92,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lasting supernatural human spirit. Human beings are frst spirit, an idea ",p:92,x:89,y:200,w:482,h:22},
{t:"in the mind of God, which is then spiritually animated and embodied. ",p:92,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Trough this process human beings carry the hallmark and the values ",p:92,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of divine nature. ",p:92,x:89,y:275,w:116,h:22},
{t:"So the value of human life is not just in its unique personhood, ",p:92,x:118,y:300,w:455,h:22},
{t:"or individuality; it is also that every human being carries a personal ",p:92,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"imprint of the divine, so raising their worth to a unique level. Tis ",p:92,x:89,y:350,w:486,h:22},
{t:"uniqueness of human individuality was lifed to an even higher level ",p:92,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"when Christ took on human form and became like one of us. He con-",p:92,x:89,y:400,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sidered human form worthy of divine indwelling. ",p:92,x:89,y:425,w:341,h:22},
{t:"He also took this humanity back into divinity as He rose from the ",p:92,x:118,y:450,w:453,h:22},
{t:"grave and ascended with a spiritual resurrection body that now pre-",p:92,x:89,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sides at the right hand of God (Colossians 3:1). What God had cre-",p:92,x:89,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ated, He then exalted. God lived as divinity in human physical reality. ",p:92,x:89,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Such is God’s pleasure in and value of human beings. Te status of man ",p:92,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and woman is both profoundly signifcant and disturbingly fragile, es-",p:92,x:89,y:575,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pecially when human nature falls below its divine heritage and calling. ",p:92,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Scripture refects this value with the Old Testament injunction ",p:92,x:118,y:625,w:456,h:22},
{t:"to love one’s neighbor as oneself (Leviticus 19:18). Tis is reempha-",p:92,x:89,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sized in the New Testament (Matthew 19:19; 22:39; Romans 13:9; ",p:92,x:89,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Galatians 5:14; James 2:8).2 Human life, once given, must be lived rela-",p:92,x:89,y:700,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tionally with mutual honor and love. ",p:92,x:88,y:725,w:255,h:22},
{t:"Tis value on all human life is a challenge to every one of us. Who ",p:92,x:118,y:750,w:453,h:22},
{t:"are the people we treat as less signifcant? Whose values do we regard ",p:92,x:88,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"as less important than our own? In Rwandese society, it was frst the ",p:92,x:88,y:800,w:485,h:22},
{t:"2. I. Henderson, “Self-Love, ” in Te Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics, eds. ",p:92,x:89,y:881,w:468,h:20},
{t:"J. F. Childress and J. MacQuarrie (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986) 571.",p:92,x:89,y:900,w:441,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   79",p:92,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:92,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:93,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:93,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"80",p:93,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Hutu, then the Tutsi, who were victims of this denigration. God’s view ",p:93,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of human personhood is very diferent.",p:93,x:89,y:125,w:267,h:22},
{t:"Losing the Value of Human Life",p:93,x:89,y:169,w:261,h:27},
{t:"People’s destruction of human life can take place only where there ",p:93,x:119,y:205,w:453,h:22},
{t:"is a devalued attitude toward human personhood, where human life is ",p:93,x:89,y:230,w:483,h:22},
{t:"no longer esteemed. Only when we consider others less than human, ",p:93,x:89,y:255,w:484,h:22},
{t:"“ second class, ” or “savages, ” are we able to destroy them with impunity. ",p:93,x:89,y:280,w:483,h:22},
{t:"On the other hand, if we hold a “high” view of people, seeing in them ",p:93,x:89,y:305,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the very image of God, then we view others as sacred, highly valued ",p:93,x:89,y:330,w:485,h:22},
{t:"beings.3 As Christians this should be our view of both others and our-",p:93,x:89,y:355,w:480,h:23},
{t:"selves. But where such a view does not hold, where human beings are ",p:93,x:89,y:380,w:484,h:22},
{t:"not valued—because of racism or prejudice, for instance—it is within ",p:93,x:89,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the power of our dark and damaged human nature to destroy all that ",p:93,x:89,y:430,w:484,h:22},
{t:"we do not value.",p:93,x:89,y:455,w:111,h:22},
{t:"All human beings have the power to write a signifcant positive ",p:93,x:118,y:480,w:455,h:22},
{t:"history, with themselves, others, and God. All of us are created and able ",p:93,x:89,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to write an enduring history. Killing a human being prematurely brings ",p:93,x:89,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"all of this potential to an end. Writing human history is clearly very ",p:93,x:89,y:555,w:485,h:22},
{t:"important to God, since it sees the fulflment of His covenant promise ",p:93,x:89,y:580,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to provide for all humanity. Also, the journey writing this history sees ",p:93,x:89,y:605,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ formed in us. Long life is the fruit and the testimony to God’s ",p:93,x:89,y:630,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fulflling this covenant with men and women (Genesis 17:4; Exodus ",p:93,x:89,y:655,w:485,h:22},
{t:"2:24; Daniel 9:4). ",p:93,x:89,y:680,w:125,h:22},
{t:"Destroying lives at any time in their unfolding and history snufs ",p:93,x:118,y:705,w:454,h:22},
{t:"them out and erases their potential from the earth. Te future is stolen. ",p:93,x:89,y:730,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tey are no longer able to fulfll their true potential as human beings ",p:93,x:89,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the way God had intended. Tey prematurely cease writing a history ",p:93,x:89,y:780,w:484,h:22},
{t:"3. Te impact of social Darwinism has been enormous, allowing us to select who ",p:93,x:89,y:845,w:454,h:18},
{t:"should live and who should die. D. P. O’Mathuna, “Human Dignity in the Nazi Era: ",p:93,x:89,y:863,w:475,h:18},
{t:"Implications for Contemporary Bioethics,” (2006, online), <lt;http://www.biomedcen-",p:93,x:89,y:881,w:479,h:18},
{t:"tral.com/1472-6939/7/2>gt; (accessed December 18, 2006).",p:93,x:89,y:900,w:328,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   80",p:93,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:93,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"When the ",p:94,x:275,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"value o F human liFe is rejeCted",p:94,x:345,y:63,w:221,h:13},
{t:"81",p:94,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"with themselves, others, and God. Untimely death in any form also ",p:94,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"brings to an end all the gifing and anointing that the individual had ",p:94,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"carried. All of this potential from God should be fully enjoyed, shared, ",p:94,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and given in fulflment of a faithful human life. Spiritually speaking, all ",p:94,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"gifing and its anointing are given by the Father to the Son as a gif. Te ",p:94,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Son gives it to individuals through the body of Christ, the Bride, then ",p:94,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"into all the world. Whether natural, supernatural, or personal gifing, ",p:94,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"all is stolen and lost by any person ’s untimely death.",p:94,x:89,y:275,w:350,h:22},
{t:"All of us are created with a commitment to life. Harm is both in-",p:94,x:118,y:300,w:449,h:22},
{t:"stinctive and learned. As part of our “conscience, ” we have a line drawn ",p:94,x:88,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in us that we know we should not cross. For instance, it is unnatural ",p:94,x:88,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to cause human death, one’s own or another’s. When someone crosses ",p:94,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"this line and causes extreme harm or even death, it is as if something ",p:94,x:88,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"has fundamentally changed within them. Once done, it is easier to re-",p:94,x:88,y:425,w:480,h:22},
{t:"peat. In a sense a person chooses to surrender himself to acts of murder, ",p:94,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"making it easier. Death and the power of harm, abuse, or bloodshed ",p:94,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"become part of us as we give ourselves over to them. Abuse of others ",p:94,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"becomes a little bit easier.",p:94,x:88,y:525,w:174,h:22},
{t:"In Rwanda, the Hutu called the Tutsi snakes and cockroaches, and ",p:94,x:118,y:550,w:453,h:22},
{t:"with this debased view of human nature it was not so difcult to kill ",p:94,x:88,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"them—“He is not a human being, he is a cockroach.” Likewise, during ",p:94,x:88,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"earlier history, when the Tutsi were in power, one Tutsi chief talked ",p:94,x:88,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"about the Hutu being like pots—you can easily go and make other pots ",p:94,x:88,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"when some break. We fnd denial of human worth at the very heart of ",p:94,x:88,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the genocide, denying both our own true humanity and that of others. ",p:94,x:88,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tis chosen self-deceit must exist in us before we can harm an-",p:94,x:118,y:725,w:449,h:22},
{t:"other. One does not hesitate to stomp on a cockroach or a snake or a ",p:94,x:88,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"pot. We are describing here a process of dehumanization that ends in ",p:94,x:88,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"treating human beings like insects or discarded property. When such ",p:94,x:88,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"denial occurs at a national level it is profoundly dangerous, as we see ",p:94,x:88,y:825,w:484,h:22},
{t:"from the history of Africa under the new Independence dictators of ",p:94,x:88,y:850,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the 1960s (Meredith 2005). ",p:94,x:88,y:875,w:195,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   81",p:94,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:94,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:95,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:95,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"82",p:95,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Although human life has to be greatly devalued for genocide or ",p:95,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"any form of harm to occur, it is also further devalued by the act itself. ",p:95,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"If one person chooses to harm another, his own life is also devalued by ",p:95,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the harm he does. By taking just one human life, all other human life, ",p:95,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"be it Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa, is devalued by the single act. A new thresh-",p:95,x:89,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"old is reached where the individual is seen to be less than human. New ",p:95,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"“values” are written that then allow us to do more harm, injuring both ",p:95,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"God and others. Some say there is an intoxicating addictive pleasure to ",p:95,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"such behavior, and there must be for people to act in this way. But how ",p:95,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"much power does “evil” actually have?",p:95,x:89,y:325,w:260,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:95,x:211,y:399,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:95,x:119,y:435,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What is your reaction to the undermining of traditional ",p:95,x:148,y:435,w:386,h:22},
{t:"Rwandese values by the church and Colonialists?",p:95,x:148,y:460,w:335,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:95,x:119,y:492,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How much is a human life worth?",p:95,x:148,y:492,w:233,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:95,x:119,y:525,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you agree with the suggestion that God has a special love ",p:95,x:148,y:525,w:418,h:22},
{t:"for children, the elderly, and the poor?",p:95,x:148,y:550,w:263,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:95,x:119,y:582,w:16,h:22},
{t:"In what ways does modern society refect these values?",p:95,x:148,y:582,w:371,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:95,x:119,y:615,w:16,h:22},
{t:"In what ways can God’s values be refected in society today?",p:95,x:148,y:615,w:406,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   82",p:95,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:95,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"83",p:96,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Part three",p:96,x:274,y:101,w:108,h:20},
{t:"africa, genocide, and ",p:96,x:147,y:160,w:297,h:30},
{t:"evil",p:96,x:462,y:160,w:47,h:30},
{t:"The issue of evil, or Evil if you want to personalize it, is a ",p:96,x:119,y:250,w:426,h:16},
{t:"huge subject today. It is no longer confned to the pages of reli-",p:96,x:89,y:271,w:463,h:20},
{t:"gious writings and theoretical journals. Many in modern society ",p:96,x:89,y:300,w:475,h:16},
{t:"acknowledge the reality of evil in one sense or another. The daily ",p:96,x:89,y:325,w:481,h:16},
{t:"news is continually reinforcing the awareness of its presence, ",p:96,x:89,y:350,w:453,h:16},
{t:"while most of the time it is hidden in the fabric of society and ",p:96,x:89,y:375,w:452,h:16},
{t:"people’s actions. ",p:96,x:89,y:400,w:126,h:16},
{t:"In chapter 5, we introduced the concept of the serpent, a ",p:96,x:119,y:425,w:418,h:16},
{t:"growing ideology of hate fed by a range of forces like jealousy, ",p:96,x:89,y:450,w:465,h:16},
{t:"racism, and the need to provide for one’s self and family. Such ",p:96,x:89,y:475,w:460,h:16},
{t:"uncompromising racism was fed by education, the media, and, ",p:96,x:89,y:500,w:462,h:16},
{t:"sadly, even religious leaders. This fed a pernicious evil that ",p:96,x:89,y:525,w:440,h:16},
{t:"gripped people’s lives and allowed them to do appalling things to ",p:96,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:16},
{t:"others and themselves. The serpent lived. ",p:96,x:89,y:575,w:306,h:16},
{t:"In this book, we are going further than merely talking about ",p:96,x:119,y:600,w:443,h:16},
{t:"evil. We are going to suggest that Evil is both personal and in-",p:96,x:89,y:625,w:457,h:16},
{t:"tentional. Our view, based on our experience of the damage in ",p:96,x:89,y:650,w:461,h:16},
{t:"so many lives, is that evil is not merely random, but it has intel-",p:96,x:89,y:675,w:465,h:16},
{t:"ligence behind it and is strategically planned and intentionally ",p:96,x:89,y:700,w:464,h:16},
{t:"malevolent. It is not just some value-neutral force that foats in ",p:96,x:89,y:721,w:464,h:20},
{t:"the ether, but evil is a power to harm that somehow is able to as-",p:96,x:89,y:750,w:474,h:16},
{t:"sist and promote atrocious behavior through human beings as ",p:96,x:89,y:775,w:458,h:16},
{t:"they choose to act.",p:96,x:89,y:800,w:136,h:16},
{t:"But we are not suggesting that Evil goes unchecked. We are ",p:96,x:119,y:825,w:440,h:16},
{t:"not suggesting it can do what it likes when it likes, snuffng out ",p:96,x:89,y:846,w:464,h:20},
{t:"human life on a whim. Superfcially, the genocide in Rwanda ",p:96,x:89,y:871,w:450,h:20},
{t:"might give the impression this is possible, but what we are go-",p:96,x:89,y:900,w:455,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   83",p:96,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:96,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:97,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:97,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"84",p:97,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ing to suggest is that Evil is subject to God in a number of ways, ",p:97,x:89,y:104,w:476,h:16},
{t:"having expression only where human nature welcomes and pro-",p:97,x:89,y:129,w:466,h:16},
{t:"motes such evil.",p:97,x:89,y:154,w:116,h:16},
{t:"In using Rwanda as a case study, we are intentionally seek-",p:97,x:118,y:179,w:435,h:16},
{t:"ing to be as explicit as we can about exposing this Evil and ",p:97,x:89,y:204,w:438,h:16},
{t:"its intent. Without such a clear knowledge of any ground rules ",p:97,x:89,y:229,w:459,h:16},
{t:"between God and the Enemy, it is diffcult to understand what ",p:97,x:89,y:250,w:456,h:20},
{t:"is going on in the world today. We are left feeling helpless and ",p:97,x:89,y:279,w:461,h:16},
{t:"vulnerable, which is what many feel in Rwanda today. Instead, ",p:97,x:89,y:304,w:463,h:16},
{t:"by studying such an extreme example of Evil at work, we will ",p:97,x:89,y:329,w:451,h:16},
{t:"be able to extrapolate a range of simple and clear principles ",p:97,x:89,y:354,w:449,h:16},
{t:"that are helpful to all of us in our own lives and societies and in ",p:97,x:89,y:379,w:472,h:16},
{t:"our relationship with God. Also, these principles will help the ",p:97,x:89,y:404,w:456,h:16},
{t:"Rwandese to know how such atrocities can be prevented.",p:97,x:89,y:429,w:416,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   84",p:97,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:97,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"85",p:98,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 9",p:98,x:290,y:236,w:74,h:15},
{t:"the role of evil",p:98,x:219,y:293,w:216,h:30},
{t:"On January 26, 1999, PBS, a public TV channel in the U.S., broad-",p:98,x:119,y:379,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cast a “frontline program, ” Te Rwanda Genocide: Te Triumph of Evil. ",p:98,x:88,y:403,w:483,h:25},
{t:"Likewise Dallaire’s book is entitled, Shake Hands with the Devil.1 Both ",p:98,x:88,y:428,w:483,h:25},
{t:"suggest a connection between human action and the presence of evil. ",p:98,x:88,y:454,w:474,h:22},
{t:"People freely speak of evil in genocide, even a personalized Evil ",p:98,x:118,y:479,w:455,h:22},
{t:"and in practices like torture, carnage of a battlefeld, child pornogra-",p:98,x:88,y:504,w:480,h:22},
{t:"phy/paedophilia, and abuse of the elderly, sick, and poor. What aspects ",p:98,x:88,y:529,w:482,h:22},
{t:"of any genocide, the destruction of human life, are actually “evil”?",p:98,x:88,y:554,w:446,h:22},
{t:"Human nature seems clearly capable of discerning evil, regard-",p:98,x:118,y:579,w:449,h:22},
{t:"less of whether the person is Christian or not. People use the term evil ",p:98,x:88,y:603,w:483,h:25},
{t:"freely to describe what is deeply unacceptable and ofensive in human ",p:98,x:88,y:629,w:484,h:22},
{t:"behavior. “He is evil. ” “What they did was evil.” “Her behavior toward ",p:98,x:88,y:654,w:483,h:22},
{t:"them was evil.” But what people seem to also be saying in using this ",p:98,x:88,y:679,w:485,h:22},
{t:"term is that somewhere in what they see or experience is an element ",p:98,x:88,y:704,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that is more than merely human.2",p:98,x:88,y:729,w:228,h:22},
{t:"Te term evil is used to describe something that is out of character ",p:98,x:119,y:753,w:453,h:25},
{t:"with normal human behavior. Te suggestion is that some aspects of ",p:98,x:89,y:779,w:485,h:22},
{t:"1. Dallaire, Shake Hands. ",p:98,x:89,y:844,w:145,h:20},
{t:"2. But we would want to balance this emphasis with the plain fact that our brains’ ",p:98,x:89,y:863,w:460,h:18},
{t:"neurology is innately primed to not dislike people. D. Goleman, Social Intelligence: ",p:98,x:89,y:881,w:466,h:20},
{t:"Te New Science of Human Relationship (London: Hutchinson, 2006) 44, 54 f. ",p:98,x:89,y:899,w:447,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   85",p:98,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:04",p:98,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:99,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:99,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"86",p:99,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"human behavior are so appalling, as in the Rwandan genocide, they can ",p:99,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"only be described as super-human. In the term evil there is an implicit ",p:99,x:89,y:124,w:484,h:25},
{t:"rejection that the actions are “just” human. Can human beings alone ",p:99,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"perpetrate such “evil”? Can it be merely human? As fellow human be-",p:99,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ings, we would like to reject such an idea. ",p:99,x:89,y:200,w:285,h:22},
{t:"By using the term evil, are we somehow suggesting that such atroci-",p:99,x:118,y:224,w:449,h:25},
{t:"ties must be more than merely the actions of human beings? Te im-",p:99,x:88,y:250,w:480,h:22},
{t:"plication is that the people have somehow broken the constraints of ",p:99,x:88,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"humanity and have given themselves over to “evil, ” to its control and ",p:99,x:88,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"inspiration. To quote one of the killers from a BBC report, “It was as ",p:99,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"if we were taken over by Satan. When Satan is using you, you lose your ",p:99,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"mind. We were not ourselves. Beginning with me, I don ’t think I was ",p:99,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"normal. ”3 ",p:99,x:88,y:400,w:67,h:23},
{t:"It is sometimes suggested that this is a temporary experience, with ",p:99,x:118,y:425,w:453,h:22},
{t:"the person later confessing, “I didn ’t know what came over me.” Tis ",p:99,x:89,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"claim has been the defense of many who have been accused. A typical ",p:99,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"example is a recorded conversation between a convicted genocidaire ",p:99,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and Lesley Bilinda, speaking about her friend Anatolie: “Her death ",p:99,x:89,y:525,w:485,h:22},
{t:"was unjust, senseless. She died for nothing. Even us, afer we’d killed ",p:99,x:89,y:550,w:485,h:22},
{t:"her and buried her, we were sad . . . we were all threatened . . . if you are ",p:99,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"from a mixed family what do you do in a time of war? You go with the ",p:99,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"stronger side, not the side that’s being hunted. ”4",p:99,x:89,y:625,w:324,h:22},
{t:"In this book, as in our ministries, we accept that evil power does ",p:99,x:119,y:650,w:454,h:22},
{t:"exist, just as we accept that the much greater power of God also ex-",p:99,x:89,y:675,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ists. Tere is plenty of evidence for both in the world around us, in ",p:99,x:89,y:700,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Scripture, and in the lives of many we work with. However, we need ",p:99,x:89,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to explore the question of how much power the Enemy really has. Is ",p:99,x:89,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"it as simple as saying that evil caused the genocide? How did such evil ",p:99,x:89,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"3. <lt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/panorama/3562063.stm>gt;.",p:99,x:89,y:863,w:413,h:18},
{t:"4. L. Bilinda, With What Remains: A Widow ’s Quest for Truth in Rwanda (London: ",p:99,x:89,y:881,w:472,h:20},
{t:"Hodder & Stoughton, 2006) 151.",p:99,x:89,y:900,w:190,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   86",p:99,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:99,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F evil",p:100,x:455,y:63,w:111,h:13},
{t:"87",p:100,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"come to be so powerful in the land of Rwanda? Does that evil “take ",p:100,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"you over”?",p:100,x:89,y:125,w:72,h:22},
{t:"Evil in Society",p:100,x:89,y:169,w:116,h:27},
{t:"We agree with Meeks that all people on earth share the experi-",p:100,x:119,y:205,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ence of evil,5 but in some regions it exhibits itself in worse ways than ",p:100,x:89,y:230,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in others. Evil is particularly manifest in the shedding of human life. ",p:100,x:88,y:255,w:484,h:22},
{t:"In Rwanda this racial hate was personifed in a government-fnanced ",p:100,x:88,y:280,w:485,h:22},
{t:"network, the interahamwe. In Kinyarwanda this word literally means ",p:100,x:88,y:304,w:484,h:25},
{t:"“those who work together,” a united force focused on one obsession, ",p:100,x:88,y:330,w:485,h:22},
{t:"racial hate and murder of Tutsi and their sympathizers. ",p:100,x:88,y:355,w:378,h:22},
{t:"Between January 1993 and March 1994, the government im-",p:100,x:118,y:380,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ported more than 500,000 machetes, twice the number imported the ",p:100,x:88,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"previous year, one for every three adults. Stockpiles of arms, grenades, ",p:100,x:88,y:430,w:484,h:22},
{t:"machetes, and axes were stored in communes all over the country. Also, ",p:100,x:88,y:455,w:483,h:25},
{t:"extensive lists were drawn up of all those who should be slaughtered. ",p:100,x:88,y:480,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Each interahamwe commune was made up of around forty men, and ",p:100,x:88,y:505,w:485,h:25},
{t:"the UN was told by a defector, Jean-Pierre Twatsinze, that these militia ",p:100,x:88,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"had been trained to kill up to one thousand Tutsi and their sympathiz-",p:100,x:88,y:555,w:479,h:22},
{t:"ers in twenty minutes (Meredith 2005.503). ",p:100,x:88,y:580,w:306,h:22},
{t:"What we see is a cynical national government policy of systematic ",p:100,x:118,y:605,w:453,h:22},
{t:"extermination of Rwandan citizens. Te Rwandan government’s gen-",p:100,x:88,y:630,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ocidal policy was also supported by countries like France (Meredith ",p:100,x:88,y:655,w:485,h:22},
{t:"2005.519). President Mitterrand was a friend of Habyarimana, then ",p:100,x:88,y:680,w:485,h:22},
{t:"president of Rwanda. Te French even supplied the Falcon jet and three ",p:100,x:88,y:705,w:482,h:22},
{t:"French crew members who were shot down, so igniting the genocide. ",p:100,x:88,y:730,w:475,h:22},
{t:"But aside from the Kayibanda/Habyarimana regime, the French ",p:100,x:118,y:755,w:455,h:22},
{t:"were not the only guilty party. For instance, the Belgian ambassador ",p:100,x:88,y:780,w:485,h:22},
{t:"reported a build up of a government sponsored militia in the spring ",p:100,x:88,y:805,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of 1992, and a CIA analysis in January 1994 predicted the failure of ",p:100,x:88,y:830,w:485,h:22},
{t:"5. W. A. Meeks, Te Origins of Christian Morality: Te First Two Centuries (New ",p:100,x:89,y:881,w:455,h:20},
{t:"Haven: Yale University Press, 1993) 129.",p:100,x:89,y:900,w:229,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   87",p:100,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:100,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:101,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:101,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"88",p:101,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"the Arusha Accord, which would then open the way to mass slaughter ",p:101,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of at least half a million targeted people (Meredith 2005.503). It did ",p:101,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"just that, even taking precedent over fear of God. A person about to be ",p:101,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"murdered in the genocide asked the interahamwe, “Would you please ",p:101,x:89,y:174,w:484,h:25},
{t:"give me time for prayer?” Teir killers responded that they had killed ",p:101,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"God frst.",p:101,x:89,y:225,w:66,h:22},
{t:"For a human being to kill another, especially in such a callous way, ",p:101,x:118,y:250,w:453,h:22},
{t:"something must frst die in the killer. Imagine if your wife is a Tutsi ",p:101,x:89,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and in order to prove you are a loyal militant you must either kill her ",p:101,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"or open the door for others to kill her. You have no choice or you and ",p:101,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"your children will be killed. Te seeds of the action may well have been ",p:101,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"sown over many years through the dark ideology of racism and hate. ",p:101,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"But when you kill, when you destroy human life, that death impacts ",p:101,x:89,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"you, too.6",p:101,x:89,y:425,w:65,h:22},
{t:"So any theology of genocide must also ask what role the evil might ",p:101,x:119,y:450,w:453,h:22},
{t:"play in this process and how it might promote such human slaughter. ",p:101,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"People instinctively turn to evil as a reason for explaining how such ",p:101,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"terrible things happen. Some even seek to blame an evil power that ",p:101,x:89,y:525,w:485,h:22},
{t:"“caused” the devastation. In the case of the Rwandan genocide, one sees ",p:101,x:89,y:550,w:482,h:22},
{t:"numerous references to general evil and also to the Enemy. An example ",p:101,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is Major General Dallaire,7 who, when confronted with unmitigated ",p:101,x:89,y:600,w:485,h:23},
{t:"evil, refused to ignore it:8 “I had to negotiate with the devil. I talked ",p:101,x:89,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to him, laughed, and maneuvered with him . . . I know there’s a God ",p:101,x:88,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"because I negotiated with his enemy. ”9",p:101,x:88,y:675,w:260,h:22},
{t:"6. Some have found that this experience of being tainted by death is something that ",p:101,x:89,y:771,w:470,h:18},
{t:"they feel if they have had an abortion. Part of my (Peter’s) work is to help men and ",p:101,x:89,y:790,w:463,h:18},
{t:"women fnd healing from such encounters with death.",p:101,x:89,y:808,w:303,h:18},
{t:"7. Dallaire, Shake Hands. ",p:101,x:89,y:826,w:145,h:20},
{t:"8. M. Joseph, Seeking the Sacred: Leading a Spiritual Life in a Secular World (On-",p:101,x:89,y:844,w:454,h:20},
{t:"tario: ECW Press, 2006) 9.",p:101,x:89,y:863,w:152,h:18},
{t:"9. R. Dallaire, “Trial, the Struggle, ” in Seeking the Sacred: Leading a Spiritual Life in a ",p:101,x:89,y:881,w:481,h:20},
{t:"Secular World, ed. M. Joseph (Ontario: ECW Press, 2006) 43–62.",p:101,x:89,y:899,w:370,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   88",p:101,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:101,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F evil",p:102,x:455,y:63,w:111,h:13},
{t:"89",p:102,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Genocide is spiritual as well as physical fratricide, the killing of ",p:102,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"one’s brothers and sisters. When speaking of such slaughter, people ",p:102,x:89,y:125,w:486,h:22},
{t:"spontaneously associate such acts with a driven demonic evil.10 When ",p:102,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:23},
{t:"human life is taken, it can release a wave of evil and a sense of darkness ",p:102,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that leaves one with the impression that evil power is total, that dark-",p:102,x:89,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ness prevails over life, and that Satan and his hoards have unchecked ",p:102,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"power over anyone or anything they wish to destroy. ",p:102,x:89,y:250,w:360,h:22},
{t:"We have both witnessed circumstances where people have been ",p:102,x:118,y:275,w:455,h:22},
{t:"overwhelmed by evil hate, the consequences of lust for human blood ",p:102,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"that the Enemy can unleash when human life is unrighteously taken. ",p:102,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"We both understand how people can get so caught up as victims in ",p:102,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"such human carnage that they then can no longer fnd God, especially ",p:102,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a God of love. Coming out of such an experience one is lef asking a ",p:102,x:89,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"tirade of questions: Where was God? Why did He not stop it? How ",p:102,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"could He have allowed such a thing? One feels God is impotent when ",p:102,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the Enemy decides to randomly take human life. Satan feels more pow-",p:102,x:89,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"erful, while God is merely a spectator to such things.11 Finding God ",p:102,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:23},
{t:"subsequently—His solace, love, and peace—is a beautiful journey of ",p:102,x:88,y:525,w:485,h:22},
{t:"release and recovery. ",p:102,x:88,y:550,w:143,h:22},
{t:"Te Destruction of Human Life as Revenge to God",p:102,x:89,y:594,w:417,h:27},
{t:"On the assumption that such an evil exists, we must ask ourselves ",p:102,x:119,y:630,w:454,h:22},
{t:"how much power evil really has. But before doing so, let us look frst at ",p:102,x:89,y:655,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the intent of evil. In some ways the intention is obvious, but looking at ",p:102,x:89,y:680,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the obvious is ofen a very helpful step in building our understanding ",p:102,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of events and situations.",p:102,x:89,y:730,w:164,h:22},
{t:"10.",p:102,x:89,y:790,w:17,h:18},
{t:"One of the most shocking aspects for the authors is that some even today advo-",p:102,x:118,y:790,w:442,h:18},
{t:"cate and celebrate genocide and the associated worship of Satan. See www.evilmusic.",p:102,x:89,y:808,w:471,h:18},
{t:"com and bands like Black Metal, Oi!, RAC, Death Metal, and <lt;www.paganfront.",p:102,x:89,y:826,w:456,h:18},
{t:"com>gt;.",p:102,x:89,y:845,w:36,h:18},
{t:"11. ",p:102,x:89,y:863,w:20,h:18},
{t:"For one remarkable and beautiful account of a woman ’s journey with God ",p:102,x:118,y:863,w:416,h:18},
{t:"through the genocide, see I. Llibagiza, Lef to Tell: One Woman ’s Story of Surviving the ",p:102,x:89,y:881,w:481,h:20},
{t:"Rwandan Holocaust (London: Hay House, 2006).",p:102,x:89,y:899,w:280,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   89",p:102,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:102,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:103,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:103,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"90",p:103,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Satan, the Enemy, hates God, so the Enemy lusts to destroy what ",p:103,x:119,y:100,w:454,h:22},
{t:"God has created and fnds good (Genesis 1:31). Also, because men and ",p:103,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"women are made in God’s image, were he able to, the Enemy would ",p:103,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"want to destroy human life, wherever it exists on earth. Although, it ",p:103,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"seems unlikely that Satan ’s purposes are always ultimately fulflled in ",p:103,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"merely promoting massive destruction of human life. ",p:103,x:89,y:225,w:365,h:22},
{t:"One aspect of the Enemy’s pleasure seems to be in human sufer-",p:103,x:119,y:250,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ing, alongside death, murder, self-destruction, and all its related abuse ",p:103,x:88,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of human beings by themselves and by others. Every opportunity to ",p:103,x:88,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"abuse what God created is an opportunity to take revenge on God. Te ",p:103,x:88,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"destruction of human life, causing the pain of grief to God,12 seems to ",p:103,x:88,y:350,w:484,h:23},
{t:"give the Enemy pleasure.",p:103,x:89,y:375,w:168,h:22},
{t:"When darkness or evil wants to take revenge on God, how can ",p:103,x:118,y:400,w:455,h:22},
{t:"it be done? Explains Genesis 6:6: “Te Lord was grieved that he had ",p:103,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"made man on earth. And his heart was flled with pain.” God felt pain ",p:103,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"because of the exercise and exploitation of human sin. His love for His ",p:103,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"creation, how good things were intended to be, makes God especially ",p:103,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"vulnerable to His human creation. As it is for human beings, so it is for ",p:103,x:89,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"God. Tings that we love most can be the things that can most hurt ",p:103,x:89,y:550,w:485,h:22},
{t:"us. On this basis, if the enemy is able to promote evil behavior through ",p:103,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people as they embrace that evil and its subsequent harm of human life, ",p:103,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"then the Enemy will be able to pain God. Loss of all kinds is painful to ",p:103,x:89,y:625,w:483,h:22},
{t:"both human beings and to God.13",p:103,x:89,y:650,w:230,h:22},
{t:"Te idea that human beings can do serious harm to themselves and ",p:103,x:119,y:675,w:453,h:22},
{t:"others is clearly noted in Scripture. Two key texts that support this idea ",p:103,x:89,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"are Genesis 6:5 and 11–12: “Te Lord saw how great man ’s wickedness ",p:103,x:89,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"on the earth had become, and that every inclination of the thoughts of ",p:103,x:89,y:750,w:483,h:22},
{t:"his heart was only evil all the time . . . Te earth was corrupt in God’s ",p:103,x:89,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"12.",p:103,x:89,y:845,w:17,h:18},
{t:"For a range of classic quotes on the sufering of God, see R. A. Kaufman, “Suf-",p:103,x:118,y:845,w:440,h:18},
{t:"fering God, ” Christianity Today (2007) 71.",p:103,x:89,y:863,w:238,h:20},
{t:"13. ",p:103,x:89,y:881,w:20,h:18},
{t:"We are both exploring the idea of writing a book around the theme of a biblical ",p:103,x:118,y:881,w:445,h:18},
{t:"theology of loss in a Rwandan setting. ",p:103,x:89,y:900,w:215,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   90",p:103,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:103,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F evil",p:104,x:455,y:63,w:111,h:13},
{t:"91",p:104,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"sight and was full of violence . . . for all the people on earth had cor-",p:104,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"rupted their ways.” And Genesis 8:21: “Te Lord smelled the pleas-",p:104,x:89,y:125,w:479,h:22},
{t:"ing aroma and said in his heart: ‘Never again will I curse the ground ",p:104,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"because of man, even though every inclination of his heart is evil from ",p:104,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"childhood. ’” ",p:104,x:89,y:200,w:88,h:22},
{t:"Damaged human nature clearly has the capacity to work with the ",p:104,x:118,y:225,w:454,h:22},
{t:"Enemy against God. Tis disturbingly negative view of human nature ",p:104,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"is not just confned to the Old Testament, but it is also a view endorsed ",p:104,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"by Christ (Matthew 15:16–20; 16:4). So, the Enemy has a big advan-",p:104,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tage in the sense that, from God’s perspective, human nature has a nat-",p:104,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ural propensity to harm. People fnd it easier to do wrong than right, ",p:104,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"or harder to do good than to plan evil. Tis is self-evident in that from ",p:104,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"childhood we must all learn to do what is right and true. We seem to ",p:104,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:25},
{t:"naturally do wrong.",p:104,x:89,y:425,w:134,h:22},
{t:"But the ultimate hurt against God perpetrated by human beings ",p:104,x:118,y:450,w:455,h:22},
{t:"is something far worse than bad behavior. We have already noted that ",p:104,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"murder arrived on the scene in the earliest chapters of Genesis, the ",p:104,x:89,y:500,w:486,h:22},
{t:"shedding of the blood of Abel by Cain. Te death of Abel and the cry ",p:104,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of his shed blood are heard by the Lord. “Where is your brother Abel?” ",p:104,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"“ Am I my brother’s keeper?” “Your brother’s blood cries out to me from ",p:104,x:89,y:575,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the ground. Now you are under a curse and driven from the ground” ",p:104,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"(Genesis 4:9–11). ",p:104,x:89,y:625,w:127,h:22},
{t:"From the earliest pages of Scripture, we see that God notices the ",p:104,x:118,y:650,w:454,h:22},
{t:"unjust shedding of blood, and we see His role in avenging such acts. ",p:104,x:89,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"What we read here is that the blood of murdered people, and their ",p:104,x:89,y:700,w:485,h:25},
{t:"shattered lives, cries out to the throne room of heaven. Tis increases ",p:104,x:89,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"God’s pain. Tis open honesty in God tells us that to pain God you ",p:104,x:89,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"have to act like Cain in either sinning, or more extremely in taking hu-",p:104,x:89,y:775,w:480,h:22},
{t:"man life in an unjust and untimely way. Te Giver of life witnesses the ",p:104,x:89,y:800,w:483,h:22},
{t:"destruction of life. Tose He has given life, those made in His image, ",p:104,x:89,y:825,w:484,h:22},
{t:"have participated in destroying what He has created.",p:104,x:89,y:850,w:357,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   91",p:104,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:104,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:105,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:105,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"92",p:105,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Two fronts are being opened here. Te Enemy has his own hidden ",p:105,x:119,y:100,w:453,h:22},
{t:"agenda of sacrifcing human life where and when he can, aided by hu-",p:105,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"man sin. But we are also looking at fallen human nature and the tragic ",p:105,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"breakdown of people’s values where people harm one another, even by ",p:105,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"torture and murder. ",p:105,x:89,y:200,w:139,h:22},
{t:"Te Enemy’s Power in Scripture",p:105,x:89,y:244,w:258,h:27},
{t:"Some may speak of an “uncontrollable evil” or the “indescribable ",p:105,x:119,y:280,w:454,h:22},
{t:"carnage of human life.” Tese phrases, combined with the horror and ",p:105,x:89,y:305,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fear of experiencing such trauma, attribute signifcant power to the ",p:105,x:89,y:330,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Enemy. It is important to put all this in the context of Scripture. ",p:105,x:89,y:355,w:441,h:22},
{t:"Te Bible tells us that it is God we need to fear. He is the one with ",p:105,x:119,y:380,w:453,h:22},
{t:"whom all authority rests. We do not see an all-powerful Enemy, wreak-",p:105,x:89,y:405,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing havoc wherever he chooses. Te Enemy’s power seems limited by ",p:105,x:89,y:430,w:484,h:22},
{t:"God. Otherwise grace would not prevail. So how do we reconcile the ",p:105,x:89,y:455,w:484,h:22},
{t:"evil we see in the world around us with the truth that is in Scripture? ",p:105,x:89,y:480,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Several principles are helpful in contextualizing our understanding of ",p:105,x:89,y:505,w:484,h:22},
{t:"what can happen in the spiritual landscape, both from God’s and the ",p:105,x:89,y:530,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Enemy’s perspective. ",p:105,x:89,y:555,w:144,h:22},
{t:"First, Satan answers directly to Christ (Colossians 2:10). We ",p:105,x:119,y:580,w:458,h:22},
{t:"need to remember this. When we are faced with tragic devastation, ",p:105,x:89,y:605,w:485,h:22},
{t:"it is all too easy to forget that Satan is merely an angel, not an equal ",p:105,x:89,y:630,w:485,h:22},
{t:"with Christ. Te false suggestion of book titles like Between Christ and ",p:105,x:89,y:655,w:483,h:25},
{t:"Satan, suggesting an equality of two spiritual powers, can deceive us. ",p:105,x:89,y:680,w:484,h:25},
{t:"Biblically, this is not the case with Christ and Satan. Christ as God is ",p:105,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"far superior to any of his created angels.14 In answering to Christ, the ",p:105,x:89,y:730,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Enemy is subject to Him. ",p:105,x:88,y:755,w:177,h:22},
{t:"Second, and following this frst principle, it seems from Scripture ",p:105,x:118,y:780,w:454,h:22},
{t:"that the Enemy’s powers are limited by two constraints. One is what ",p:105,x:88,y:805,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ permits, and the other is what human beings choose to do. ",p:105,x:88,y:830,w:486,h:22},
{t:"14.",p:105,x:89,y:881,w:17,h:18},
{t:"For a helpful modern view of this, see N. G. Wright, A Teology of the Dark ",p:105,x:118,y:881,w:423,h:20},
{t:"Side: Putting the Power of Evil in Its Place (Carlisle: Paternoster Press, 2003).",p:105,x:89,y:899,w:428,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   92",p:105,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:105,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F evil",p:106,x:455,y:63,w:111,h:13},
{t:"93",p:106,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, “Te riot in Ephesus illustrates this point in ",p:106,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Scripture (Acts 19). Te crowds are drawn out in support of their fer-",p:106,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tility goddess, Artemis, who was no doubt feeling threatened by the ",p:106,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"repentance from occult practices. Most people would not have known ",p:106,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"why they were there, but would have been ‘stirred up’ by the moment. ",p:106,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"But human nature does not have to respond in this compelling way. ” ",p:106,x:89,y:225,w:470,h:22},
{t:"Along similar lines, the temptations of Christ (Matthew 4) il-",p:106,x:118,y:250,w:449,h:22},
{t:"lustrate that the Enemy clearly has the power to tempt people (1 ",p:106,x:88,y:275,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Corinthians 7:5), but as Christ demonstrated, human nature can re-",p:106,x:88,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sist if it so chooses. Tis suggests that the Enemy is unable to do any-",p:106,x:88,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"thing that would be classifed as being forced on humankind. For the ",p:106,x:88,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Enemy to have his way, a person must frst cooperate (see Judas in John ",p:106,x:88,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"13:27). People can and do resist the temptation of harming themselves ",p:106,x:88,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"or others. ",p:106,x:88,y:425,w:69,h:22},
{t:"As an example a person being tempted and resisting, Satan ",p:106,x:118,y:450,w:459,h:22},
{t:"clearly sought to mislead Peter (Mark 8:33; Luke 22:31), but his at-",p:106,x:88,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tempts failed. He seems unable to force his demonic wishes on hu-",p:106,x:88,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"man beings when they choose to refuse. He is sly, seeking to outwit ",p:106,x:88,y:525,w:485,h:22},
{t:"us (2 Corinthians 2:11), and he even masquerades as righteousness ",p:106,x:88,y:550,w:486,h:22},
{t:"(2 Corinthians 11:4). Following Satan always remains a free choice for ",p:106,x:88,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"human beings (Acts 26:16; 1 Timothy 5:15). People do not have to ",p:106,x:88,y:600,w:485,h:22},
{t:"learn his so-called “deep secrets” if they do not want to (1 John 5:19; ",p:106,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Revelation 2:24). Nonetheless, like Cain, human beings can choose ",p:106,x:88,y:650,w:486,h:22},
{t:"to surrender to this evil and act accordingly (1 John 3:12–13). Some ",p:106,x:88,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"would describe this process as “turning that part of me [that can feel ",p:106,x:88,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"pity or guilt] of. ”15",p:106,x:88,y:725,w:130,h:22},
{t:"Te Enemy’s powers are therefore limited by both Christ ",p:106,x:119,y:750,w:461,h:22},
{t:"(Zechariah 3; Revelation 20:2) and by human free will. Restraining ",p:106,x:89,y:775,w:485,h:22},
{t:"grace from God seems to prevail, since human life today continues to ",p:106,x:89,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"prevail on the earth. But when human life is taken, it does unleash a ",p:106,x:89,y:825,w:484,h:22},
{t:"15.",p:106,x:89,y:900,w:17,h:18},
{t:"Goleman, Social Intelligence, 117.",p:106,x:118,y:899,w:187,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   93",p:106,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:05",p:106,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:107,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:107,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"94",p:107,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"sense of the power of evil, so all people have a tendency to attribute the ",p:107,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"evil to Satan rather than to human action. It seems to be in human na-",p:107,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ture always to seek to pass the blame—it is never our fault! Te Enemy ",p:107,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"becomes a convenient person to blame. ",p:107,x:89,y:175,w:271,h:22},
{t:"Tird, it is not only Scripture that suggests Satan is not all-power-",p:107,x:118,y:200,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ful. Te evidence from human history seems to suggest that although ",p:107,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the harming of human beings is a delight to the Enemy, his powers to ",p:107,x:88,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"do so are somewhat limited. Pleasure in the power to destroy human ",p:107,x:88,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"life is certainly demonically supported, but the simple evidence that ",p:107,x:88,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the majority of us go unscathed during our full cycle of life suggests ",p:107,x:88,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that the Enemy does not have uncontrolled power to hurt and destroy ",p:107,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"all human life. One needs to fnd a balance, both theologically and ",p:107,x:88,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"personally, between the Enemy’s lust to destroy and God’s restraining ",p:107,x:88,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"grace.",p:107,x:88,y:425,w:39,h:22},
{t:"Te fourth and perhaps most disturbing principle is that although ",p:107,x:118,y:450,w:453,h:22},
{t:"Satan ’s power is limited, the evidence of human experience seems to ",p:107,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"suggest that Satan and his hordes can support, exploit, and facilitate ",p:107,x:88,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"human misbehavior. Satan cannot impose an action on human beings ",p:107,x:88,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"where they do not wish to surrender to it, but he will lend strength to ",p:107,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"human will when it is turned against the purposes of God. Te tone of ",p:107,x:88,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Scripture, and the nature of the Enemy’s relationship with Christ and ",p:107,x:88,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"human beings, suggests that Satan and his demonic hosts seem depend-",p:107,x:88,y:625,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ent, to some degree, on human cooperation, as was the case for Judas, ",p:107,x:88,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the Sanhedrin (John 18:14), and Pilate (John 18:28) in the case of ",p:107,x:88,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"crucifying Christ. Te Enemy needs human cooperation in order to ",p:107,x:88,y:700,w:485,h:22},
{t:"“enjoy” the pleasure of hurting a human life. ",p:107,x:88,y:725,w:305,h:22},
{t:"Although the Enemy seems to have the power of (premature) ",p:107,x:118,y:750,w:457,h:22},
{t:"death (Hebrews 2:14), the existence of so many people on the earth ",p:107,x:88,y:775,w:485,h:22},
{t:"today illustrates that it is clearly limited in some ways that are not yet ",p:107,x:88,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fully understood by us. Te line blurs between human action and de-",p:107,x:88,y:825,w:480,h:22},
{t:"monic action. Tey are both clearly complicit. Tis is what we will ex-",p:107,x:88,y:850,w:480,h:22},
{t:"plore more fully in our next chapter.",p:107,x:88,y:875,w:247,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   94",p:107,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:06",p:107,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F evil",p:108,x:455,y:63,w:111,h:13},
{t:"95",p:108,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"We suggest therefore that a faw of both western Christianity and ",p:108,x:119,y:100,w:454,h:22},
{t:"people generally is to attribute more power to Satan than he is truly ",p:108,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"able to achieve without human assistance. Te proliferation and per-",p:108,x:89,y:150,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sistent well being of human life on earth prove this point. If human ",p:108,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"beings did not cooperate with Satan ’s plans, he would have even less ",p:108,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"power in material reality. Terefore, in any social theology of geno-",p:108,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cide, we must acknowledge the satanic in the background or spiritual ",p:108,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"landscape of any human carnage. But we should be careful to avoid the ",p:108,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"suggestion that genocide is demonically initiated or forced on human ",p:108,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"beings by the Enemy. Human will and action seems to be able to pre-",p:108,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"vail, even while recognizing that the human heart, from the beginning ",p:108,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of Scripture, is desperately wicked (see Genesis 6:5, 11; 8:21). ",p:108,x:89,y:375,w:423,h:22},
{t:"People must have the freedom of choice to act on their will to be ",p:108,x:119,y:400,w:454,h:22},
{t:"accountable to the law, to society, and to God. If they deny they have a ",p:108,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"will, they are less than human. Terefore, the human will is important, ",p:108,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"for it gives people the power to do good or the power to do evil. To say ",p:108,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"we are not responsible for what we do, as some people try to do, is to ",p:108,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"deny our humanity, to deny our free will to choose. People may regret ",p:108,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"what they have done, but they cannot deny that they had a choice, the ",p:108,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"will to participate in the act. Free will is a gif from God for all of us. ",p:108,x:89,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"But how we use it is our choice. ",p:108,x:89,y:600,w:219,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:108,x:211,y:674,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:108,x:119,y:710,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How do you feel about the idea that the Enemy takes revenge ",p:108,x:148,y:710,w:423,h:22},
{t:"on God by harming human beings?",p:108,x:148,y:735,w:242,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:108,x:119,y:767,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you believe in personal Evil, a Satan?",p:108,x:148,y:767,w:276,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:108,x:119,y:800,w:16,h:22},
{t:"To what extent, and how, can people resist evil? ",p:108,x:148,y:800,w:327,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:108,x:119,y:832,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you agree with Paul Wood that “human nature does not ",p:108,x:148,y:832,w:412,h:22},
{t:"have to respond in this compelling way” to commit evil?",p:108,x:148,y:857,w:384,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   95",p:108,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:06",p:108,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:109,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:109,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"96",p:109,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"5. ",p:109,x:119,y:100,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you see from Scripture any support for the claim that ",p:109,x:148,y:100,w:392,h:22},
{t:"“the Enemy made me do it”?",p:109,x:148,y:125,w:195,h:22},
{t:"6. ",p:109,x:119,y:157,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What is your reaction to the idea that the Enemy demands ",p:109,x:148,y:157,w:403,h:22},
{t:"the shedding of human blood? How should we respond?",p:109,x:148,y:182,w:388,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   96",p:109,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:06",p:109,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"97",p:110,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 10",p:110,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"human Personal evil  ",p:110,x:185,y:293,w:305,h:30},
{t:"and the demonic",p:110,x:209,y:325,w:232,h:30},
{t:"We are noting that individuals have free choice, either to cooper-",p:110,x:119,y:410,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ate with the intention of the Enemy or to resist him. But we have also ",p:110,x:88,y:435,w:484,h:22},
{t:"seen that the Enemy will seek, shrewdly and subtly, to take revenge on ",p:110,x:88,y:460,w:483,h:22},
{t:"God and destroy everything good, precipitating maximum hate, pain, ",p:110,x:88,y:485,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and death. So how is it that human beings, created by God and in re-",p:110,x:88,y:510,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lationship with Him, can turn away and cooperate with the Enemy’s ",p:110,x:88,y:535,w:485,h:22},
{t:"intent to destroy all that is human and beautiful? ",p:110,x:88,y:560,w:337,h:22},
{t:"In many of the most traumatic situations of the twentieth cen-",p:110,x:118,y:585,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tury, we saw a minority of people collaborating with a small leader-",p:110,x:88,y:610,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ship to bring about mass murder. In the Holocaust for example, the ",p:110,x:88,y:635,w:485,h:22},
{t:"death camps were kept secret. Te majority of Germans, though per-",p:110,x:88,y:660,w:480,h:22},
{t:"haps guilty of ignoring the blatant racism, were not aware of the extent ",p:110,x:88,y:685,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the “ethnic cleansing” in their midst. But this was not the case in ",p:110,x:88,y:710,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda. ",p:110,x:88,y:735,w:63,h:22},
{t:"“Ordinary,” peace-loving people became murderers overnight, ",p:110,x:118,y:760,w:459,h:22},
{t:"inadvertently aided and abetted by an international community that ",p:110,x:88,y:785,w:485,h:22},
{t:"watched as tens of thousands were slaughtered every day. How can ",p:110,x:88,y:810,w:486,h:25},
{t:"such a thing really happen? We are going to look at three areas: what ",p:110,x:88,y:835,w:484,h:22},
{t:"happens when the Enemy takes advantage of our choices, what hap-",p:110,x:88,y:860,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   97",p:110,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:06",p:110,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:111,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:111,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"98",p:111,x:88,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"pens in the special case of violent or premature human death, and more ",p:111,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"unusually, what happens when children are killed.",p:111,x:89,y:125,w:340,h:22},
{t:"Addiction to Power and to Blood",p:111,x:89,y:169,w:271,h:27},
{t:"Te Gacaca court is part of a system of community justice inspired ",p:111,x:119,y:204,w:453,h:25},
{t:"by tradition and established in 2001 in Rwanda. Te court determined ",p:111,x:88,y:230,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that there were three levels of personal involvement in the 1994 gen-",p:111,x:88,y:255,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ocide: those who planned and led the genocide, those who saw the ",p:111,x:88,y:280,w:485,h:22},
{t:"potential for economic gain and took advantage of it, and those who ",p:111,x:88,y:305,w:484,h:22},
{t:"were carried along by the slaughter. Te frst two types clearly involve ",p:111,x:88,y:330,w:484,h:22},
{t:"intent, a calculated choice repeated over time. But the third type in-",p:111,x:88,y:355,w:480,h:22},
{t:"volved a more spontaneous act, albeit one that lasted for a month or ",p:111,x:88,y:380,w:484,h:22},
{t:"longer. Some weeks before, and perhaps afer the event, a person in this ",p:111,x:88,y:405,w:483,h:22},
{t:"category had no wish to be involved in such massacre again. But in the ",p:111,x:88,y:430,w:483,h:22},
{t:"heat of the moment, he too took up weapons, killing and maiming.",p:111,x:88,y:455,w:458,h:22},
{t:"From the accounts of those who were caught up in the murders, ",p:111,x:118,y:480,w:454,h:22},
{t:"it is clear that some became addicted by the power to harm and to the ",p:111,x:88,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"hate and the shedding of human blood. We are not referring here to ",p:111,x:88,y:530,w:485,h:22},
{t:"those who planned the genocide. Teir intent was far more deliber-",p:111,x:88,y:555,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ate, calculated, purposeful. But for some of the men and women who ",p:111,x:88,y:580,w:484,h:22},
{t:"suddenly found themselves with blood on their hands and weapons at ",p:111,x:88,y:605,w:483,h:22},
{t:"their side, there was a surprising addiction to do more. When they felt ",p:111,x:88,y:630,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the power, the release of the hate, they were more easily able to do it ",p:111,x:88,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"again. Others went into deep and profound shock, and for years afer-",p:111,x:88,y:680,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ward they loathed the time they committed such atrocities. ",p:111,x:88,y:705,w:408,h:22},
{t:"But it is in this addictive state that people say, “I don ’t know what ",p:111,x:118,y:730,w:453,h:22},
{t:"came over me.” Tey became capable of acts that normally would have ",p:111,x:88,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"repulsed them. One of the shocking things about the 1994 genocide in ",p:111,x:88,y:780,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda is the extreme level of torture and deliberately inficted pain, ",p:111,x:88,y:805,w:484,h:22},
{t:"even on those about to be murdered. Instead of a simple mass slaughter, ",p:111,x:88,y:830,w:482,h:22},
{t:"men, women, and children were forced to endure horrifc sufering be-",p:111,x:88,y:855,w:480,h:22},
{t:"fore being lef to die or, perhaps more mercifully, being killed.",p:111,x:88,y:880,w:421,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   98",p:111,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:06",p:111,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"human Pers",p:112,x:296,y:63,w:73,h:13},
{t:"onal evil and the ",p:112,x:377,y:63,w:121,h:13},
{t:"demoni C",p:112,x:510,y:63,w:58,h:13},
{t:"99",p:112,x:555,y:945,w:12,h:16},
{t:"We are suggesting that human nature enjoys sin. Tis is shock-",p:112,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ingly illustrated in the many reports of assassins killing their fellow ",p:112,x:88,y:125,w:486,h:22},
{t:"human beings with machetes, knives, and spears while laughing hys-",p:112,x:88,y:150,w:479,h:22},
{t:"terically. Tey enjoyed seeing people sufer and the power they had to ",p:112,x:88,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"hurt them. Tey enjoyed the fear their power provoked. Tey laughed ",p:112,x:88,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"at the trauma they inficted. Tey became addicted to the power of ",p:112,x:88,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"shedding human blood. Te power, the blood, and the pain became ",p:112,x:88,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"intoxicating.",p:112,x:88,y:275,w:86,h:22},
{t:"One must also concede that a depraved imagination is behind ",p:112,x:118,y:300,w:456,h:22},
{t:"such pernicious destructive evil. Would human nature alone normally ",p:112,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"be able to concoct such evil? If not, human beings have an ally, and ",p:112,x:88,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the evidence speaks eloquently of the ultimate nature and goal of this ",p:112,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"dark angel and his followers. His evil lust to destroy human life has no ",p:112,x:88,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"bounds except God Himself (Matthew 24:21).",p:112,x:88,y:425,w:320,h:22},
{t:"Demonically Driven Human Choices",p:112,x:89,y:469,w:305,h:27},
{t:"What many people believe is that the practice of such “evil” acts ",p:112,x:119,y:505,w:454,h:22},
{t:"requires that one be “possessed” by something more powerful than ",p:112,x:89,y:530,w:486,h:22},
{t:"one’s self. Human action becomes dictated by or driven by something ",p:112,x:89,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"supranormal. Tis seems to be the experience of some people in the ",p:112,x:89,y:580,w:485,h:22},
{t:"gospels (Mark 9:14; Luke 4:31), though not to the extent of commit-",p:112,x:89,y:605,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ting genocide. ",p:112,x:89,y:630,w:100,h:22},
{t:"Te evidence of Christ is that the demonic is predatory (Luke ",p:112,x:119,y:655,w:456,h:22},
{t:"22:31–32), seeking to exploit either the sin (Matthew 9:1–8) or dis-",p:112,x:89,y:680,w:480,h:22},
{t:"order in people’s lives (Mark 9:41; Luke 11:24–26) and on occasions ",p:112,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"physically trying to hurt them (Mark 9:20; Luke 4:35). Sometimes this ",p:112,x:89,y:730,w:483,h:22},
{t:"“possession” seems to be long-term (Matthew 17:14; Mark 5:1–5), ",p:112,x:89,y:755,w:486,h:22},
{t:"while it can also be an occasional event (Luke 9:37–40). Tis is why ",p:112,x:89,y:780,w:485,h:22},
{t:"many Christians today would make a distinction between oppression ",p:112,x:89,y:805,w:484,h:22},
{t:"by the Enemy (the occasional) and possession (long-term). In its ex-",p:112,x:89,y:830,w:480,h:22},
{t:"treme form, a chosen surrender to the Enemy can be worship of the ",p:112,x:89,y:855,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Enemy (Revelation 9:20–21).",p:112,x:89,y:880,w:204,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   99",p:112,x:15,y:1056,w:193,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:06",p:112,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:113,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:113,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"100",p:113,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"How does this oppression or possession occur in otherwise well-",p:113,x:119,y:100,w:450,h:22},
{t:"intentioned individuals? It seems to be by their own personal choice, ",p:113,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"building over a period of time. It is each person ’s choice to take the ",p:113,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"opportunity, to take advantage of the power given, each one’s choice ",p:113,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to hate or to harm. Tese gradual steps toward greater harm to oth-",p:113,x:89,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ers gives more strength and opportunity to the Enemy. Tis was how ",p:113,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Satan entered Judas (John 13:27) and tried to enter Peter (Mark ",p:113,x:89,y:250,w:487,h:22},
{t:"8:33)—promising the power to harm. ",p:113,x:89,y:275,w:263,h:22},
{t:"One talks about being “possessed” by the Enemy or his hoards. ",p:113,x:119,y:300,w:455,h:22},
{t:"Consequently, the acts themselves, with all their “evil” obsessions, ",p:113,x:89,y:325,w:487,h:22},
{t:"are driven by the demonic, but they are done through human behav-",p:113,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ior—both in deliberation and consequences. What becomes clear, ",p:113,x:89,y:375,w:487,h:22},
{t:"even in a brief overview of the subject of the demonic, is that Satan ",p:113,x:89,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"himself seeks to exploit human sin and misbehavior, and where he can ",p:113,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"he will support and promote any and all forms of human misbehavior. ",p:113,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Oppression and possession do not seem to imply a person being taken ",p:113,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"over and, in a robotic way, being used to kill and harm. People can, if ",p:113,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"they wish, resist this predatory exploitation (Mark 16:15; James 4:7), ",p:113,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"or they can choose to give themselves over to its power (Matthew 9:28; ",p:113,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"11:24; Luke 4:33).1",p:113,x:89,y:575,w:133,h:22},
{t:"Christ taught that only He is permitted to possess human beings. ",p:113,x:119,y:600,w:454,h:22},
{t:"We should not only be clothed in Christ but also have Him live in us ",p:113,x:89,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"(John 14:23; 17:26). But in a similar way, human beings appear to have ",p:113,x:89,y:650,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the power to surrender themselves to spirits other than the Holy Spirit ",p:113,x:89,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and become possessed by them. Te person, once possessed by such evil ",p:113,x:89,y:700,w:482,h:22},
{t:"spirits, can act in ways that are supernormal (Mark 5:4). Te slaughter ",p:113,x:89,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of human life, done by human beings, is therefore ultimately attributed ",p:113,x:89,y:750,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to Satan (Revelation 11:7–10; 12:9). In this possessed state, human ",p:113,x:89,y:775,w:485,h:22},
{t:"beings are able to perform evil acts both against themselves and others ",p:113,x:89,y:800,w:483,h:22},
{t:"(Genesis 4:6–7; Revelation 9:18). ",p:113,x:89,y:825,w:235,h:22},
{t:"1. But we would also want to clarify the erosion of free will by habitual sin, addiction, ",p:113,x:89,y:881,w:482,h:18},
{t:"and an unwillingness to own our baggage. ",p:113,x:89,y:900,w:237,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   100",p:113,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:06",p:113,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"human Pers",p:114,x:296,y:63,w:73,h:13},
{t:"onal evil and the ",p:114,x:377,y:63,w:121,h:13},
{t:"demoni C",p:114,x:510,y:63,w:58,h:13},
{t:"101",p:114,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Scripture does not seem to show evidence of a direct connec-",p:114,x:119,y:100,w:450,h:22},
{t:"tion between the role of evil actually imposing human sufering and ",p:114,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the specifc carnage that is part of our human history in this world. ",p:114,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Even though the Enemy may wish to claim such powers over people, ",p:114,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Scripture is silent on this direct connection. Instead, Scripture merely ",p:114,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"recognizes the place of human evil and its power to take life (see, for ",p:114,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"instance, Genesis 6:5, 11; 8:21). Scripture does not seek to explain how ",p:114,x:89,y:250,w:482,h:22},
{t:"this works. ",p:114,x:89,y:275,w:78,h:22},
{t:"But in making human beings responsible for acts of evil, a cau-",p:114,x:119,y:300,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tion is needed. Christ acknowledges the Enemy’s power to steal fruit ",p:114,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"(Matthew 13:19). Christ also calls Satan a murderer from the begin-",p:114,x:88,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ning, suggesting he was behind the murder of Abel by Cain. Christ ",p:114,x:88,y:375,w:485,h:25},
{t:"states: “You belong to your father, the devil, and you want to carry out ",p:114,x:88,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"your father’s desire. He was a murderer from the beginning” (John ",p:114,x:88,y:425,w:486,h:22},
{t:"8:44). Christ attributes this death and its power to Satan, even though ",p:114,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"one sees no direct biblical evidence that Satan has directly murdered ",p:114,x:88,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"anyone. Instead, we need to admit that the Enemy’s instrument always ",p:114,x:88,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"seems to be people. ",p:114,x:88,y:525,w:135,h:22},
{t:"Christ’s statement is important to all of us, because it notes the du-",p:114,x:118,y:550,w:449,h:22},
{t:"alism of what one person did to another while acknowledging that in ",p:114,x:88,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the spiritual landscape of the events there was a participatory respon-",p:114,x:88,y:600,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sibility of the Enemy’s purposes as well. What Christ seems to be sug-",p:114,x:88,y:625,w:480,h:22},
{t:"gesting is that none of us are robots, neither are we merely clay molded ",p:114,x:88,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"by the Enemy, who can make us do whatever he wants. If this were true, ",p:114,x:88,y:675,w:482,h:22},
{t:"there would be no such thing as the gif of free human will, a gif from ",p:114,x:88,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"God for all of us that is integral to our humanness. ",p:114,x:88,y:725,w:348,h:22},
{t:"Instead, our own actions and choices can be supplemented by ",p:114,x:118,y:750,w:457,h:22},
{t:"the power of the Enemy. We, perhaps unwittingly, become part of the ",p:114,x:88,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"means by which he achieves his purposes. Tis leads us to the conclu-",p:114,x:88,y:800,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sion that while the genocide was no doubt demonically empowered, ",p:114,x:88,y:825,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the initial planning and the individual choices were all human.",p:114,x:88,y:850,w:427,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   101",p:114,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:114,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:115,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:115,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"102",p:115,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Human Death",p:115,x:89,y:99,w:118,h:27},
{t:"Te issue of death itself in Scripture is also an interesting one. Te ",p:115,x:119,y:135,w:453,h:22},
{t:"Enemy has the power of death (Hebrews 2:14). Tis would suggest ",p:115,x:89,y:160,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the power in certain situations to kill prematurely, though Scripture ",p:115,x:89,y:185,w:485,h:22},
{t:"does not seem to expand on how this power was given and how it is ",p:115,x:89,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"practiced. Scripture also teaches that the timely death of followers of ",p:115,x:89,y:235,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ, at a time chosen by God, is sweet to God: “Precious in the sight ",p:115,x:89,y:260,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the Lord is the death of his saints” (Psalm 116:15). On this basis ",p:115,x:89,y:285,w:485,h:22},
{t:"God must feel grief when a life is taken prematurely, as with murder, ",p:115,x:89,y:310,w:484,h:22},
{t:"suicide, genocide, or even “accidents.” Untimely death is where God’s ",p:115,x:89,y:335,w:484,h:22},
{t:"promise of a long life is not fulflled (Ecclesiastes 8:15; John 5:21), ",p:115,x:89,y:360,w:486,h:22},
{t:"where life is stolen. ",p:115,x:89,y:385,w:133,h:22},
{t:"Although evil ofen seems to be behind human misbehavior, it ",p:115,x:119,y:410,w:456,h:22},
{t:"does not seem to be able to force or induce such human harm without ",p:115,x:89,y:435,w:483,h:22},
{t:"human surrender. Human evil alone seems to be enough to perform ",p:115,x:89,y:460,w:485,h:22},
{t:"murder, without the direct addition of the demonic (Genesis 18:20–",p:115,x:89,y:485,w:480,h:22},
{t:"21; 19:4). Jesus even suggests that others will murder Christians in the ",p:115,x:89,y:510,w:483,h:22},
{t:"name of God during the last days (John 16:1–4). So although it seems ",p:115,x:89,y:535,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a human instinct to attribute “evil” to unacceptable human acts, it is ",p:115,x:89,y:560,w:485,h:22},
{t:"not accurate to give Satan and his hoards full credit for extreme harm-",p:115,x:89,y:585,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ful behavior by human beings. People may call it evil, but it could just ",p:115,x:89,y:610,w:484,h:22},
{t:"be human evil behavior. On the other hand, the Enemy could be be-",p:115,x:89,y:635,w:480,h:22},
{t:"hind it. We cannot tell. It may be that only the gif of discernment will ",p:115,x:89,y:660,w:483,h:22},
{t:"help us to know the diference (Hebrews 5:11–14). ",p:115,x:89,y:685,w:355,h:22},
{t:"We believe a note a caution is needed. Although people recog-",p:115,x:119,y:710,w:449,h:22},
{t:"nize a direct connection between human atrocities and their demonic ",p:115,x:88,y:735,w:484,h:22},
{t:"inspiration or support, it will not be until the return of Christ that ",p:115,x:88,y:760,w:485,h:22},
{t:"such matters are fnally settled (see Matthew 13: 49–50; 16:27; 24:3; ",p:115,x:88,y:785,w:484,h:22},
{t:"25:14–4). Ten we will see more clearly what is human and what is ",p:115,x:88,y:810,w:485,h:22},
{t:"demonic in the fabric of human history. Likewise, at present we are un-",p:115,x:88,y:835,w:480,h:22},
{t:"able to understand clearly how such demonically inspired evil actually ",p:115,x:88,y:860,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   102",p:115,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:115,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"human Pers",p:116,x:296,y:63,w:73,h:13},
{t:"onal evil and the ",p:116,x:377,y:63,w:121,h:13},
{t:"demoni C",p:116,x:510,y:63,w:58,h:13},
{t:"103",p:116,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"takes place and what the mechanics of this process actually are. It is not ",p:116,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"possible at this time to say how this actually happens.",p:116,x:89,y:125,w:363,h:22},
{t:"But what is clear is that, both from Scripture and people’s experi-",p:116,x:118,y:150,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ence, one can see a direct connection between the destruction of hu-",p:116,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"man life, including children, and the inspiration of the Enemy in ex-",p:116,x:89,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ploiting and promoting such human behavior. But one must be careful ",p:116,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"not to attribute to Satan what one human being does to another. In the ",p:116,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"case of the Rwandan genocide, many people were killed by fellow citi-",p:116,x:89,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"zens, friends, family, and neighbors. How can a man kill his wife and ",p:116,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"children as an act of racism? To what extent can we blame the person, ",p:116,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and at what point do we blame the Enemy? At this time we seem un-",p:116,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"able to conclusively answer where the line can be drawn. ",p:116,x:89,y:375,w:387,h:22},
{t:"Human Child Sacrifce",p:116,x:89,y:419,w:187,h:27},
{t:"Although not a central focus of Scripture, the references to child ",p:116,x:119,y:455,w:454,h:22},
{t:"sacrifce have a telling message for us today. God forbids such sacri-",p:116,x:89,y:480,w:479,h:22},
{t:"fce: “Do not give any of your children to be sacrifced to Molech” ",p:116,x:89,y:505,w:486,h:22},
{t:"(Leviticus 18:21). Te death penalty was imposed on any Israelite who ",p:116,x:89,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"did (Leviticus 20).2 But as Solomon grew old, his foreign wives turned ",p:116,x:89,y:555,w:483,h:23},
{t:"his heart to worship Molech, causing his descendents to lose the king-",p:116,x:88,y:580,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dom (1 Kings 11:4). Yahweh describes Molech as “that detestable god” ",p:116,x:88,y:605,w:483,h:22},
{t:"(1 Kings 11:5). Josiah desecrated some of the high places used for child ",p:116,x:88,y:630,w:483,h:22},
{t:"sacrifce (2 Kings 23:10), while Jeremiah condemned such sacrifces ",p:116,x:88,y:655,w:485,h:22},
{t:"(Jeremiah 32:35) and later sent Molech into exile (Jeremiah 49:3).3",p:116,x:88,y:680,w:462,h:22},
{t:"Evil power is attached to the idea of child sacrifce. Something de-",p:116,x:119,y:705,w:449,h:22},
{t:"monic is released when a child is killed in this ritualistic way. Let us ",p:116,x:88,y:730,w:485,h:22},
{t:"illustrate. When the king of Edom was losing his battle against Israel, ",p:116,x:88,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"2. While asserting strongly God’s hatred of child sacrifce, we would also want to ",p:116,x:89,y:808,w:454,h:18},
{t:"distinguish this from the sacrifce of Christ, which was clearly undertaken with the ",p:116,x:89,y:826,w:465,h:18},
{t:"Father’s approval. (Tank you to Canon Michael Green for this point.)",p:116,x:89,y:845,w:397,h:18},
{t:"3. For a full discussion of the subject of Molech, see G. C. Heider, “Molech, ” in Te ",p:116,x:89,y:863,w:468,h:20},
{t:"Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, ed. K. V. D. Toorn, et al. (Leiden: Brill, ",p:116,x:89,y:881,w:479,h:20},
{t:"1995) 1090.",p:116,x:89,y:900,w:69,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   103",p:116,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:116,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:117,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:117,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"104",p:117,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"he took his eldest son, who was to inherit his throne, and killed him ",p:117,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"on the city wall. “Te fury against Israel was great; they withdrew and ",p:117,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"returned to their own land” (2 Kings 3:26). Israel was defeated by ",p:117,x:89,y:150,w:486,h:22},
{t:"the shedding of the child’s blood and the evil it subsequently released ",p:117,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"against them. ",p:117,x:89,y:200,w:95,h:22},
{t:"Something horrifc is discharged by the ritual shedding of inno-",p:117,x:118,y:225,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cent blood, especially that of children. Scripture is silent on how this ",p:117,x:88,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"works, but it seems to be the case. A demonic authority is somehow ",p:117,x:88,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"unleashed when blood is shed in this way. In studying some of the ways ",p:117,x:88,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"children were killed in Rwanda, a ritual symbolism is mirrored in some ",p:117,x:88,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of these killings. Te impact on the surviving abused mother alone ",p:117,x:88,y:350,w:486,h:22},
{t:"would be devastating. ",p:117,x:88,y:375,w:152,h:22},
{t:"One should be careful not to overlook the close parallels between ",p:117,x:118,y:400,w:453,h:22},
{t:"what the Enemy demanded of pagan kings fghting Israel, and some of ",p:117,x:88,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the consequences that may have been felt or released by the crazed evil ",p:117,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"done against the children in Rwanda.4 Te evidence is that such slaugh-",p:117,x:88,y:475,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ter released more evil, which in turn led to much more slaughter. Only ",p:117,x:88,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the intervention of the police and a damping down of this excessive evil ",p:117,x:88,y:525,w:482,h:22},
{t:"brought it to an end. ",p:117,x:88,y:550,w:145,h:22},
{t:"When looking at Scripture on child sacrifce, one must put this ",p:117,x:118,y:575,w:455,h:22},
{t:"pagan evil practice into perspective. What Scripture also speaks of is ",p:117,x:88,y:600,w:485,h:22},
{t:"a greater sacrifce. In fact, the greatest sacrifce. Tis is the giving of ",p:117,x:88,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Christ, the Son, by the Father (Hebrews 7:27). Tis greater sacrifce ",p:117,x:88,y:650,w:485,h:22},
{t:"is the foundation of our own salvation and holiness. Shedding of hu-",p:117,x:88,y:675,w:480,h:22},
{t:"man blood is no longer needed, especially the sacrifce of children. ",p:117,x:88,y:700,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Instead we should afrm the death, resurrection, and atoning of Christ. ",p:117,x:88,y:725,w:482,h:22},
{t:"Te shedding of His blood brings an end to the shedding of blood. ",p:117,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, “To deal with and redeem the blood-soaked ",p:117,x:88,y:775,w:485,h:22},
{t:"4. It still continues. See Te New Times, KIGALI, September 21, 2006, page 5, ",p:117,x:89,y:826,w:443,h:20},
{t:"“Woman arrested for cannibalism, ” where a twenty-three-year-old killed a fve-year-",p:117,x:89,y:845,w:466,h:18},
{t:"old girl, a neighbor, cut of her legs, and with a friend cooked and ate them, throwing ",p:117,x:89,y:863,w:477,h:18},
{t:"the rest of the body away. Tey were told by an old woman to do this if they wanted ",p:117,x:89,y:881,w:470,h:18},
{t:"to end their personal troubles. ",p:117,x:89,y:900,w:171,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   104",p:117,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:117,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"human Pers",p:118,x:296,y:63,w:73,h:13},
{t:"onal evil and the ",p:118,x:377,y:63,w:121,h:13},
{t:"demoni C",p:118,x:510,y:63,w:58,h:13},
{t:"105",p:118,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"land would seem to be critical to giving the people of Rwanda a safe ",p:118,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"place to fnd their healing. ”",p:118,x:89,y:125,w:185,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:118,x:211,y:199,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:118,x:119,y:235,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What are your views on possession by the Enemy?",p:118,x:148,y:235,w:342,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:118,x:119,y:267,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How would you distinguish between possession by the ",p:118,x:148,y:267,w:378,h:22},
{t:"Enemy and Christ in us?",p:118,x:148,y:292,w:169,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:118,x:119,y:325,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Why do we need the gif of discernment to see evil?",p:118,x:148,y:325,w:353,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:118,x:119,y:357,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What does Scripture teach about the role of evil in the world ",p:118,x:148,y:357,w:419,h:22},
{t:"and how can we resist it? ",p:118,x:148,y:382,w:174,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:118,x:119,y:415,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Outline some ways that we see evil in the world today.",p:118,x:148,y:415,w:369,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   105",p:118,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:118,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"107",p:119,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 11",p:119,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"the east african  ",p:119,x:214,y:293,w:249,h:30},
{t:"great lakes region",p:119,x:193,y:325,w:268,h:30},
{t:"Introducing Africa",p:119,x:89,y:430,w:152,h:27},
{t:"Africa has the dubious distinctions of having some of the harsh-",p:119,x:119,y:465,w:449,h:22},
{t:"est climates, largest populations, and poorest societies on earth. Africa ",p:119,x:88,y:490,w:483,h:22},
{t:"has a rapidly growing population of more than fve hundred million ",p:119,x:88,y:515,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and the highest birth-rate of any continent. It has over one thousand ",p:119,x:88,y:540,w:484,h:22},
{t:"language groups and many more dialects and cultural-regional distinc-",p:119,x:88,y:565,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tions. Some of the largest deserts and the richest farmland are in Africa. ",p:119,x:88,y:590,w:483,h:22},
{t:"It has some of the greatest lakes and some of the most polluted rivers. ",p:119,x:88,y:615,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Africa is a remarkable continent for many reasons. ",p:119,x:88,y:640,w:346,h:22},
{t:"Nestled in the highlands of Central East Africa is a small country ",p:119,x:118,y:665,w:454,h:22},
{t:"barely the size of Maryland (U.S.) or Belgium. It is rich in vegetation ",p:119,x:88,y:690,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and has consistent seasonal rainfall that makes it one of the most pro-",p:119,x:88,y:715,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ductive farmland regions in Africa. ",p:119,x:88,y:740,w:243,h:22},
{t:"Tis beautiful, lush green landscape has been the backdrop for the ",p:119,x:118,y:765,w:453,h:22},
{t:"worst genocide, the worst single outbreak of mass destruction in Africa. ",p:119,x:88,y:790,w:482,h:22},
{t:"It is as if alongside this majestic landscape has been placed a spiritual ",p:119,x:88,y:815,w:484,h:22},
{t:"scenery in which the serpent we described earlier has been exerting its ",p:119,x:88,y:840,w:484,h:22},
{t:"infuence—sometimes seen, sometimes hidden.",p:119,x:88,y:865,w:324,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   107",p:119,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:119,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:120,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:120,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"108",p:120,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"We have already noted that the racist hate in the region was fed by ",p:120,x:112,y:100,w:453,h:22},
{t:"the colonial settlers. So what of the spiritual scenery prior to that time? ",p:120,x:82,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Is there a bigger picture here than any of us have been aware of? In ",p:120,x:82,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"this chapter we want to suggest some ideas that might contribute to an ",p:120,x:82,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"understanding of the prevalence of genocide in all the East African na-",p:120,x:82,y:200,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tions. Tey are speculations that might be helpful in gaining a deeper ",p:120,x:82,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"understanding of the spiritual landscape of the genocide.",p:120,x:82,y:250,w:387,h:22},
{t:"Pre-Christian Religion of the Region",p:120,x:82,y:294,w:300,h:27},
{t:"Here are the questions many people ask: “Isn ’t the Great Lakes area ",p:120,x:112,y:330,w:452,h:22},
{t:"a Christian region?1 So why are all these atrocities happening there?” ",p:120,x:82,y:355,w:484,h:22},
{t:"It is true that the Great Lakes Region of Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, ",p:120,x:82,y:380,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Congo, and Uganda is 90 percent Christian. Tey are Christian coun-",p:120,x:82,y:405,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tries, so what has happened?",p:120,x:82,y:430,w:193,h:22},
{t:"In Africa the spiritual landscape is all about ancient and ofen for-",p:120,x:112,y:455,w:449,h:22},
{t:"gotten covenants. Ancestors made commitments to a variety of gods, ",p:120,x:82,y:480,w:484,h:22},
{t:"commitments that are now forgotten or ignored. But if we accept that ",p:120,x:82,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"such spiritual powers do exist, if we treat these gods as part of the spir-",p:120,x:82,y:530,w:480,h:22},
{t:"itual landscape, then we must ask what the consequences are of these ",p:120,x:82,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"covenants that were made. Are they really forgotten, along with the ",p:120,x:82,y:580,w:485,h:22},
{t:"people who made them? Or do they still exist and carry authority in ",p:120,x:82,y:605,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the spiritual landscape until they are renounced? ",p:120,x:82,y:630,w:335,h:22},
{t:"1. Te ofcial fgure is that Muslims represent only a very small minority of the popu-",p:120,x:82,y:868,w:479,h:18},
{t:"lation, and the majority played no active part in the genocide. Peter and Kibalama ",p:120,x:82,y:886,w:460,h:18},
{t:"(eds.), Civil Society, 43.",p:120,x:82,y:904,w:129,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   108",p:120,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:120,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the east aFri Can great lakes region",p:121,x:308,y:63,w:257,h:13},
{t:"109",p:121,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Let us look at an example. It is known that in these regions worship ",p:121,x:119,y:100,w:452,h:22},
{t:"of river, lake, and forest gods used to be common practice.2 Tis wor-",p:121,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ship involved appeasing the gods, sometimes involving the shedding of ",p:121,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"blood, animal or human. Worshipers would make covenants, promises ",p:121,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that they would fulfll, so that the gods in return would look favorably ",p:121,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"on the people who depended, for example, on the fsh of the lake for ",p:121,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"their livelihood. Before the coming of the missionaries the shedding of ",p:121,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"blood in sacrifce was common in the region.",p:121,x:89,y:275,w:306,h:22},
{t:"In Rwandan society there was no direct worship of the rivers or ",p:121,x:118,y:300,w:455,h:22},
{t:"lakes apart from its connection with the ancestors. And there was ",p:121,x:89,y:325,w:486,h:22},
{t:"no human sacrifce. But if the native peoples of the region had made ",p:121,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"covenants with the gods, what would happen to those covenants once ",p:121,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the ancestral gods were no longer being worshiped? From the time ",p:121,x:89,y:400,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Christianity reached the Great Lakes Region, the practice of human or ",p:121,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"blood sacrifce was outlawed. Such covenants have stood for centuries. ",p:121,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"So are we to assume that simply by the coming of the missionaries and ",p:121,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the building of churches they are annulled?",p:121,x:89,y:500,w:295,h:22},
{t:"It is possible to imagine that in the Great Lakes Region the an-",p:121,x:118,y:525,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cient river gods are still demanding shed blood in fulflment of these ",p:121,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"covenants. Is it their right? Te arrival of Christianity, far from annul-",p:121,x:88,y:575,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ling the covenants, would starve them of fulfllment. Tereafer the “ac-",p:121,x:88,y:600,w:479,h:22},
{t:"count” was not being balanced. Te claim of these gods, particularly ",p:121,x:88,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of the lakes, rivers, and forests, were therefore not being met. But the ",p:121,x:88,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"ancient covenants still stood. Perhaps in the genocide we see the claims ",p:121,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of these covenants being redressed, with blood being shed. ",p:121,x:88,y:700,w:402,h:22},
{t:"2. For background to the water god culture of North East Africa, see T. Allen, “Un-",p:121,x:89,y:753,w:468,h:18},
{t:"derstanding Alice: Uganda ’s Holy Spirit Movement in Context, ” Afica 61 (1991) 3; ",p:121,x:89,y:771,w:473,h:20},
{t:"E. Ludwig, Te Nile: Te Life Story of a River, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1940), ",p:121,x:89,y:789,w:469,h:20},
{t:"D. Ogungbile, “Water Symbolism in African Culture and Afro Christian Churches, ” ",p:121,x:89,y:808,w:475,h:18},
{t:"Journal of Religious Tought 53/54 (1997) 21; F. E. Prins, “Praise to the Bushmen ",p:121,x:89,y:826,w:457,h:20},
{t:"Ancestors of the Water, ” in Miscast: Negotiating the Presence of the Bushmen, ed. P. ",p:121,x:89,y:844,w:459,h:20},
{t:"Skotnes (Cape Town University Press, 1996); B. Shadle, “Patronage, Millenialism ",p:121,x:89,y:863,w:459,h:18},
{t:"and the Serpent God Mumbo in South-West Kenya, ” Afica 72 (2002) 29. (Tanks to ",p:121,x:89,y:881,w:480,h:20},
{t:"Paul Wood.)",p:121,x:89,y:900,w:71,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   109",p:121,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:121,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:122,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:122,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"110",p:122,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, “I would suggest, intuitively, that there ",p:122,x:119,y:100,w:456,h:22},
{t:"were (and still are) ancient issues of the land and the water, covenants ",p:122,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"made with human blood, that the revival was intended to penetrate ",p:122,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and exorcise. But for whatever reason it was stopped short of that. [Te ",p:122,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"country of] Wales shows us that if revival stops short the condition ",p:122,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"aferward can be worse than before. Te stopping short has much to do ",p:122,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"with human and institutional control, so the church is the key player. ” ",p:122,x:89,y:250,w:479,h:22},
{t:"For much of the last century these blood covenants were not being ",p:122,x:119,y:275,w:453,h:22},
{t:"met. In 1994, the river Kagera, the “river of blood,” was blocked with ",p:122,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the dead bodies of the people slaughtered. Te rivers ran red and took ",p:122,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"many thousands of the dead bodies down into Lake Victoria. One way ",p:122,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of looking at this is that in the spiritual landscape, the neglect of hu-",p:122,x:89,y:375,w:480,h:22},
{t:"man sacrifce was being redressed. ",p:122,x:89,y:400,w:234,h:22},
{t:"During the genocide some people were given the job of killing ba-",p:122,x:119,y:425,w:449,h:22},
{t:"bies. It is blasphemy against the Christian God to kill a baby, to destroy ",p:122,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"purity and innocence. Likewise, women were dehumanized, paraded ",p:122,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"publicly, and raped. Pregnant women were opened up to see if the baby ",p:122,x:88,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"was a boy, so it could be killed. Every male (Tutsi and moderate Hutu) ",p:122,x:88,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that could be found was killed. Was this also echoing the traditional ",p:122,x:88,y:550,w:485,h:22},
{t:"demands of the gods, the spirits of the jungle and the hills, and the wa-",p:122,x:88,y:575,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ter gods of the Nilotic and Lakes Region? Such practices take us back ",p:122,x:88,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to the times of Moses, Egypt, and the Pharaoh ’s (Exodus 11), or even ",p:122,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to the time of Christ’s birth, where all male babies were ordered to be ",p:122,x:88,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"killed (Matthew 2:16). ",p:122,x:88,y:675,w:160,h:22},
{t:"Blood Covenants",p:122,x:89,y:719,w:141,h:27},
{t:"Connected to this is the practice of eating human fesh and drink-",p:122,x:119,y:755,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ing the blood. It is traditionally believed in African society that when ",p:122,x:88,y:780,w:484,h:22},
{t:"one has the opportunity to do this then the person ’s spirit will not come ",p:122,x:88,y:805,w:482,h:22},
{t:"afer you. Tis is especially true if you are able to eat the heart. Tese ",p:122,x:88,y:830,w:484,h:22},
{t:"practices were supposed to be a guaranteed way to stop people from ",p:122,x:88,y:855,w:485,h:22},
{t:"coming back from the spirit world and avenging you. It is said that Idi ",p:122,x:88,y:880,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   110",p:122,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:07",p:122,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the east aFri Can great lakes region",p:123,x:308,y:63,w:257,h:13},
{t:"111",p:123,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Amin, who committed appalling atrocities in Uganda, would wipe his ",p:123,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"mouth with the bloodied sword with which he had killed people. ",p:123,x:89,y:125,w:449,h:22},
{t:"We are noting a belief in the power of the sharing of shed blood. ",p:123,x:118,y:150,w:454,h:22},
{t:"Pacts between individuals who wanted to strengthen their relationship ",p:123,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"involved blood covenants, ofen including a ritual and witnesses. Tis ",p:123,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"was part of African culture. Such traditions were widely accepted, giv-",p:123,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing rights to family member. A simple illustration of this is two people ",p:123,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"using a razor and cutting their abdomens, then each putting the oth-",p:123,x:89,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"er’s blood in his own mouth. As this is done, someone else pronounces ",p:123,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"words over both, stating that if they betray the covenant grave misfor-",p:123,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tune will fall on both them and their families. ",p:123,x:89,y:350,w:315,h:22},
{t:"It is interesting to go deeper, by noting the similarity between some ",p:123,x:118,y:375,w:452,h:22},
{t:"practices in traditional African religion and those of the Old Testament. ",p:123,x:89,y:400,w:482,h:22},
{t:"Blood symbolized life, the life in the body. In the Old Testament, it was ",p:123,x:89,y:425,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the practice to lay the sins of the people on the goat. Te goat’s life ",p:123,x:89,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"became the vehicle of shame for removing sin from among the people ",p:123,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"(Leviticus 16:5). In Africa, in a similar way, they lay the curses on the ",p:123,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"goats or other animals. Or they capture the spirits of the deceased per-",p:123,x:89,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"son in a pot and put it somewhere in the forest. You are warned not to ",p:123,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"touch or go near the pot, or the spirit will come afer you. Likewise, ",p:123,x:89,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"when you see a wandering goat you will always avoid it.",p:123,x:89,y:600,w:377,h:22},
{t:"A Christian Response",p:123,x:89,y:644,w:177,h:27},
{t:"To the ears of those in the West, a spirituality that believes in river ",p:123,x:119,y:680,w:453,h:22},
{t:"gods, covenants of worship, and the power of shed blood is so far re-",p:123,x:89,y:705,w:480,h:22},
{t:"moved from daily life that it may almost sound ridiculous. If we are to ",p:123,x:89,y:730,w:483,h:22},
{t:"support Rwanda as it recovers from this genocide, if we are to help the ",p:123,x:89,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people recover the best of their values and traditions, it is important ",p:123,x:89,y:780,w:484,h:22},
{t:"that we understand the world they are familiar with. It is not for us ",p:123,x:89,y:805,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to decide that the way they see material and spiritual realities is folly. ",p:123,x:89,y:830,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Perhaps they understand more than we do what the connections really ",p:123,x:89,y:855,w:483,h:22},
{t:"are. Te deepest deceptive power of the Enemy is in his ability to stop ",p:123,x:89,y:880,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   111",p:123,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:123,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:124,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:124,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"112",p:124,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"us owning truth about ourselves and the world we all live in. What we ",p:124,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"deny becomes his hidden power. ",p:124,x:89,y:125,w:225,h:22},
{t:"Christianity traditionally, somewhat arrogantly, has a tendency to ",p:124,x:118,y:150,w:453,h:22},
{t:"ignore the blood covenants of ancient peoples and presumes that the ",p:124,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"blood of Christ automatically clears it all away when it moves into an ",p:124,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"area and plants churches. Te evidence may be that these ancient ritu-",p:124,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"als and their covenants still stand and continue to have some authority. ",p:124,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tis would go some way to explain the pogrom of bloodshed in this ",p:124,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"region. We have already noted the connection between evil and human ",p:124,x:89,y:300,w:482,h:22},
{t:"cooperation. It may be that unless these covenants are now specifcally ",p:124,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"undone and renounced, they will quietly remain in place, demanding ",p:124,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"more bloodshed. ",p:124,x:89,y:375,w:119,h:22},
{t:"Such hidden covenants are a deep challenge to the church. For ",p:124,x:118,y:400,w:456,h:22},
{t:"instance, in Uganda even today some people go down to the lakes to ",p:124,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"connect with spirits there. Tis happens at all the lakes. Te spirits are ",p:124,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"believed to be in the lakes, and it is said they are very stubborn and ",p:124,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"demanding. ",p:124,x:89,y:500,w:85,h:22},
{t:"It is also interesting to note that one of the things Yahweh did at ",p:124,x:118,y:525,w:454,h:22},
{t:"the time of the Exodus was to drown the Egyptian army in the riv-",p:124,x:89,y:550,w:480,h:22},
{t:"er, thereby proving He was stronger than the Egyptian Nilotic river ",p:124,x:89,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"gods. Yahweh has more authority. If the church ignores these ancestral ",p:124,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"claims, does that weaken the authority of Christ in the same way that ",p:124,x:89,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Israel was weakened when it did not deal with other gods in the way ",p:124,x:89,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Yahweh required?",p:124,x:89,y:675,w:124,h:22},
{t:"In traditional African society when men went to war, it is said ",p:124,x:118,y:700,w:456,h:22},
{t:"the mother held her right breast, thereby sending the men away with ",p:124,x:89,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a blessing so they return conquerors, having shed the blood of the en-",p:124,x:89,y:750,w:480,h:22},
{t:"emy. One of the problems may be that Christianity has largely ignored ",p:124,x:89,y:775,w:483,h:22},
{t:"many of these rituals and practices of the indigenous local people of the ",p:124,x:89,y:800,w:482,h:22},
{t:"region. Tis could mean that Christianity is no more than a cultural ve-",p:124,x:89,y:825,w:480,h:22},
{t:"neer, with much of this ancient covenant history remaining untouched ",p:124,x:89,y:850,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and unchallenged.",p:124,x:89,y:875,w:125,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   112",p:124,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:124,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the east aFri Can great lakes region",p:125,x:308,y:63,w:257,h:13},
{t:"113",p:125,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:125,x:211,y:99,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:125,x:119,y:135,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Where in Scripture do we see the importance of blood ",p:125,x:148,y:135,w:376,h:22},
{t:"covenants? ",p:125,x:148,y:160,w:79,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:125,x:119,y:192,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Can women be blamed for remaining silent when their men ",p:125,x:148,y:192,w:413,h:22},
{t:"were genocidaires?",p:125,x:148,y:217,w:128,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:125,x:119,y:250,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Did the church do wrong in ignoring these ancient beliefs of ",p:125,x:148,y:250,w:416,h:22},
{t:"the people of the Great Lakes Region?",p:125,x:148,y:275,w:262,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:125,x:119,y:307,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What is your reaction to the idea that some of these ancient ",p:125,x:148,y:307,w:411,h:22},
{t:"covenants might still have power today? What do you think ",p:125,x:148,y:332,w:413,h:22},
{t:"the church should do about this?",p:125,x:148,y:357,w:226,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   113",p:125,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:125,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"115",p:126,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 12",p:126,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"violence against  ",p:126,x:211,y:293,w:254,h:30},
{t:"Women and Children",p:126,x:182,y:325,w:269,h:30},
{t:"Traditional Rwandan society would not allow women, children, ",p:126,x:119,y:410,w:455,h:22},
{t:"or the elderly to be harmed, even in times of war, for “their blood is ",p:126,x:89,y:435,w:485,h:22},
{t:"dangerous.” Children were innocent, women the source of life, and ",p:126,x:89,y:460,w:486,h:22},
{t:"the elderly the source of wisdom. Society cannot be sustained without ",p:126,x:89,y:485,w:483,h:22},
{t:"their wisdom. Tese values were all part of traditional African society, ",p:126,x:89,y:510,w:483,h:22},
{t:"except in the 1994 genocide. Tis brings us into the greatest depths of ",p:126,x:89,y:535,w:483,h:22},
{t:"evil, an evil lusting for the destruction of the lives of those least able to ",p:126,x:89,y:560,w:483,h:22},
{t:"defend themselves. Te slaughter of women and children refects how ",p:126,x:89,y:585,w:484,h:22},
{t:"deep the depravity of human nature can actually fall. Tere seems no ",p:126,x:89,y:610,w:484,h:22},
{t:"historic parallel to the extent of the Rwandan genocide targeting, abus-",p:126,x:89,y:635,w:479,h:22},
{t:"ing, and slaying women and children. Even in the Nazi Holocaust one ",p:126,x:89,y:660,w:483,h:22},
{t:"saw the murder of children, but not on this scale.",p:126,x:89,y:685,w:334,h:22},
{t:"Te evidence also says something about the ultimate focus of both ",p:126,x:119,y:710,w:453,h:22},
{t:"the demonic and the leaders of the genocide, its lust to destroy the two ",p:126,x:89,y:735,w:483,h:22},
{t:"most signifcant givers of life for men: his women and children. Taking ",p:126,x:89,y:760,w:483,h:22},
{t:"these away from him breaks the man in the same way that it has broken ",p:126,x:89,y:785,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the nation.",p:126,x:89,y:810,w:74,h:22},
{t:"Teologically, the mounting evidence regarding the torture, ampu-",p:126,x:119,y:835,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tations, maiming, and abuse of women and children also speaks of the ",p:126,x:88,y:860,w:483,h:22},
{t:"“total depravity” not only of human nature but also of the profigate ",p:126,x:88,y:885,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   115",p:126,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:126,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:127,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:127,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"116",p:127,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"evil of the mind of the Enemy. Humans have to imagine a thing before ",p:127,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"they can actually do it.1 Tey rehearse it. It is therefore profoundly dis-",p:127,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"turbing to concede that human nature would have rehearsed such sick ",p:127,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and depraved behavior before it actually did the deeds. ",p:127,x:89,y:175,w:376,h:22},
{t:"What we have suggested is that the Enemy can do something even ",p:127,x:118,y:200,w:453,h:22},
{t:"worse than merely taking people’s lives. Instead, it is the ultimate ca-",p:127,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pacity of the Enemy to ofend God in the death of whole groups of ",p:127,x:89,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"people.2 Society now describes this process as genocide. But we are ",p:127,x:89,y:275,w:486,h:23},
{t:"also noting that because children, the elderly, and the poor have a spe-",p:127,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cial place in the heart of God (see Deuteronomy 15:11; Luke 14:13; ",p:127,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"James 2:5), they are inevitably a specifc target of the Enemy. Genocide ",p:127,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"against children has got to be the very worst afront to God.",p:127,x:89,y:375,w:410,h:22},
{t:"I (Emmanuel) have two particularly difcult problems with the ",p:127,x:118,y:400,w:455,h:22},
{t:"1994 genocide. One is killing so many children, and the other is raping ",p:127,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and abusing women. Let us address these issues specifcally.",p:127,x:89,y:450,w:403,h:22},
{t:"Te Murder of Women",p:127,x:89,y:494,w:188,h:27},
{t:"Why were so many women and children killed and women tar-",p:127,x:119,y:530,w:449,h:22},
{t:"geted for rape and sexual abuse? It seems to have been the direct policy ",p:127,x:88,y:555,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the militias, or interahamwe, either to kill or to infect women with ",p:127,x:88,y:579,w:484,h:25},
{t:"HIV and to focus physical and sexual abuse on women ’s breasts and ",p:127,x:88,y:605,w:485,h:22},
{t:"genitalia. In noting such a strategy, one needs to ask what the spiritual ",p:127,x:88,y:630,w:483,h:22},
{t:"landscape might be of such appalling behavior? One suggestion we are ",p:127,x:88,y:655,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in some sympathy with is the idea that the Enemy carries a singular ",p:127,x:88,y:680,w:485,h:22},
{t:"hateful jealousy of women, because unlike the Enemy himself or his ",p:127,x:88,y:705,w:485,h:22},
{t:"demonic followers, she alone has power to create human life. ",p:127,x:88,y:730,w:418,h:22},
{t:"1. Goleman, Social Intelligence. ",p:127,x:89,y:826,w:177,h:20},
{t:"2. It is outside the brief of this paper to seek to answer whether it is even correct to ",p:127,x:89,y:845,w:464,h:18},
{t:"talk about ofending or paining God. We leave others to debate this, but we suggest ",p:127,x:89,y:863,w:468,h:18},
{t:"here that God is somehow deeply grieved by human action, in the way He was with ",p:127,x:89,y:881,w:468,h:18},
{t:"Israel (see Genesis 6:6 f; 1 Samuel 15:11; Isaiah 63:10). ",p:127,x:89,y:900,w:315,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   116",p:127,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:127,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"violen Ce against Women and Children",p:128,x:294,y:63,w:253,h:13},
{t:"117",p:128,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"To woman specifcally, aided by man, is given the unique power ",p:128,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"to create human life. Afer Adam and Eve, God abdicated this power ",p:128,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to create human beings, giving it to man and woman together. But it is ",p:128,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"woman specifcally who is given the power to conceive and create new ",p:128,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"human life. Would not this arrogant fallen angel, the Enemy of God, ",p:128,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"also want the male power to impregnate women, creating ofspring in ",p:128,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"his evil image? In his hate, the Enemy, much like fallen human nature, ",p:128,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:25},
{t:"would lust for such power. His response could be twofold. One would ",p:128,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"be to possess men and even women, through which he vicariously pro-",p:128,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"creates, while also wanting to destroy human life. Te slaying of women ",p:128,x:89,y:325,w:482,h:22},
{t:"and children has a particularly destructive impact on both individuals ",p:128,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and their communities. Many communities in Rwanda have not recov-",p:128,x:89,y:375,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ered. Paul Wood comments:",p:128,x:89,y:400,w:194,h:22},
{t:"With the Great Lakes Region being the site of some of the ",p:128,x:126,y:433,w:417,h:22},
{t:"earliest discoveries of human life, and also the source of the ",p:128,x:126,y:458,w:417,h:22},
{t:"River Nile, it is understandable that people like Ugandan ",p:128,x:126,y:483,w:419,h:22},
{t:"Pastor John Mulinde say that the land here has a “birthing” ",p:128,x:126,y:508,w:416,h:22},
{t:"anointing. It is quite feminine in nature. Perhaps that is why ",p:128,x:126,y:533,w:416,h:22},
{t:"there was so much ritual atrocity against women and chil-",p:128,x:126,y:558,w:412,h:22},
{t:"dren. If one is to come through such devastating trauma we ",p:128,x:126,y:583,w:416,h:22},
{t:"have to see beyond it to what God frst saw and intended for ",p:128,x:126,y:608,w:416,h:22},
{t:"us. Tis can give us the hope to struggle through dark days. ",p:128,x:126,y:633,w:417,h:22},
{t:"Tere is an inheritance worth living for, a prize worth run-",p:128,x:126,y:658,w:412,h:22},
{t:"ning for. I sense that this region is called to conceive, carry, ",p:128,x:126,y:683,w:417,h:22},
{t:"give birth to, nurture, and release Holy Spirit movements ",p:128,x:126,y:708,w:418,h:22},
{t:"that will impact the whole earth.",p:128,x:126,y:733,w:223,h:22},
{t:"Paul Wood continues: ",p:128,x:118,y:765,w:156,h:22},
{t:"Yet also, perhaps, like a woman in labor, Rwanda is also so ",p:128,x:126,y:798,w:417,h:22},
{t:"vulnerable and in need of protection while she gives birth. ",p:128,x:126,y:823,w:417,h:22},
{t:"Surely the European colonial Fathers were meant to have ",p:128,x:126,y:848,w:419,h:22},
{t:"done this, but so dreadfully perverted their calling. Te ",p:128,x:126,y:873,w:420,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   117",p:128,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:128,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:129,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:129,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"118",p:129,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"stakes have been raised further by the genocide. Te sin has ",p:129,x:126,y:100,w:417,h:22},
{t:"increased, but so has the grace in greater measure. Something ",p:129,x:126,y:125,w:415,h:22},
{t:"incredibly powerful is to be released from this region.",p:129,x:126,y:150,w:365,h:22},
{t:"Te main feeder of Lake Victoria and the Nile system com-",p:129,x:126,y:190,w:412,h:22},
{t:"ing out of Rwanda and Burundi is the Kagera River. It was ",p:129,x:126,y:215,w:417,h:22},
{t:"this river that washed the blood and bodies out of Rwanda ",p:129,x:126,y:240,w:417,h:22},
{t:"and into the Nile Waters. Forty thousand bodies were pulled ",p:129,x:126,y:265,w:415,h:22},
{t:"from the lake and buried in Uganda. About three years ago, ",p:129,x:126,y:290,w:416,h:22},
{t:"while living in Egypt, I had a dream in which I was looking ",p:129,x:126,y:315,w:416,h:22},
{t:"down on the Kagera River where it fowed into Lake Victoria. ",p:129,x:126,y:340,w:415,h:22},
{t:"Te Lord simply said, “Tis is a river of healing. ”3 ",p:129,x:126,y:365,w:339,h:23},
{t:"Te Murder of Children",p:129,x:89,y:417,w:198,h:27},
{t:"When adults are murdered, they have had some time to live their ",p:129,x:119,y:452,w:454,h:22},
{t:"history and destiny. But taking the life of a child is especially pernicious, ",p:129,x:89,y:477,w:482,h:22},
{t:"removing all hope of their ever writing a history. For the wider human ",p:129,x:89,y:502,w:483,h:22},
{t:"community death also brings to an end all future hope and promise. It ",p:129,x:89,y:527,w:483,h:22},
{t:"erases the possibility of continuing the writing of human history from ",p:129,x:89,y:552,w:483,h:22},
{t:"one generation into the next.",p:129,x:89,y:577,w:198,h:22},
{t:"A child is in the image of God in a way that adults are not. Jesus, for ",p:129,x:119,y:603,w:452,h:22},
{t:"example, suggests we must all “become like little children” (Matthew ",p:129,x:89,y:628,w:484,h:22},
{t:"19:13). So to kill children is to kill something that God particularly ",p:129,x:89,y:653,w:485,h:22},
{t:"values, a certain quality close to his heart. Rwanda had more than its ",p:129,x:89,y:678,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fair share of such genocidal abuse against parents and their children,4",p:129,x:89,y:703,w:479,h:22},
{t:"but in an intergenerational way, this is now being passed on to the chil-",p:129,x:88,y:727,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dren of survivors. AVEGA5 believes this to be one of the major chal-",p:129,x:88,y:752,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lenges now facing Rwandan society. Tey are beginning to observe the ",p:129,x:88,y:777,w:483,h:22},
{t:"3. From personal correspondence.",p:129,x:89,y:845,w:191,h:18},
{t:"4. African Rights, “Wounded Generation. ”",p:129,x:89,y:863,w:241,h:18},
{t:"5. AVEGA is a national organization supporting the survivors of the genocide and ",p:129,x:89,y:881,w:464,h:18},
{t:"their dependents. ",p:129,x:89,y:900,w:100,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   118",p:129,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:129,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"violen Ce against Women and Children",p:130,x:294,y:63,w:253,h:13},
{t:"119",p:130,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"transmission of trauma across the generations. Because the parents ",p:130,x:89,y:100,w:487,h:22},
{t:"have not been able to resolve all their toxic pain (who is there to show ",p:130,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"them how?), it is then passed on to the children.6 ",p:130,x:89,y:150,w:340,h:23},
{t:"In these comments, we are suggesting that the pain against God ",p:130,x:118,y:175,w:455,h:22},
{t:"can be extended even further. Also, we note from Scripture: “If anyone ",p:130,x:88,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"gives a cup of cold water to one of these little ones, because he is my ",p:130,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"disciple, he will not lose his reward” (Matthew 10:42). “Come to me ",p:130,x:88,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"all you who are weary and burdened and I will give you rest . . . for I ",p:130,x:88,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"am gentle and humble in heart and you will fnd rest for your souls” ",p:130,x:88,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"(Matthew 11:28–30). It is therefore easy to deduce that hurting chil-",p:130,x:88,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dren, the sick, the poor, and the vulnerable further pains God. ",p:130,x:88,y:350,w:428,h:22},
{t:"God values the qualities of children and calls us all to honor them ",p:130,x:118,y:375,w:453,h:22},
{t:"and bring them to Him. By targeting children for special abuse and de-",p:130,x:88,y:400,w:480,h:22},
{t:"struction, the Enemy achieves maximum damage to human potential, ",p:130,x:88,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"while assaulting God, who loves His created world.",p:130,x:88,y:450,w:349,h:22},
{t:"Women as Murderers",p:130,x:89,y:494,w:174,h:27},
{t:"Traditionally war is primarily a male pursuit. In biblical times, ",p:130,x:119,y:530,w:456,h:22},
{t:"kings went out to war during the summer season (2 Samuel 11). Tis ",p:130,x:89,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"remained the case well into the Middle Ages (1500–1600s). Te ",p:130,x:89,y:580,w:488,h:22},
{t:"Crusades, for instance, were a summer pursuit for men. But modern ",p:130,x:89,y:605,w:485,h:22},
{t:"warfare is not limited by seasons and includes both men and women ",p:130,x:89,y:630,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in direct combat roles. Although still primarily male, women are now ",p:130,x:89,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"taking a more active part, be it in becoming a female tank commander ",p:130,x:89,y:680,w:483,h:22},
{t:"or pilot, or joining al-Qaeda. To some degree the lines are becoming ",p:130,x:89,y:705,w:485,h:22},
{t:"more and more blurred. ",p:130,x:89,y:730,w:167,h:22},
{t:"As in most wars, Rwandese men led the way in slaughter. We can ",p:130,x:119,y:755,w:454,h:22},
{t:"almost guarantee that this is what most of our readers will have as-",p:130,x:89,y:780,w:479,h:22},
{t:"sumed in reading this book. It is also what is depicted in the flms and ",p:130,x:89,y:805,w:484,h:22},
{t:"reports of the genocide. But the reality in 1994 was quite diferent. ",p:130,x:89,y:830,w:485,h:22},
{t:"6. Rowland-Klein, “Te Transmission of Trauma Across Generations: Identifcation ",p:130,x:89,y:881,w:473,h:18},
{t:"with Parental Trauma in Children of the Holocaust Survivors. ” ",p:130,x:89,y:900,w:355,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   119",p:130,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:130,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:131,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:131,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"120",p:131,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Tere is disturbing evidence that directly implicates women as mur-",p:131,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"derers. Women participated in killing their neighbors and “friends, ” ",p:131,x:89,y:125,w:486,h:22},
{t:"and a number are now in prison for genocidal crimes. Most shocking ",p:131,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"has been the testimonies of women carrying children on their backs ",p:131,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"while murdering other women as they in turn try to protect their own ",p:131,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"children. Tis murderous hate, this addiction, spread to women, too. ",p:131,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Quotes the British Medical Journal, “Te most horrifc massacres oc-",p:131,x:89,y:250,w:479,h:25},
{t:"curred in maternity clinics, where people gathered in the belief that ",p:131,x:89,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"no one would kill mothers and new born babies. ”7 Women were not ",p:131,x:89,y:300,w:485,h:23},
{t:"merely innocent victims.",p:131,x:88,y:325,w:168,h:22},
{t:"As well as the active participation of some, many women are im-",p:131,x:118,y:350,w:449,h:22},
{t:"plicated in the murders simply by their silence. We are not blaming ",p:131,x:88,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"women for not getting involved. Many remained silent to stay alive and ",p:131,x:88,y:400,w:482,h:22},
{t:"to keep their children from harm. A religious leader, when speaking ",p:131,x:88,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to women, asks, “Did you ever pray for the one running for a place to ",p:131,x:88,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"hide? If you did not there is a judgment waiting for you before God. ",p:131,x:88,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Did you say: ‘I am not responsible for my brother’? Or did you pray ",p:131,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for those who were being chased?” Many feared for their own lives and ",p:131,x:88,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the lives of their children, so why would you not want to get involved? ",p:131,x:88,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Others actively did and were imprisoned. Others died helping their ",p:131,x:88,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"friends. ",p:131,x:88,y:600,w:55,h:22},
{t:"Another Christian leader asks, “Did you feel badly when your fel-",p:131,x:118,y:625,w:449,h:22},
{t:"low women were raped. Did you put yourself in their shoes? If you ",p:131,x:88,y:650,w:485,h:22},
{t:"did not, if today these men will turn against you—would you enjoy it? ",p:131,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Ten why did you not do anything?” ",p:131,x:88,y:700,w:256,h:22},
{t:"What is not yet clear is how directly involved women were in the ",p:131,x:118,y:725,w:454,h:22},
{t:"passion and energy driving the hate in the genocide. It is not known ",p:131,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"how much the women fed the hate by talking to their husbands, sons, ",p:131,x:88,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and uncles. But what is known is that overall there was silence from the ",p:131,x:88,y:800,w:483,h:22},
{t:"women. Many women would not have wanted to know what their men ",p:131,x:88,y:825,w:483,h:22},
{t:"7. M. Meredith, Te State of Afica: A History of Fify Years of Independence (London: ",p:131,x:89,y:881,w:479,h:20},
{t:"Free Press, 2005) 515.",p:131,x:89,y:900,w:123,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   120",p:131,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:08",p:131,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"violen Ce against Women and Children",p:132,x:294,y:63,w:253,h:13},
{t:"121",p:132,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"were doing. Some perhaps did not know. But did they ask: “Where did ",p:132,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"you get that meat?” “You had no money, but you bring home looted ",p:132,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"things.” Te silence was the betrayal. ",p:132,x:89,y:150,w:252,h:22},
{t:"Related to this, another aspect of the gender issue is the idea that ",p:132,x:118,y:175,w:454,h:22},
{t:"women themselves are at times best served by removing competition. ",p:132,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"In Rwandese culture there are more women than men. Also, by far the ",p:132,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"biggest losers in the genocide were women and children. It is estimated ",p:132,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that over 400,000 were infected with HIV/AIDS (in addition to all ",p:132,x:89,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"those who were killed!).",p:132,x:89,y:300,w:164,h:22},
{t:"We are not just isolating the role of women in the genocide, for ",p:132,x:118,y:325,w:455,h:22},
{t:"behind the women ’s behavior was the actions of the men. Even bishops ",p:132,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"spoke on the radio telling the people to kill Tutsi. As early as the 1950s, ",p:132,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Rwandese were taught that killing Tutsi was not a sin because they were ",p:132,x:89,y:400,w:482,h:22},
{t:"“communists,” not full citizens. Racial hate was fed. ",p:132,x:89,y:425,w:354,h:22},
{t:"Bringing Some of Tese Ideas Together",p:132,x:89,y:469,w:317,h:27},
{t:"Bearing traditional Rwandese and Christian values in mind, one ",p:132,x:119,y:505,w:455,h:22},
{t:"begins to see, based on what actually happened, a very complex and ",p:132,x:89,y:530,w:485,h:22},
{t:"multi-faceted stream of events that led up to 1994. From these one ",p:132,x:89,y:555,w:485,h:22},
{t:"hundred days, one grasps the true evil of the genocide in Rwanda and ",p:132,x:89,y:580,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the Great Lakes Region. Much of the killing happened within families. ",p:132,x:89,y:605,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Te slaughter was not ethnic. So what have we learned so far?",p:132,x:89,y:630,w:419,h:22},
{t:"We see the breakdown of traditional Rwandan society held to-",p:132,x:119,y:655,w:449,h:22},
{t:"gether by the king and his clan heads. We also see a pernicious, cynical, ",p:132,x:88,y:680,w:483,h:22},
{t:"colonial policy that divided the people through education, so-called ",p:132,x:88,y:705,w:485,h:22},
{t:"religion, and governance. We are also noting that traditional spiritual-",p:132,x:88,y:730,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ity around the Great Lakes of East Africa may also give us a clue. We ",p:132,x:88,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"are noting that the tribal religions of the region were thought to be ",p:132,x:88,y:780,w:485,h:22},
{t:"more female, and they demanded the human sacrifce of men and boy ",p:132,x:88,y:805,w:484,h:22},
{t:"children to appease them. Children, especially boys, were killed in un-",p:132,x:88,y:830,w:480,h:22},
{t:"precedented numbers in this genocide. It was also a special feature of ",p:132,x:88,y:855,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the Rwandan genocide that women were targeted and mutilated.",p:132,x:88,y:880,w:442,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   121",p:132,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:132,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:133,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:133,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"122",p:133,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"So we are saying that women were specially targeted (with mu-",p:133,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tilation, HIV/AIDS infection, and other injustices), that children ",p:133,x:88,y:125,w:487,h:22},
{t:"(unusually) were specially targeted, and that men were specially tar-",p:133,x:88,y:150,w:480,h:22},
{t:"geted. How is this possible? How can all this have happened and have ",p:133,x:88,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"been reconciled to any sense of love or honor of human life? What we ",p:133,x:88,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"are suggesting is that behind the build-up of the genocidal events is a ",p:133,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"malevolent evil seeking to fulfll its own pernicious ends regardless of ",p:133,x:88,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"how it might seem to those who were the victims. But we still have one ",p:133,x:88,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"big piece of the puzzle lef to note: Te shocking compromise of the ",p:133,x:88,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"church in Rwanda. ",p:133,x:88,y:325,w:132,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:133,x:211,y:399,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:133,x:119,y:435,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What do you feel when you hear that women were ",p:133,x:148,y:435,w:349,h:22},
{t:"deliberately infected by men with HIV/AIDS?",p:133,x:148,y:460,w:322,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:133,x:119,y:492,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What is your reaction to the idea of orphans being taken ",p:133,x:148,y:492,w:390,h:22},
{t:"away and treated as slaves?",p:133,x:148,y:517,w:181,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:133,x:119,y:550,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you believe a region of bloodshed can become a region of ",p:133,x:148,y:550,w:421,h:22},
{t:"blessing?",p:133,x:148,y:575,w:61,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:133,x:119,y:607,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How do we fnd a balance between human evil and the role ",p:133,x:148,y:607,w:409,h:22},
{t:"of the Enemy in atrocities like genocide? Who is ultimately ",p:133,x:148,y:633,w:408,h:22},
{t:"responsible?",p:133,x:148,y:658,w:84,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:133,x:119,y:690,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How do we relate the idea of evil to the daily newspaper ",p:133,x:148,y:690,w:386,h:22},
{t:"headlines?",p:133,x:148,y:715,w:72,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   122",p:133,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:133,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"123",p:134,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 13",p:134,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"the role of the ",p:134,x:98,y:293,w:212,h:30},
{t:"rwandan Church",p:134,x:324,y:293,w:220,h:30},
{t:"in the genocide",p:134,x:218,y:325,w:213,h:30},
{t:"We have seen that the coming of Christianity to Rwanda did not ",p:134,x:119,y:410,w:454,h:22},
{t:"materially improve many people’s lives. Instead of changing their val-",p:134,x:89,y:435,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ues to what would now be recognized as a Christ-like way, parts of the ",p:134,x:89,y:460,w:483,h:22},
{t:"church fed and exacerbated the hate of Tutsi and Hutu for each other. ",p:134,x:89,y:485,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Despite its emphasis on the family and loving one’s neighbors and one’s ",p:134,x:89,y:510,w:482,h:22},
{t:"enemies, Christian values were not deeply adopted by all the peoples of ",p:134,x:89,y:535,w:483,h:22},
{t:"this region. Even the amazing intervention of God during the revivals ",p:134,x:89,y:560,w:484,h:22},
{t:"failed to hold on to lasting change. Te underlying tensions mounted, ",p:134,x:89,y:585,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and the religious confict merely added to the divisions. A powder ",p:134,x:89,y:610,w:486,h:22},
{t:"keg was being lit that ultimately led to the beginning of thirty years of ",p:134,x:89,y:635,w:483,h:22},
{t:"genocide.1 ",p:134,x:89,y:660,w:74,h:23},
{t:"Blaming God",p:134,x:89,y:705,w:110,h:27},
{t:"It is all too easy to blame God for the 1994 genocide. In doing ",p:134,x:119,y:740,w:455,h:22},
{t:"so one misses the point. It is never right to blame God for what one ",p:134,x:89,y:765,w:485,h:22},
{t:"person does to another, even if done in the name of God. Tere is no ",p:134,x:89,y:790,w:484,h:22},
{t:"worse bigot than a self-righteous one, one who claims God’s name to ",p:134,x:89,y:815,w:484,h:22},
{t:"1. Not everyone agrees with our view of a thirty-year genocide. One elder statesman ",p:134,x:89,y:881,w:472,h:18},
{t:"suggested that the genocide began with the arrival of the Europeans in the late 1800s. ",p:134,x:89,y:900,w:479,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   123",p:134,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:134,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:135,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:135,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"124",p:135,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"justify their own actions and opinions. So one of the tragedies of mod-",p:135,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ern western society is what is sometimes described as the “culture of ",p:135,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"blame.” Tis is the idea that every time something goes wrong we all ",p:135,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"have the right to blame someone else. As people, we seem to believe in ",p:135,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a simplistic cause and efect: Tis is what happened, therefore he or she ",p:135,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is to blame. ",p:135,x:89,y:225,w:81,h:22},
{t:"Unfortunately, life is much more complex than that. One thing ",p:135,x:118,y:250,w:455,h:22},
{t:"rarely by itself causes another. Let’s say, for instance, that a person ",p:135,x:89,y:275,w:486,h:22},
{t:"catches the fu. We say that the fu virus, therefore, is the reason he is ",p:135,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"sick. We should also ask why the person got sick. Because of the preva-",p:135,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lence of unhealthy lifestyles due to obesity, lack of exercise, and addic-",p:135,x:89,y:350,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tions, it is possible that one or more of these contributed to the illness. ",p:135,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tus, catching the fu could be the result of a whole range of neglects ",p:135,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in the sick person ’s life that weakened his immune system. Te illness ",p:135,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"cannot be blamed just on the fu virus. ",p:135,x:89,y:450,w:265,h:22},
{t:"In the same way, we can all too easily blame God for not stopping ",p:135,x:118,y:475,w:453,h:22},
{t:"the genocide when in reality He had already done much to prevent ",p:135,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"it: for instance, He intervened in human history through revival and ",p:135,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"taught the people from Scripture how they should live. Had they lived ",p:135,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"His values in the way they were called to, they would not have been ",p:135,x:89,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"flled with the racist hate that fed the genocide. ",p:135,x:89,y:600,w:325,h:22},
{t:"If Rwanda had not been a predominantly Christian country, God ",p:135,x:118,y:625,w:453,h:22},
{t:"would not have been blamed for the genocide. It would be human re-",p:135,x:89,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sponsibility. But it is when the church is present that God’s name gets ",p:135,x:89,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"tarnished with human action. Where did the church stand during the ",p:135,x:89,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"time of the genocide?",p:135,x:89,y:725,w:147,h:22},
{t:"“Te Devil Works Best in Wounded Areas”2",p:135,x:89,y:769,w:357,h:27},
{t:"In the 1959 genocide, the priests and church leaders actively pro-",p:135,x:119,y:805,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tected the people by allowing them to use the sanctuary of church ",p:135,x:88,y:830,w:486,h:22},
{t:"2. Tank you to Antoine Rutayisire, evangelist, author, and translator, for this helpful ",p:135,x:89,y:881,w:482,h:18},
{t:"concept. ",p:135,x:89,y:900,w:50,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   124",p:135,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:135,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F the rWandan Chur",p:136,x:213,y:63,w:212,h:13},
{t:"Ch in the ",p:136,x:434,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:136,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"125",p:136,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"buildings. People were protected. Church leaders allowed people to ",p:136,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"come into the church compound, and the church leaders defended ",p:136,x:89,y:125,w:486,h:22},
{t:"them. My (Emmanuel’s) wife tells me how, at Cyanika in the Kigeme ",p:136,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"diocese, the missionary took up his gun, shooting into the forest to ",p:136,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"chase away those coming to kill them. Tis same missionary also fed ",p:136,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"those he was protecting. Along similar lines Anglican missionaries ",p:136,x:89,y:225,w:487,h:22},
{t:"took people secretly across the border to safety. King Kigeli’s mother, ",p:136,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for instance, was taken out of Rwanda by Anglicans when the king was ",p:136,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in exile.",p:136,x:89,y:300,w:52,h:22},
{t:"In the 1994 genocide, when some of the priests called people to the ",p:136,x:118,y:325,w:452,h:22},
{t:"church for sanctuary, it was sometimes to have them killed. An exam-",p:136,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple of this is the Catholic church of Nyamata, in the Bugesera Region, ",p:136,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"where in April 1994, in the frst few days of the genocide, 10,000 people ",p:136,x:89,y:400,w:482,h:22},
{t:"seeking refuge there were killed in the church buildings and grounds. ",p:136,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"It is now a genocide memorial site for over 38,000 people killed. A few ",p:136,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"miles down the road is another genocide memorial site at Ntarama. In ",p:136,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"other churches, priests were reported to have baptized children because ",p:136,x:89,y:500,w:482,h:22},
{t:"they knew they were about to give them up to be killed.3",p:136,x:89,y:525,w:384,h:22},
{t:"Tere were some priests, sisters, and local church leaders who did ",p:136,x:119,y:550,w:454,h:22},
{t:"not protect their Tutsi colleagues, instead handing them over to the ",p:136,x:89,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"militias. Churches were full of Tutsi seeking sanctuary, and many of ",p:136,x:89,y:600,w:485,h:22},
{t:"them died. For instance, Pastor Elizaphan Ntakirutimana received an ",p:136,x:89,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"appeal from two thousand Tutsi rounded up for slaughter in a church. ",p:136,x:89,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"He replied, “Tere is nothing I can do for you. All you can do is prepare ",p:136,x:89,y:675,w:482,h:22},
{t:"to die, for your time has come. ” ",p:136,x:89,y:700,w:216,h:22},
{t:"Also, some of the national leaders were complicit in the slaughter. ",p:136,x:119,y:725,w:453,h:22},
{t:"Te Catholic Archbishop Vincent Nsengiyumva, a long-standing ally ",p:136,x:89,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the Hutu power movement, quickly ofered his support, along with ",p:136,x:89,y:775,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the then Anglican Archbishop Augustin Nshamihigo and some of his ",p:136,x:89,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"bishops (Meredith 2005.513). Summarizes Meredith, “Across Rwanda, ",p:136,x:89,y:825,w:482,h:22},
{t:"3. For this complicity, see T. Salzman, “Catholics & Colonialism: Te Church ’s ",p:136,x:89,y:881,w:448,h:18},
{t:"Failure in Rwanda” (in High Beam Encyclopedia, 1997).",p:136,x:89,y:899,w:310,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   125",p:136,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:136,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:137,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:137,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"126",p:137,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"church buildings where Tutsi desperately sought sanctuary became the ",p:137,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"scene of one massacre afer another. More people were killed there ",p:137,x:89,y:125,w:486,h:22},
{t:"than anywhere else” (2005.514). Other Christian leaders abetted this ",p:137,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"slaughter either by omission or commission.4 Te church became the ",p:137,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wounder rather than the healer. ",p:137,x:88,y:200,w:219,h:22},
{t:"Gatwa does a helpful job outlining the role of the church in ",p:137,x:118,y:225,w:457,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda from 1900 through to 1994.5 Te book notes how the church ",p:137,x:88,y:250,w:483,h:23},
{t:"firted with racial ideology. He suggests that the lack of intervention ",p:137,x:89,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of the church hierarchy in the 1994 genocide seems to have been an ",p:137,x:89,y:300,w:485,h:22},
{t:"attempt to safeguard the triumph of the “Christian Kingdom in the ",p:137,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"heart of Africa.” He also notes that churches had enormous access to ",p:137,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the media, questioning why they failed to create a national conscious-",p:137,x:89,y:375,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ness of fellowship among Rwandans.6 ",p:137,x:89,y:400,w:259,h:23},
{t:"Tis betrayal has to be balanced by the many unsung heroes who ",p:137,x:118,y:425,w:454,h:22},
{t:"were Christians, believing deeply in their religion of love, service, and ",p:137,x:89,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"courage and seeking to help balance the compromises of their church ",p:137,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"hierarchies.7 Tis included bishops and priests on both sides. For in-",p:137,x:89,y:500,w:480,h:23},
{t:"stance, the priest of Ruhanga Anglican church, Sostene Renhazo, and ",p:137,x:89,y:524,w:484,h:25},
{t:"his wife, Christine, were killed because he refused to leave his fock. He ",p:137,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"was a Hutu married to a Tutsi woman. He also refused to give them his ",p:137,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"wife, so he was killed himself. His church building is now being used as ",p:137,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a memorial site because of his bravery and the sacrifce of others.",p:137,x:89,y:625,w:439,h:22},
{t:"Division Between Churches",p:137,x:89,y:669,w:228,h:27},
{t:"Prior to the beginning of the genocide, the success of the church ",p:137,x:119,y:705,w:454,h:22},
{t:"in Rwanda, especially the Catholic church followed by the Protestant ",p:137,x:89,y:730,w:484,h:22},
{t:"church, was not embraced by everyone in the region. In the 1950s, the ",p:137,x:89,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"4. T. Gatwa, Te Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises 1900–1994",p:137,x:89,y:808,w:457,h:20},
{t:"(Bletchley, Milton Keynes: Regnum Books, 2005) viii.",p:137,x:89,y:826,w:305,h:18},
{t:"5. Gatwa, Ideology. ",p:137,x:89,y:844,w:110,h:20},
{t:"6. Gatwa, Ideology, 4.",p:137,x:89,y:863,w:120,h:20},
{t:"7. G. Prunier, Te Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia Uni-",p:137,x:89,y:881,w:467,h:20},
{t:"versity Press, 1995) 259.",p:137,x:89,y:900,w:136,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   126",p:137,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:137,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F the rWandan Chur",p:138,x:213,y:63,w:212,h:13},
{t:"Ch in the ",p:138,x:434,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:138,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"127",p:138,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Belgian vice-governor said he would destroy Catholicism, because he ",p:138,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"belonged to the Social Party in Belgium—je vais detruire le cathelisme ",p:138,x:89,y:124,w:484,h:25},
{t:"par les cathelique meme—“I will destroy Catholicism by using Catholics ",p:138,x:89,y:149,w:482,h:25},
{t:"themselves.” He worked with the bishops and missionaries, using the ",p:138,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"church through its schools and education programs. So not all the guilt ",p:138,x:89,y:200,w:482,h:22},
{t:"for teaching racism can be laid at the feet of the church. ",p:138,x:89,y:225,w:382,h:22},
{t:"Te Belgians also brought the western division between Protestants ",p:138,x:118,y:250,w:452,h:22},
{t:"and Catholics. For instance, the fghting in Uganda, and the divid-",p:138,x:89,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing of the regions as either Catholic or Anglican, were devised by the ",p:138,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Belgians. In these divisions, typically, missionaries never talked to each ",p:138,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"other, even where they lived in the same city. In Rwanda, Protestant ",p:138,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and Catholic missionaries burned each other’s churches, and in these ",p:138,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"towns particularly one now sees the growth of Islam.",p:138,x:89,y:400,w:359,h:22},
{t:"What we are suggesting is that relationships have not always been ",p:138,x:118,y:425,w:454,h:22},
{t:"good in these “Christian” regions. Confict is common and coopera-",p:138,x:89,y:450,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tion ofen absent. For many Rwandese, the combination of this historic ",p:138,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"confict and the betrayal of some Christian leaders in the genocide has ",p:138,x:89,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"efectively embittered and disillusioned them. Tey now look to poli-",p:138,x:89,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tics, Islam, or materialism for their faith.",p:138,x:89,y:550,w:275,h:22},
{t:"Bishops and Priests",p:138,x:89,y:594,w:156,h:27},
{t:"Priests, fathers, and bishops are today on the list of wanted people ",p:138,x:119,y:630,w:453,h:22},
{t:"who would be arrested if they could be found. A number of Christian ",p:138,x:89,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"leaders during the 1980s and 1990s had previously been military chap-",p:138,x:89,y:680,w:480,h:22},
{t:"lains, giving them close connection to the army. When the 1994 geno-",p:138,x:89,y:705,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cide started, many of them cooperated with the army. Even Anglican ",p:138,x:89,y:730,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Archbishop Augustine Nshamihigo was implicated and is still on the ",p:138,x:89,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"run. Te church accused him and two other bishops of being errand ",p:138,x:89,y:780,w:485,h:22},
{t:"boys for the government. Tey made a special tour in 1994 to speak ",p:138,x:89,y:805,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to media in Nairobi, Canada, England, and the United States, denying ",p:138,x:89,y:830,w:483,h:22},
{t:"during the genocide that there were any killings. Te Rwandan church ",p:138,x:89,y:855,w:483,h:22},
{t:"was corrupt.",p:138,x:89,y:880,w:84,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   127",p:138,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:138,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:139,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:139,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"128",p:139,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Another incident that illustrates this corruption happened to ",p:139,x:119,y:100,w:458,h:22},
{t:"the Dean of the Anglican Cathedral, Canon Karuhije, who was in ",p:139,x:89,y:125,w:486,h:22},
{t:"the church tower and saw murderers coming for him. He managed to ",p:139,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"get through to a colleague in Canada, who then called Canterbury; ",p:139,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Canterbury then called the Dean ’s bishop, but the bishop ignored the ",p:139,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"phone call. Two bishops were involved in this betrayal. Some soldiers ",p:139,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"seized Canon Karuhije from his church and killed him.",p:139,x:89,y:250,w:378,h:22},
{t:"One former Anglican archbishop, when the genocide broke out, ",p:139,x:119,y:275,w:454,h:22},
{t:"read from the Psalms on the radio, stating that Tutsi children would be-",p:139,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"come orphaned and Tutsi wives widows. He was cursing the Tutsi and ",p:139,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"blessing the genocide. Another bishop prayed that the fre from heaven ",p:139,x:89,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"would go to Akagera Park, burning all the Tutsi “cockroaches.” Tis was ",p:139,x:89,y:375,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the region bordering Tanzania where the RPF entered Rwanda. Tis ",p:139,x:89,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"same bishop said, “Te Lord has abandoned you, so don ’t bother try-",p:139,x:89,y:425,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing to escape.” He also visited another part of the country saying, “You ",p:139,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"are still keeping the [Tutsi ] rubbish here. In other places it is clear. It is ",p:139,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"only here you still keep the rubbish.” It is not surprising, therefore, that ",p:139,x:89,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"trust in mainstream Christianity is waning in Rwanda.8",p:139,x:89,y:525,w:377,h:22},
{t:"Overall, the greatest tragedy of the church was that it was, on the ",p:139,x:119,y:550,w:454,h:22},
{t:"whole, silent. Some suggest politicians politically manipulated this rac-",p:139,x:89,y:575,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ist behavior, but the evidence suggests that the church ofen acted on ",p:139,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"its own in its racist ideology. To its shame, some parts of the church ",p:139,x:89,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"were active both at a national and a local level in promoting the geno-",p:139,x:89,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cide. It both passively and actively became involved in the murder of ",p:139,x:89,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"people. One Christian leader suggested that such racism still exists in ",p:139,x:89,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the church, but in some denominations more than others. Another ",p:139,x:89,y:725,w:486,h:22},
{t:"leader made the obvious comment that the problem was not so much ",p:139,x:89,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the racist behavior that followed colonial policy but the silence in not ",p:139,x:89,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"condemning this pernicious ideology. ",p:139,x:89,y:800,w:261,h:22},
{t:"8. Peter and Kibalama (eds.), Civil Society, 45.",p:139,x:89,y:899,w:257,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   128",p:139,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:139,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F the rWandan Chur",p:140,x:213,y:63,w:212,h:13},
{t:"Ch in the ",p:140,x:434,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:140,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"129",p:140,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"By not speaking out against the immoral values and hate being ",p:140,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"promoted by the government and leaders, the church implicitly con-",p:140,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"doned these values. Tere is still a need for the church to recover its ",p:140,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"credibility so that it can play its part in the healing and reconciliation ",p:140,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the country. But this can only be done through the church ’s confes-",p:140,x:89,y:200,w:479,h:22},
{t:"sion and repentance of its failures and complicity in the tragedies.9 But ",p:140,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:23},
{t:"the failure goes well beyond church doors and into the classroom. ",p:140,x:88,y:250,w:452,h:22},
{t:"Te Church as Educator",p:140,x:89,y:294,w:198,h:27},
{t:"In bringing Christianity to Rwanda, the church set up mission ",p:140,x:119,y:330,w:456,h:22},
{t:"schools. Over the years the education became a contributor to the gen-",p:140,x:89,y:355,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ocide, not a bulwark against it. In some ways Christianity illustrated the ",p:140,x:89,y:380,w:482,h:22},
{t:"very worst aspects of education. If the genocide had taken place at the ",p:140,x:89,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"beginning of colonialism the genocide would have been blamed on the ",p:140,x:89,y:430,w:483,h:22},
{t:"“primitive native people.” But afer one hundred years of “Christian” ",p:140,x:89,y:455,w:485,h:22},
{t:"education, it still happened.10 In an age of paved roads, international ",p:140,x:89,y:480,w:485,h:23},
{t:"travel, and global telecommunications people seem to have learned ",p:140,x:88,y:505,w:486,h:22},
{t:"very little. Education did not stop the genocide. Both the educated and ",p:140,x:88,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the illiterate stood together manning the murderous roadblocks. Te ",p:140,x:88,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"concern is that what was missing is still missing, that it could happen ",p:140,x:88,y:580,w:484,h:22},
{t:"again. If an educated, civilized society does not help us become more ",p:140,x:88,y:605,w:484,h:22},
{t:"humane, then the value of the education has to be questioned. ",p:140,x:88,y:630,w:427,h:22},
{t:"Some of the teachers and the educational establishment turned ",p:140,x:118,y:655,w:456,h:22},
{t:"families against each other, especially where there were Hutu-Tutsi ",p:140,x:88,y:680,w:486,h:22},
{t:"mixed marriages. But the educational system also created a Hutu elite, ",p:140,x:88,y:705,w:483,h:22},
{t:"which looked with contempt on all others as illiterate and uneducated. ",p:140,x:88,y:730,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tese Hutu-Tutsi formed a political party called Reder, a party of the ",p:140,x:88,y:755,w:484,h:25},
{t:"educated who were against their fathers. Tis was a colonialist strat-",p:140,x:88,y:780,w:480,h:22},
{t:"9. Gatwa, Ideology. ",p:140,x:89,y:844,w:110,h:20},
{t:"10. ",p:140,x:89,y:863,w:20,h:18},
{t:"It is an interesting question of what the spiritual connection might be between ",p:140,x:118,y:863,w:442,h:18},
{t:"Brussels, center of numerous European blood baths, and Rwanda, one of its protec-",p:140,x:89,y:881,w:464,h:18},
{t:"torates. ",p:140,x:89,y:900,w:44,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   129",p:140,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:09",p:140,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:141,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:141,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"130",p:141,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"egy designed to break down traditional loyalties, especially the fam-",p:141,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ily, in order to control the people. Reder was the creation of an ethnic ",p:141,x:89,y:124,w:484,h:25},
{t:"elite through education. Across East Africa in the 1920s the Catholic ",p:141,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"church was urged from Rome to “neglect your churches to build your ",p:141,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"schools. ”11",p:141,x:89,y:200,w:70,h:22},
{t:"Te following describes this process. Tey made schools into a ",p:141,x:119,y:225,w:456,h:22},
{t:"kind of monastery so that the children they took in did not need to ",p:141,x:89,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"go back to their parents. Otherwise, they would get “dirty” again, like ",p:141,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"washing a pig and then allowing it to go back into the swamp. Taking ",p:141,x:89,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"these children away from their families was a way of saving them from ",p:141,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the swamp. But some of the children ran away. In Rwanda, those who ",p:141,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"went to seminary as teenagers were only allowed to go on holiday once ",p:141,x:89,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a year. ",p:141,x:89,y:400,w:45,h:22},
{t:"When the frst missionaries arrived in Congo, they handpicked ",p:141,x:119,y:425,w:455,h:22},
{t:"the young attendees of these mission schools. Teir residential nature ",p:141,x:89,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"gave the teachers, priests, and nuns considerable control over the chil-",p:141,x:89,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"dren. Separation was at the heart of this type of education, segregation ",p:141,x:89,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"from one’s home, family, and community. In efect, it was the breaking ",p:141,x:89,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"down of the family by the church and state.",p:141,x:89,y:550,w:296,h:22},
{t:"In my (Emmanuel’s) ecclesiology paper, I call the church a center ",p:141,x:119,y:575,w:454,h:22},
{t:"of development but not necessarily a center of the gospel.12 People pur-",p:141,x:89,y:600,w:479,h:23},
{t:"sued education and jobs through the church, but few of them met Jesus. ",p:141,x:88,y:625,w:482,h:22},
{t:"Instead, schools were more centers of progress and opportunity, not ",p:141,x:88,y:650,w:485,h:22},
{t:"places where Christ was formed in them. Education at its best changes ",p:141,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the whole person in positive ways. Where education does not do this, ",p:141,x:88,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"it can be guilty of producing an educated oaf, a graduate fool, or even ",p:141,x:88,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"worse, an arrogant self-righteous know-it-all.",p:141,x:88,y:750,w:306,h:22},
{t:"11.",p:141,x:89,y:881,w:17,h:18},
{t:"Anderson, Te Church, 831.",p:141,x:118,y:881,w:157,h:20},
{t:"12. ",p:141,x:89,y:900,w:20,h:18},
{t:"E. Kolini, M., Biblical Ecclesiology (Alexandria: Virginia Seminary, 1997).",p:141,x:118,y:899,w:412,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   130",p:141,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:141,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F the rWandan Chur",p:142,x:213,y:63,w:212,h:13},
{t:"Ch in the ",p:142,x:434,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:142,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"131",p:142,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"A Biblical Response ",p:142,x:89,y:99,w:166,h:27},
{t:"It is helpful to note two biblical aspects to this. First, Christ re-",p:142,x:119,y:135,w:449,h:22},
{t:"quires that we be like Him, in both our values and lifestyle. He is our ",p:142,x:88,y:160,w:484,h:22},
{t:"lifestyle standard and example, for men and women. Christ placed ",p:142,x:88,y:185,w:486,h:22},
{t:"human life, and especially the sick, elderly, poor, and vulnerable, in a ",p:142,x:88,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"place of special afection. His calling was to them (Luke 4:18–19). But ",p:142,x:88,y:235,w:483,h:22},
{t:"second, one also notes that when a thing like genocide occurs, human ",p:142,x:88,y:260,w:484,h:22},
{t:"worth is ignored and debased. Te positive value of human life is no ",p:142,x:88,y:285,w:485,h:22},
{t:"longer a constraint on human behavior. On this basis, any educational ",p:142,x:88,y:310,w:483,h:22},
{t:"system must have at its heart the sanctity and value of all human life, ",p:142,x:88,y:335,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the need to preserve it, and our duty to maintain well being among all ",p:142,x:88,y:360,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people. Any educational system that creates hierarchies, prejudice, or ",p:142,x:88,y:385,w:484,h:22},
{t:"even worse, racism is less than what it should be.",p:142,x:88,y:410,w:330,h:22},
{t:"In this sense education at its best must represent the gospel, help-",p:142,x:118,y:435,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ing all people who are seeking it to grow into the full stature of their ",p:142,x:88,y:460,w:484,h:22},
{t:"humanity and likeness to Christ. People must learn and live the reality ",p:142,x:88,y:485,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that they are created in God’s image. Te genocide in Rwanda makes ",p:142,x:88,y:510,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the failure of “Christian” education even more tragic, since it not only ",p:142,x:88,y:535,w:483,h:22},
{t:"failed to stop such slaughter but it also allowed some Christian leaders ",p:142,x:88,y:560,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to be directly involved in the killing. Apologies have been expressed, ",p:142,x:88,y:585,w:485,h:22},
{t:"but the wider implications of such failure must still be addressed, espe-",p:142,x:88,y:610,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cially as they apply to those who were educated in the “church” but are ",p:142,x:88,y:635,w:483,h:22},
{t:"now outside it. Many still carry the legacy of this hate, arrogance, and ",p:142,x:88,y:660,w:484,h:22},
{t:"racism that the misguided system once promoted.",p:142,x:88,y:685,w:341,h:22},
{t:"Onlookers see a church that has failed signifcantly. Tey also see ",p:142,x:118,y:710,w:454,h:22},
{t:"a church that refuses to apologize because of the legal liability it might ",p:142,x:88,y:735,w:483,h:22},
{t:"incur. Te church still needs to admit that it was wrong. Te church ",p:142,x:88,y:760,w:485,h:22},
{t:"has a weak theology when it talks about atonement on the one hand ",p:142,x:88,y:785,w:484,h:22},
{t:"but fails to emphasize other values of Scripture, like the values of hu-",p:142,x:88,y:810,w:480,h:22},
{t:"man life, loving our enemies, and laying aside revenge. Christian edu-",p:142,x:88,y:835,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cation must review its values, but also the church must review what it ",p:142,x:88,y:860,w:484,h:22},
{t:"teaches and how it lives. ",p:142,x:88,y:885,w:168,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   131",p:142,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:142,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:143,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:143,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"132",p:143,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Jesus said that He came to look for and save the lost—all who ",p:143,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"are lost (see Matthew 10:6, 16; 12:11). Our commission is to go to ",p:143,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"those who are willing to admit their loss. If a person does not admit his ",p:143,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"lostness, then Christ cannot fnd him and redeem him. First confessing ",p:143,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that one is lost is fundamental to salvation in Christ. We are in danger ",p:143,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of seeing, instead, a triumphalist church that preaches gain without ",p:143,x:89,y:225,w:485,h:22},
{t:"preaching human lostness. A true church is a confessing church, a place ",p:143,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"where truth is spoken in love and forgiveness is lived out. ",p:143,x:89,y:275,w:392,h:22},
{t:"We, as authors, theologically would argue for promoting a liturgy ",p:143,x:119,y:300,w:453,h:22},
{t:"that highlights values like confession, repentance, and being transpar-",p:143,x:89,y:325,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ently honest. Repentance is always the work of the Holy Spirit, since ",p:143,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"there must frst be conviction. In teaching a “positive” gospel, we may ",p:143,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"be in danger of promoting the western-style values of the stif upper ",p:143,x:89,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"lip, with all its self-control and pretense. We are all tempted to miss or ",p:143,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"avoid the confession stage because that is the hard part. We quietly say ",p:143,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to ourselves that we do not know how to confess, so instead, we put on ",p:143,x:89,y:475,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a mask of forgiveness.",p:143,x:89,y:500,w:148,h:22},
{t:"Such an attitude requires that the ofended always take the initia-",p:143,x:119,y:525,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tive, while the abuser appears to be a disengaged bystander. So there are ",p:143,x:88,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"always two aspects that one should account for, each moving toward ",p:143,x:88,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the other. Confession becomes easier when both parties come together. ",p:143,x:88,y:600,w:482,h:22},
{t:"Our experience is that the Holy Spirit will always use someone—pas-",p:143,x:88,y:625,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tor, counselor, elder—to help us reach confession if we are willing. But ",p:143,x:88,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"then there is also the danger that this is merely one-way forgiveness, ",p:143,x:88,y:675,w:485,h:22},
{t:"talking to someone’s back. You cannot keep running afer that person. ",p:143,x:88,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"First one must resolve it for one’s self.",p:143,x:88,y:725,w:255,h:22},
{t:"Also, when looking at failure in the church, we should, ideally, ",p:143,x:118,y:750,w:456,h:22},
{t:"make confession public, although this is not easy. Failure must be ",p:143,x:88,y:775,w:487,h:22},
{t:"brought into the open, because the protection of our society, state, and ",p:143,x:88,y:800,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people is everyone’s responsibility, including community and church. ",p:143,x:88,y:825,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Te emphasis must move from “small church kingdoms” to the whole ",p:143,x:88,y:850,w:484,h:22},
{t:"community mindset, including the community of the church. For in-",p:143,x:88,y:875,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   132",p:143,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:143,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the role o F the rWandan Chur",p:144,x:213,y:63,w:212,h:13},
{t:"Ch in the ",p:144,x:434,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:144,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"133",p:144,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"stance, it is everyone’s responsibility to care for children, the sick, and ",p:144,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the elderly. Tis is the teaching and heritage of the Old Testament, ",p:144,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the New Testament, and the early church. Te creation of “little king-",p:144,x:89,y:150,w:480,h:22},
{t:"doms” loses the true power of confession, for they allow people to hide. ",p:144,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Having presented some of the background to the role of the church in ",p:144,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the genocide, let us now look in more detail at how the genocide might ",p:144,x:89,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"have happened. ",p:144,x:89,y:250,w:109,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:144,x:211,y:324,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:144,x:119,y:360,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you agree that “the devil works best in wounded areas”? ",p:144,x:148,y:360,w:409,h:22},
{t:"Why or why not?",p:144,x:148,y:385,w:120,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:144,x:119,y:417,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Why did the role of the church so change from the 1959 ",p:144,x:148,y:417,w:389,h:22},
{t:"genocide to the 1994 genocide?",p:144,x:148,y:442,w:217,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:144,x:119,y:475,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What should the position of the Rwandan church have been ",p:144,x:148,y:475,w:416,h:22},
{t:"during the 1994 genocide?",p:144,x:148,y:500,w:183,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:144,x:119,y:532,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What do you think the church in Rwanda should still do ",p:144,x:148,y:532,w:392,h:22},
{t:"to balance its past betrayal of the Lord and the Rwandan ",p:144,x:148,y:558,w:390,h:22},
{t:"people?",p:144,x:148,y:583,w:53,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:144,x:119,y:615,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you agree with our emphasis on the need for public ",p:144,x:148,y:615,w:381,h:22},
{t:"confession?",p:144,x:148,y:640,w:79,h:22},
{t:"6. ",p:144,x:119,y:673,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Why is public confession so hard for us?",p:144,x:148,y:673,w:275,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   133",p:144,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:144,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"135",p:145,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Part Four",p:145,x:278,y:101,w:100,h:20},
{t:"the Church, ",p:145,x:186,y:160,w:167,h:30},
{t:"justice,",p:145,x:368,y:160,w:94,h:30},
{t:"and healing",p:145,x:245,y:190,w:160,h:30},
{t:"We all live in a range of societies. In looking at Africa, we ",p:145,x:119,y:280,w:430,h:16},
{t:"see some societies that are young, still building market econo-",p:145,x:89,y:305,w:456,h:16},
{t:"mies and the protection of law. Others are far more mature in ",p:145,x:89,y:330,w:454,h:16},
{t:"years with most of these already in place. One type of society ",p:145,x:89,y:355,w:452,h:16},
{t:"does not ft all. ",p:145,x:89,y:376,w:113,h:20},
{t:"Although controversial, one kind of democracy does not ",p:145,x:119,y:405,w:415,h:16},
{t:"seem to ft all societies either, as we are fnding out in places like ",p:145,x:89,y:426,w:479,h:20},
{t:"Afghanistan and Iraq. Some countries seem to thrive more on a ",p:145,x:89,y:455,w:468,h:16},
{t:"strong monarchy type of leadership, while others may even thrive ",p:145,x:89,y:480,w:483,h:16},
{t:"under righteous dictatorships. Whatever type of governance, this ",p:145,x:89,y:505,w:480,h:16},
{t:"book suggests that certain fundamental values are needed in all ",p:145,x:89,y:530,w:471,h:16},
{t:"societies. Without them, we do not have a civilization we all need ",p:145,x:89,y:555,w:481,h:16},
{t:"to live well. ",p:145,x:89,y:580,w:89,h:16},
{t:"So, what are these fundamentals? Some are moral, like hon-",p:145,x:119,y:605,w:441,h:16},
{t:"oring others and what they own. Others are ethical, like discern-",p:145,x:89,y:630,w:474,h:16},
{t:"ing what is right and wrong. Others relate to what is culturally ",p:145,x:89,y:655,w:465,h:16},
{t:"acceptable or unacceptable. While other fundamentals relate to ",p:145,x:89,y:680,w:471,h:16},
{t:"the situation as it is at any one time. But for all of us to respond ",p:145,x:89,y:705,w:471,h:16},
{t:"in the right way, we need guidance in what is just, fair, and hon-",p:145,x:89,y:730,w:470,h:16},
{t:"oring to others and to ourselves.",p:145,x:89,y:755,w:238,h:16},
{t:"People need clear guidance regarding how to respond in the ",p:145,x:119,y:780,w:448,h:16},
{t:"face of a whole range of global and local issues. This is espe-",p:145,x:89,y:805,w:451,h:16},
{t:"cially true for people who are living in wealthy, well-legislated ",p:145,x:89,y:830,w:465,h:16},
{t:"societies who then want to help in cultures and societies where ",p:145,x:89,y:855,w:464,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   135",p:145,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:145,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:146,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:146,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"136",p:146,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"these do not exist. To make such deep change and establish long-",p:146,x:89,y:104,w:476,h:16},
{t:"term lasting values takes time—sometimes generations. ",p:146,x:89,y:129,w:410,h:16},
{t:"But real life is not as simple as that, because not all ideas ",p:146,x:118,y:154,w:427,h:16},
{t:"translate well from one society to another. For instance, in west-",p:146,x:89,y:179,w:472,h:16},
{t:"ern society there is a strong emphasis on individuality, whereas ",p:146,x:89,y:204,w:468,h:16},
{t:"in traditional African society the emphasis is on what people ",p:146,x:89,y:229,w:449,h:16},
{t:"have in common, what is shared and communally owned. So ",p:146,x:89,y:254,w:446,h:16},
{t:"what can be learned, taught, and transferred, and what would be ",p:146,x:89,y:279,w:481,h:16},
{t:"harmful to a country like Rwanda? And are there values and les-",p:146,x:89,y:304,w:474,h:16},
{t:"sons that Rwanda can teach the rest of the world?",p:146,x:89,y:329,w:366,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   136",p:146,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:146,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"137",p:147,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 14",p:147,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"a therapeutic ",p:147,x:158,y:293,w:191,h:30},
{t:"response",p:147,x:366,y:293,w:124,h:30},
{t:"to the genocide",p:147,x:217,y:325,w:215,h:30},
{t:"“What cannot be talked about can also not be put to  ",p:147,x:152,y:415,w:393,h:16},
{t:"rest, and if it is not, the wounds continue to fester  ",p:147,x:148,y:440,w:371,h:16},
{t:"from generation to generation.”",p:147,x:211,y:460,w:235,h:20},
{t:"—B. Bettelheim1",p:147,x:443,y:519,w:125,h:17},
{t:"Genocide Survivors and the Healing Journey",p:147,x:89,y:590,w:363,h:27},
{t:"Very little work has been done on the impact of genocide on a ",p:147,x:119,y:625,w:455,h:22},
{t:"whole culture, although a great deal of research has been done on ar-",p:147,x:89,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"eas like psycho-traumatology, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD),2",p:147,x:89,y:675,w:479,h:22},
{t:"dissociative disorder, and post-torture distress syndrome. Most books ",p:147,x:88,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"on related subjects do little more than mention genocide.3 Tis is not ",p:147,x:88,y:725,w:484,h:23},
{t:"1. B. Bettelheim, “Refections: Freud and the Soul, ” New Yorker 58 (1982) 52–93.",p:147,x:89,y:782,w:458,h:20},
{t:"2. C. R. Brewin, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Malady or Myth? (New Haven: Yale ",p:147,x:89,y:801,w:467,h:20},
{t:"University Press, 2003).",p:147,x:89,y:819,w:133,h:18},
{t:"3. B. S. N. Gof and K. L. Schwedrdtfeger, “Te Systemic Impact of Traumatized ",p:147,x:89,y:838,w:454,h:18},
{t:"Children, ” in Handbook of Stress, Trauma and the Family, ed. D. R. Catherall (Hove: ",p:147,x:89,y:856,w:475,h:20},
{t:"Brunner-Routledge, 2004) 179–202; R. H. Klein and V. L. Schermer, “Introduction ",p:147,x:89,y:874,w:475,h:18},
{t:"and Overview: Creating a Healing Matrix, ” in Group Psychotherapy for Psychological ",p:147,x:89,y:892,w:469,h:20},
{t:"Trauma, (London: Guilford Press, 2000) 3–46.",p:147,x:89,y:911,w:267,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   137",p:147,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:147,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:148,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:148,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"138",p:148,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"because there are not enough genocides to research,4 but it is probably ",p:148,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"because some of the more recent ones have occurred in some of the ",p:148,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"poorest parts of the world, therefore not meriting extensive academic ",p:148,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"research. Te basic damage of abuse and its subsequent trauma in areas ",p:148,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"like PTSD5 and dissociative disorders is much better researched.",p:148,x:89,y:200,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Te fndings so far are startling but simple. For a person to achieve ",p:148,x:118,y:225,w:453,h:22},
{t:"release from torture, assault, and major traumatic abuse, it is necessary ",p:148,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"for them to relive and work through the pain and all the feelings of ",p:148,x:89,y:275,w:485,h:22},
{t:"revenge, ideally within a protective therapeutic setting.6 It is not the ",p:148,x:89,y:300,w:485,h:23},
{t:"traumatic act as such that usually does the long-term damage to us, ",p:148,x:89,y:325,w:485,h:22},
{t:"though physical harm is normal. Instead it is the toxic traumatic feel-",p:148,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ings that remain in the body and continue to build over time. Tey ",p:148,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"keep the memories alive, though the pain and its trauma will normally ",p:148,x:89,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"lurk just below the surface. A range of avoidant behavioral strategies, ",p:148,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"sometimes called coping mechanisms, are frequently employed to deny ",p:148,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and control this toxic pain. ",p:148,x:89,y:475,w:188,h:22},
{t:"Symptoms of carrying such long-term trauma include a tendency ",p:148,x:118,y:500,w:454,h:22},
{t:"to loneliness, inability to sustain friendships, a sense of abandonment, ",p:148,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"recurring loss, powerlessness, depression, and dissolution of the self. ",p:148,x:89,y:550,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Te most common symptom is protracted depression, common to ",p:148,x:89,y:575,w:487,h:22},
{t:"almost all clinical studies of chronically traumatized people.7 But the ",p:148,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:23},
{t:"loss of religious faith is also a symptom: “Never shall I forget those ",p:148,x:88,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"moments which murdered my God and my soul.” Te loss of faith suf-",p:148,x:88,y:650,w:479,h:22},
{t:"4. J. Diamond, Te Tird Chimpanzee: Te Evolution and Future of the Human Ani-",p:148,x:89,y:716,w:469,h:20},
{t:"mal (London: Harper Perennial, 1992) 284–286.",p:148,x:89,y:734,w:278,h:20},
{t:"5. Royal College of Psychiatrists, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Te Management ",p:148,x:89,y:753,w:462,h:20},
{t:"of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care (London: Gaskell, ",p:148,x:89,y:771,w:467,h:20},
{t:"2005), National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: ",p:148,x:89,y:789,w:452,h:20},
{t:"Te Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care, ",p:148,x:89,y:808,w:464,h:20},
{t:"(Gaskell & British Psychological Society, 2005).",p:148,x:89,y:826,w:269,h:18},
{t:"6. A. W. Palachy, “Group Psychotherapy for Victims of Political Torture and Other ",p:148,x:89,y:845,w:470,h:18},
{t:"Forms of Severe Ethnic Persecution, ” in Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trau-",p:148,x:89,y:863,w:464,h:20},
{t:"ma, eds. R. H. Klein and V. L. Schermer (London: Guilford Press, 2000) 265–297.",p:148,x:89,y:881,w:465,h:20},
{t:"7. J. L. Herman, Trauma and Recovery (London: Pandora, 1997).",p:148,x:89,y:899,w:366,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   138",p:148,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:148,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"a thera Peuti C resPonse to the ",p:149,x:281,y:63,w:215,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:149,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"139",p:149,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"fered in chronic trauma merges with the hopelessness of depression.8",p:149,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Such trauma does not normally lay hidden. It will on occasions raise ",p:149,x:88,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"its head above the waterline in our lives when it is either disturbed or ",p:149,x:88,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"triggered by circumstances similar to those that caused the trauma in ",p:149,x:88,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the frst place. ",p:149,x:88,y:200,w:99,h:22},
{t:"Accumulated Pain",p:149,x:89,y:244,w:149,h:27},
{t:"We noted earlier in this book the appalling damage that is prob-",p:149,x:119,y:280,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ably being done in Rwanda by the self-denial of both victims and per-",p:149,x:88,y:305,w:480,h:22},
{t:"petrators. We ofen deny the pain in us and do not realize the damage ",p:149,x:88,y:330,w:483,h:22},
{t:"we do to ourselves. What we deny in ourselves still remains accessible ",p:149,x:88,y:355,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to our spiritual Enemy, continuing the abuse of others and ourselves. ",p:149,x:88,y:380,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Te pain and its toxic emotion simmer below the surface of our lives. ",p:149,x:88,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Ten suddenly something happens. We see a face that reminds us of ",p:149,x:88,y:430,w:485,h:22},
{t:"someone from the past, or perhaps there is a signifcant anniversary. ",p:149,x:88,y:455,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Someone may suddenly talk to us about his own memories. All these ",p:149,x:88,y:480,w:484,h:22},
{t:"act as lightening rods of opportunity to trigger buried emotion. Much ",p:149,x:88,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of the time we will spontaneously dump on others its hurtful toxic con-",p:149,x:88,y:530,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tents, while continuing to refuse to deal with the roots or causes. ",p:149,x:88,y:555,w:443,h:22},
{t:"For instance, many carry the shame of surviving the genocide, yet ",p:149,x:118,y:580,w:454,h:22},
{t:"they have to get on with their lives. Likewise, the trauma of abuse, es-",p:149,x:88,y:605,w:479,h:22},
{t:"pecially where there is no justice, can fester into a root of bitterness ",p:149,x:88,y:630,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and revenge. Tis can, in a cancerous way, increasingly sap our energy, ",p:149,x:88,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"while also weakening our immune system. We may also live believing ",p:149,x:88,y:680,w:484,h:22},
{t:"we have survived the worst. Trauma and its subsequent damage will ",p:149,x:88,y:705,w:485,h:22},
{t:"ofen prevent us from trusting, committing to deep relationships, or ",p:149,x:88,y:730,w:485,h:22},
{t:"being able to share the intimacy of love. No two of us are the same, of ",p:149,x:88,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"course, so we do not all have the same levels of subsequent damage in ",p:149,x:88,y:780,w:484,h:22},
{t:"our lives, even when two of us may have experienced the same thing. ",p:149,x:88,y:805,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Tere is always much more that is hidden than we realize.",p:149,x:88,y:830,w:392,h:22},
{t:"8. Herman, Trauma. ",p:149,x:89,y:899,w:119,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   139",p:149,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:149,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:150,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:150,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"140",p:150,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"As a way of coping with such deep personal pain in our lives, we ",p:150,x:119,y:100,w:453,h:22},
{t:"all have a tendency to adjust our lifestyle accordingly, thereby avoid-",p:150,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing ever having to face the trauma and its feelings of vulnerability ",p:150,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"again. One of the tragedies is that we reduce our options in life by say-",p:150,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing, for instance, that we will never let a man near us again. Or never ",p:150,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"trust a woman like her again. We do this out of an instinctive desire ",p:150,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to protect ourselves, to reduce the risk of these things ever happening ",p:150,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"again. But this self-protection actually does the opposite. It prevents ",p:150,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"us from functioning in anything like a normal healthy manner, mak-",p:150,x:89,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing us more vulnerable to ongoing abuse. So we fnd ourselves with a ",p:150,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"diminishing range of relationships and options, until we are locked in ",p:150,x:89,y:350,w:482,h:22},
{t:"our darkened room with the curtains closed, refusing to come out. ",p:150,x:89,y:375,w:468,h:22},
{t:"Some areas of trauma, rage, revenge, guilt, shame, and the like only ",p:150,x:119,y:400,w:453,h:22},
{t:"surface years later. Initially we will go through a period of deep shock ",p:150,x:89,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and the challenge and stress of accepting what happened. While doing ",p:150,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"this, we also begin believing we have a future, desiring to reconnect ",p:150,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"with normal life. So we make plans. Most of these, typically, will not ",p:150,x:89,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"work out, so afer a few years we begin to accept the baggage we carry ",p:150,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and resign ourselves to the reality that the problems are not going to go ",p:150,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"away on their own. Afer ten or more years the problems are still there ",p:150,x:89,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and ofen, unbeknown to us, getting steadily worse. But other things ",p:150,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"are also happening. ",p:150,x:89,y:625,w:135,h:22},
{t:"Bitterness and its emotion keep the detailed memories alive. Te ",p:150,x:119,y:650,w:454,h:22},
{t:"trauma still lurks just below the surface, though we ofen deny it. We ",p:150,x:89,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"begin to realize we must engage and let go of the pain, or we will be ",p:150,x:89,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"unable to move into our future. For a nation to move into its future, ",p:150,x:89,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"just like individuals, it is frst necessary to fully deal with its past. It ",p:150,x:89,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"will not just go away on its own. Emotion, and especially the sense of ",p:150,x:89,y:775,w:484,h:22},
{t:"injustice, will keep the memories just below the surface but as alive as if ",p:150,x:89,y:800,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the trauma only just happened. ",p:150,x:89,y:825,w:216,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   140",p:150,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:10",p:150,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"a thera Peuti C resPonse to the ",p:151,x:281,y:63,w:215,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:151,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"141",p:151,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Transference",p:151,x:89,y:99,w:103,h:27},
{t:"When such deep trauma, pain, anger, and shame are triggered, it ",p:151,x:119,y:135,w:454,h:22},
{t:"will usually result in uncharacteristic outbursts by the victim of abuse. ",p:151,x:89,y:160,w:484,h:22},
{t:"It may be verbal or emotional. It will perhaps appear accidental, disap-",p:151,x:89,y:185,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pearing as quickly as it arrived. Very ofen the outburst by the victim ",p:151,x:89,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"will deeply hurt those around him or her, who ofen know nothing ",p:151,x:89,y:235,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of the history that has triggered it. To them it feels like an assault. ",p:151,x:89,y:260,w:486,h:22},
{t:"In cultures with such severe buried trauma and abusive ideologies as ",p:151,x:89,y:285,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda ’s, retaliating ofen takes the form of physical, verbal, emotion-",p:151,x:89,y:310,w:480,h:22},
{t:"al, and sexual violence.",p:151,x:89,y:335,w:154,h:22},
{t:"Many such violent assaults, horrifc though they are, are not sur-",p:151,x:119,y:360,w:449,h:22},
{t:"prising to a therapist, pastor, or close loved-one. What is happening ",p:151,x:88,y:385,w:485,h:22},
{t:"is called transference, the process of a person engaging with his deep ",p:151,x:88,y:409,w:485,h:25},
{t:"toxic historic emotion and then of-loading it on another. Most abuse ",p:151,x:88,y:435,w:484,h:22},
{t:"victims are very guarded about how they carry such toxic pain; they ",p:151,x:88,y:460,w:485,h:22},
{t:"usually will dump it on others only when they are sure that others will ",p:151,x:88,y:485,w:483,h:22},
{t:"not abuse back. No one intentionally picks a fght with a lion! Tis is ",p:151,x:88,y:510,w:484,h:22},
{t:"why a lot of abuse takes place within the home or against neighbors or ",p:151,x:88,y:535,w:483,h:22},
{t:"others who are more weak or vulnerable than the victim. Tese people ",p:151,x:88,y:560,w:483,h:22},
{t:"become the lightening rod for all the feelings of anger the abuse victim ",p:151,x:88,y:585,w:483,h:22},
{t:"carries, even though much of the time they are merely the latest in a ",p:151,x:88,y:610,w:485,h:22},
{t:"chain of people who have endured abuse. ",p:151,x:88,y:635,w:284,h:22},
{t:"In Rwanda at the present time, there are a large number of peo-",p:151,x:118,y:660,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ple carrying such anger, self-hate, and rage. Over a period of years, two ",p:151,x:88,y:685,w:483,h:22},
{t:"things happen. First, the emotion builds and negatively impacts the ",p:151,x:88,y:710,w:485,h:22},
{t:"cellular physical structure of their bodies, which makes matters much ",p:151,x:88,y:735,w:484,h:22},
{t:"worse for them. Over time, this deep emotion becomes increasingly ",p:151,x:88,y:760,w:485,h:22},
{t:"difcult to control, so it spills over and abuses others. In the Rwandan ",p:151,x:88,y:785,w:484,h:22},
{t:"genocide, a second factor was also present: permission to racially hate ",p:151,x:88,y:810,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and harm another. ",p:151,x:88,y:835,w:130,h:22},
{t:"What we are suggesting, admittedly in a simplistic way, is that one ",p:151,x:118,y:860,w:453,h:22},
{t:"of the basic drives behind the genocide is the racial hatred people carry ",p:151,x:88,y:885,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   141",p:151,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:151,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:152,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:152,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"142",p:152,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"toward others, built up over many years. It is one of the reasons why ",p:152,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the serpent has stayed so strong. A range of toxic feelings will also feed ",p:152,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"racial hatred. Tese include jealousy, revenge, fear, self-hate, poverty, ",p:152,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and ignorance. Te exploding of this rage into physical violence is its ",p:152,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"transference, and the sacrifce of children is the ultimate form of this ",p:152,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"rage gone mad.9 ",p:152,x:89,y:225,w:112,h:23},
{t:"Tis toxic racial hatred still lies just below the surface of this na-",p:152,x:118,y:250,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tion. We need to draw out this rage within clinical therapeutic environ-",p:152,x:88,y:275,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ments where it can be transferred in a safe and healthy manner. If we ",p:152,x:88,y:300,w:484,h:22},
{t:"do not do this, then we can only wait for the serpent to again rise above ",p:152,x:88,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the surface. Until people own their anger, racism, and hate—admitting ",p:152,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"they carry it, then letting it food out of them in a healthy way—the ",p:152,x:88,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"threat of it surfacing again must remain.",p:152,x:88,y:400,w:273,h:22},
{t:"Forming Healing Support Groups",p:152,x:89,y:444,w:277,h:27},
{t:"Tere are two ways in which the toxic afermath of trauma will be ",p:152,x:119,y:480,w:453,h:22},
{t:"brought to the surface: randomly, when it is triggered by events, giving ",p:152,x:89,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"many the permission they want to explode into abusive behavior; or ",p:152,x:89,y:530,w:485,h:22},
{t:"deliberately, through healing transference within a therapeutic group, ",p:152,x:89,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"which will contain it and allow the person to renounce it forever.",p:152,x:89,y:580,w:444,h:22},
{t:"Within a therapeutic group, one is able to absorb the sin of the ",p:152,x:119,y:605,w:455,h:22},
{t:"hate that people own. If the community is Christian, then they can ",p:152,x:89,y:630,w:485,h:22},
{t:"also be helped in giving it to the Lord. Te cross is sufcient. But the ",p:152,x:89,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"group is the agent for this to come to the surface and be discharged. In ",p:152,x:89,y:680,w:483,h:22},
{t:"creating a culture of small support groups across the country, one will ",p:152,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"see each person go through several stages. ",p:152,x:89,y:730,w:286,h:22},
{t:"First, trauma victims need the assurance of a safe environment. ",p:152,x:119,y:755,w:456,h:22},
{t:"Tis will usually take several months. Second, the members of the ",p:152,x:89,y:780,w:486,h:22},
{t:"group, perhaps three to seven in number, need to identify and express ",p:152,x:89,y:805,w:484,h:22},
{t:"9. L. Hirschhorn, “Te Modern Project and the Feminisation of Men, ” in Organisa-",p:152,x:89,y:863,w:468,h:20},
{t:"tions, Anxieties, and Defences: Toward a Psychoanalytic Social Psychology, eds. in R. D. ",p:152,x:89,y:881,w:477,h:20},
{t:"Hinshelwood and M. Chiesa (London: Whurr Publishers, 2002) 35–64.",p:152,x:89,y:900,w:408,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   142",p:152,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:152,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"a thera Peuti C resPonse to the ",p:153,x:281,y:63,w:215,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:153,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"143",p:153,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"their anger and rage, admitting what they really feel. Tird, the group ",p:153,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"must support the individual’s desire to reintegrate their emotional self, ",p:153,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"making it possible to live with a future hope, not the despair and pain ",p:153,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of their past sicknesses.",p:153,x:89,y:175,w:158,h:22},
{t:"Tis process results in one’s calling to the surface all the anger and ",p:153,x:118,y:200,w:453,h:22},
{t:"rage, but instead of a violent transference of it onto others, the group ",p:153,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"absorbs the pain in a mutual way. We have already noted there is within ",p:153,x:89,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda a culture of truth speaking. So we suggest a resurrecting of a ",p:153,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Rwandan traditional custom, a restoration of a culture and set of values ",p:153,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that would never have allowed the genocide in the frst place. Such a ",p:153,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"healing program becomes a political movement, not modern, not ther-",p:153,x:89,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"apeutic, not just Christian, but a value system of support and justice ",p:153,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that worked for hundreds of years in Rwanda.",p:153,x:89,y:400,w:312,h:22},
{t:"Tis group support model would help difuse the rage, hate, fear, ",p:153,x:118,y:425,w:454,h:22},
{t:"denial, and dissociative state, allowing people to stop denying that they ",p:153,x:89,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"are suppressing pain. What these hurting people need most is hope ",p:153,x:89,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that healing does exist for them—that they can build trust and feel safe ",p:153,x:89,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"enough to be honest with others about their true fears and pain. Tis ",p:153,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"is something the culture does not currently promote to the extent that ",p:153,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"it is needed. ",p:153,x:89,y:575,w:85,h:22},
{t:"Such a movement would need to grow by replication, by creating ",p:153,x:118,y:600,w:454,h:22},
{t:"and equipping “experts by experience, ” so that those moving into such ",p:153,x:89,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a journey, by merely committing to the journey, will begin to beneft ",p:153,x:89,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"immediately. Tis has got to be a better alternative to deep emotional ",p:153,x:89,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and physical illness, or to picking up a machete one day, going into an ",p:153,x:89,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"explosive rage, and afer the carnage confessing, “I don ’t know what ",p:153,x:89,y:725,w:485,h:22},
{t:"came over me. ”",p:153,x:89,y:750,w:102,h:22},
{t:"We need to hear Christ tell us it is okay to feel all of our true hate ",p:153,x:118,y:775,w:453,h:22},
{t:"and its pain, owning our racism, woundedness, and self-loathing. For ",p:153,x:89,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"us to harm another, we must frst let something die in us. We will have ",p:153,x:89,y:825,w:483,h:22},
{t:"become less than human. Instead, we need to become more fully hu-",p:153,x:89,y:850,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   143",p:153,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:153,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:154,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:154,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"144",p:154,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"man by owning, in an honest way, who we have become. So how do we ",p:154,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"achieve this? One way is through forming therapeutic communities. ",p:154,x:89,y:125,w:468,h:22},
{t:"Introducing Terapeutic Communities",p:154,x:89,y:169,w:316,h:27},
{t:"Terapeutic groups happen when people come together to share ",p:154,x:119,y:205,w:454,h:22},
{t:"in an honest and open way their trauma and toxic pasts. Relationships ",p:154,x:89,y:230,w:483,h:22},
{t:"make us sick, so it must be that relationships bring us healing. Te dis-",p:154,x:89,y:255,w:480,h:22},
{t:"advantage of much traditional therapy is that client and therapist of-",p:154,x:89,y:280,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ten only meet together for several hours a week. Te alternative that ",p:154,x:89,y:305,w:484,h:22},
{t:"I (Peter) specialize in is a method where a community agrees together ",p:154,x:89,y:330,w:484,h:22},
{t:"that they want all their relationships, in fact their whole way of life, to ",p:154,x:89,y:355,w:483,h:22},
{t:"be therapeutic. Tey want to use every opportunity they can to bring ",p:154,x:89,y:380,w:484,h:22},
{t:"healing and wholeness to each other. Tis is known as a therapeutic ",p:154,x:89,y:405,w:485,h:22},
{t:"community.",p:154,x:89,y:430,w:83,h:22},
{t:"Tere are a number of types of therapeutic communities around ",p:154,x:119,y:455,w:455,h:22},
{t:"the world. Most specialize in one particular area of need, like person-",p:154,x:89,y:480,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ality disorder or addictions. Te core principles are easily adapted to ",p:154,x:89,y:505,w:485,h:22},
{t:"integrate people with a wide variety of emotional needs. In England, ",p:154,x:89,y:530,w:484,h:22},
{t:"we have been learning how a church can also be a therapeutic com-",p:154,x:89,y:555,w:480,h:22},
{t:"munity, creating a safe place for people in need. In Belgium there is a ",p:154,x:89,y:580,w:484,h:22},
{t:"whole town that has functioned for hundreds of years as a therapeutic ",p:154,x:89,y:605,w:483,h:22},
{t:"community for people in need.",p:154,x:89,y:630,w:213,h:22},
{t:"In a therapeutic community the benefts of a support group are ",p:154,x:119,y:655,w:455,h:22},
{t:"multiplied across every area of daily life, every relationship. Healing ",p:154,x:89,y:680,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and wholeness become integrated into meal times, social events, and ",p:154,x:89,y:705,w:485,h:22},
{t:"general conversation. It can sometimes be a demanding way to live. It ",p:154,x:89,y:730,w:484,h:22},
{t:"requires a high level of openness, trust, and vulnerability. Te healing ",p:154,x:89,y:755,w:484,h:22},
{t:"rewards are huge. Its success is related to the level of commitment of all ",p:154,x:89,y:780,w:483,h:22},
{t:"members to support each other in their growing journeys of healing. In ",p:154,x:89,y:805,w:483,h:22},
{t:"many ways, it is not unlike many of the characteristics of the Rwandan ",p:154,x:89,y:830,w:483,h:22},
{t:"revival. More work needs to be done to determine how Rwandan peo-",p:154,x:89,y:855,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple and survivors of genocide can begin to form therapeutic commu-",p:154,x:89,y:880,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   144",p:154,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:154,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"a thera Peuti C resPonse to the ",p:155,x:281,y:63,w:215,h:13},
{t:"genoCide",p:155,x:504,y:63,w:62,h:13},
{t:"145",p:155,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"nities of mutual help and healing with survivors, groups of survivors’ ",p:155,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"children, and convicted killers and their families. ",p:155,x:89,y:125,w:337,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:155,x:211,y:199,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:155,x:119,y:235,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Have you ever had bad experiences that will not go away ",p:155,x:148,y:235,w:388,h:22},
{t:"emotionally?",p:155,x:148,y:260,w:89,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:155,x:119,y:292,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you recognize either in yourself or others some of the ",p:155,x:148,y:292,w:393,h:22},
{t:"toxic emotion we are describing?",p:155,x:148,y:317,w:224,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:155,x:119,y:350,w:16,h:22},
{t:"To what extent is toxic emotion responsible for crime and ",p:155,x:148,y:350,w:397,h:22},
{t:"abuse?",p:155,x:148,y:375,w:45,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:155,x:119,y:407,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Was Christ emotional in any way? Did He sin emotionally? ",p:155,x:148,y:407,w:410,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:155,x:119,y:440,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How would you feel about adopting a lifestyle where every ",p:155,x:148,y:440,w:405,h:22},
{t:"relationship helped to bring mutual growth and ongoing ",p:155,x:148,y:465,w:391,h:22},
{t:"wholeness?",p:155,x:148,y:490,w:77,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   145",p:155,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:155,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"147",p:156,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 15",p:156,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"the Place of ",p:156,x:191,y:293,w:166,h:30},
{t:"justice",p:156,x:374,y:293,w:85,h:30},
{t:"It is not enough to simply ofer healing and therapeutic support to ",p:156,x:119,y:379,w:453,h:22},
{t:"those who have been horrifcally abused. Scripture is very clear about ",p:156,x:89,y:404,w:484,h:22},
{t:"both the need for reconciliation and the place of justice. Reconciliation ",p:156,x:89,y:429,w:482,h:22},
{t:"is, at its core, a process of transformation for both sides in a confict.1 ",p:156,x:89,y:454,w:472,h:23},
{t:"Justice and reconciliation characterize a healthy society. But we are ",p:156,x:118,y:479,w:453,h:22},
{t:"talking here of a justice that is available not only for those who are pow-",p:156,x:88,y:504,w:480,h:22},
{t:"erful, educated, and articulate, but also for those who are oppressed, ",p:156,x:88,y:529,w:485,h:22},
{t:"vulnerable, and poor. Justice must also serve the victim. ",p:156,x:88,y:554,w:381,h:22},
{t:"Te Right for Revenge",p:156,x:89,y:598,w:183,h:27},
{t:"Emotion keeps memories alive. A wound has to be exposed, ",p:156,x:119,y:634,w:458,h:22},
{t:"opened, cleansed, treated, and given time before it will heal.2 Such ",p:156,x:89,y:659,w:486,h:22},
{t:"healing must include the opportunity for justice. It is much harder for ",p:156,x:88,y:684,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people to forgive without knowing and feeling that they have seen jus-",p:156,x:88,y:709,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tice done against their accusers.",p:156,x:88,y:734,w:215,h:22},
{t:"1. V. Batts, “Is Reconciliation Possible? Lessons from Combating Modern Racism, ” ",p:156,x:89,y:826,w:468,h:18},
{t:"in Waging Reconciliation: God’s Mission in a Time of Globalization and Crisis, ed. I. T. ",p:156,x:89,y:844,w:479,h:20},
{t:"Douglas (New York: Church Publishing Inc., 2002) 38.",p:156,x:89,y:863,w:311,h:18},
{t:"2. Gatwa, Te Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises 1900–1994 ",p:156,x:89,y:881,w:445,h:20},
{t:"(Bletchley, Milton Keynes: Regnum Books, 2005) 241.",p:156,x:89,y:900,w:309,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   147",p:156,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:156,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:157,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:157,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"148",p:157,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"One of the inevitable consequences of unjust slaughter of human ",p:157,x:119,y:100,w:454,h:22},
{t:"life is the subsequent desire of survivors to claim the right of revenge. ",p:157,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"A biblical interpretation of the law would suggest that everyone has ",p:157,x:89,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"the right to avenge injustice: “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” ",p:157,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"(Deuteronomy 19:21). Te due process of law must answer injustice ",p:157,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"with justice. Where this is not completed, people will become disen-",p:157,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"chanted with the due process of law. Te revenge they feel becomes ",p:157,x:89,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"more deeply toxic, and they may take it upon themselves to avenge the ",p:157,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"wrongdoing if they know the perpetrators. ",p:157,x:89,y:300,w:295,h:22},
{t:"In a Rwandan setting, justice can be particularly difcult. “No one ",p:157,x:119,y:325,w:453,h:22},
{t:"is in prison for killing the people I loved. I’m the only one that could ",p:157,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"have put them in prison and I don ’t even know who they are. ”3 Similarly, ",p:157,x:89,y:375,w:482,h:23},
{t:"“I’ve got nothing to remind me of my parents or brothers. I don ’t even ",p:157,x:89,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"know where they died. ”4 Tere are many thousands of people who have ",p:157,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:23},
{t:"seen no justice for the appalling losses they experienced.",p:157,x:89,y:450,w:381,h:22},
{t:"Tis lack of justice for so many causes signifcant problems. We ",p:157,x:119,y:475,w:455,h:22},
{t:"cannot realistically talk about reconciliation and forgiveness unless we ",p:157,x:89,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"have frst settled for the survivor the matter of justice and its revenge. ",p:157,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"One cannot forgive until one has chosen either to pursue justice or has ",p:157,x:89,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"laid down revenge. If justice is not possible, this needs to be acknowl-",p:157,x:89,y:575,w:480,h:22},
{t:"edged. Tere is a separate process that the individual needs to be sup-",p:157,x:89,y:600,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ported through in order to deal with the emotional consequence of this ",p:157,x:89,y:625,w:482,h:22},
{t:"lack of justice. Tey must be helped to let go of the anger, the revenge. ",p:157,x:89,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Tey must be ofered a way of being listened to, being believed, be-",p:157,x:89,y:675,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing honored, even when their abuser is unseen and perhaps unknown. ",p:157,x:89,y:700,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Before considering this further, let us look at how Rwandans have re-",p:157,x:89,y:725,w:480,h:22},
{t:"covered the form of justice from their pre-Christian culture, as a re-",p:157,x:89,y:750,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sponse to the genocide.",p:157,x:89,y:775,w:159,h:22},
{t:"3. African Rights, “Wounded Generation. ”",p:157,x:89,y:881,w:241,h:18},
{t:"4. African Rights, “Wounded Generation. ”",p:157,x:89,y:900,w:241,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   148",p:157,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:157,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the Pla Ce oF justi Ce",p:158,x:426,y:63,w:142,h:13},
{t:"149",p:158,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Te Practice of Gacaca",p:158,x:89,y:99,w:183,h:29},
{t:"Part of Rwandese society under the leadership of the king was the ",p:158,x:119,y:135,w:453,h:22},
{t:"practice of Gacaca. Tese were people’s courts, set up by local Elders, ",p:158,x:89,y:160,w:484,h:22},
{t:"designed to administer reconciliation and justice. Some of these were ",p:158,x:89,y:185,w:484,h:22},
{t:"reinstated afer the genocide as a way of bringing genocidaires to trial. ",p:158,x:89,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Tose who planned the crimes and those who deny their guilt are not ",p:158,x:89,y:235,w:484,h:22},
{t:"tried in the Gacaca. But when people are ready to confess and when ",p:158,x:89,y:260,w:485,h:22},
{t:"their crime is limited (they murdered fewer than one hundred peo-",p:158,x:89,y:285,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple), they are tried locally. For instance, if they were forced into it or ",p:158,x:89,y:310,w:484,h:22},
{t:"were more into looting and personal gain, then the Gacaca was the best ",p:158,x:89,y:335,w:483,h:22},
{t:"place. ",p:158,x:89,y:360,w:42,h:22},
{t:"Te courts are run on three principles. First, the whole village ",p:158,x:119,y:385,w:456,h:22},
{t:"comes together. Everyone attends. Tey will all know who lived in this ",p:158,x:89,y:410,w:483,h:22},
{t:"village, who died there, and who fed to another place. It is a gather-",p:158,x:89,y:435,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing of the whole community for all to see justice administered and for ",p:158,x:89,y:460,w:483,h:22},
{t:"everyone to have the opportunity to participate. Te last few years has ",p:158,x:89,y:485,w:483,h:22},
{t:"seen signifcant gathering of information on everyone who lived in ",p:158,x:89,y:510,w:486,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda as a result of these community courts.",p:158,x:89,y:535,w:317,h:22},
{t:"Te next principle is that everyone who comes before the Gacaca ",p:158,x:119,y:560,w:454,h:22},
{t:"court is asked the same questions, “What did you hear at the time of ",p:158,x:89,y:585,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the genocide?” “What did you see?” “What did you do?” Witnesses are ",p:158,x:89,y:610,w:482,h:22},
{t:"called. Te community is given the opportunity to speak. It is a place ",p:158,x:89,y:635,w:484,h:22},
{t:"where a person can talk openly and freely, letting go by confessing his ",p:158,x:89,y:660,w:484,h:22},
{t:"anger, revenge, guilt, and pain. Tese courts can last for several days ",p:158,x:89,y:685,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and are a time of deep emotion.",p:158,x:89,y:710,w:216,h:22},
{t:"Another principle of these courts is that they are led by local peo-",p:158,x:119,y:735,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ple of integrity, duly trained. A man may say, “I am a man of integ-",p:158,x:88,y:760,w:480,h:22},
{t:"rity,” but his son may say, “You are not, you beat your wife, ” therefore, ",p:158,x:88,y:785,w:484,h:22},
{t:"“You don ’t qualify!” Seventeen of these people sit together. Te Gacaca ",p:158,x:88,y:810,w:483,h:22},
{t:"courts have been running for several years. Tere are two thousand be-",p:158,x:88,y:835,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing held at any one time. Tey are due to fnish their work in 2007, but ",p:158,x:88,y:860,w:483,h:22},
{t:"without helping everyone, by any means. ",p:158,x:88,y:885,w:282,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   149",p:158,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:158,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:159,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:159,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"150",p:159,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Many feel that the Gacaca has become a “safe place, ” a type of con-",p:159,x:119,y:100,w:449,h:22},
{t:"fessing church, though the priest is not there to pronounce absolution. ",p:159,x:88,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Others see Gacaca as a healing clinic. In both cases, confession and ",p:159,x:88,y:150,w:485,h:22},
{t:"justice have traditionally been the role of the church, but it is not be-",p:159,x:88,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing invited to carry this role. When we talk about Gacaca, we are not ",p:159,x:88,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"speaking politically. Tere is a sense in which God has moved from the ",p:159,x:88,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"church in Rwanda into the Gacaca, because the courts are where the ",p:159,x:88,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"confessing is taking place. We are suggesting that any church that no ",p:159,x:88,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"longer values and practices confession is a dying church. ",p:159,x:88,y:300,w:385,h:22},
{t:"Te Call for Forgiveness and Reconciliation",p:159,x:89,y:344,w:356,h:27},
{t:"Te tendency in the European and North American church is to ",p:159,x:119,y:380,w:453,h:22},
{t:"emphasize the requirement for forgiveness and even reconciliation, ",p:159,x:89,y:405,w:485,h:22},
{t:"rather than frst acknowledge that God is deeply committed to jus-",p:159,x:89,y:430,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tice. So non-Christians might say, “What do you mean? How can ",p:159,x:89,y:455,w:485,h:22},
{t:"you do that?” ",p:159,x:89,y:480,w:98,h:22},
{t:"When people try to forgive without having first engaged jus-",p:159,x:119,y:505,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tice, there is the possibility that they will have an inauthentic re-",p:159,x:89,y:530,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pentance. They forgive with their heads but want revenge in their ",p:159,x:89,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"hearts. Many feel “You are telling us to forgive so the abuser gets ",p:159,x:89,y:580,w:485,h:22},
{t:"away without punishment.” Much of the genocide was initiated ",p:159,x:89,y:605,w:486,h:22},
{t:"by those in power, by government officia ls. So people feel as if a ",p:159,x:89,y:630,w:485,h:22},
{t:"representative of their abuser is telling them to forgive, so that the ",p:159,x:89,y:655,w:484,h:22},
{t:"abuser can go free. Rationally, they may know this is not t rue, but ",p:159,x:89,y:680,w:484,h:22},
{t:"emotionally, transference has occurred and the connections are too ",p:159,x:89,y:705,w:483,h:22},
{t:"strong.",p:159,x:89,y:730,w:49,h:22},
{t:"Te danger is that society can misunderstand the message of the ",p:159,x:119,y:755,w:453,h:22},
{t:"church to say that victims must forgive before they have gone through ",p:159,x:89,y:780,w:483,h:25},
{t:"the just process of settling the right to revenge. Tis is not true, for it ",p:159,x:89,y:805,w:483,h:22},
{t:"is only afer one has dealt with revenge justly that a person can right-",p:159,x:89,y:830,w:480,h:22},
{t:"eously settle the matter by forgiving. ",p:159,x:89,y:855,w:259,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   150",p:159,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:11",p:159,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the Pla Ce oF justi Ce",p:160,x:426,y:63,w:142,h:13},
{t:"151",p:160,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Ideally, justice is administered so that victims can then lay down ",p:160,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"their revenge and move on into forgiveness. Tey are free then to re-",p:160,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"cover from their experiences. When justice is not possible, there needs ",p:160,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to be alternative ways for victims to be helped to lay down their de-",p:160,x:89,y:175,w:480,h:22},
{t:"sire for revenge. Terapeutic support groups can ofer an environment, ",p:160,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"within a trusted small group, for a person to be heard and to let go of ",p:160,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"his anger and resentment.",p:160,x:89,y:250,w:175,h:22},
{t:"Scripture seems to suggest two standards. One is the right for re-",p:160,x:119,y:275,w:449,h:22},
{t:"venge, and the other is the execution of justice for the victim. Te idea ",p:160,x:88,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of justice extends into the teaching of Christ, but here Christ tells us, ",p:160,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"“Turn the other cheek” (Matthew 5:38), even letting go what is sto-",p:160,x:88,y:350,w:480,h:22},
{t:"len from us. Tis attitude is further reinforced by the godly attitudes ",p:160,x:88,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"taught in the Beatitudes (Matthew 5:3) and by our Lord’s comment ",p:160,x:88,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that vengeance is His alone (Isaiah 47:3; Jeremiah 50:15). ",p:160,x:88,y:425,w:398,h:22},
{t:"Christ teaches is that it is not our task as His followers to take upon ",p:160,x:118,y:450,w:452,h:22},
{t:"ourselves the power of revenge. God hears and sees all, and He will ",p:160,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"avenge the shed blood (John 5:27; Revelation 6:10). Instead, we are re-",p:160,x:88,y:500,w:480,h:22},
{t:"quired to show love to our enemies and not seek revenge (Luke 6:27). ",p:160,x:88,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"We are not suggesting one surrenders totally the right to due process ",p:160,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of law, but the suggestion in the teachings of Christ is that our right ",p:160,x:88,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to justice should be surrendered to God, while any justice demanded ",p:160,x:88,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"should be tempered by love. So is one looking at two standards? ",p:160,x:88,y:625,w:439,h:22},
{t:"By laying down the right of revenge and allowing God to be the ",p:160,x:118,y:650,w:454,h:22},
{t:"Avenger, one gives this responsibility to Him. Giving to Christ the ",p:160,x:88,y:675,w:486,h:22},
{t:"right of revenge is a signifcant beneft to us. Tis helps us avoid spend-",p:160,x:88,y:700,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing a great deal of time and money seeking revenge through the courts. ",p:160,x:88,y:725,w:483,h:22},
{t:"As victimized individuals, we can then get on with our lives rather than ",p:160,x:88,y:750,w:483,h:22},
{t:"remain consumed by all the bitterness and hate for revenge against our ",p:160,x:88,y:775,w:483,h:22},
{t:"perpetrators. But to achieve this we all need to take an emotional jour-",p:160,x:88,y:800,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ney with Christ, as well as see a restoration of honor of women and ",p:160,x:88,y:825,w:485,h:22},
{t:"children in our culture.",p:160,x:88,y:850,w:159,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   151",p:160,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:160,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:161,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:161,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"152",p:161,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"A Call for Greater Honor of Women and Children",p:161,x:89,y:99,w:414,h:27},
{t:"Te evidence of what happened to women is appalling. But wom-",p:161,x:119,y:135,w:449,h:22},
{t:"en are beginning to speak out. Te problem that interferes most with ",p:161,x:88,y:160,w:484,h:22},
{t:"women “telling all” is that many of the victims and perpetrators are ",p:161,x:88,y:185,w:485,h:22},
{t:"closely related. Women are far more reluctant to accuse men close to ",p:161,x:88,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"them of being genocidaires. Rape victims especially have largely with-",p:161,x:88,y:235,w:480,h:22},
{t:"drawn from society.5 ",p:161,x:88,y:260,w:144,h:23},
{t:"Women may dream of revenge, but the price is ofen far too high ",p:161,x:118,y:285,w:454,h:22},
{t:"when it so commonly leads to further victimization, local hostility, and ",p:161,x:89,y:310,w:483,h:22},
{t:"segregation. Tough they may hate and fear men, many still need the ",p:161,x:89,y:334,w:484,h:25},
{t:"men and the local relationships for their survival. For instance, of the ",p:161,x:89,y:360,w:484,h:22},
{t:"two hundred women interviewed in the 2004 Human Rights report on ",p:161,x:89,y:385,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the present condition of female rape victims, very few had seen justice, ",p:161,x:89,y:410,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and most could not even remember their abusers and so are unlikely ",p:161,x:89,y:435,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to ever see relief.6 In fact, the courts have sometimes been a forum to ",p:161,x:89,y:460,w:484,h:23},
{t:"further humiliate victims.7 Justice for such victims is clearly one of the ",p:161,x:88,y:485,w:483,h:22},
{t:"greatest problems. ",p:161,x:88,y:510,w:128,h:22},
{t:"Speaking out is also very difcult culturally. Within Rwandese soci-",p:161,x:118,y:535,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ety, one does not talk about sexuality in public, though privately, among ",p:161,x:88,y:560,w:482,h:22},
{t:"women-only gatherings, the subject may be addressed. Congregational ",p:161,x:88,y:585,w:483,h:22},
{t:"life can play a key role in encouraging the collecting of such informa-",p:161,x:88,y:610,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tion and taking it to the responsible people. Inevitably, Christian lead-",p:161,x:88,y:635,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ers sometimes resist this role out of fear, guilt, and shame. Especially ",p:161,x:88,y:660,w:485,h:22},
{t:"where Christian leaders themselves are not yet absolved of blood guilt, ",p:161,x:88,y:685,w:483,h:22},
{t:"they cannot provide what they do not themselves possess. But the ",p:161,x:88,y:710,w:486,h:22},
{t:"church should make it much easier for women to come forward with ",p:161,x:88,y:735,w:484,h:22},
{t:"evidence. Channels should exist whereby women can give the informa-",p:161,x:88,y:760,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tion to other responsible women, who can then take it forward.",p:161,x:88,y:785,w:433,h:22},
{t:"5. African Rights, Broken Bodies, 67.",p:161,x:89,y:863,w:204,h:20},
{t:"6. African Rights, Broken Bodies, 76.",p:161,x:89,y:881,w:204,h:20},
{t:"7. African Rights, Broken Bodies, 82.",p:161,x:89,y:899,w:204,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   152",p:161,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:161,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the Pla Ce oF justi Ce",p:162,x:426,y:63,w:142,h:13},
{t:"153",p:162,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"One of the problems in Rwanda is convincing women they will ",p:162,x:119,y:100,w:455,h:22},
{t:"be safe if they talk. Also, women need to talk about their toxic pasts, ",p:162,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"breaking the taboo for their own sakes, for their own emotional health, ",p:162,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and for the beneft of others. We are describing the need to create trust. ",p:162,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"People always ask, “Who am I talking to?” When they try to share ",p:162,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"painful things with some people, women sometimes hear responses ",p:162,x:89,y:225,w:486,h:22},
{t:"like, “It is nothing more than you deserved.” While many others fnd ",p:162,x:89,y:250,w:484,h:22},
{t:"a sympathizing friend. Learning when it is safe to share is challenging ",p:162,x:89,y:275,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and can have far reaching personal consequences.",p:162,x:89,y:300,w:336,h:22},
{t:"Te church needs to understand that God has moved out of build-",p:162,x:119,y:325,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ings and into the courts. It should stand with the victims of trauma and ",p:162,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"ofer absolution. In a situation where it is estimated that 60 percent of ",p:162,x:88,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"women who survived death were raped, and 30 percent are now HIV ",p:162,x:88,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"positive, the church has much unfnished business.",p:162,x:88,y:425,w:345,h:22},
{t:"Te Gacacas are allowing individuals to claim justice and its re-",p:162,x:118,y:450,w:449,h:22},
{t:"venge, creating huge archives. Te government is helping women by ",p:162,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"keeping extensive dossiers on many perpetrators and their victims. ",p:162,x:88,y:500,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Prisoners have also begun to share aspects of their dark past, getting ",p:162,x:88,y:525,w:485,h:22},
{t:"“of their chests” all that they have done. Tis is very common among ",p:162,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"inmates. Te information available to the government continues to ",p:162,x:88,y:575,w:486,h:22},
{t:"grow through the confessions of convicted genocidals. What many ",p:162,x:88,y:600,w:486,h:22},
{t:"women do not realize is that most of what they might say is probably ",p:162,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"already known. But until people come forward as witnesses, perpetra-",p:162,x:88,y:650,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tors will not be held responsible.",p:162,x:88,y:675,w:222,h:22},
{t:"Women need to learn how they can stand up and be a true wit-",p:162,x:118,y:700,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ness, with a just result. Tis will be part of their healing journey. But ",p:162,x:88,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"structures need to be strengthened, because not everyone, especially ",p:162,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"women, feels safe at present. ",p:162,x:88,y:775,w:196,h:22},
{t:"Could Tis Ever Happen Again?",p:162,x:89,y:819,w:265,h:27},
{t:"We do not believe the 1994 genocide was like a tornado that spent ",p:162,x:119,y:855,w:453,h:22},
{t:"itself and then died. Rather, we see it more like a serpent. It may have ",p:162,x:89,y:880,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   153",p:162,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:162,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:163,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:163,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"154",p:163,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"gone below the waterline, but it could surface again any time, given the ",p:163,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"right incentives. Tis idea contradicts the argument that a country that ",p:163,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"has experienced such horror will want to ensure that it never happens ",p:163,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"again. We hear ofen from those who say it could never happen again, ",p:163,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"but this belief is not so widely shared as one might assume. Te daily ",p:163,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:22},
{t:"reality among many people in Rwanda is the fear that it could happen ",p:163,x:89,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"again. Tey give several reasons.",p:163,x:89,y:250,w:217,h:22},
{t:"First, very few people seem to understand what happened, espe-",p:163,x:118,y:275,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cially emotionally and spiritually. Tere is still deep confusion and ",p:163,x:88,y:300,w:486,h:22},
{t:"few explanations. It is far too simplistic to blame it all on racism, the ",p:163,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Germans, the Belgians, or the French. Likewise, it is also too simplistic ",p:163,x:88,y:350,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to say it is a Tutsi-Hutu problem. ",p:163,x:88,y:375,w:229,h:22},
{t:"Tere is also a clear awareness that not all the leaders of the geno-",p:163,x:118,y:400,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cide have been brought to justice. Many are shielded by either the rich ",p:163,x:88,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"or the powerful in Rwanda, in the surrounding countries, or further ",p:163,x:88,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"afeld. Some are still protected by the international community who ",p:163,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"stood by and allowed the genocide to happen. It is quite possible that ",p:163,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"from exile they are planning both reprisals and a repeat of the genocide ",p:163,x:88,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that was so meticulously planned while they were in power. In talking ",p:163,x:88,y:550,w:484,h:22},
{t:"with one of the widow groups, these women continue to express deep ",p:163,x:88,y:575,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fear that afer they testify in the Gacaca they could die the following ",p:163,x:88,y:600,w:484,h:25},
{t:"day. Such fear is not unusual.",p:163,x:88,y:625,w:197,h:22},
{t:"Many who participated in the genocide have never been convicted, ",p:163,x:118,y:650,w:452,h:22},
{t:"even though some are well known. Others have served their sentences, ",p:163,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"been released, and continue to speak openly and without remorse of ",p:163,x:88,y:700,w:485,h:22},
{t:"their ongoing hatred. Added to this is the bizarre situation that even ",p:163,x:88,y:725,w:484,h:22},
{t:"leaders in the church are still in positions of honor and power, despite ",p:163,x:88,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"their being implicated in the genocide. It is little wonder that ordinary ",p:163,x:88,y:775,w:483,h:22},
{t:"people have little confdence in the church. ",p:163,x:88,y:800,w:298,h:22},
{t:"One of the most disturbing aspects of the current situation seems ",p:163,x:118,y:825,w:454,h:22},
{t:"to be the attitude of many ordinary people who do not trust the coun-",p:163,x:88,y:850,w:480,h:22},
{t:"try’s ability to protect them if they did decide to speak out. At a time ",p:163,x:88,y:875,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   154",p:163,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:163,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"the Pla Ce oF justi Ce",p:164,x:426,y:63,w:142,h:13},
{t:"155",p:164,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"when the government leadership is challenging its countrymen to ",p:164,x:89,y:100,w:487,h:22},
{t:"bring forward evidence that will allow for more serious charges, many ",p:164,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"people continue to hold back. Te nation as a whole, and individuals ",p:164,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"particularly, must be taught how to let go of their past before they are ",p:164,x:89,y:175,w:484,h:22},
{t:"able to move into their futures. ",p:164,x:89,y:200,w:215,h:22},
{t:"Also the Gacaca is a slow process, and some are now saying it does ",p:164,x:118,y:224,w:453,h:25},
{t:"not help. Justice is not being done, they say, so what is the point. In this ",p:164,x:88,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"environment, people decide to keep quiet. Some of the widows are now ",p:164,x:88,y:275,w:482,h:22},
{t:"becoming more desperate and ready to speak out: “I am dead anyway, ” ",p:164,x:88,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"they say, “killing me would be a favor.” Justice has to be one of the tools ",p:164,x:88,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"that will defuse the threat of a further genocide. ",p:164,x:88,y:350,w:329,h:22},
{t:"Comments Paul Wood, “Regarding the concern of people that ",p:164,x:118,y:375,w:456,h:22},
{t:"this could happen again—genocide is not something the enemy can ",p:164,x:88,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"‘pull out of a hat’ any time he wants, or he would surely do so more ",p:164,x:88,y:425,w:485,h:22},
{t:"ofen. A number of factors and infuences have to be brought together ",p:164,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"at the right time into a critical mass, then a suitable spark to set the ",p:164,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"whole thing of—in this case an aircraf crash. On the positive side, if ",p:164,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"only one of the factors can be dealt with, the whole thing will not hap-",p:164,x:88,y:525,w:480,h:22},
{t:"pen—or will be seriously diminished in scope. Te church can work on ",p:164,x:88,y:550,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the few small pieces it has and be encouraged that by doing so it is, like ",p:164,x:88,y:575,w:483,h:22},
{t:"salt, having a signifcant impact on the health of the nation” (personal ",p:164,x:88,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"correspondence).",p:164,x:88,y:625,w:118,h:22},
{t:"Te government, led by the president, is seeking to instill in people ",p:164,x:118,y:650,w:453,h:22},
{t:"the belief that they are not Hutu, Tutsi, or Twa, but Rwandese. In order ",p:164,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to rebuild the country ideologically, people have got to stop thinking ",p:164,x:88,y:700,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in sectarian ways. Tis is legislation-driven, but it is also incumbent ",p:164,x:88,y:725,w:485,h:22},
{t:"on all citizens to disclose all they know about the perpetrators of the ",p:164,x:88,y:750,w:484,h:22},
{t:"genocide. ",p:164,x:88,y:775,w:69,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   155",p:164,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:164,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:165,x:211,y:99,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:165,x:119,y:135,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Is it a good thing that learning has been separated from ",p:165,x:148,y:135,w:380,h:22},
{t:"personal positive change?",p:165,x:148,y:160,w:174,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:165,x:119,y:192,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do we all have the right to expect justice?",p:165,x:148,y:192,w:285,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:165,x:119,y:225,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Is revenge ever wrong?",p:165,x:148,y:225,w:155,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:165,x:119,y:257,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What do we mean by honor for one another?",p:165,x:148,y:257,w:310,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:165,x:119,y:290,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What can the church worldwide do to help Rwanda now?",p:165,x:148,y:290,w:396,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   156",p:165,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:165,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"157",p:166,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 16",p:166,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"launching a",p:166,x:244,y:293,w:157,h:30},
{t:"therapeutic Program",p:166,x:181,y:325,w:272,h:30},
{t:"Introduction",p:166,x:89,y:430,w:105,h:27},
{t:"It has been over a decade since the terrible events of the 1994 gen-",p:166,x:119,y:465,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ocide, so how do we bring healing to all those who are still alive yet in ",p:166,x:88,y:490,w:483,h:22},
{t:"pain? Large numbers are still traumatized, and the trauma is ofen se-",p:166,x:88,y:515,w:480,h:22},
{t:"vere. Tis is compounded in that many do not know how sick they re-",p:166,x:88,y:540,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ally are, because they are not yet admitting that they are not well. Tey ",p:166,x:88,y:565,w:483,h:22},
{t:"believe they are through the worst, and time will heal what’s lef. ",p:166,x:88,y:590,w:442,h:22},
{t:"Helping such people is diferent from any other traditional clini-",p:166,x:118,y:615,w:450,h:22},
{t:"cal or counseling environment. Te problem is so big that conven-",p:166,x:88,y:640,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tional one-to-one therapeutic processes will never meet the need. ",p:166,x:88,y:665,w:487,h:22},
{t:"Instead, what is required is a movement within the country, led by the ",p:166,x:88,y:690,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Rwandese, that teaches them how to help each other. Tose who are in ",p:166,x:88,y:715,w:483,h:22},
{t:"need, those who are taught how to heal themselves with the support of ",p:166,x:88,y:740,w:483,h:22},
{t:"others like them, should build the framework.",p:166,x:88,y:765,w:315,h:22},
{t:"We hope you are realizing the immensity of the task. It is a greater ",p:166,x:118,y:790,w:453,h:22},
{t:"challenge than the afermath of a tsunami, because the true extent of ",p:166,x:88,y:815,w:484,h:22},
{t:"devastation is not yet seen or realized, even by many victims. Also, ",p:166,x:88,y:840,w:486,h:22},
{t:"where there are few answers, people tend to ask fewer questions. It is ",p:166,x:88,y:865,w:484,h:22},
{t:"only when we begin to help a few people that others hear and come ",p:166,x:88,y:890,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   157",p:166,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:166,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:167,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:167,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"158",p:167,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"along as well. People are willing to admit their need only when they ",p:167,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"know answers exist that could work for them. In this sense we believe ",p:167,x:89,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"that both the need and the response will mushroom. Only then will we ",p:167,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"truly begin to see the immensity of the task. But before we look at how ",p:167,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to initiate such a program, let us frst look at the cost of not doing so.",p:167,x:89,y:200,w:470,h:22},
{t:"Compassion Fatigue",p:167,x:89,y:244,w:167,h:27},
{t:"Tere is a cost to caring.1 For many of us, merely listening about ",p:167,x:119,y:280,w:454,h:22},
{t:"another’s traumatic experiences can be traumatizing. Most of us run ",p:167,x:88,y:305,w:485,h:22},
{t:"away from such exposure, not wanting to sufer secondary PTSD. If ",p:167,x:88,y:330,w:485,h:22},
{t:"you consider yourself a rescuer of others, or have deep empathy with ",p:167,x:88,y:355,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the sick or emotionally ill, then you may already be a victim of compas-",p:167,x:88,y:380,w:479,h:22},
{t:"sion fatigue.2 ",p:167,x:88,y:405,w:92,h:23},
{t:"Compassion fatigue is a secondary emotional illness caused by ",p:167,x:118,y:430,w:456,h:22},
{t:"exposure to those who are in trauma. We noted earlier the role of  ",p:167,x:89,y:455,w:486,h:22},
{t:"therapists in the process of transference and the dangers this carries ",p:167,x:89,y:480,w:485,h:22},
{t:"for therapists if they are also not trained to let go of the baggage being ",p:167,x:89,y:505,w:483,h:22},
{t:"dumped on them. Likewise, compassion fatigue is the wearing down ",p:167,x:89,y:530,w:484,h:22},
{t:"process of people’s capacity to be continually exposed to other people’s ",p:167,x:89,y:555,w:483,h:22},
{t:"abuse, which in turn will take a profound toll on them as helpers. Tis ",p:167,x:89,y:580,w:483,h:22},
{t:"condition is particularly common among those who have little place ",p:167,x:89,y:605,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to escape such dumping, like people in pastoral ministry, or those who ",p:167,x:89,y:630,w:483,h:22},
{t:"have experienced natural disasters or times of war. ",p:167,x:89,y:655,w:344,h:22},
{t:"Figley outlines a typical list of compassion fatigue symptoms.3",p:167,x:118,y:680,w:450,h:22},
{t:"Tese include an inability to make decisions or carry responsibility; ",p:167,x:88,y:705,w:485,h:22},
{t:"1. C. R. Figley, “Compassion Fatigue as a Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder: An ",p:167,x:89,y:771,w:470,h:18},
{t:"Overview, ” in Compassion Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder ",p:167,x:89,y:789,w:470,h:20},
{t:"in Tose Who Treat the Traumatized, ed. C. R. Figley (Florence, KY: Brunner Mazel, ",p:167,x:89,y:808,w:474,h:20},
{t:"1995) 1–20.",p:167,x:89,y:826,w:70,h:18},
{t:"2. C. J. Harris, “Sensory-Based Terapy for Crisis Counsellors, ” in Compassion ",p:167,x:89,y:844,w:439,h:20},
{t:"Fatigue: Coping with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Tose Who Treat the ",p:167,x:89,y:863,w:453,h:20},
{t:"Traumatized, ed. C. R. Figley (Florence, KY: Brunner Mazel, 1995) 101–114.",p:167,x:89,y:881,w:436,h:20},
{t:"3. Figley, “Compassion Fatigue. ” ",p:167,x:89,y:900,w:185,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   158",p:167,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:167,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"launChing a thera PeutiC Program",p:168,x:323,y:63,w:239,h:13},
{t:"159",p:168,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"depression; despair; cynicism; alienation from colleagues, friends, and ",p:168,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"family; job changing; a heavy head; and an attitude that everyone is ",p:168,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"sick or has problems. If therapists sufer compassion fatigue, they can ",p:168,x:89,y:150,w:484,h:22},
{t:"also traumatize their clients and those around them. Such victims lose ",p:168,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"their frame of reference, their sense of identity, and their central beliefs ",p:168,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and spirituality. Te spiritual damage includes loss of meaning, con-",p:168,x:89,y:225,w:480,h:22},
{t:"nection, and hope. Tese can be profoundly destructive. Over time, the ",p:168,x:89,y:250,w:482,h:22},
{t:"personality disintegrates.",p:168,x:89,y:275,w:171,h:22},
{t:"It is very likely that a great number of people in Rwanda are suf-",p:168,x:118,y:300,w:450,h:22},
{t:"fering various levels of compassion fatigue. Research needs to be done ",p:168,x:89,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"to measure this and then remedial programs started to alleviate the ",p:168,x:89,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"condition. Tose most likely to sufer compassion fatigue are family ",p:168,x:89,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"members close to survivors, those seeking to help victims like therapists ",p:168,x:89,y:400,w:482,h:22},
{t:"and pastors, and those in regular contact with traumatized people such ",p:168,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"as doctors, nurses, and health care professionals. Secondary trauma is ",p:168,x:89,y:450,w:484,h:22},
{t:"very common among therapists who work long term with the trauma-",p:168,x:89,y:475,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tized and those who have to live or work alongside those who have ",p:168,x:89,y:500,w:485,h:22},
{t:"experienced trauma. ",p:168,x:89,y:525,w:142,h:22},
{t:"One antidote is to adopt an “expert by experience” approach to ",p:168,x:118,y:550,w:455,h:22},
{t:"post-trauma needs, where the main therapeutic burden is carried by ",p:168,x:89,y:575,w:485,h:22},
{t:"those who are successfully letting go of their past baggage. Tey have ",p:168,x:89,y:600,w:484,h:22},
{t:"learned how to be free from the pain and shame of their own pasts. ",p:168,x:89,y:625,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Terefore, they will not be subject to the same danger of “compassion ",p:168,x:89,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fatigue, ” unlike their trained but not yet healed professional therapist ",p:168,x:89,y:675,w:484,h:22},
{t:"colleagues. Such experts, by experience, become their own positive ",p:168,x:89,y:700,w:486,h:22},
{t:"message. ",p:168,x:89,y:725,w:62,h:22},
{t:"Te Economic and Political Cost of Ignoring People’s ",p:168,x:89,y:769,w:438,h:27},
{t:"Baggage and Pain ",p:168,x:89,y:794,w:147,h:27},
{t:"Contemporary research has shown beyond reasonable doubt that ",p:168,x:119,y:830,w:454,h:22},
{t:"exposure to traumatic events can produce lasting alterations in the ",p:168,x:89,y:855,w:486,h:22},
{t:"endocrine, autonomic, and central nervous systems. New lines of in-",p:168,x:89,y:880,w:480,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   159",p:168,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:12",p:168,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:169,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:169,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"160",p:169,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"vestigation are showing complex changes in the regulations of stress ",p:169,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"hormones and in reconfguring the function and even the structure of ",p:169,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"specifc areas of the brain. For instance, abnormalities have been found ",p:169,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"in the architecture of the amygdala and the hippocampus, areas that ",p:169,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"link fear and memory.4 Te political and health care costs in the next ",p:169,x:89,y:200,w:484,h:23},
{t:"decades will be enormous in various parts of the world if programs are ",p:169,x:88,y:225,w:483,h:22},
{t:"not initiated to help alleviate toxic emotion and its long-term psycho-",p:169,x:88,y:250,w:480,h:22},
{t:"physiological damage. ",p:169,x:88,y:275,w:154,h:22},
{t:"Te long-term impact of trauma on the body, particularly when it ",p:169,x:118,y:300,w:453,h:22},
{t:"is repressed or denied, is now well-established, especially in areas like ",p:169,x:88,y:325,w:484,h:22},
{t:"reduced immunity of the body to disease. Following the threatened ",p:169,x:88,y:350,w:485,h:22},
{t:"nuclear leak at Tree Mile Island in March 1979, longitudinal research ",p:169,x:88,y:375,w:483,h:22},
{t:"noted increased levels of cancer and other illnesses as a result of merely ",p:169,x:88,y:400,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the stress of the threat.5 ",p:169,x:88,y:425,w:163,h:23},
{t:"Along similar lines, the Iraqi Scud missile attacks on Jerusalem in ",p:169,x:118,y:450,w:454,h:22},
{t:"1991 had little collateral damage, with only two dead in sixteen days. ",p:169,x:89,y:475,w:484,h:22},
{t:"However, death in the immediate area subsequently rose by 58 percent ",p:169,x:89,y:500,w:483,h:22},
{t:"as a result of the severe emotional trauma caused by the stress and fear ",p:169,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the Iraqi bombardment.6 ",p:169,x:89,y:549,w:192,h:25},
{t:"Te implications of such fndings, when extrapolated, could be ex-",p:169,x:118,y:575,w:449,h:22},
{t:"tremely serious for many parts of the world where there has been natu-",p:169,x:88,y:600,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ral or man-made disaster or tragedy. For instance, a twenty-year study ",p:169,x:88,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in the US noted that depressed people are twice as likely to develop a ",p:169,x:88,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"fatal cancer in the years ahead, and they are far more prone to addictive ",p:169,x:88,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"disorders.7 Te physical conditions are absolutely real, diagnosable, and ",p:169,x:88,y:700,w:482,h:23},
{t:"sometimes treatable, but the roots and drivers are ofen emotional. ",p:169,x:89,y:725,w:457,h:22},
{t:"If nothing is done, over the next decade the Rwandan govern-",p:169,x:118,y:750,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ment will need to spend far more money on health care, as well as ",p:169,x:88,y:775,w:486,h:22},
{t:"4. Herman, Trauma. ",p:169,x:89,y:826,w:119,h:20},
{t:"5. P. Martin, Te Sickening Mind: Brain, Behaviour, Immunity, Disease (London: ",p:169,x:89,y:844,w:456,h:20},
{t:"Flamingo, 1998).",p:169,x:89,y:863,w:97,h:20},
{t:"6. Martin, Sickening Mind.",p:169,x:89,y:881,w:151,h:20},
{t:"7. Martin, Sickening Mind, 96–97.",p:169,x:89,y:899,w:194,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   160",p:169,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:169,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"launChing a thera PeutiC Program",p:170,x:323,y:63,w:239,h:13},
{t:"161",p:170,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"calculate the cost of losing increasing numbers of people prematurely. ",p:170,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Consequently, the mental and emotional damage will continue to ",p:170,x:89,y:125,w:487,h:22},
{t:"worsen for survivors who have witnessed the loss of their loved ones. A ",p:170,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"doctor working with one of the aid programs said that we are just now ",p:170,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"beginning to see the physical, emotional, and spiritual damage done to ",p:170,x:89,y:200,w:483,h:22},
{t:"individuals and the whole nation. ",p:170,x:89,y:225,w:233,h:22},
{t:"Not only women and children, but men are also beginning to ",p:170,x:118,y:250,w:456,h:22},
{t:"show a range of psycho-physiological illnesses that were uncommon in ",p:170,x:89,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the past. Te self-denial and repression of deep pain and trauma by tens ",p:170,x:89,y:300,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of thousands of people will inevitably express itself, surfacing in a range ",p:170,x:89,y:325,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of ways such as ulcers, cancers, heart disease, physical pain, and other ",p:170,x:89,y:350,w:484,h:22},
{t:"disorders. One wonders what many genocidaires now feel about what ",p:170,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:22},
{t:"they have done: the guilt, fear, shame, and pain of their actions. How ",p:170,x:89,y:400,w:484,h:22},
{t:"will their toxic pasts afect them physically? Such men and women may ",p:170,x:89,y:425,w:483,h:22},
{t:"need to be ofered some kind of amnesty in order for them to come ",p:170,x:89,y:450,w:485,h:22},
{t:"forward and settle matters with both their Maker and their victims.",p:170,x:89,y:475,w:460,h:22},
{t:"One further dimension must also be brought into the equation. As ",p:170,x:118,y:500,w:454,h:22},
{t:"Rwandan society becomes wealthier and imports western lifestyles like ",p:170,x:89,y:525,w:484,h:22},
{t:"smoking cigarettes, using drugs, drinking alcohol, and having casual, ",p:170,x:89,y:550,w:486,h:22},
{t:"unprotected sex, related diseases will emerge. Tese added to existing ",p:170,x:89,y:575,w:486,h:22},
{t:"emotional disorders create problems unprecedented in any culture at any ",p:170,x:89,y:600,w:483,h:22},
{t:"time. We have an endemic problem waiting to explode, for when people ",p:170,x:89,y:625,w:484,h:22},
{t:"who are already carrying pain and trauma are given the opportunity to ",p:170,x:89,y:650,w:484,h:22},
{t:"further abuse themselves in a socially acceptable way, some always will in ",p:170,x:89,y:675,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a big way. ",p:170,x:89,y:700,w:67,h:22},
{t:"A Network of Support Groups Across the Country",p:170,x:89,y:744,w:415,h:27},
{t:"In suggesting a network of support groups across the country fa-",p:170,x:119,y:780,w:449,h:22},
{t:"cilitated by those learning to heal, “experts by experience,” we are en-",p:170,x:88,y:805,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tering new territory for many. Within these groups recovery unfolds ",p:170,x:88,y:830,w:485,h:22},
{t:"in three stages: frst by establishing safety, followed by remembering ",p:170,x:88,y:855,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   161",p:170,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:170,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:171,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:171,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"162",p:171,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"and mourning, then by reconnecting with ordinary life.8 Te support ",p:171,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"group creates a safe place and overcomes walls of shame and a chosen ",p:171,x:88,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"willful incapacity to link and relate with a person ’s past. ",p:171,x:88,y:150,w:382,h:22},
{t:"It also opens a space for the traumatized to share and emotion-",p:171,x:118,y:175,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ally engage this trauma, to work through all the defciencies of self-es-",p:171,x:88,y:200,w:479,h:22},
{t:"teem, breaking self-accusations and all the insecurities that go with it. ",p:171,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Such groups need to be heterogenous, not comprised of trauma victims ",p:171,x:88,y:250,w:483,h:22},
{t:"alone. Te group becomes a container of unbearable feelings, allowing ",p:171,x:88,y:275,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the whole group to absorb what any one person would fnd very dif-",p:171,x:88,y:300,w:480,h:22},
{t:"fcult to carry. ",p:171,x:88,y:325,w:99,h:22},
{t:"Within the church, we will bring a person to the cross for forgive-",p:171,x:118,y:350,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ness of sins. Tis can be a life-changing moment. What we ofen do ",p:171,x:88,y:375,w:485,h:22},
{t:"not do is also teach them to experience an emotional engaging of all ",p:171,x:88,y:400,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of their racial hate that lies just below the waterline of their conscious ",p:171,x:88,y:425,w:484,h:22},
{t:"lives. Confession in the church in Rwanda must include not only what ",p:171,x:88,y:450,w:483,h:22},
{t:"we have done (both our sin and our thoughts) but also what others ",p:171,x:88,y:475,w:485,h:22},
{t:"have taught us wrongly or done to us that we now need to surrender ",p:171,x:88,y:500,w:484,h:22},
{t:"emotionally to the Lord. Of course, this does not apply just to Rwanda. ",p:171,x:88,y:525,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Around the world the church would beneft from introducing this ",p:171,x:88,y:550,w:486,h:22},
{t:"deeper level of cleansing to those who are coming to Christ.",p:171,x:88,y:575,w:407,h:22},
{t:"We need to create a culture, both emotionally and relationally, ",p:171,x:118,y:600,w:456,h:22},
{t:"where Christ not only takes our sin but also our shameful hate, racism, ",p:171,x:88,y:625,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and pain. One has to create an environment where it is safe for people ",p:171,x:88,y:650,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to express what they are feeling. In such a group of equals, with a facili-",p:171,x:88,y:675,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tator, they will be able to confess and speak out what they really feel. ",p:171,x:88,y:700,w:469,h:22},
{t:"Many people in Rwanda are currently afraid to do this for a number ",p:171,x:118,y:725,w:452,h:22},
{t:"of reasons both cultural and personal. Sharing any form of weakness ",p:171,x:88,y:750,w:485,h:22},
{t:"is not always advisable in the Rwandese culture. Another problem is ",p:171,x:88,y:775,w:485,h:22},
{t:"that once people admit what they really feel, they then have a duty to ",p:171,x:88,y:800,w:484,h:22},
{t:"themselves to do something about it. Because they do not have this ",p:171,x:88,y:825,w:485,h:22},
{t:"8. Herman, Trauma. ",p:171,x:89,y:899,w:119,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   162",p:171,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:171,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"launChing a thera PeutiC Program",p:172,x:323,y:63,w:239,h:13},
{t:"163",p:172,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"opportunity, they remain in denial. We are ofen taught to forgive, but ",p:172,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"currently Rwandese are not being taught that Christ says it’s okay to ",p:172,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"feel anger, it’s okay to feel revenge, it’s okay to want justice, and it’s okay ",p:172,x:89,y:150,w:483,h:22},
{t:"to feel loss. It is healing to share pain with Christ and others. But other ",p:172,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"problems stand in the path to any signifcant numbers of Rwandese ",p:172,x:89,y:200,w:485,h:22},
{t:"embarking on such a journey.",p:172,x:89,y:225,w:200,h:22},
{t:"Creating Safe Places",p:172,x:89,y:269,w:162,h:27},
{t:"One of the needs ofen mentioned to us is the lack of safe places ",p:172,x:119,y:305,w:454,h:22},
{t:"where women in particular are able to relax, feel at ease, and begin to ",p:172,x:89,y:330,w:484,h:22},
{t:"share their horror. Most women are part of extended families, all living ",p:172,x:89,y:355,w:483,h:22},
{t:"together, ofen with a number of people in the same room. Many of ",p:172,x:89,y:380,w:485,h:22},
{t:"these people have their own toxic pasts to contend with. So the need ",p:172,x:89,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"for a safe place is central to any therapeutic initiative. ",p:172,x:89,y:430,w:364,h:22},
{t:"What is also needed is to fnd Rwandese willing to take a healing ",p:172,x:119,y:455,w:454,h:22},
{t:"journey themselves and then to support other men and women in their ",p:172,x:89,y:480,w:483,h:22},
{t:"desire to be emotionally free from their pasts. Creating safe places is ",p:172,x:89,y:505,w:485,h:22},
{t:"just the frst step, because such a healing movement will take hold only ",p:172,x:89,y:530,w:483,h:22},
{t:"if people themselves begin to possess and live out the healing they are ",p:172,x:89,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"being ofered. Tey must become “experts by experience” in frst help-",p:172,x:89,y:580,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing themselves; then they must be willing to help others.",p:172,x:89,y:605,w:384,h:22},
{t:"A Movement of “Experts by Experience”",p:172,x:89,y:649,w:329,h:27},
{t:"Te client ultimately makes the best expert. We need to create ",p:172,x:119,y:685,w:456,h:22},
{t:"a movement of people possessing their healing who are then willing ",p:172,x:89,y:710,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and able to help others. To do this we should use existing social net-",p:172,x:89,y:735,w:480,h:22},
{t:"works along with new initiatives to build therapeutic relational healing ",p:172,x:89,y:760,w:483,h:22},
{t:"into a culture of friendships. We must create and afrm a generation ",p:172,x:89,y:785,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of “experts by experience” who can then be accredited professionally, ",p:172,x:89,y:810,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   163",p:172,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:172,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:173,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:173,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"164",p:173,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"allowing them to become trainers and facilitators for further groups. ",p:173,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Tis will begin to create across Rwanda what is called a “healing ma-",p:173,x:89,y:125,w:480,h:22},
{t:"trix,” 9 where both intellectual healing and emotional release can be ",p:173,x:89,y:150,w:486,h:23},
{t:"practiced.10 Such a strategy will lead to further networks of support for ",p:173,x:89,y:175,w:483,h:22},
{t:"those seeking help. ",p:173,x:88,y:200,w:132,h:22},
{t:"How to Start",p:173,x:89,y:244,w:107,h:27},
{t:"Te last one hundred years in Rwanda have seen an enormous ",p:173,x:119,y:280,w:456,h:22},
{t:"breakdown in trust. Te colonials promoted division between Tutsi ",p:173,x:89,y:305,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and Hutu, destroying relational society and its traditional structures. ",p:173,x:89,y:330,w:485,h:22},
{t:"People lost or had stolen from them their long-held values. Many ",p:173,x:89,y:355,w:487,h:22},
{t:"were taught to be suspicious of family life and its worth. Tey were ",p:173,x:89,y:380,w:485,h:22},
{t:"taught that their frst loyalty must be to the church. Education in a ",p:173,x:89,y:405,w:485,h:22},
{t:"“Christian” school could demand a level of loyalty from both leaders ",p:173,x:89,y:430,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and clergy that undermined more traditional family structures. Also, ",p:173,x:89,y:455,w:485,h:22},
{t:"from the 1960s onward, such suspicion grew within both Hutu and ",p:173,x:89,y:480,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Tutsi families and communities. ",p:173,x:89,y:505,w:223,h:22},
{t:"We worry that for a relational, therapeutic program to be learned, ",p:173,x:119,y:530,w:453,h:22},
{t:"people need to become more open, even to appreciate and believe in ",p:173,x:89,y:555,w:484,h:22},
{t:"the benefts of telling the truth within a group they can trust. “I don ’t ",p:173,x:89,y:580,w:484,h:22},
{t:"want to tell them my problems” is commonly heard. So how will peo-",p:173,x:89,y:605,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ple trust each other? Ideally, relationships of trust that already exist can ",p:173,x:89,y:630,w:483,h:22},
{t:"be used for building therapeutic groups. ",p:173,x:89,y:655,w:276,h:22},
{t:"One should be cautious in adopting such groups. Terapeutic ",p:173,x:119,y:680,w:457,h:22},
{t:"groups will never work where there are hierarchies, where one person ",p:173,x:89,y:705,w:484,h:22},
{t:"is the boss and the others are followers. Terapeutic groups also need to ",p:173,x:89,y:730,w:482,h:22},
{t:"meet in neutral places where everyone can feel safe. Such centers need ",p:173,x:89,y:755,w:483,h:22},
{t:"9. R. H. Klein and V. L. Schermer, Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma",p:173,x:89,y:826,w:451,h:20},
{t:"(London: Guilford Press, 2000).",p:173,x:89,y:845,w:182,h:18},
{t:"10. ",p:173,x:89,y:863,w:20,h:18},
{t:"E. Hegeman and A. Wohl, “Management of Trauma-Related Afect, Defences ",p:173,x:118,y:863,w:439,h:18},
{t:"and Dissociative States, ” in Group Psychotherapy for Psychological Trauma, eds. R. H. ",p:173,x:89,y:881,w:472,h:20},
{t:"Klein and V. L. Schermer (London: Guilford Press, 2000) 64–88.",p:173,x:89,y:900,w:367,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   164",p:173,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:173,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"launChing a thera PeutiC Program",p:174,x:323,y:63,w:239,h:13},
{t:"165",p:174,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"to be established all over the country, running workshops and support ",p:174,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"groups. We are sure that Rwandese will quickly learn, in a climate of ",p:174,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"mutuality, how to become “experts by experience. ” ",p:174,x:89,y:150,w:347,h:22},
{t:"Setting up such networks will also release a movement of lay peo-",p:174,x:118,y:175,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ple able to share with others their own initial healing, thereby repli-",p:174,x:88,y:200,w:479,h:22},
{t:"cating themselves throughout the country. Tis movement should be ",p:174,x:88,y:225,w:484,h:22},
{t:"independent and led by Rwandese. Tose who emerge as leaders can ",p:174,x:88,y:250,w:485,h:22},
{t:"also be accredited professionally, vocationally, and academically.",p:174,x:88,y:275,w:436,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:174,x:211,y:349,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:174,x:119,y:385,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Can you conceive of people having no place to go that is safe ",p:174,x:148,y:385,w:417,h:22},
{t:"for them?",p:174,x:148,y:410,w:66,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:174,x:119,y:442,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What would be the diference between your discipleship ",p:174,x:148,y:442,w:391,h:22},
{t:"group and a therapeutic support group?",p:174,x:148,y:467,w:272,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:174,x:119,y:500,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How would you seek to restore trust among people? ",p:174,x:148,y:500,w:361,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:174,x:119,y:532,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you agree with the suggestion that our emotional life can ",p:174,x:148,y:532,w:418,h:22},
{t:"contribute to our becoming physically ill?",p:174,x:148,y:557,w:285,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:174,x:119,y:590,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you know anyone sufering from compassion fatigue?",p:174,x:148,y:590,w:391,h:22},
{t:"6. ",p:174,x:119,y:623,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Note some of the ways we can prevent racism in our culture.",p:174,x:148,y:623,w:410,h:22},
{t:"7. ",p:174,x:119,y:655,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you agree with the idea that many people will not admit ",p:174,x:148,y:655,w:413,h:22},
{t:"a problem or need until they know someone has a solution?",p:174,x:148,y:680,w:407,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   165",p:174,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:174,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"167",p:175,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Part Five",p:175,x:284,y:101,w:88,h:20},
{t:"an action Plan",p:175,x:226,y:160,w:193,h:30},
{t:"Most case studies end with a conclusion, a statement of the ",p:175,x:119,y:250,w:437,h:16},
{t:"fndings, and a suggestion on whether the outcomes are appli-",p:175,x:89,y:271,w:455,h:20},
{t:"cable to other contexts. In a situation of such human tragedy as ",p:175,x:89,y:300,w:471,h:16},
{t:"Rwanda, we do not aspire to this kind of dispassionate response. ",p:175,x:89,y:325,w:477,h:16},
{t:"Instead, we have viewed this book more in line with an action-",p:175,x:89,y:350,w:457,h:16},
{t:"research model that seeks to suggest interventions, resulting from ",p:175,x:89,y:375,w:484,h:16},
{t:"the research that may help resolve or ease the deeper problem.",p:175,x:89,y:400,w:460,h:16},
{t:"In Rwanda, the problems are vast. The poverty, the lack of ",p:175,x:119,y:425,w:431,h:16},
{t:"infrastructure, the loss of leadership, the number of orphans and ",p:175,x:89,y:450,w:479,h:16},
{t:"widows, the pain and trauma—these are taking many years of ",p:175,x:89,y:475,w:458,h:16},
{t:"committed support to resolve. In this book, we have focused just ",p:175,x:89,y:500,w:473,h:16},
{t:"on one—the need to understand how the genocide occurred in ",p:175,x:89,y:525,w:459,h:16},
{t:"order to minimize the possibility of its recurrence and maximize ",p:175,x:89,y:550,w:471,h:16},
{t:"the potential for healing.",p:175,x:89,y:575,w:182,h:16},
{t:"So in this fnal part we will explore some possible areas of ",p:175,x:119,y:596,w:431,h:20},
{t:"response. Many of these ideas are directly applicable to other sit-",p:175,x:89,y:625,w:479,h:16},
{t:"uations where there has been terrible tragedy, for instance, those ",p:175,x:89,y:650,w:481,h:16},
{t:"displaced or left behind after Hurricane Katrina, the thousands ",p:175,x:89,y:675,w:470,h:16},
{t:"of homeless in Pakistan after the earthquakes, or those indel-",p:175,x:89,y:700,w:450,h:16},
{t:"ibly scarred from the trauma of the 2005 tsunami. Some of what ",p:175,x:89,y:725,w:472,h:16},
{t:"we suggest here will have obvious relevance. Another example ",p:175,x:89,y:750,w:462,h:16},
{t:"would be war-torn countries and those where genocide or de-",p:175,x:89,y:775,w:452,h:16},
{t:"mocide are being practiced even now, such as Iraq, Afghanistan, ",p:175,x:89,y:800,w:478,h:16},
{t:"and Sudan.",p:175,x:89,y:825,w:82,h:16},
{t:"It is also our hope that some of the ideas suggested will ",p:175,x:119,y:850,w:411,h:16},
{t:"also be directly relevant to our readers, that some will be imple-",p:175,x:89,y:875,w:470,h:16},
{t:"mented in your own local community where people are feeling ",p:175,x:89,y:900,w:460,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   167",p:175,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:175,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:176,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:176,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"168",p:176,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"abused, disadvantaged, or voiceless. However, our primary goal ",p:176,x:89,y:104,w:477,h:16},
{t:"is to propose a way forward to support the people of Rwanda. ",p:176,x:89,y:129,w:457,h:16},
{t:"Also, we are proposing an action plan for the church, both in ",p:176,x:89,y:154,w:452,h:16},
{t:"Rwanda and internationally. There are, of course, more ideas ",p:176,x:89,y:179,w:455,h:16},
{t:"than we have suggested. This is just a start—important ways that ",p:176,x:89,y:204,w:481,h:16},
{t:"Christ can walk again in lands and lives where His love has been ",p:176,x:89,y:229,w:483,h:16},
{t:"lost or never known.",p:176,x:89,y:254,w:149,h:16},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   168",p:176,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:176,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"169",p:177,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 17",p:177,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"outlining a Way Forw",p:177,x:156,y:293,w:285,h:30},
{t:"ard  ",p:177,x:456,y:293,w:64,h:30},
{t:"for rwanda",p:177,x:250,y:325,w:153,h:30},
{t:"“Rwanda Help Heal Yourself",p:177,x:89,y:430,w:233,h:27},
{t:"”",p:177,x:326,y:430,w:8,h:27},
{t:"Te following is nothing more than a “shopping list” of some of ",p:177,x:119,y:465,w:455,h:22},
{t:"the things that need to be taken into account in any future strategy ",p:177,x:89,y:490,w:485,h:22},
{t:"to help Rwanda heal itself. Most of the ideas are not new; they do not ",p:177,x:89,y:515,w:484,h:22},
{t:"claim to be. Te two lists in these chapters for society and the church ",p:177,x:89,y:540,w:484,h:22},
{t:"are merely intended as reminders of all that you have read and now ",p:177,x:89,y:565,w:485,h:22},
{t:"could apply if you so wished. Together all of our eforts could form a ",p:177,x:89,y:590,w:484,h:22},
{t:"basis to help heal Rwanda, along with others not mentioned. ",p:177,x:89,y:615,w:418,h:22},
{t:"A Life Full of Loss",p:177,x:89,y:660,w:150,h:27},
{t:"Rwanda has yet to fully own the true extent of its losses. All bound-",p:177,x:119,y:695,w:449,h:22},
{t:"ary violations, in any form, create loss. Both society and the church in ",p:177,x:88,y:720,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Rwanda need to begin writing a social psychology of loss and how they ",p:177,x:88,y:745,w:483,h:22},
{t:"might redeem it in their lives.1 Groups lend a kind of formality and ",p:177,x:88,y:770,w:485,h:23},
{t:"ritual solemnity to individual grief; they help survivors pay homage to ",p:177,x:88,y:795,w:483,h:22},
{t:"1. A. Matsakis, “Trauma and Its Impact on Families, ” in Handbook of Stress, Trauma, ",p:177,x:89,y:881,w:475,h:20},
{t:"and the Family, ed. D.R. Catherall (New York: Brunner Routledge, 2004) 15–32.",p:177,x:89,y:899,w:456,h:20},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   169",p:177,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:177,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:178,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:178,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"170",p:178,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"their losses in the past while repopulating lives in the present.2 Tis loss ",p:178,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"cannot be redeemed unless it is frst fully owned, and this will require ",p:178,x:88,y:125,w:484,h:22},
{t:"teaching and learning. ",p:178,x:88,y:150,w:155,h:22},
{t:"Te Scourge of Emotional and Physical Illness",p:178,x:89,y:194,w:374,h:27},
{t:"We have to take serious account of psychophysiology, the long-",p:178,x:119,y:230,w:449,h:22},
{t:"term negative impact of toxic emotion on the human body. We must ",p:178,x:89,y:255,w:484,h:22},
{t:"also measure the impact of psycho-neural immunology, the damage ",p:178,x:89,y:280,w:486,h:22},
{t:"done by toxic emotion to the nervous and immune systems of the body, ",p:178,x:89,y:305,w:482,h:22},
{t:"weakening its capacity to resist illness. People must fnd safe places ",p:178,x:89,y:330,w:486,h:22},
{t:"where they can openly “fall apart” on the path to greater wholeness.3",p:178,x:89,y:355,w:479,h:22},
{t:"Few such places currently exist, especially for women. AVEGA sug-",p:178,x:88,y:380,w:480,h:22},
{t:"gests such issues need to be tackled as part of a major holistic program ",p:178,x:88,y:405,w:483,h:22},
{t:"for the thousands of women caught in this trap. Such support must ",p:178,x:88,y:430,w:485,h:22},
{t:"include safe houses, rehousing, trauma relief, medical support, and jus-",p:178,x:88,y:455,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tice against abusers. But we should not restrict this to survivors, since ",p:178,x:88,y:480,w:484,h:22},
{t:"we also need to take seriously the children of those who carry trauma.",p:178,x:88,y:505,w:474,h:22},
{t:"Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma",p:178,x:89,y:549,w:341,h:27},
{t:"Based on holocaust survivors, long-term research is demonstrating ",p:178,x:119,y:585,w:453,h:22},
{t:"that the children of survivors can ofen have more serious symptoms ",p:178,x:89,y:610,w:485,h:22},
{t:"of the trauma than their parents.4 Much research confrming this fact ",p:178,x:89,y:635,w:484,h:23},
{t:"has already been done in this area.5 Extending the heavy cost to our ",p:178,x:89,y:660,w:485,h:22},
{t:"children6 is profoundly disturbing if we do not difuse it now in the ",p:178,x:88,y:685,w:485,h:22},
{t:"2. Herman, Trauma. ",p:178,x:89,y:753,w:119,h:20},
{t:"3. Hegeman and Wohl, “Management. ” ",p:178,x:89,y:771,w:225,h:18},
{t:"4. Rowland-Klein, “Trauma. ” ",p:178,x:89,y:790,w:167,h:18},
{t:"5. B. S. N. Gof and K. L. Schwedrdtfeger, “Te Systemic Impact of Traumatized ",p:178,x:89,y:808,w:454,h:18},
{t:"Children” in Handbook of Stress, Trauma, and the Family, ed. D. R. Catherall (Hove: ",p:178,x:89,y:826,w:477,h:20},
{t:"Brunner-Routledge, 2004) 179–202.",p:178,x:89,y:845,w:208,h:18},
{t:"6. T. Kaplan, “Psychological Responses to Interpersonal Violence: Children, ” in Psy-",p:178,x:89,y:863,w:473,h:20},
{t:"chological Trauma: A Developmental Approach, eds. D. Black, et al. (London: Gaskell, ",p:178,x:89,y:881,w:479,h:20},
{t:"1997) 184–198.",p:178,x:89,y:900,w:92,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   170",p:178,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:13",p:178,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"outlining a Way For",p:179,x:297,y:63,w:129,h:13},
{t:"Ward For rWanda",p:179,x:442,y:63,w:121,h:13},
{t:"171",p:179,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"parents. Tackling the intergenerational aspect of the trauma will natu-",p:179,x:89,y:100,w:480,h:22},
{t:"rally break the cycle of damage in the next. Breaking such violence will ",p:179,x:89,y:125,w:483,h:22},
{t:"not be easy.",p:179,x:89,y:150,w:78,h:22},
{t:"Breaking the Cycle of Violence",p:179,x:89,y:194,w:252,h:27},
{t:"Strong evidence now exists that the abused can become the abus-",p:179,x:119,y:230,w:449,h:22},
{t:"er.7 Mandela notes this in his report on violence in the twentieth cen-",p:179,x:89,y:255,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tury. Te church must begin to allow people to own their anger, rage, ",p:179,x:88,y:280,w:484,h:22},
{t:"and pain, teaching them that the cross is able to absorb all they wish to ",p:179,x:88,y:305,w:483,h:22},
{t:"own in themselves. Tey can, without shame, give it to Christ in the ",p:179,x:88,y:330,w:484,h:22},
{t:"witness of others. As Dennis Martin so ably suggested in the 1960s, the ",p:179,x:88,y:355,w:483,h:22},
{t:"church has a duty to absorb such evil, but in many ways it is currently ",p:179,x:88,y:380,w:484,h:22},
{t:"far too controlled and respectable to take on the messy and risky task ",p:179,x:88,y:405,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of mitigating human pain and disorder.8 All of us are vulnerable to the ",p:179,x:88,y:430,w:483,h:23},
{t:"abuse of the baggage of those we seek to help, especially if we are heal-",p:179,x:89,y:455,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ers ourselves. ",p:179,x:89,y:480,w:92,h:22},
{t:"Begin Healing the Healers",p:179,x:89,y:524,w:214,h:27},
{t:"We must begin to account for compassion fatigue9 and build into ",p:179,x:119,y:560,w:453,h:22},
{t:"the infrastructure of society workshops and retreats that allow thera-",p:179,x:88,y:585,w:480,h:22},
{t:"peutic support workers to of-load the baggage that has been dumped ",p:179,x:88,y:610,w:484,h:22},
{t:"on them by others. We must begin to help heal the healers. A tradi-",p:179,x:88,y:635,w:479,h:22},
{t:"tional society that exercises justice will also reduce the power to abuse, ",p:179,x:88,y:660,w:483,h:22},
{t:"and some of these values need to be recovered. ",p:179,x:88,y:685,w:320,h:22},
{t:"7. G. Mezey, “Psychological Responses to Interpersonal Violence: Adults, ” in Psy-",p:179,x:89,y:753,w:456,h:20},
{t:"chological Trauma: A Developmental Approach eds. D. Black, et al. (London: Gaskell, ",p:179,x:89,y:771,w:476,h:20},
{t:"1997) 176–183.",p:179,x:89,y:790,w:92,h:18},
{t:"8. D. V. Martin, Adventure in Psychiatry: Social Change in a Mental Hospital (Lon-",p:179,x:89,y:808,w:463,h:20},
{t:"don: Bruno Cassirer Publications, 1962) 185.",p:179,x:89,y:826,w:255,h:18},
{t:"9. L. A. Pearlman and K. W. Saakvitne, “Treating Terapists with Vicarious Trauma-",p:179,x:89,y:845,w:473,h:18},
{t:"tization and Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder, ” in Compassion Fatigue: Coping ",p:179,x:89,y:863,w:461,h:20},
{t:"with Secondary Traumatic Stress Disorder in Tose Who Treat the Traumatized, ed. C. ",p:179,x:89,y:881,w:477,h:20},
{t:"R. Figley,(Florence, KY: Brunner Mazel, 1995) 150–177.",p:179,x:89,y:900,w:321,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   171",p:179,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:14",p:179,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:180,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:180,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"172",p:180,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Restoring Traditional Rwandan Values",p:180,x:89,y:99,w:312,h:27},
{t:"We must begin to restore respect for a range of traditional Rwandan ",p:180,x:119,y:135,w:452,h:22},
{t:"values, like a greater respect for the elderly, the “gray hairs, ” and a great-",p:180,x:89,y:160,w:480,h:22},
{t:"er sense of national cohesion and unity. We should allow for the pride ",p:180,x:89,y:185,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of integrity to be restored to Rwandan identity. Some of these values ",p:180,x:89,y:210,w:484,h:22},
{t:"are trust, honesty, and openness. ",p:180,x:89,y:235,w:224,h:22},
{t:"Trust, Honesty, and Openness",p:180,x:89,y:279,w:245,h:27},
{t:"Abusive damage in our lives removes much of our ability to trust ",p:180,x:119,y:315,w:454,h:22},
{t:"relationships with others. We must give people a reason to trust again, ",p:180,x:89,y:340,w:483,h:22},
{t:"restoring a willingness to talk with one another and to trust those who ",p:180,x:89,y:365,w:483,h:22},
{t:"help them and walk the road with them. Restoring a traditional story-",p:180,x:89,y:390,w:480,h:22},
{t:"telling culture and its values would help achieve this, since trust, hones-",p:180,x:89,y:415,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ty, and openness will follow thereby contributing to Rwanda becoming ",p:180,x:89,y:440,w:483,h:22},
{t:"a safe place for safe people.",p:180,x:89,y:465,w:182,h:22},
{t:"Creating Safe Places and Safe People",p:180,x:89,y:509,w:295,h:27},
{t:"Trauma and emotional illness separate people,10 so it is essential ",p:180,x:119,y:545,w:455,h:22},
{t:"that we begin building more safe places and safe people who can help ",p:180,x:88,y:570,w:484,h:22},
{t:"support those seeking positive change in their lives. Together, in sup-",p:180,x:88,y:595,w:480,h:22},
{t:"port groups for both men and women, we constitute the norm from ",p:180,x:88,y:620,w:484,h:22},
{t:"which we deviate individually.11 Such support groups will help reduce ",p:180,x:88,y:645,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PTSD symptoms as well as teach, tell, and witness to past trauma. Safe ",p:180,x:88,y:670,w:483,h:22},
{t:"places and safe people allow for grieving, help restructure people’s lives, ",p:180,x:88,y:695,w:483,h:22},
{t:"restore them to reality, and help reintegrate them into society.12 Tis ",p:180,x:88,y:720,w:485,h:23},
{t:"will allow people to become “experts by experience.” In creating safe ",p:180,x:88,y:745,w:485,h:22},
{t:"places we must also help teach people to be safe, especially the abusers, ",p:180,x:88,y:770,w:483,h:22},
{t:"so they do not want to abuse again. ",p:180,x:88,y:795,w:244,h:22},
{t:"10.",p:180,x:89,y:863,w:17,h:18},
{t:"Herman, Trauma. ",p:180,x:119,y:863,w:104,h:20},
{t:"11. ",p:180,x:89,y:881,w:20,h:18},
{t:"Klein and Schermer, “Introduction. ” ",p:180,x:118,y:881,w:207,h:18},
{t:"12. ",p:180,x:89,y:900,w:20,h:18},
{t:"Klein and Schermer, “Introduction. ” ",p:180,x:118,y:900,w:207,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   172",p:180,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:14",p:180,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"outlining a Way For",p:181,x:297,y:63,w:129,h:13},
{t:"Ward For rWanda",p:181,x:442,y:63,w:121,h:13},
{t:"173",p:181,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Helping the Abusers",p:181,x:89,y:99,w:167,h:27},
{t:"In the western world, it has been necessary to turn some prisons ",p:181,x:119,y:135,w:454,h:22},
{t:"into therapeutic communities,13 since a two-year therapeutic program ",p:181,x:89,y:160,w:484,h:22},
{t:"will bring down reofending rates signifcantly.14 While initiating a pro-",p:181,x:89,y:185,w:479,h:22},
{t:"gram for the abused, we believe it is also important to begin programs ",p:181,x:88,y:210,w:483,h:22},
{t:"for convicted genocidaires. We recommend turning some prisons into ",p:181,x:88,y:235,w:483,h:22},
{t:"therapeutic communities that can help abusers see more clearly what ",p:181,x:88,y:260,w:484,h:22},
{t:"they have done, help them understand why the genocide happened, ",p:181,x:88,y:285,w:485,h:22},
{t:"and teach them to begin a journey of exploring new values that will ",p:181,x:88,y:310,w:485,h:22},
{t:"help them avoid ever wanting to hurt others again. Te benefts could ",p:181,x:88,y:335,w:483,h:22},
{t:"be incalculable, especially in helping defuse racial hate or abusive in-",p:181,x:88,y:360,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tent the convicted person may still carry. But education must also play ",p:181,x:88,y:385,w:483,h:22},
{t:"its part.",p:181,x:88,y:410,w:52,h:22},
{t:"Values-Based Education",p:181,x:89,y:454,w:195,h:27},
{t:"Because education was part of the genocide story, educators now ",p:181,x:119,y:490,w:454,h:22},
{t:"have a fundamental duty to enable and empower future generations. ",p:181,x:89,y:515,w:485,h:22},
{t:"Values-based approaches to education policy and practice positively ",p:181,x:89,y:540,w:486,h:22},
{t:"impact how all of us learn and behave. A range of core values must be ",p:181,x:89,y:565,w:484,h:22},
{t:"embraced as a foundation of education in Rwanda and embedded in ",p:181,x:89,y:590,w:485,h:22},
{t:"policy, practices, and guidance frameworks. Values should touch every ",p:181,x:89,y:615,w:483,h:22},
{t:"aspect of managing and learning in a school. Values-based education ",p:181,x:89,y:640,w:485,h:22},
{t:"by  defnition and practice places the child at its heart. As with good ",p:181,x:89,y:665,w:484,h:22},
{t:"parenting, it builds self-belief, self-efcacy, and personal responsibility. ",p:181,x:89,y:690,w:483,h:22},
{t:"Many of Rwanda ’s young learners have been denied traditional parent-",p:181,x:89,y:715,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing; educators therefore have a role to play “in loco parentis.",p:181,x:89,y:739,w:400,h:25},
{t:"” A national ",p:181,x:486,y:739,w:85,h:25},
{t:"values-based approach to Rwanda ’s educational policy and practice ",p:181,x:89,y:765,w:487,h:22},
{t:"13.",p:181,x:89,y:863,w:17,h:18},
{t:"<lt;http://www.psyctc.org/iafp/nl_3_1/grendon.html>gt;. For an introduction to ",p:181,x:118,y:863,w:440,h:18},
{t:"prison therapeutic communities, see Parker (2006). ",p:181,x:89,y:881,w:289,h:18},
{t:"14. ",p:181,x:89,y:900,w:20,h:18},
{t:"<lt;www.homeofce.gov.uk/rds/pdfs/r53.pdf>gt;. ",p:181,x:118,y:900,w:259,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   173",p:181,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:14",p:181,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:182,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:182,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"174",p:182,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"would provide a positive foundation for personal and national growth ",p:182,x:89,y:100,w:483,h:22},
{t:"toward maturity.",p:182,x:89,y:125,w:115,h:22},
{t:"Group Discussion Questions",p:182,x:211,y:199,w:235,h:27},
{t:"1. ",p:182,x:119,y:235,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Do you agree that a matter can only be fully redeemed afer ",p:182,x:148,y:235,w:409,h:22},
{t:"it has been fully owned?",p:182,x:148,y:260,w:165,h:22},
{t:"2. ",p:182,x:119,y:292,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Does it concern you that one’s unresolved issues will be ",p:182,x:148,y:292,w:380,h:22},
{t:"passed on to the next generation?",p:182,x:148,y:317,w:228,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:182,x:119,y:350,w:16,h:22},
{t:"What is more important, safe places or safe people?",p:182,x:148,y:350,w:351,h:22},
{t:"4. ",p:182,x:119,y:382,w:16,h:22},
{t:"How do you respond to the idea of people who are ",p:182,x:148,y:382,w:350,h:22},
{t:"successfully taking a therapeutic journey being called “experts ",p:182,x:148,y:407,w:423,h:22},
{t:"by experience”?",p:182,x:148,y:433,w:106,h:22},
{t:"5. ",p:182,x:119,y:465,w:16,h:22},
{t:"Is the role of the church and that of the therapist distinct, or ",p:182,x:148,y:465,w:414,h:22},
{t:"should they be the same?",p:182,x:148,y:490,w:171,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   174",p:182,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:14",p:182,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"175",p:183,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"ChaPter 18",p:183,x:285,y:236,w:83,h:15},
{t:"how Can the Church ",p:183,x:113,y:293,w:278,h:30},
{t:"respond?",p:183,x:412,y:293,w:131,h:30},
{t:"“We must empty ourselves, therefore, of the immoder-",p:183,x:149,y:408,w:394,h:16},
{t:"ately high faith we have in ourselves . . [since] nothing ",p:183,x:149,y:433,w:407,h:16},
{t:"good can come from us. And should, by chance, an un-",p:183,x:149,y:458,w:401,h:16},
{t:"selfsh thought arise . . . you may be sure that it does not ",p:183,x:149,y:479,w:417,h:20},
{t:"come from you, but is scooped up from the wellspring ",p:183,x:149,y:508,w:397,h:16},
{t:"of goodness and bestowed upon you: it is a gift from ",p:183,x:149,y:533,w:387,h:16},
{t:"the Giver of life. Similarly the power to put the good ",p:183,x:149,y:558,w:389,h:16},
{t:"thoughts into practice is not your own, but is given you ",p:183,x:149,y:583,w:408,h:16},
{t:"by the Holy Spirit.”",p:183,x:149,y:604,w:144,h:20},
{t:"—Tito Colliander1",p:183,x:433,y:632,w:135,h:17},
{t:"We have described in this book a country that feels that God was ",p:183,x:119,y:701,w:454,h:22},
{t:"lost at the time of the 1994 genocide. So today, much of the church ’s ",p:183,x:89,y:726,w:484,h:22},
{t:"mission is to fnd ways of helping God be rediscovered. We are not pre-",p:183,x:89,y:751,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tending this is an easy task. Betrayal in any form leaves lasting damage ",p:183,x:89,y:776,w:484,h:22},
{t:"in us. We then have to be given good reasons to trust and love again. ",p:183,x:89,y:801,w:484,h:22},
{t:"1. T. Colliander, “On the Insufciency of Human Strength, ” in Way of the Ascetics: ",p:183,x:89,y:863,w:463,h:20},
{t:"Te Ancient Tradition of Discipline and Inner Growth, ed. T. Colliander (New York: ",p:183,x:89,y:881,w:469,h:20},
{t:"St. Vladimirs Press, 1985). ",p:183,x:89,y:900,w:151,h:18},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   175",p:183,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:14",p:183,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"Christ Walks ",p:184,x:89,y:63,w:85,h:13},
{t:"Where evil reigned",p:184,x:185,y:63,w:127,h:13},
{t:"176",p:184,x:88,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"With God’s help, we believe this national problem can be reversed. ",p:184,x:89,y:100,w:485,h:22},
{t:"What follows are some of the ways we can all help achieve this. ",p:184,x:89,y:125,w:432,h:22},
{t:"Restoring Confdence in the Church",p:184,x:89,y:169,w:298,h:27},
{t:"Paul Wood responds: “Authoritarian structures have failed in the ",p:184,x:119,y:205,w:454,h:22},
{t:"past, and they may yet hinder a generation of young people who can see ",p:184,x:89,y:230,w:482,h:22},
{t:"the way forward and who are called to take the lead in the next stage ",p:184,x:89,y:255,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of the race. Te future hope lies with the young generation—the very ",p:184,x:89,y:280,w:484,h:22},
{t:"ones the genocide sought to eliminate. Can the Rwandan church dis-",p:184,x:89,y:305,w:480,h:22},
{t:"mantle the authoritarian control of the previous generations and serve ",p:184,x:89,y:330,w:483,h:22},
{t:"the rising generation? Can any church do that?” One of the ways we ",p:184,x:89,y:355,w:484,h:22},
{t:"can help this confdence be restored is if we are willing to teach people ",p:184,x:89,y:380,w:483,h:22},
{t:"how to deal with their loss. ",p:184,x:89,y:405,w:188,h:22},
{t:"Writing a Teology of Loss",p:184,x:89,y:449,w:220,h:27},
{t:"Loss is one of the greatest areas of pain in the Rwandese people’s ",p:184,x:119,y:485,w:454,h:22},
{t:"lives. But few of us, either inside or outside the church, have the teach-",p:184,x:89,y:510,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ing or experience in how to deal with loss, even though many passages ",p:184,x:89,y:535,w:483,h:22},
{t:"of Scripture talk about loss of life, limb, loved ones, job, home, future ",p:184,x:89,y:560,w:484,h:22},
{t:"hope, and even relationship with God. A theology of loss in a Rwandan ",p:184,x:89,y:585,w:482,h:22},
{t:"setting has to be one of the greatest current needs in the church. For ",p:184,x:89,y:610,w:484,h:22},
{t:"many, God has been part of the problem, so it is important that He ",p:184,x:89,y:635,w:485,h:22},
{t:"now be part of the solution. ",p:184,x:89,y:660,w:194,h:22},
{t:"God Is Part of the Answer",p:184,x:89,y:704,w:212,h:27},
{t:"In both material reality and in the spiritual landscape there is an ",p:184,x:119,y:740,w:454,h:22},
{t:"ofense being committed every time human blood is shed. Tere is an ",p:184,x:89,y:765,w:484,h:22},
{t:"addictive attraction for some in having the power to do evil, especially ",p:184,x:89,y:790,w:483,h:22},
{t:"when one is given permission to do so, as in democide. In one sense we ",p:184,x:89,y:815,w:483,h:22},
{t:"are all involved in such atrocities, either through a naive innocence or ",p:184,x:89,y:840,w:484,h:22},
{t:"duplicity. We become what we do, and doing nothing is sometimes as ",p:184,x:89,y:865,w:484,h:22},
{t:"Christ Walks Where Evil Reigned2.indd   176",p:184,x:15,y:1056,w:199,h:9},
{t:"4/12/07   19:54:14",p:184,x:569,y:1056,w:80,h:9},
{t:"hoW Can the Chur",p:185,x:352,y:63,w:119,h:13},
{t:"Ch resPond?",p:185,x:482,y:63,w:83,h:13},
{t:"177",p:185,x:547,y:945,w:19,h:16},
{t:"bad as willfully doing harm. So as human beings we have all been part ",p:185,x:89,y:100,w:484,h:22},
{t:"of this tragedy, but we are now able to respond in a positive way by ",p:185,x:89,y:125,w:485,h:22},
{t:"learning to do what we can. God was not in the genocide as an instiga-",p:185,x:89,y:150,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tor in any way. Like us, He can be part of the solution. But frst, we ",p:185,x:89,y:175,w:485,h:22},
{t:"must learn to apologize. ",p:185,x:89,y:200,w:167,h:22},
{t:"Apologizing",p:185,x:89,y:244,w:100,h:27},
{t:"We need to apologize to the Lord for the disgraceful behavior of ",p:185,x:119,y:280,w:454,h:22},
{t:"people’s atrocities against one another, especially when those perpetra-",p:185,x:89,y:305,w:480,h:22},
{t:"tors were in the church. We should also note the part of western gov-",p:185,x:89,y:330,w:480,h:22},
{t:"ernments and the western church in not doing more. Also, we should ",p:185,x:89,y:355,w:484,h:22},
{t: