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{t:"Most people think of globalization as a religiously neutral ",p:2,x:90,y:113,w:545,h:27},
{t:"economic phenomenon. Tis striking collection of essays ",p:2,x:90,y:141,w:545,h:27},
{t:"is the best, most balanced treatment of the theological ",p:2,x:90,y:169,w:545,h:27},
{t:"dimensions of globalization from a Christian point of view ",p:2,x:90,y:197,w:545,h:27},
{t:"I have seen.",p:2,x:90,y:225,w:106,h:27},
{t:"Max L. Stackhouse",p:2,x:90,y:276,w:146,h:25},
{t:"De Vries Professor of Reformed Teology and Public Life Emeritus",p:2,x:90,y:300,w:516,h:25},
{t:"Princeton Teological Seminary",p:2,x:90,y:324,w:246,h:25},
{t:"Author/editor, God and Globalization",p:2,x:90,y:348,w:287,h:25},
{t:"Te twenty-frst century is witnessing unprecedented levels ",p:2,x:90,y:421,w:545,h:27},
{t:"of both economic interdependence and economic disparity, ",p:2,x:90,y:449,w:545,h:27},
{t:"creating ",p:2,x:90,y:477,w:79,h:27},
{t:"profound ",p:2,x:181,y:477,w:92,h:27},
{t:"moral ",p:2,x:284,y:477,w:59,h:27},
{t:"questions ",p:2,x:355,y:477,w:92,h:27},
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{t:"policymakers, ",p:2,x:503,y:477,w:132,h:27},
{t:"corporations, civil society, and individual citizens. What ",p:2,x:90,y:505,w:545,h:27},
{t:"does loving our neighbor mean in a world characterized ",p:2,x:90,y:533,w:545,h:27},
{t:"by massive fnancial fows, volatile exchange rates, asset ",p:2,x:90,y:561,w:545,h:27},
{t:"price ",p:2,x:90,y:589,w:50,h:27},
{t:"bubbles, ",p:2,x:152,y:589,w:83,h:27},
{t:"ofshoring, ",p:2,x:247,y:589,w:105,h:27},
{t:"environmental ",p:2,x:364,y:589,w:139,h:27},
{t:"degradation, ",p:2,x:515,y:589,w:121,h:27},
{t:"multinational corporations, and large-scale immigration? ",p:2,x:90,y:617,w:545,h:27},
{t:"Economic Justice in a Flat World is a serious attempt by ",p:2,x:90,y:645,w:545,h:27},
{t:"a hall of fame list of Christian scholars to address some of ",p:2,x:90,y:673,w:545,h:27},
{t:"the most pressing issues of our time. It is a must read by ",p:2,x:90,y:701,w:545,h:27},
{t:"anybody wanting to live faithfully in our rapidly globalizing ",p:2,x:90,y:729,w:545,h:27},
{t:"world.",p:2,x:90,y:757,w:59,h:27},
{t:"Brian Fikkert, PhD",p:2,x:90,y:808,w:149,h:25},
{t:"Executive Director of the Chalmers Center for Economic ",p:2,x:90,y:832,w:438,h:25},
{t:"Development at Covenant College and co-author of When Helping ",p:2,x:90,y:856,w:510,h:25},
{t:"Hurts: How to Alleviate Poverty without Hurting the Poor . . . and Yourself ",p:2,x:90,y:880,w:545,h:25},
{t:"Tere is generally more heat than light in the debate ",p:3,x:93,y:142,w:485,h:27},
{t:"about religion and globalization. Tis book increases the ",p:3,x:93,y:170,w:523,h:27},
{t:"light considerably. Ofering analysis, insight, challenge, ",p:3,x:93,y:198,w:513,h:27},
{t:"and nuance on complex issues, I commend it without ",p:3,x:93,y:226,w:497,h:27},
{t:"reservation.",p:3,x:93,y:254,w:106,h:27},
{t:"Peter S Heslam MA BA DPhil FRSA",p:3,x:93,y:305,w:285,h:25},
{t:"Director, Transforming Business",p:3,x:93,y:329,w:248,h:25},
{t:"UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE",p:3,x:93,y:353,w:272,h:25},
{t:"ECONOMIC JUSTICE ",p:4,x:105,y:272,w:328,h:34},
{t:"in a flat world",p:4,x:105,y:310,w:204,h:34},
{t:"steven rundle, editor",p:5,x:390,y:449,w:209,h:23},
{t:"ECONOMIC JUSTICE in a flat world",p:5,x:105,y:292,w:474,h:30},
{t:"Christian perspectives on globalization",p:5,x:105,y:329,w:431,h:25},
{t:"Authentic Publishing",p:6,x:120,y:179,w:109,h:16},
{t:"We welcome your questions and comments.",p:6,x:120,y:195,w:226,h:16},
{t:"USA ",p:6,x:120,y:227,w:28,h:16},
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{t:"Logos Bhavan, Medchal Road, Jeedimetla Village, Secunderabad 500 055, A.P .",p:6,x:180,y:275,w:404,h:16},
{t:"Economic Justice in a Flat World",p:6,x:120,y:371,w:170,h:16},
{t:"ISBN-13: 978-1-93406-849-6",p:6,x:120,y:387,w:157,h:16},
{t:"Copyright © 2009 by Dr. Steven Rundle and Contributors",p:6,x:120,y:419,w:304,h:16},
{t:"11 10 09 / 6 5 4 3 2 1",p:6,x:120,y:451,w:114,h:16},
{t:"Published in 2009 by Paternoster",p:6,x:120,y:483,w:170,h:16},
{t:"All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in ",p:6,x:120,y:499,w:490,h:16},
{t:"writing from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or ",p:6,x:120,y:515,w:493,h:16},
{t:"reviews. ",p:6,x:120,y:531,w:43,h:16},
{t:"All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible, New ",p:6,x:120,y:563,w:453,h:16},
{t:"International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by International Bible Society. ",p:6,x:120,y:579,w:473,h:16},
{t:"Used by permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide.",p:6,x:120,y:595,w:334,h:16},
{t:"Scripture quotations marked NAS are taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD ",p:6,x:120,y:627,w:458,h:16},
{t:"BIBLE ®, Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by Te ",p:6,x:120,y:643,w:488,h:16},
{t:"Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.",p:6,x:120,y:659,w:222,h:16},
{t:"Quotations marked (RSV) are from the Te Holy Bible, Revised Standard Version 1952 (RSV), ",p:6,x:120,y:691,w:495,h:16},
{t:"the authorized revision of the American Standard Version of 1901, Copyright © 1946, 1952, ",p:6,x:120,y:707,w:481,h:16},
{t:"1973 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of Churches of Christ in ",p:6,x:120,y:723,w:490,h:16},
{t:"the United States of America.",p:6,x:120,y:739,w:151,h:16},
{t:"Scripture quotations marked NLT are taken from the Holy Bible, New Living Translation, ",p:6,x:120,y:771,w:463,h:16},
{t:"copyright © 1966. Used by permission of Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., Wheaton, Illinois ",p:6,x:120,y:787,w:477,h:16},
{t:"60189. All rights reserved.",p:6,x:120,y:803,w:135,h:16},
{t:"Scripture quotations marked (ESV) are taken from Te Holy Bible, English Standard Version, ",p:6,x:120,y:835,w:485,h:16},
{t:"copyright © 2001 by Crossway Bibles, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Used by ",p:6,x:120,y:851,w:497,h:16},
{t:"permission. All rights reserved. ",p:6,x:120,y:867,w:161,h:16},
{t:"Cover design: Nick Lee",p:6,x:120,y:899,w:120,h:16},
{t:"Interior design: projectluz.com",p:6,x:120,y:915,w:158,h:16},
{t:"Editorial team: Dana Bromley",p:6,x:120,y:931,w:155,h:16},
{t:"Printed in the United States of America",p:6,x:120,y:971,w:203,h:16},
{t:"CONTENTS",p:7,x:105,y:94,w:137,h:27},
{t:"Acknowledgments ",p:7,x:139,y:171,w:134,h:23},
{t:"vii",p:7,x:583,y:171,w:17,h:23},
{t:"Introduction:  ",p:7,x:139,y:197,w:104,h:23},
{t:"Te Challenge of Globalization in Christian Perspective ",p:7,x:139,y:224,w:398,h:23},
{t:"1",p:7,x:591,y:224,w:9,h:23},
{t:"Steve Rundle",p:7,x:139,y:251,w:86,h:23},
{t:"Part I ",p:7,x:332,y:300,w:46,h:22},
{t:"Teological Perspectives on Global Capitalism",p:7,x:180,y:327,w:345,h:22},
{t:"1. ",p:7,x:105,y:368,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Catholic Social Teaching, Markets, and the Poor ",p:7,x:139,y:368,w:345,h:23},
{t:"21",p:7,x:582,y:368,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Michael Novak ",p:7,x:139,y:395,w:108,h:23},
{t:"2. ",p:7,x:105,y:429,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My Neighbor?  ",p:7,x:139,y:429,w:168,h:23},
{t:"A Teological Approach to Globalization  ",p:7,x:139,y:455,w:299,h:23},
{t:"51",p:7,x:582,y:455,w:18,h:23},
{t:"A. Sue Russell ",p:7,x:139,y:482,w:97,h:23},
{t:"Part II ",p:7,x:328,y:531,w:53,h:22},
{t:"Te International Flow of Goods, Services, Capital, and Labor ",p:7,x:121,y:558,w:468,h:22},
{t:"3. ",p:7,x:105,y:599,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Moral Values and the Rules of International Trade ",p:7,x:139,y:599,w:357,h:23},
{t:"75",p:7,x:582,y:599,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Daniel Finn ",p:7,x:139,y:626,w:88,h:23},
{t:"4. ",p:7,x:105,y:660,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Foreign Direct Investment—Te “Monster” Revisited  ",p:7,x:139,y:660,w:388,h:23},
{t:"105",p:7,x:573,y:660,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Stephen L. S. Smith ",p:7,x:139,y:686,w:138,h:23},
{t:"5. ",p:7,x:105,y:720,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Welcoming the Stranger?  ",p:7,x:139,y:720,w:186,h:23},
{t:"Immigration and Justice in a Global Economy  ",p:7,x:139,y:747,w:336,h:23},
{t:"135",p:7,x:573,y:747,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Brad Christerson ",p:7,x:139,y:773,w:118,h:23},
{t:"6. ",p:7,x:105,y:807,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Ofshoring and Worker Migration:  ",p:7,x:139,y:807,w:256,h:23},
{t:"Christian Concerns and Opportunities  ",p:7,x:139,y:834,w:284,h:23},
{t:"159",p:7,x:573,y:834,w:27,h:23},
{t:"J. David Richardson ",p:7,x:139,y:861,w:142,h:23},
{t:"Part III ",p:8,x:340,y:95,w:60,h:22},
{t:"International Aid, Development, and the Church",p:8,x:185,y:121,w:366,h:22},
{t:"7. ",p:8,x:120,y:163,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Foreign Aid, Development Strategies, and  ",p:8,x:154,y:163,w:305,h:23},
{t:"Poverty Reduction  ",p:8,x:154,y:189,w:140,h:23},
{t:"181",p:8,x:588,y:189,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Christopher B. Barrett ",p:8,x:154,y:216,w:155,h:23},
{t:"8. ",p:8,x:120,y:250,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Transformational Development:  ",p:8,x:154,y:250,w:236,h:23},
{t:"Te Role of Christian NGOs in SME Development  ",p:8,x:154,y:277,w:376,h:23},
{t:"201",p:8,x:588,y:277,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Roland Hoksbergen",p:8,x:154,y:303,w:130,h:23},
{t:"9. ",p:8,x:120,y:337,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Te Role of the Church in Poverty  ",p:8,x:154,y:337,w:253,h:23},
{t:"Alleviation in Africa ",p:8,x:154,y:364,w:147,h:23},
{t:"223",p:8,x:588,y:364,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Julius Oladipo ",p:8,x:154,y:390,w:102,h:23},
{t:"Part IV ",p:8,x:341,y:440,w:58,h:22},
{t:"Global Economic Stability, Growth, and the Environment",p:8,x:152,y:466,w:431,h:22},
{t:"10. Te International Financial System:  ",p:8,x:120,y:508,w:294,h:23},
{t:"Te Good, the Bad, and the Ugly ",p:8,x:154,y:534,w:241,h:23},
{t:"245",p:8,x:588,y:534,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Stephen L. S. Smith",p:8,x:154,y:561,w:134,h:23},
{t:"11. Christian Values and the Case Against  ",p:8,x:120,y:595,w:311,h:23},
{t:"Financial Globalization  ",p:8,x:154,y:621,w:174,h:23},
{t:"275",p:8,x:588,y:621,w:27,h:23},
{t:"John P . Tiemstra",p:8,x:154,y:648,w:110,h:23},
{t:"12. Trade Growth, Environment, and Poverty:  ",p:8,x:120,y:682,w:343,h:23},
{t:"Must Tere Be a Tradeof? ",p:8,x:154,y:709,w:189,h:23},
{t:"289",p:8,x:588,y:709,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Judith M. Dean",p:8,x:154,y:735,w:109,h:23},
{t:"13. Global Climate Change and the Churches  ",p:8,x:120,y:769,w:341,h:23},
{t:"311",p:8,x:588,y:769,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Donald Hay ",p:8,x:154,y:796,w:88,h:23},
{t:"14. Economic Growth: Is More Always Better? ",p:8,x:120,y:830,w:340,h:23},
{t:"333",p:8,x:588,y:830,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Bob Goudzwaard ",p:8,x:154,y:856,w:123,h:23},
{t:"List of Contributors ",p:8,x:120,y:905,w:147,h:23},
{t:"347",p:8,x:588,y:905,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Subject Index ",p:8,x:120,y:932,w:101,h:23},
{t:"353",p:8,x:588,y:932,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Scripture Index ",p:8,x:120,y:959,w:113,h:23},
{t:"361",p:8,x:588,y:959,w:27,h:23},
{t:"ix",p:9,x:659,y:967,w:16,h:19},
{t:"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS",p:9,x:239,y:96,w:228,h:22},
{t:"Tis book was truly a group efort. In addition to the contributing ",p:9,x:105,y:313,w:499,h:23},
{t:"authors, who were all exceedingly gracious and patient with me, I ",p:9,x:105,y:341,w:499,h:23},
{t:"am deeply indebted to several friends who unreservedly spent many ",p:9,x:105,y:368,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hours helping me craft the outline and purpose of this book.  Tese ",p:9,x:105,y:396,w:499,h:23},
{t:"include Neal Johnson of the Bakke Graduate School of Business, ",p:9,x:105,y:423,w:499,h:23},
{t:"David Richardson of Syracuse University and the Peterson Institute of ",p:9,x:105,y:451,w:499,h:23},
{t:"International Economics, Scott Rae of Biola University, and Stephen ",p:9,x:105,y:478,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Smith of Gordon College. ",p:9,x:105,y:506,w:189,h:23},
{t:"I would also like to thank Volney James of Authentic Media/",p:9,x:135,y:533,w:464,h:23},
{t:"Paternoster for recognizing the need for this book and for giving me ",p:9,x:105,y:561,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the freedom to produce it as I saw ft.",p:9,x:105,y:588,w:264,h:23},
{t:"I am also indebted to Larry Strand, dean of the Crowell School of ",p:9,x:135,y:616,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Business at Biola University, for being a constant source of encourage-",p:9,x:105,y:643,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment and to Lillian Minar and Merlinda Balmas who helped with so ",p:9,x:105,y:671,w:499,h:23},
{t:"many of the administrative details and sustained me  with the occasional ",p:9,x:105,y:698,w:499,h:23},
{t:"brownie or chocolate chip cookie. ",p:9,x:105,y:726,w:243,h:23},
{t:"Finally, I can ’t say enough about my wife Wendy and daughter ",p:9,x:135,y:753,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Olivia. As always, they were constant sources of encouragement and ",p:9,x:105,y:781,w:499,h:23},
{t:"they made many personal sacrifces to give me the space necessary to ",p:9,x:105,y:808,w:499,h:23},
{t:"complete this project.  ",p:9,x:105,y:836,w:162,h:23},
{t:"—Steven Rundle",p:9,x:480,y:863,w:120,h:23},
{t:"A",p:9,x:113,y:89,w:0,h:19},
{t:"c",p:9,x:113,y:101,w:0,h:19},
{t:"kno",p:9,x:113,y:109,w:0,h:19},
{t:"w",p:9,x:113,y:140,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ledgments",p:9,x:113,y:153,w:0,h:19},
{t:"1",p:10,x:665,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"INTRODUCTION: ",p:10,x:266,y:96,w:177,h:22},
{t:"THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION ",p:10,x:105,y:243,w:473,h:27},
{t:"IN CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVE",p:10,x:105,y:275,w:354,h:27},
{t:"Steve Rundle",p:10,x:105,y:315,w:116,h:20},
{t:"Many people have heard about the 2.5 billion people who live on less ",p:10,x:105,y:462,w:499,h:23},
{t:"than two dollars per day (World Bank 2008). Less widely known is ",p:10,x:105,y:490,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that much of this poverty is concentrated in countries experiencing the ",p:10,x:105,y:517,w:499,h:23},
{t:"most rapid population growth. Specifcally, the populations of the ffty ",p:10,x:105,y:545,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poorest countries (average annual income below $765) are expected to ",p:10,x:105,y:572,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more than double between 2005 and 2050, while remaining constant ",p:10,x:105,y:600,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in the industrialized world (United Nations 2005). Tis presents an ",p:10,x:105,y:627,w:499,h:23},
{t:"enormous challenge for policymakers. For if these trends continue, the ",p:10,x:105,y:655,w:499,h:23},
{t:"world could become even more economically unbalanced, more polar-",p:10,x:105,y:682,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ized, and more unstable as an increasing number of people see mass ",p:10,x:105,y:710,w:499,h:23},
{t:"migration or violence as the best response to their poverty. Tese trends ",p:10,x:105,y:737,w:499,h:23},
{t:"also present a challenge for Christians, because, while there is wide-",p:10,x:105,y:765,w:495,h:23},
{t:"spread agreement about the intolerability of poverty, confusion often ",p:10,x:105,y:792,w:499,h:23},
{t:"prevails when discussions turn to specifc causes or policy responses. ",p:10,x:105,y:820,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te recent global recession—which will almost certainly increase the ",p:10,x:105,y:847,w:499,h:23},
{t:"number of people in poverty—has only increased the importance of ",p:10,x:105,y:875,w:499,h:23},
{t:"understanding the benefts and costs of global economic integration, ",p:10,x:105,y:902,w:499,h:23},
{t:"specifcally as it relates to the problem of poverty. ",p:10,x:105,y:930,w:351,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:10,x:113,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:10,x:113,y:126,w:0,h:19},
{t:"EC",p:11,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:11,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:11,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:11,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:11,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:11,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:11,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:11,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"2",p:11,x:45,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"Nearly everyone agrees that economic development is an essen-",p:11,x:150,y:94,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tial part of the solution to global poverty. However, the discussions ",p:11,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"get complicated when we consider how to achieve that develop-",p:11,x:120,y:149,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment. Is a globalized free-market economy part of the solution or ",p:11,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"part of the problem? Are the World Bank, International Monetary ",p:11,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Fund, and World Trade Organization pursuing policies that will ",p:11,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ultimately reduce poverty, or are they serving the interests of the ",p:11,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wealthy? What do pro-poor policy reforms look like in the areas ",p:11,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of trade, foreign investment, and outsourcing? What kinds of im-",p:11,x:120,y:314,w:495,h:23},
{t:"migration restrictions or reforms are consistent with the teachings ",p:11,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the Christian faith? Should Christians support an overhaul of the ",p:11,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"international fnancial system? Should development aid be awarded ",p:11,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only to countries that are well governed and democratic? Tese ",p:11,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"questions, and many more like them, are not as simple as they are ",p:11,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"often portrayed. And while many are technical questions that re-",p:11,x:120,y:479,w:495,h:23},
{t:"quire the specialized expertise of economists, there are, undeniably, ",p:11,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dimensions that require the assistance of ethicists and theologians, ",p:11,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"among others, who can help identify the essentials of a Christian ",p:11,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"perspective on globalization. ",p:11,x:120,y:589,w:215,h:23},
{t:"A survey of books written by Christians on the subject reveals an ",p:11,x:150,y:617,w:469,h:23},
{t:"abundance of moral outrage but little discussion of the economics ",p:11,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"behind the trends or of the policy options. Tis book seeks to fll that ",p:11,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"gap by bringing together some of the leading Christian international ",p:11,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economists to weigh in on some of the most pressing questions related ",p:11,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the globalization debate. Te goal is to provide a better understand-",p:11,x:120,y:754,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing of the economic causes and consequences of globalization, focusing ",p:11,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"on its impact on the poor and on policy challenges from a Christian ",p:11,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"perspective. Te purpose of this chapter is to introduce the globaliza-",p:11,x:120,y:837,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion debate, its main characters and trends, followed by a brief overview ",p:11,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the book itself. ",p:11,x:120,y:892,w:128,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:12,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:12,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"3",p:12,x:665,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"The Globalization Debate",p:12,x:206,y:94,w:294,h:30},
{t:"“Globalization” is a term now widely used, as it has become an ",p:12,x:135,y:142,w:469,h:23},
{t:"important infuence in almost every facet of life. Most commonly it ",p:12,x:105,y:169,w:499,h:23},
{t:"refers to the process of economic and cultural integration, of becoming ",p:12,x:105,y:197,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a barrier free, or “fat” world in which goods, services, fnances, people, ",p:12,x:105,y:224,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ideas, cultures, and social problems such as crime and disease cross ",p:12,x:105,y:252,w:499,h:23},
{t:"borders with fewer restrictions. Tere are aspects to globalization that ",p:12,x:105,y:279,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are probably inevitable. For example, technological advances, making it ",p:12,x:105,y:307,w:499,h:23},
{t:"possible to communicate more easily with people from diferent cultures ",p:12,x:105,y:334,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and from other parts of the world, are unlikely to go away. However, ",p:12,x:105,y:362,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other dimensions are far from inevitable. Free trade, for example, ",p:12,x:105,y:389,w:499,h:23},
{t:"requires continual, multilateral support, something that is critically ",p:12,x:105,y:417,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dependent on how well policymakers respond to the challenges that ",p:12,x:105,y:444,w:499,h:23},
{t:"accompany economic integration. Also, cultural and religious forces at ",p:12,x:105,y:472,w:499,h:23},
{t:"work have the potential to derail the globalization process. ",p:12,x:105,y:499,w:416,h:23},
{t:"A strong case can be made that this is not our frst experience ",p:12,x:135,y:527,w:469,h:23},
{t:"with a global economy. By many measures—trade, capital fows, and ",p:12,x:105,y:554,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigration—the economy was remarkably integrated and barrier free ",p:12,x:105,y:582,w:499,h:23},
{t:"before 1914. However, two World Wars and a Great Depression later, the ",p:12,x:105,y:609,w:499,h:23},
{t:"world had retreated to more familiar patterns of economic isolationism ",p:12,x:105,y:637,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with devastating results. Seeking to repair the damage, economists from ",p:12,x:105,y:664,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Allied nations met in 1944 in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, ",p:12,x:105,y:692,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World ",p:12,x:105,y:719,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Bank. Te primary purpose of the IMF was to promote exchange rate ",p:12,x:105,y:747,w:499,h:23},
{t:"stability in order to facilitate the orderly fow of goods, services, and ",p:12,x:105,y:774,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capital. Te World Bank was created to fnance the reconstruction of ",p:12,x:105,y:802,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nations devastated by World War II, a mission that was later expanded ",p:12,x:105,y:829,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to include the alleviation of poverty more generally. Tis was followed ",p:12,x:105,y:857,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in 1947 by the creation of the General Agreement of Tarifs and Trade ",p:12,x:105,y:884,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(GATT), which established rules for trade and a process by which ",p:12,x:105,y:912,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:13,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:13,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:13,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:13,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:13,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:13,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:13,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:13,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"4",p:13,x:45,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"further rounds of trade liberalization could be pursued. However, with ",p:13,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"no authority of its own to enforce those rules, the GATT was replaced ",p:13,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in 1995 by the World Trade Organization (WTO), which administers ",p:13,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and enforces existing trade agreements, handles trade disputes between ",p:13,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"member countries, and provides technical assistance to developing ",p:13,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries. ",p:13,x:120,y:232,w:74,h:23},
{t:"Evidence of a reemerging global economy can be seen in many ",p:13,x:150,y:259,w:469,h:23},
{t:"recent statistics. For example, between 1990 and 2006 the real value of ",p:13,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"foreign direct investment (FDI) infows increased by over 350 percent, ",p:13,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and merchandise exports grew by 143 percent, both rates far exceeding ",p:13,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the 65 percent increase in global production over that same period.1 ",p:13,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"In the United States, the value of international securities transactions ",p:13,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as a percent of GDP increased from an almost negligible 6 percent in ",p:13,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1977 to over 344 percent in 2003 (Stultz 2005). Te United Nations ",p:13,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD 2007) estimates ",p:13,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that there are now over 76,000 multinational corporations, a fgure ",p:13,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that has more than doubled since 1994. Perhaps more signifcantly, ",p:13,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"over 20,000 of those frms are based in developing and transition (for-",p:13,x:120,y:562,w:495,h:23},
{t:"merly communist) economies. And fnally, the international migration ",p:13,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of people more than doubled between 1975 and 2005, far outpacing ",p:13,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the 50 percent increase in world population during that same period ",p:13,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Taylor 2006; United Nations 2005).",p:13,x:120,y:672,w:263,h:23},
{t:"Supporters of this recent round of globalization believe the benefts ",p:13,x:150,y:699,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of economic integration outweigh the costs. For example, they point ",p:13,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the many countries, particularly in East Asia, that have experienced ",p:13,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dramatic reductions in poverty after opening their economies to the ",p:13,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"outside world. A compelling argument can also be made that economic ",p:13,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"integration enhances geo-political stability when, for example, it dis-",p:13,x:120,y:837,w:495,h:23},
{t:"courages countries from going to war, as in the case of Taiwan and ",p:13,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"China or Pakistan and India. In terms of the cultural impact, a case can ",p:13,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be made that our cultures are being enriched rather than weakened, ",p:13,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that any apparent homogenization of our cultures is merely on the ",p:13,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:14,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:14,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"5",p:14,x:665,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"surface, and that “hybridization” is a more accurate description of the ",p:14,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"process. ",p:14,x:105,y:122,w:59,h:23},
{t:"Opponents of globalization believe the contrary: the costs of ",p:14,x:135,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"globalization outweigh the benefts. For example, they point to the ",p:14,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"increasing gap between rich and poor as prima facie evidence that the ",p:14,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only benefciaries of globalization are the wealthy. In this camp are some ",p:14,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Christians who, in the words of theologian Max Stackhouse (2007, 5), ",p:14,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have “baptized” the class analysis of Marxist social thought and see ",p:14,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"globalization as a completely immoral phenomenon whereby the rich ",p:14,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"systematically increase their wealth at the expense of the world’s poor.2 ",p:14,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Some oppose economic integration on nationalistic grounds, ",p:14,x:135,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"believing that it undermines a nation ’s ability and right to govern itself. ",p:14,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te WTO, for example, is seen by some critics as an undemocratic, ",p:14,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"competing government that seeks to usurp the power of democratically ",p:14,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"elected, national governments. Another concern has to do with the ",p:14,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"consumerist ethos that drives much of our modern global economy ",p:14,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and the strain this creates for the earth ’s natural resources and environ-",p:14,x:105,y:534,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment. Tese critics are concerned that in the interest of promoting ",p:14,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an ever-expanding global economy, we have unconsciously abandoned ",p:14,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"any sense of ",p:14,x:105,y:617,w:96,h:23},
{t:"“enough” and are becoming unwitting evangelists for ",p:14,x:205,y:617,w:399,h:23},
{t:"consumerism. If left unabated, we are not only guilty of ",p:14,x:105,y:644,w:430,h:23},
{t:"“cultural ",p:14,x:540,y:644,w:65,h:23},
{t:"imperialism,” but we also run the risk of overtaxing the earth ’s ability ",p:14,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to sustain human life.",p:14,x:105,y:699,w:153,h:23},
{t:"Among the most vocal participants in the debate are nongovern-",p:14,x:135,y:727,w:465,h:23},
{t:"mental organizations (NGOs) such as Oxfam, Human Rights Watch, ",p:14,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Greenpeace, and the World Council of Churches. Te problems they ",p:14,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"seek to address are as diverse as they are real. Some, like UK-based ",p:14,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Oxfam, recognize that there are many benefts to globalization and ",p:14,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"seek to create a more equitable trading system. Others are staunch op-",p:14,x:105,y:864,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ponents of capitalism who see nothing good about the globalization ",p:14,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of markets and seek instead to create a system of relatively autarkic, ",p:14,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“localized” markets. ",p:14,x:105,y:947,w:144,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:15,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:15,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:15,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:15,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:15,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:15,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:15,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:15,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"6",p:15,x:45,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"Te volume at which these debates are conducted makes it appear ",p:15,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"that there is little agreement about anything. But in fact there are several ",p:15,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"areas of widespread agreement. For example, few people dispute that ",p:15,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the benefts of globalization have been unevenly distributed or that ",p:15,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the international trading system has been and continues to be biased ",p:15,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"against the least-developed countries. Indeed, one of the principle goals ",p:15,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the Doha Round of trade talks has been to remedy those structural ",p:15,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"biases. It is also widely recognized that the performance of the Bretton ",p:15,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Woods institutions has been at times disappointing. In its handling ",p:15,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the East Asian fnancial crisis in the late 1990s, for example, the ",p:15,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"IMF often pursued rather infexible, one-size-fts-all solutions that ",p:15,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"were especially burdensome for the poor. Similarly, the World Bank ’s ",p:15,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"eforts to facilitate economic development have been mixed at best, ",p:15,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where by some measures the quality ",p:15,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of life is now lower than it was forty years ago. ",p:15,x:120,y:479,w:331,h:23},
{t:"Reaching a consensus about solutions, however, is a diferent mat-",p:15,x:150,y:507,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ter. Some of the obstacles are scientifc; that is, the empirical evidence ",p:15,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is still mixed, and further study is necessary. More often, however, the ",p:15,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"primary obstacles are political or ideological. An unfortunate reality ",p:15,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"about the political process today is that it tends to favor well-organized ",p:15,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"interest groups with narrow, well-defned goals over groups that are less ",p:15,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"coordinated and not well represented. Politicians are not insensitive ",p:15,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the disenfranchised, of course, but given the often contradictory ",p:15,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"proposals, the more organized interest groups often prevail. Te church ",p:15,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is arguably the largest and most well-organized pro-poor interest group. ",p:15,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"For it to become an efective advocate for the poor, the church needs to ",p:15,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"begin speaking with one voice. At present it does not.",p:15,x:120,y:809,w:378,h:23},
{t:"Several Christian scholars have identifed the lack of agreement on ",p:15,x:150,y:837,w:469,h:23},
{t:"economic issues as a signifcant problem for the church. For example, ",p:15,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Catholic theologian Samuel Gregg (2001) warns that if there is no ",p:15,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"such thing as a uniquely Christian perspective on globalization, then ",p:15,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the church risks becoming an uninteresting participant in this debate. ",p:15,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:16,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:16,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"7",p:16,x:665,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"Similarly, Protestant ethicist David Krueger (1997, 20) says that the ",p:16,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"church must ask “whether it has anything substantive to say about . . . ",p:16,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a global market economy.” Stackhouse (1995, 11) once complained ",p:16,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that the church ’s contribution often sufers from being either boring ",p:16,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or ideological.",p:16,x:105,y:204,w:99,h:23},
{t:"Drawing the world’s attention to injustice is a vitally important ",p:16,x:135,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"role of the church. But moral outrage alone achieves only so much. ",p:16,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"For the church to become a truly efective participant in the debate, ",p:16,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it needs to be able to contribute substantively, which requires a better ",p:16,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"understanding of the political-economic forces behind the problems ",p:16,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and of potential solutions. Tis book will not necessarily resolve every ",p:16,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"diference of opinion, but the hope is that it will help the church be-",p:16,x:105,y:397,w:495,h:23},
{t:"come a more efective witness in these areas. ",p:16,x:105,y:424,w:315,h:23},
{t:"What Is “Economic Justice”?",p:16,x:190,y:475,w:326,h:30},
{t:"Given the divisions within the church over economic matters, it ",p:16,x:135,y:524,w:469,h:23},
{t:"is important to clarify what we mean by ",p:16,x:105,y:551,w:304,h:23},
{t:"“economic justice.” A full ",p:16,x:413,y:551,w:192,h:23},
{t:"exposition would require its own book, and in fact many books have ",p:16,x:105,y:579,w:499,h:23},
{t:"been written on the subject.3 Instead, for the purposes of this volume, ",p:16,x:105,y:606,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economic justice is understood to mean the elimination of poverty, ",p:16,x:105,y:634,w:499,h:23},
{t:"broadly defned. Tis too requires some explanation.",p:16,x:105,y:661,w:370,h:23},
{t:"Te term ",p:16,x:135,y:689,w:72,h:23},
{t:"“poverty” means diferent things to diferent people. ",p:16,x:212,y:689,w:393,h:23},
{t:"Clearly it means not being able to meet certain basic needs. But what ",p:16,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"exactly do humans need? Food, clothing, and shelter seem obvious, ",p:16,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"but how much clothing? How much food? Is a thatched hut adequate ",p:16,x:105,y:771,w:499,h:23},
{t:"shelter? What about education and the right to vote? As it turns out, ",p:16,x:105,y:799,w:499,h:23},
{t:"our defnitions of deprivation and poverty are highly subjective and ",p:16,x:105,y:826,w:499,h:23},
{t:"conditioned on our own social context. Economist Bradley Schiller ",p:16,x:105,y:854,w:499,h:23},
{t:"explains the problem this way:",p:16,x:105,y:881,w:214,h:23},
{t:"People in industrialized communities tend to have more ",p:16,x:135,y:916,w:439,h:23},
{t:"generous notions of “minimum” needs . . . In the 1930s no ",p:16,x:135,y:944,w:439,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:17,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:17,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:17,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:17,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:17,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:17,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:17,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:17,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"8",p:17,x:45,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"one felt particularly poor if he or she did not possess electric ",p:17,x:150,y:94,w:439,h:23},
{t:"lights. Yet, today, a family without electricity will most likely ",p:17,x:150,y:122,w:439,h:23},
{t:"be considered poor. So we include a provision for electricity in ",p:17,x:150,y:149,w:439,h:23},
{t:"our minimum poverty-defning budget. But consensus is far ",p:17,x:150,y:177,w:439,h:23},
{t:"more difcult to achieve on a television, much less on a VCR, ",p:17,x:150,y:204,w:439,h:23},
{t:"a CD player, a car, or a six-pack of beer (2001, 16–17).",p:17,x:150,y:232,w:389,h:23},
{t:"Any attempt to defne poverty is therefore bound to be highly ",p:17,x:150,y:267,w:469,h:23},
{t:"imperfect and controversial. Te World Bank, which must track global ",p:17,x:120,y:294,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poverty as part of its mission, bases its defnition on the most primitive ",p:17,x:120,y:322,w:499,h:23},
{t:"requirements for human life, a list that consists of the minimum caloric ",p:17,x:120,y:349,w:499,h:23},
{t:"intake essential to human existence and some form of shelter and cloth-",p:17,x:120,y:377,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing. For the sake of uniformity, this fgure is reported in U.S. dollars ",p:17,x:120,y:404,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and is adjusted to account for variations in purchasing power (also ",p:17,x:120,y:432,w:499,h:23},
{t:"known as the “purchasing power parity” threshold). Tis admittedly ",p:17,x:120,y:459,w:499,h:23},
{t:"austere poverty line currently stands at $395 per year (in 1993 dol-",p:17,x:120,y:487,w:495,h:23},
{t:"lars), or $1.08 per day (commonly reported as $1 per day). Using this ",p:17,x:120,y:514,w:499,h:23},
{t:"defnition of poverty, there were 970 million people in 2004 classifed ",p:17,x:120,y:542,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as “poor,” which is down from 1.2 billion in 1990 but still represents ",p:17,x:120,y:569,w:499,h:23},
{t:"over 18 percent of the world’s population (World Bank 2008). Using ",p:17,x:120,y:597,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a more generous fgure of $2 per day, roughly 2.5 billion people—40 ",p:17,x:120,y:624,w:499,h:23},
{t:"percent of humanity—were defned as poor.",p:17,x:120,y:652,w:311,h:23},
{t:"As useful as these fgures may be, they only capture one dimen-",p:17,x:150,y:679,w:465,h:23},
{t:"sion of poverty—income. Most experts now recognize there are other ",p:17,x:120,y:707,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dimensions of poverty that are not measured in dollars and cents. Poor ",p:17,x:120,y:734,w:499,h:23},
{t:"health, illiteracy, lack of access to credit, and political disenfranchise-",p:17,x:120,y:762,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment are just a few other indications of poverty. Admittedly, there is ",p:17,x:120,y:789,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a strong correlation between income poverty and these other forms ",p:17,x:120,y:817,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of deprivation; but to focus only on income levels is to miss other ",p:17,x:120,y:844,w:499,h:23},
{t:"potentially signifcant problems. Put another way, income poverty ",p:17,x:120,y:872,w:499,h:23},
{t:"can be both a cause and a consequence of these other problems. An ",p:17,x:120,y:899,w:499,h:23},
{t:"uneducated person, for example, has an increased likelihood of being ",p:17,x:120,y:927,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor and raising children who are themselves illiterate and poor.",p:17,x:120,y:954,w:452,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:18,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:18,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"9",p:18,x:665,y:967,w:10,h:19},
{t:"Tus, an increasing number of experts now recognize that pov-",p:18,x:135,y:94,w:465,h:23},
{t:"erty has both material and social dimensions. In an attempt to quan-",p:18,x:105,y:122,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tify this broader defnition of poverty, economists created the Human ",p:18,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Development Index (HDI), which takes into account a country’s ",p:18,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"average life expectancy and educational attainment in addition to its ",p:18,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"average income. Comparisons of a country’s GDP ranking with its ",p:18,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"HDI ranking are sometimes revealing. For example, relatively poor ",p:18,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries that have a good educational or health care system can have ",p:18,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a relatively high HDI ranking, suggesting a better quality of life than ",p:18,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their GDP ranking would imply. Conversely, countries that have a ",p:18,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"relatively high GDP can have a lower HDI score based on defciencies ",p:18,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in these other areas.",p:18,x:105,y:397,w:139,h:23},
{t:"One advantage of these other measures of poverty, notes Nobel ",p:18,x:135,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Laureate Amartya Sen (1999), is that they are intrinsically valuable; ",p:18,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that is, they are valuable in their own right. Income is only instru-",p:18,x:105,y:479,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mentally valuable—valuable for what it can be used for. Many people ",p:18,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"believe that, as another wise man once said, ",p:18,x:105,y:534,w:329,h:23},
{t:"“man does not live by ",p:18,x:437,y:534,w:167,h:23},
{t:"bread alone,” and they have no trouble adding some level of health care ",p:18,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and education to the list of life’s necessities. ",p:18,x:105,y:589,w:310,h:23},
{t:"A closely related concern is income inequality. However, unlike ",p:18,x:135,y:617,w:469,h:23},
{t:"abject poverty, which is morally objectionable to any person of con-",p:18,x:105,y:644,w:495,h:23},
{t:"science, there has been less agreement as to the moral signifcance of ",p:18,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"inequality. An argument can be made, for example, that inequality ",p:18,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is a natural and relatively benign consequence of economic progress. ",p:18,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Before the Industrial Revolution, nearly everyone was poor, which is to ",p:18,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"say there was little inequality. Since then some economies have indus-",p:18,x:105,y:782,w:495,h:23},
{t:"trialized more quickly than others, and as they did, the gap between ",p:18,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rich and poor increased both within and between countries. So long ",p:18,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as all incomes are rising and the number of people below the poverty ",p:18,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"line is falling, some would argue that concerns about inequality are ",p:18,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"misplaced.",p:18,x:105,y:919,w:74,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:19,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:19,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:19,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:19,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:19,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:19,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:19,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:19,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"10",p:19,x:45,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"Recent economic research has shed new light on this debate. Te ",p:19,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"World Bank, for example, has recently made a compelling argument ",p:19,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that not only does an increasing gap between rich and poor violate ",p:19,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"many people’s sense of fairness—that is, many see it as intrinsically ",p:19,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"important—but there is an instrumental dimension that should con-",p:19,x:120,y:204,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cern even the more callous observer (World Bank 2006). Specifcally, ",p:19,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"chronic inequality is likely the result of market imperfections that ulti-",p:19,x:120,y:259,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mately waste resources and limit the growth potential of an economy. ",p:19,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"In many cases, these market imperfections are the result of an imbal-",p:19,x:120,y:314,w:494,h:23},
{t:"ance of political power that becomes self-reinforcing and detrimental ",p:19,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the long-term health of an economy.",p:19,x:120,y:369,w:277,h:23},
{t:"Te central argument here is that unequal power leads to ",p:19,x:150,y:404,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the formation of institutions that perpetuate inequalities in ",p:19,x:150,y:432,w:439,h:23},
{t:"power, status, and wealth—and that typically are also bad for ",p:19,x:150,y:459,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the investment, innovation, and risk-taking that underpin ",p:19,x:150,y:487,w:439,h:23},
{t:"long-term growth (World Bank 2006, 8–9).4",p:19,x:150,y:514,w:315,h:23},
{t:"Tis concern about unequal and self-reinforcing balances of power ",p:19,x:150,y:549,w:469,h:23},
{t:"hints at another closely related indicator of a just society, though a far ",p:19,x:120,y:577,w:499,h:23},
{t:"less discussed one—income mobility. Tat is, how easy is it for people ",p:19,x:120,y:604,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to move from lower income levels to higher ones? Do people regularly ",p:19,x:120,y:632,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and quickly move up from the lower income levels, or does poverty ",p:19,x:120,y:659,w:499,h:23},
{t:"become their permanent station in life? Is there a middle class to which ",p:19,x:120,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor people can aspire, or is there a huge, impenetrable gulf between ",p:19,x:120,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the small elite class and the poor masses? While it is seldom discussed ",p:19,x:120,y:742,w:499,h:23},
{t:"outside of economic circles, income mobility is an essential characteris-",p:19,x:120,y:769,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tic of a stable and just society. As Novak (1996, 194) once noted:",p:19,x:120,y:797,w:459,h:23},
{t:"Poor families do not ask for paradise, but they do want to see ",p:19,x:150,y:832,w:439,h:23},
{t:"tangible signs of improvement over time . . . Te realistic hope ",p:19,x:150,y:859,w:439,h:23},
{t:"of a better future is essential to the poor, and this hope is made ",p:19,x:150,y:887,w:439,h:23},
{t:"realistic only through the provision of universal chances for ",p:19,x:150,y:914,w:439,h:23},
{t:"upward mobility such that, in general, people see that hard ",p:19,x:150,y:942,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:20,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:20,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"11",p:20,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"work, good will, ingenuity, and talent pay of. When people ",p:20,x:135,y:94,w:439,h:23},
{t:"lose their faith in this probability, they become cynical and ",p:20,x:135,y:122,w:439,h:23},
{t:"destructive.",p:20,x:135,y:149,w:81,h:23},
{t:"History has shown that democratic, capitalistic societies tend to ",p:20,x:135,y:184,w:469,h:23},
{t:"have greater income mobility, though not everyone would see that as ",p:20,x:105,y:212,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a good thing. Income mobility can be good and bad; good because ",p:20,x:105,y:239,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it means the poor have a tendency to pull themselves out of poverty ",p:20,x:105,y:267,w:499,h:23},
{t:"relatively quickly on average, but bad because there is no guarantee one ",p:20,x:105,y:294,w:499,h:23},
{t:"will remain well of. Mobility works in both directions, and therein lies ",p:20,x:105,y:322,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the source of many ethical disagreements. ",p:20,x:105,y:349,w:298,h:23},
{t:"It is reassuring to know that as divided as the church may be on ",p:20,x:135,y:377,w:469,h:23},
{t:"economic matters, there is some level of agreement on the holistic ",p:20,x:105,y:404,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nature of poverty. Christians also generally view the ideals of freedom ",p:20,x:105,y:432,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and democracy approvingly, although many remain wary of free mar-",p:20,x:105,y:459,w:495,h:23},
{t:"kets. Yet, even if one agrees that democratic and capitalistic societies ",p:20,x:105,y:487,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are more just than their alternatives, does it follow that the cause of ",p:20,x:105,y:514,w:499,h:23},
{t:"justice is advanced by removing barriers between those societies? Does ",p:20,x:105,y:542,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economic justice imply economic and social freedom on a global scale? ",p:20,x:105,y:569,w:499,h:23},
{t:"It is that question that motivates this book. ",p:20,x:105,y:597,w:309,h:23},
{t:"Overview of the Book",p:20,x:230,y:648,w:246,h:30},
{t:"Tis book is divided into four parts. Part I, “Teological Perspectives ",p:20,x:135,y:696,w:469,h:23},
{t:"on Global Capitalism,” presents the perspectives of two theologians—",p:20,x:105,y:724,w:494,h:23},
{t:"one Catholic and one Protestant. Te frst is by Michael Novak (chap. ",p:20,x:105,y:751,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1), who, like many Catholic scholars, draws heavily from the rich ",p:20,x:105,y:779,w:499,h:23},
{t:"history of Catholic social teaching and generally treats those teach-",p:20,x:105,y:806,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ings as authoritative. In his chapter, Novak defends the ideal of global ",p:20,x:105,y:834,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capitalism by showing its compatibility with Catholic social teaching, ",p:20,x:105,y:861,w:499,h:23},
{t:"particularly the extensive writings on the subject by Pope John Paul II. ",p:20,x:105,y:889,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Novak maintains that those writings not only ofer a vision for a just ",p:20,x:105,y:916,w:499,h:23},
{t:"globalization but also serve as “a vantage point of criticism for those ",p:20,x:105,y:944,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:21,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:21,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:21,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:21,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:21,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:21,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:21,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:21,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"12",p:21,x:45,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"times when globalization falls short of its potential for human well ",p:21,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"being.” ",p:21,x:120,y:122,w:54,h:23},
{t:"By comparison, Protestants are more inclined toward individualized ",p:21,x:150,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"interpretations of the Bible, and their scholarship tends to emphasize ",p:21,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"specifc passages of Scripture rather than historic teachings of church ",p:21,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fathers. Te essay by A. Sue Russell (chap. 2) is an excellent example of ",p:21,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"this. In it, she draws heavily from the familiar passage in Luke 10 about ",p:21,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the good Samaritan, and she argues that globalization is expanding not ",p:21,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only our markets but also the defnition of “neighbor” as it applies to ",p:21,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"this passage. Tis points to another interesting diference between the ",p:21,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"two theological essays. In addition to their diferent points of theo-",p:21,x:120,y:369,w:495,h:23},
{t:"logical reference, Novak defends an ideal—global capitalism—whereas ",p:21,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Russell focuses on the practical implications of living out our faith in ",p:21,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a globalizing world. ",p:21,x:120,y:452,w:143,h:23},
{t:"In Part II, “Te International Flow of Goods, Services, Capital, ",p:21,x:150,y:479,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and Labor,” the attention shifts to some of the most divisive subjects ",p:21,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of our day. Daniel Finn (chap. 3) begins the section by considering the ",p:21,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rules of international trade. As he points out, creating rules that are ",p:21,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"universally accepted as “fair” is not a simple matter, because what one ",p:21,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"culture considers “fair play” can for another culture be unfair, immoral, ",p:21,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or even illegal. He then identifes the essentials to a Christian perspec-",p:21,x:120,y:644,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tive on a just trading system, and he concludes by discussing the specifc ",p:21,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"challenges associated with fairness in the context of “dumping” and ",p:21,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"subsidies. Stephen L. S. Smith (chap. 4) follows with a look at foreign ",p:21,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"direct investment (FDI) and its ethical challenges. He argues that a ",p:21,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"blanket criticism of multinational corporations is simplistic and unfair. ",p:21,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Rather, it is important to understand the diferent types of FDI and the ",p:21,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"unique challenges and development potential associated with each. He ",p:21,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"concludes by suggesting some areas of justice-promoting research for ",p:21,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Christian social scientists. Next, Brad Christerson (chap. 5) takes on ",p:21,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the controversial subject of immigration, which is another subject that ",p:21,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is often treated simplistically and unfairly. Drawing from the economics ",p:21,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:22,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:22,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"13",p:22,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"research, Christerson argues that most economies beneft from im-",p:22,x:105,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"migration, although some controls are necessary and appropriate. He ",p:22,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"also makes a case for addressing the uneven distribution of costs and ",p:22,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"benefts in large, diverse countries like the United States. Wrapping up ",p:22,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the section, and tying the three previous essays together, is one by J. ",p:22,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"David Richardson (chap. 6) that considers the interplay between trade, ",p:22,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“ofshoring,” and immigration. After explaining how they are related ",p:22,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and how wealthy and poor countries generally beneft from these forms ",p:22,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of exchange, he argues in favor of expanding government-funded “trade ",p:22,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"adjustment assistance” programs to include dislocations from services ",p:22,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade and worker migration. He concludes the essay by identifying the ",p:22,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"opportunities these trends present for Christian ministries. ",p:22,x:105,y:397,w:417,h:23},
{t:"In Part III, “International Aid, Development, and the Church,” the ",p:22,x:135,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"focus shifts to the challenges of economic development in the world’s ",p:22,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poorest countries. Te section begins with an essay by Christopher B. ",p:22,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Barrett (chap. 7) that addresses one of the most perplexing debates in ",p:22,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"development circles: Has foreign aid been an efective tool in reducing ",p:22,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"global poverty, and if not, why has it failed? Barrett identifes diferent ",p:22,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"types of aid and reasons for the mixed track record with respect to ",p:22,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economic development. He concludes by identifying ways in which ",p:22,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the allocation of aid can be improved, arguing that given our Christian ",p:22,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"understanding of human nature, we should advocate specifcally tar-",p:22,x:105,y:672,w:495,h:23},
{t:"geted, bottom-up approaches that reinforce incentives for the poor to ",p:22,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"lift themselves and their communities out of poverty. Next, Roland ",p:22,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Hoksbergen (chap. 8) looks at the role of small- and medium-sized ",p:22,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"enterprises (SMEs) in economic development and specifcally the role ",p:22,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of faith-based NGOs in promoting SME development. Christian ",p:22,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"development agencies often promote what they call “transformational” ",p:22,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"development: development that addresses the physical, social, and ",p:22,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"spiritual needs of a society. Hoksbergen evaluates that concept by draw-",p:22,x:105,y:892,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing from his empirical study of SME development in Haiti, Kenya, ",p:22,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and Nicaragua. Te section concludes with an African perspective on ",p:22,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:23,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:23,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:23,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:23,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:23,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:23,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:23,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:23,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"14",p:23,x:45,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"economic development by Julius Oladipo (chap. 9) who makes a strong ",p:23,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"defense for the role of the church in Africa ’s fght against poverty. Te ",p:23,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"essay contains an excellent discussion of the church ’s development track ",p:23,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"record, its core competencies, and the constraints it faces. He makes ",p:23,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"specifc recommendations on how to leverage the church ’s unique ",p:23,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"advantages through international partnerships.",p:23,x:120,y:232,w:329,h:23},
{t:"More than any of the others, Part IV, “Global Economic Stability, ",p:23,x:150,y:259,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Growth, and the Environment,” explores problems of a truly global ",p:23,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nature, questions related to the governance and sustainability of the ",p:23,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"global economy. Stephen L. S. Smith (chap. 10) begins the section ",p:23,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with an explanation of the benefts and limitations of the international ",p:23,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fnancial system. He then discusses the roles of the IMF and World ",p:23,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Bank, the challenges they face as they try to maintain order and stabil-",p:23,x:120,y:424,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ity in the international fnancial system, and the ethics and economics ",p:23,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the various proposals for reforming that system. John P . Tiemstra ",p:23,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(chap. 11) presents a novel argument against fnancial globalization. ",p:23,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Not only do globalized fnancial markets increase the risk of instabil-",p:23,x:120,y:534,w:494,h:23},
{t:"ity and unfairly restrict a nation ’s ability to control its own macro-",p:23,x:120,y:562,w:495,h:23},
{t:"economic destiny (complaints that others have made), but they also ",p:23,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"impose Western-style solutions to asymmetric information and agency ",p:23,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"problems on countries that have historically handled those problems ",p:23,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"diferently. He believes that globalization can better serve the interests ",p:23,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of mankind, and be more consistent with the values of Christianity if ",p:23,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the (relatively) free fow of goods was coupled with restrictions on the ",p:23,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"free movement of fnancial capital. ",p:23,x:120,y:754,w:249,h:23},
{t:"Closing out the book are three essays that consider the environ-",p:23,x:150,y:782,w:465,h:23},
{t:"mental impact associated with free trade and unrestrained economic ",p:23,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"growth. First, Judith M. Dean (chap. 12) considers the environmental ",p:23,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"impact of trade. Drawing on her extensive research on trade and in-",p:23,x:120,y:864,w:495,h:23},
{t:"vestment in China, Dean rebuts the argument that free trade leads ",p:23,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to environmental degradation. On the contrary, she argues that trade ",p:23,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"restrictions not only fail to beneft the environment but they also hurt ",p:23,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:24,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:24,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"15",p:24,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"the poor. In the interest of supporting the poor and the environment, ",p:24,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Dean argues that Christians should promote trade while advocating ",p:24,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for policies that address environmental problems directly. Donald Hay ",p:24,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(chap. 13) follows with a detailed look at the economics of global cli-",p:24,x:105,y:177,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mate change. Drawing from the most recent studies on global climate ",p:24,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"change, he explains why the church needs to show leadership in this ",p:24,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"area. Specifcally, because the world’s poorest countries will be the most ",p:24,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"negatively afected, he believes the church should advocate a response ",p:24,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that is more aggressive, and more biased toward the poor, than what ",p:24,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"some wealthy nations are willing to support. He also identifes specifc ",p:24,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"actions churches and individual Christians can take to reduce their ",p:24,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"carbon footprint. Finally, Bob Goudzwaard (chap. 14) concludes ",p:24,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with a critical look at economic growth, expressing his concern that ",p:24,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Christians have become “hypnotized” by an ideology that favors ",p:24,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"production over stewardship—increasing output rather than properly ",p:24,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"caring for inputs. ",p:24,x:105,y:507,w:126,h:23},
{t:"Conclusion",p:24,x:288,y:558,w:128,h:30},
{t:"Few people dispute that over the last quarter century the percentage ",p:24,x:135,y:606,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and number of people living below the poverty line has fallen consider-",p:24,x:105,y:634,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ably. Many observers credit the rapid development and growth that ",p:24,x:105,y:661,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have occurred over that period, brought on by a sharp increase in the ",p:24,x:105,y:689,w:499,h:23},
{t:"international fow of goods, capital, and people. However, a recurring ",p:24,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"question among many Christians is “At what price?” In the interest ",p:24,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of bringing more of humanity into what Novak (chap. 1) calls “the ",p:24,x:105,y:771,w:499,h:23},
{t:"circle of exchange,” are some people being pushed out of that circle? In ",p:24,x:105,y:799,w:499,h:23},
{t:"our relentless pursuit of economic growth are we becoming unwitting ",p:24,x:105,y:826,w:499,h:23},
{t:"apologists for consumerism? How long can the earth ’s resources sustain ",p:24,x:105,y:854,w:499,h:23},
{t:"such growth?",p:24,x:105,y:881,w:92,h:23},
{t:"Te essays contained in this volume refect a range of perspectives, ",p:24,x:135,y:909,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and that was intentional. To do otherwise would have been dishonest. ",p:24,x:105,y:936,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Generally speaking, however, Christian economists agree that God ",p:24,x:105,y:964,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:25,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:25,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:25,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:25,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:25,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:25,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:25,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:25,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"16",p:25,x:45,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"cares about the poor and about environmentally sustainable develop-",p:25,x:120,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment. Tey have a generally favorable view of markets and believe that ",p:25,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade, investment, and immigration are as a whole benefcial to society. ",p:25,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tey also tend to support in principle the selective use of government ",p:25,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"policy to correct problems associated with economic integration and ",p:25,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"market failure.",p:25,x:120,y:232,w:103,h:23},
{t:"As Christians, these economists are keenly aware that we live in a ",p:25,x:150,y:259,w:469,h:23},
{t:"fallen world and that neither markets nor governments can be expected ",p:25,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to serve humankind perfectly. One will fnd little demagoguery in these ",p:25,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"essays. Instead, what the contributors have sought to explain is how ",p:25,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"market forces can work both for and against the poor and how those ",p:25,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"forces can be harnessed to achieve the greatest good. Te hope is that ",p:25,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"this volume will help the church develop a more nuanced and balanced ",p:25,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"understanding of the issues to then become a more efective participant ",p:25,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in the globalization debate.",p:25,x:120,y:479,w:191,h:23},
{t:"Questions for Review",p:25,x:247,y:530,w:242,h:30},
{t:"1. ",p:25,x:120,y:579,w:18,h:23},
{t:"What is your opinion about globalization? Has it generally ",p:25,x:150,y:579,w:418,h:23},
{t:"benefted mankind, been harmful, or a combination of both? ",p:25,x:150,y:606,w:435,h:23},
{t:"Please explain. ",p:25,x:150,y:634,w:106,h:23},
{t:"2. ",p:25,x:120,y:669,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Identify fve specifc ways your life is diferent today because of ",p:25,x:150,y:669,w:447,h:23},
{t:"globalization, compared to what it would have been like thirty ",p:25,x:150,y:696,w:444,h:23},
{t:"years ago.",p:25,x:150,y:724,w:67,h:23},
{t:"3. ",p:25,x:120,y:759,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Who are the key players in the globalization debate, and what are ",p:25,x:150,y:759,w:465,h:23},
{t:"their roles? ",p:25,x:150,y:786,w:80,h:23},
{t:"4. ",p:25,x:120,y:821,w:18,h:23},
{t:"How would you defne economic justice? Do you believe ",p:25,x:150,y:821,w:406,h:23},
{t:"economic freedom is an essential component of a just economy? ",p:25,x:150,y:849,w:457,h:23},
{t:"Please explain.",p:25,x:150,y:876,w:102,h:23},
{t:"Intr",p:26,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oduction",p:26,x:662,y:115,w:0,h:19},
{t:"17",p:26,x:657,y:967,w:18,h:19},
{t:"Notes",p:26,x:321,y:94,w:63,h:30},
{t:"1 Merchandise exports and GDP calculations based on data from the World ",p:26,x:105,y:136,w:460,h:20},
{t:"Economic Outlook (IMF May 1997, and April 2008). FDI calculations based ",p:26,x:105,y:156,w:469,h:20},
{t:"on UNCTAD data available at http://www.unctad.org/Templates/Page.",p:26,x:105,y:176,w:435,h:20},
{t:"asp?intItemID=3152&lang=1. All fgures were adjusted for infation using the ",p:26,x:105,y:196,w:479,h:20},
{t:"implicit GDP defator provided by the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank.",p:26,x:105,y:216,w:430,h:20},
{t:"2 Many of these same Christians advocate making globalization a confessional ",p:26,x:105,y:236,w:475,h:20},
{t:"issue, that is, a litmus test that separates Christian from non-Christian. As ",p:26,x:105,y:256,w:454,h:20},
{t:"Stackhouse explains, they hold that “if one believes that globalization bears ",p:26,x:105,y:276,w:460,h:20},
{t:"within it any divinely blessed or grace-flled possibilities, one is a heretic and ",p:26,x:105,y:296,w:468,h:20},
{t:"should be kept out or thrown out of the community of believers” (2007, p. 5).",p:26,x:105,y:316,w:478,h:20},
{t:"3 See Hartropp (2007) and van Til (2007) for two recent contributions.",p:26,x:105,y:336,w:433,h:20},
{t:"4 It is interesting to point out a classic philosophical step that has been taken ",p:26,x:105,y:356,w:467,h:20},
{t:"here. Economics is woefully ill-equipped to evaluate questions about fairness. ",p:26,x:105,y:376,w:474,h:20},
{t:"Terefore, any argument asserting the need for government intervention must ",p:26,x:105,y:396,w:479,h:20},
{t:"frst show that the existing order is inefcient (due to some market failure) and ",p:26,x:105,y:416,w:483,h:20},
{t:"likely to undermine the long- term growth prospects of an economy. Te World ",p:26,x:105,y:436,w:490,h:20},
{t:"Bank skillfully dodges any discussion about fairness and focuses instead on the ",p:26,x:105,y:456,w:481,h:20},
{t:"economic consequences of inequality.",p:26,x:105,y:476,w:228,h:20},
{t:"References",p:26,x:293,y:525,w:119,h:30},
{t:"Gregg, Samuel. 2001. “Globalization and the Insights of Catholic Social ",p:26,x:105,y:568,w:444,h:20},
{t:"Teaching.” Journal of Markets and Morality 4, no. 1 (Spring), 1–13.",p:26,x:135,y:588,w:407,h:20},
{t:"Hartropp, Andrew. 2007. What Is Economic Justice? Biblical and Secular ",p:26,x:105,y:608,w:437,h:20},
{t:"Perspectives Contrasted. Colorado Springs: Paternoster Teological ",p:26,x:135,y:628,w:401,h:20},
{t:"Monographs.",p:26,x:135,y:648,w:81,h:20},
{t:"Krueger, David A. 1997. Te Business Corporation and Productive Justice in ",p:26,x:105,y:668,w:473,h:20},
{t:"the Global Economy. In Te Business Corporation and Productive Justice, ",p:26,x:135,y:688,w:439,h:20},
{t:"by David A. Krueger, Donald W. Shriver, and Laura L. Nash. Nashville: ",p:26,x:135,y:708,w:442,h:20},
{t:"Abingdon Press, 17–98.",p:26,x:135,y:728,w:146,h:20},
{t:"Novak, Michael. 1996. Seven Corporate Responsibilities. In Is the Good ",p:26,x:105,y:748,w:440,h:20},
{t:"Corporation Dead? Social Responsibility in a Global Economy, edited by John ",p:26,x:135,y:768,w:460,h:20},
{t:"W. Houck and Oliver F . Williams. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefeld ",p:26,x:135,y:788,w:455,h:20},
{t:"Publishers, 189–202.",p:26,x:135,y:808,w:129,h:20},
{t:"Schiller, Bradley. 2001. Te Economics of Poverty and Discrimination. Upper ",p:26,x:105,y:828,w:462,h:20},
{t:"Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.",p:26,x:135,y:848,w:193,h:20},
{t:"Sen, Amartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York, NY: Alred A. Knopf, ",p:26,x:105,y:868,w:481,h:20},
{t:"Inc.",p:26,x:135,y:888,w:23,h:20},
{t:"Stackhouse, Max L. 1995. Christian Social Ethics in a Global Era: Reforming ",p:26,x:105,y:908,w:476,h:20},
{t:"Protestant Views. In Christian Social Ethics in a Global Era, edited by Max ",p:26,x:135,y:928,w:454,h:20},
{t:"Stackhouse, Peter L. Berger, Dennis P. McCann, and M. Douglas Meeks. ",p:26,x:135,y:948,w:448,h:20},
{t:"Nashville: Abingdon Press, 11–73.",p:26,x:135,y:968,w:210,h:20},
{t:"EC",p:27,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:27,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:27,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:27,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:27,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:27,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:27,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:27,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"18",p:27,x:45,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"———. 2007. God and Globalization, Volume IV: Globalization and Grace. New ",p:27,x:120,y:95,w:493,h:20},
{t:"York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group.",p:27,x:150,y:115,w:338,h:20},
{t:"Stultz, Rene M. 2005. “Te Limits of Financial Globalization.” National Bureau ",p:27,x:120,y:135,w:493,h:20},
{t:"of Economic Research Working Paper 11070 (January). Cambridge, MA: ",p:27,x:150,y:155,w:452,h:20},
{t:"National Bureau of Economic Research.",p:27,x:150,y:175,w:244,h:20},
{t:"Taylor, J. Edward. 2006. “International Migration and Economic Development.” ",p:27,x:120,y:195,w:498,h:20},
{t:"Paper prepared for the Symposium on International Migration and ",p:27,x:150,y:215,w:412,h:20},
{t:"Development, Turin, Italy (June 28–30). View at http://www.un.org/esa/",p:27,x:150,y:235,w:446,h:20},
{t:"population/migration/turin/Symposium_Turin_fles/P09_SYMP_Taylor.",p:27,x:150,y:255,w:446,h:20},
{t:"pdf.",p:27,x:150,y:275,w:24,h:20},
{t:"United Nations, Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social ",p:27,x:120,y:295,w:497,h:20},
{t:"Afairs. 2005. World Population Prospects: Te 2004 Revision. New York, NY: ",p:27,x:150,y:315,w:467,h:20},
{t:"United Nations.",p:27,x:150,y:335,w:99,h:20},
{t:"UNCTAD. 2007. World Investment Report. Geneva: United Nations Conference ",p:27,x:120,y:355,w:493,h:20},
{t:"on Trade and Development. ",p:27,x:150,y:375,w:175,h:20},
{t:"van Til, Kent A. 2007. Less Tan Two Dollars a Day: A Christian View of World ",p:27,x:120,y:395,w:480,h:20},
{t:"Poverty and the Free Market. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.",p:27,x:150,y:415,w:358,h:20},
{t:"World Bank. 2006. World Development Report: Equity and Development. ",p:27,x:120,y:435,w:440,h:20},
{t:"Washington, D.C.: World Bank.",p:27,x:150,y:455,w:199,h:20},
{t:"———. 2008. Global Economic Prospects. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.",p:27,x:120,y:475,w:456,h:20},
{t:"WTO. 2007. International Trade Statistics. (Washington, DC: Te World Trade ",p:27,x:120,y:495,w:486,h:20},
{t:"Organization).",p:27,x:150,y:515,w:89,h:20},
{t:"PART I",p:28,x:135,y:236,w:102,h:34},
{t:"Theological ",p:28,x:135,y:299,w:241,h:46},
{t:"Perspectives on ",p:28,x:135,y:349,w:315,h:46},
{t:"Global Capitalism",p:28,x:135,y:399,w:350,h:46},
{t:"21",p:29,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"CHAPTER 1: ",p:29,x:290,y:96,w:129,h:22},
{t:"CATHOLIC SOCIAL TEACHING, ",p:29,x:105,y:243,w:374,h:27},
{t:"MARKETS, AND THE POOR",p:29,x:105,y:275,w:324,h:27},
{t:"Michael Novak ",p:29,x:105,y:315,w:135,h:20},
{t:"“Be not afraid!” is the favorite injunction of John Paul II to the peoples ",p:29,x:105,y:462,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the world. Under his leadership, the Catholic Church has made a ",p:29,x:105,y:490,w:499,h:23},
{t:"remarkable new judgment about the institutions of democracy, such as ",p:29,x:105,y:517,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the rule of law, the protection of rights, the separation of powers, and ",p:29,x:105,y:545,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the principle of limited government. Following traditional Catholic ",p:29,x:105,y:572,w:499,h:23},
{t:"social thought, it has also reafrmed its guarded approval of the free ",p:29,x:105,y:600,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economy—respect for the right of private property, the right of free ",p:29,x:105,y:627,w:499,h:23},
{t:"association, and even the right of economic initiative. But John Paul II ",p:29,x:105,y:655,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has gone farther. He has communicated with penetrating insight the ",p:29,x:105,y:682,w:499,h:23},
{t:"roles of human capital, especially the roles of knowledge, know-how, ",p:29,x:105,y:710,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and practical creativity in creating the wealth of nations. Neither de-",p:29,x:105,y:737,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mocracy nor capitalism is to be identifed as the highest earthly good in ",p:29,x:105,y:765,w:499,h:23},
{t:"his thought. Both democracy and capitalism must conform to the rule ",p:29,x:105,y:792,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of law and to sound moral criteria. If they do so, the Church approves ",p:29,x:105,y:820,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of them and looks upon them with hope and expectation, not with ",p:29,x:105,y:847,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fear.1 ",p:29,x:105,y:875,w:38,h:23},
{t:"When we recall the murders, executions, and exiles the Church ",p:29,x:135,y:902,w:469,h:23},
{t:"endured under ",p:29,x:105,y:930,w:120,h:23},
{t:"the French Revolution of 1789, ",p:29,x:232,y:930,w:264,h:23},
{t:"the Mexican ",p:29,x:503,y:930,w:102,h:23},
{t:"Revolution of 1920, and many other ",p:29,x:105,y:957,w:300,h:23},
{t:"“liberal” ",p:29,x:410,y:957,w:66,h:23},
{t:"governments ",p:29,x:482,y:957,w:99,h:23},
{t:"in ",p:29,x:586,y:957,w:19,h:23},
{t:"C",p:29,x:113,y:96,w:0,h:19},
{t:"HAPTER 1",p:29,x:113,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"EC",p:30,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:30,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:30,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:30,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:30,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:30,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:30,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:30,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"22",p:30,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"between, it is not hard to understand why the Church was for several ",p:30,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"decades hostile to tyrannies that called themselves “liberal.” Much ",p:30,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that went by that name was in fact illiberal.2 Yet John Paul II, like ",p:30,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"his namesake John XXIII before him, has from the beginning of his ",p:30,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"pontifcate chosen to regard the world of history—the world of our ",p:30,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"time—with hope and expectation. “Be not afraid!” He used those ",p:30,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"very words on his frst visit to Poland in 1979, some six months ",p:30,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"after he became pope, when the Berlin Wall seemed high and solid. ",p:30,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"He used them with regard to “globalization” in September 1999. ",p:30,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"He uses them still.",p:30,x:120,y:342,w:137,h:23},
{t:"John Paul II has been called by his biographer “a witness to hope” ",p:30,x:150,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"(Weigel 1999). If by “liberalism” we mean a philosophy that is mate-",p:30,x:120,y:397,w:495,h:23},
{t:"rialist, persecutory, anti-Christian, closed to, or perhaps even opposed ",p:30,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to belief in God, then such a philosophy runs counter to Christian ",p:30,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"thought. But if by “liberalism” we mean a commitment to the best ",p:30,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"institutions worthy of human dignity, such as limited government, ",p:30,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"protection of political and civil rights, respect for religious liberty and ",p:30,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the free exercise of religion, and a free economy powered by knowledge, ",p:30,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"know-how, invention, and enterprise, then Catholic social thought ",p:30,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sees much reason for hopeful cooperation with liberalism. Tose are ",p:30,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the commitments of “all men of good will,” to whom the angels sang ",p:30,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“Peace on earth!” in welcoming the Christ. ",p:30,x:120,y:672,w:306,h:23},
{t:"Catholic social thought has established critical grounds for a pro-",p:30,x:150,y:699,w:465,h:23},
{t:"found appreciation of the humanism that infuses the institutions of ",p:30,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"democracy and capitalism at their best, and for a vision in whose light ",p:30,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their existing practice (and incomplete development) may be justly ",p:30,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"criticized and incited to further progress. ",p:30,x:120,y:809,w:292,h:23},
{t:"I want to unpack this thesis under fve headings: materialism, or ",p:30,x:150,y:837,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the primacy of the spirit; solidarity; the subjectivity of society (that is, the ",p:30,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"liberty, initiative, and creativity of the human subject); subsidiarity; and ",p:30,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"breaking the chains of poverty. ",p:30,x:120,y:919,w:207,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:31,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:31,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:31,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:31,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:31,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:31,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:31,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:31,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:31,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"23",p:31,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Foundations of the Catholic Understanding ",p:31,x:105,y:94,w:501,h:30},
{t:"of Democratic Capitalism ",p:31,x:207,y:120,w:298,h:30},
{t:"Materialism. In 1997, the Synod of America, which brought ",p:31,x:135,y:183,w:469,h:23},
{t:"together the bishops of North and South America, disparaged those it ",p:31,x:105,y:211,w:499,h:23},
{t:"called “neoliberals.” A tradition in Latin America and in Spain describes ",p:31,x:105,y:238,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“liberals” as materialists, concerned solely with market processes, prof-",p:31,x:105,y:266,w:495,h:23},
{t:"its, and efciency to the neglect of the human spirit, human values, ",p:31,x:105,y:293,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and human rights.3",p:31,x:105,y:321,w:135,h:23},
{t:"In the new economy of today, however, it is difcult to be a mate-",p:31,x:135,y:348,w:465,h:23},
{t:"rialist, strictly understood. Consider your last purchase of a new disk or ",p:31,x:105,y:376,w:499,h:23},
{t:"program for your computer. How much material do you actually have ",p:31,x:105,y:403,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in your hand? About eighty cents worth of plastic. What you actually ",p:31,x:105,y:431,w:499,h:23},
{t:"paid for is mostly composed of mind, the fruit of the human spirit, ",p:31,x:105,y:458,w:499,h:23},
{t:"information in a design created by human intelligence. All around us, ",p:31,x:105,y:486,w:499,h:23},
{t:"matter matters less and less, and intelligence (or spirit) matters more. ",p:31,x:105,y:513,w:483,h:23},
{t:"Conversely, as John Paul II explains, the cause of wealth used to be ",p:31,x:135,y:541,w:469,h:23},
{t:"explained in largely material terms: At one time, the major form of wealth ",p:31,x:105,y:568,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in most places was land. Later, especially for Marxist thought, wealth ",p:31,x:105,y:596,w:499,h:23},
{t:"was capital, large inert investments in factories and huge machines. In ",p:31,x:105,y:623,w:499,h:23},
{t:"our time, however, economists afrm that the chief cause of the wealth ",p:31,x:105,y:651,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of nations is not material at all, but knowledge, skill, know-how—in ",p:31,x:105,y:678,w:499,h:23},
{t:"short, those acts and habits of discovery, invention, organization, and ",p:31,x:105,y:706,w:499,h:23},
{t:"forethought that economists now describe as “human capital,” which is ",p:31,x:105,y:733,w:499,h:23},
{t:"located in the human spirit and produced by the spiritual activities of ",p:31,x:105,y:761,w:499,h:23},
{t:"education and training and mentoring.4 Human capital also includes ",p:31,x:105,y:788,w:499,h:23},
{t:"moral habits, such as hard work, cooperativeness, social trust, alertness, ",p:31,x:105,y:816,w:499,h:23},
{t:"honesty, and social habits, such as respect for the rule of law. ",p:31,x:105,y:843,w:427,h:23},
{t:"Te one factor that, more than any other, makes the rich countries ",p:31,x:135,y:871,w:469,h:23},
{t:"rich is their investment in and development of human capital. A na-",p:31,x:105,y:898,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion ’s greatest resource, economists say, is its people.5 It is not material ",p:31,x:105,y:926,w:499,h:23},
{t:"resources that make a nation rich. Some of the countries richest in ",p:31,x:105,y:953,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:32,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:32,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:32,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:32,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:32,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:32,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:32,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:32,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"24",p:32,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"natural resources are among the world’s poorest nations. Some of the ",p:32,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nations with virtually no natural resources are among the world’s rich-",p:32,x:120,y:122,w:495,h:23},
{t:"est nations. Te cause of wealth can no longer be said to be material. ",p:32,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Today, as in biblical times, many confne their horizons to this earth ",p:32,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as we sense it; they eat, drink, and make merry until they die. Not a ",p:32,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"few among the baptized are included in that number. In this sense, ",p:32,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"there will always be materialists. But in the world of theory, materialist ",p:32,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"doctrines have run aground. Marxist “dialectical materialism,” for ex-",p:32,x:120,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ample, failed miserably in understanding economics and in generating ",p:32,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"humane societies. All the evidence of physics and the other sciences ",p:32,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"point beyond the reaches of materialism. ",p:32,x:120,y:369,w:292,h:23},
{t:"On the other hand, no principle is as basic to Catholic social ",p:32,x:150,y:397,w:469,h:23},
{t:"thought as the primacy of spirit. Everywhere today that principle seems ",p:32,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to be vindicated: in caring for physically and mentally ill people; in ",p:32,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"overcoming drug abuse and alcoholism; in turning from a life of crime; ",p:32,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in forming morals; in developing economies; in nourishing among a ",p:32,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"people the rule of law and civic commitment; in encouraging people ",p:32,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to act with unimpeachable honesty, even when no one is looking; and ",p:32,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in engendering confdence in the future, even in the face of great ob-",p:32,x:120,y:589,w:495,h:23},
{t:"stacles. Empirical research seems to confrm the primacy of spirit and ",p:32,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to disconfrm merely materialistic accounts of human behavior.6 ",p:32,x:120,y:644,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Solidarity. When Leo XIII described in Rerum Novarum (1891) ",p:32,x:150,y:687,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the tumultuous changes then churning through the former agrarian ",p:32,x:120,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and feudal world of premodern Europe, he saw the need for a new sort ",p:32,x:120,y:742,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of virtue (a reliable habit of soul) among Christian peoples, especially ",p:32,x:120,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"lay people; and he wavered between calling it justice or charity—social ",p:32,x:120,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"justice or social charity.7 By the time of Centesimus Annus (1991), John ",p:32,x:120,y:824,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Paul II had brought that nascent intuition into focus in the one term ",p:32,x:120,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"solidarity. By this term, he did not mean the great Polish labor union ",p:32,x:120,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that contributed so much to the fall of communism—although the ",p:32,x:120,y:907,w:499,h:23},
{t:"worldwide fame of the term Solidarnosc added helpful connotations ",p:32,x:120,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to what he intended. He meant the special virtue of social charity that ",p:32,x:120,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:33,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:33,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:33,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:33,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:33,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:33,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:33,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:33,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:33,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"25",p:33,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"makes each person aware of belonging to the whole human race, of ",p:33,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"being brother or sister to all others, of living in communio with all ",p:33,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"humans in God. ",p:33,x:105,y:149,w:120,h:23},
{t:"Solidarity is another way of saying globalization, but in the dimen-",p:33,x:135,y:177,w:465,h:23},
{t:"sion of communal interiority and personal responsibility. Solidarity is ",p:33,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not a habit of impersonally losing oneself in groupthink, disappear-",p:33,x:105,y:232,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing into collectivity. Solidarity is exactly the reverse of what socialists ",p:33,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"meant by “collectivization” because it points simultaneously to personal ",p:33,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"responsibility and initiative and to communion with others. Solidarity ",p:33,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"awakens the individual conscience. Solidarity evokes responsibility, ",p:33,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"enlarges personal vision, and connects the self to all others.8",p:33,x:105,y:369,w:420,h:23},
{t:"In these days of ",p:33,x:135,y:397,w:122,h:23},
{t:"“globalization,” when it is described in merely ",p:33,x:261,y:397,w:344,h:23},
{t:"economic terms, it is almost impossible for an intelligent human being ",p:33,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to imagine the self as an unencumbered, solitary individual unlinked ",p:33,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to others. Globalization involves a dramatic drop in transportation and ",p:33,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"communication costs; instantaneous communication; a single global ",p:33,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"market; worldwide Internet, satellite, cellular phone, and television ",p:33,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"availability; and a geometric increase in foreign direct investment ",p:33,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and cross-border trade. Globalization also has an interior dimension. ",p:33,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"External, economic globalization has changed the way individuals ",p:33,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"experience themselves and the way they think. ",p:33,x:105,y:644,w:323,h:23},
{t:"People fnd it increasingly hard to think about local conditions ",p:33,x:135,y:672,w:469,h:23},
{t:"only. Isn ’t this a major step toward the realities of solidarity? Aren ’t ",p:33,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"human beings planetary creatures, one another’s brothers and sisters, ",p:33,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"members of one body with every part serving every other part?9",p:33,x:105,y:754,w:446,h:23},
{t:"Tese are the best times for those committed to solidarity and ",p:33,x:135,y:782,w:469,h:23},
{t:"pinching, painful times for those committed to a view of themselves as ",p:33,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"solitary individuals—pinching like shoes that do not ft. If a Catholic ",p:33,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cannot feel confdent in a time of globalization, what is the point in ",p:33,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bearing the name “Catholic,” which is another name for global? (Te ",p:33,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"imperative for globalization began with the commission “Go and make ",p:33,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"disciples of all nations,” which turned Christianity away from being the ",p:33,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:34,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:34,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:34,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:34,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:34,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:34,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:34,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:34,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"26",p:34,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"religion of only one tribe or one people and commanded it to see the ",p:34,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"human race as one people of God.) Globalization is the natural ecology ",p:34,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the Catholic faith. ",p:34,x:120,y:149,w:152,h:23},
{t:"On this ground, Pope John Paul II welcomes the ",p:34,x:150,y:177,w:373,h:23},
{t:"“new thing” ",p:34,x:528,y:177,w:92,h:23},
{t:"of globalization. All the streams that contribute to the defnition of ",p:34,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"globalization, as mentioned above, point to good efects as well as bad. ",p:34,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"And, for the poor of the world, being included in the circle of exchange ",p:34,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and development is better than being marginalized. Tere is at least a ",p:34,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"possibility that global procedures will heighten the transparency of local ",p:34,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"transactions and reduce local corruption. Te pope urges international ",p:34,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"institutions and citizens everywhere to open their arms to the world’s ",p:34,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor and to help bring about a springtime of worldwide development, ",p:34,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"excluding no one and embracing all. His call to solidarity ofers a vision ",p:34,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of genuine globalization, and works as a vantage point of criticism for ",p:34,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those times when globalization falls short of its potential for human ",p:34,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"well-being. ",p:34,x:120,y:507,w:82,h:23},
{t:"Te subjectivity of society. Te theme of subjectivity in Pope ",p:34,x:150,y:549,w:469,h:23},
{t:"John Paul II’s writings has been overlooked in popular expositions of ",p:34,x:120,y:577,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Catholic social thought. For example, anyone who has a pet in the ",p:34,x:120,y:604,w:499,h:23},
{t:"house knows that animals behave; they cannot do other than follow ",p:34,x:120,y:632,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the laws of their nature. Our own children, however, do not always ",p:34,x:120,y:659,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“behave.” Tey imagine new futures for themselves and invent new ",p:34,x:120,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"projects and new trajectories for their personal development. In part ",p:34,x:120,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"they invent themselves. In the long run, they must become provident ",p:34,x:120,y:742,w:499,h:23},
{t:"over their own identity, responsible for choosing who they will become. ",p:34,x:120,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Children must learn to refect, deliberate, choose, take initiative, and ",p:34,x:120,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"accrue responsibility for their actions. Unlike other animals, they can ",p:34,x:120,y:824,w:499,h:23},
{t:"choose against the laws of their nature, or they can choose to walk in ",p:34,x:120,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those laws. ",p:34,x:120,y:879,w:80,h:23},
{t:"To summarize, whereas other animals behave, the human person ",p:34,x:150,y:907,w:469,h:23},
{t:"acts. Te human person is the acting person (Wojtyla 1979). Action fows ",p:34,x:120,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from the interior life of insight, refection, and decision—acts that only ",p:34,x:120,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:35,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:35,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:35,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:35,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:35,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:35,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:35,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:35,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:35,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"27",p:35,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"persons can perform, acts that humans have in common (analogously) ",p:35,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with angels and with God but with no other known creatures. ",p:35,x:105,y:122,w:442,h:23},
{t:"By the time Pope John Paul II wrote Centesimus Annus, he had come ",p:35,x:135,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"to distinguish between “the subjectivity of society” and “the subjectiv-",p:35,x:105,y:177,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ity of the individual,” though both were held to be antipathetic to “real ",p:35,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"socialism” (Paul 1991, Sec. 13). He then pushed his earlier thought to ",p:35,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the new insight that human beings’ capacities for creative action are the ",p:35,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cause of the wealth of nations and from an economic point of view the ",p:35,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"most important form of capital (Paul 1991, Secs. 31–32). ",p:35,x:105,y:314,w:411,h:23},
{t:"Tis concept enabled the Holy Father to talk about solidarity in ",p:35,x:135,y:342,w:469,h:23},
{t:"terms of personal responsibility and initiative. Simultaneously, the ",p:35,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"concept of solidarity enabled him to talk about the individual in terms ",p:35,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of universal communio, the communion of all human beings in the love ",p:35,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and being of God. ",p:35,x:105,y:452,w:134,h:23},
{t:"Without the integrity of the human subject, there is no genuine ",p:35,x:135,y:479,w:469,h:23},
{t:"communio without communio; there is no whole human subject. ",p:35,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Without solidarity, subjectivity degenerates into unencumbered in-",p:35,x:105,y:534,w:495,h:23},
{t:"dividualism. Without subjectivity, solidarity degenerates into mushy, ",p:35,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"mindless collectivism. ",p:35,x:105,y:589,w:158,h:23},
{t:"We can grasp the complementarity of these two conceptual tools ",p:35,x:135,y:617,w:469,h:23},
{t:"because we have experienced the excesses of both collectivism and ",p:35,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"individualism. We have lived through the failures of both socialist and ",p:35,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"liberal materialism. ",p:35,x:105,y:699,w:139,h:23},
{t:"Subsidiarity. Simultaneous with the great rushing power of eco-",p:35,x:135,y:742,w:465,h:23},
{t:"nomic and legal globalization, there has also arisen powerful demands ",p:35,x:105,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for greater local autonomy and for a stronger role for intermediate ",p:35,x:105,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"institutions and mediating associations. In other words, from outside ",p:35,x:105,y:824,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and from within, the nation-state is under great pressures. Tese pres-",p:35,x:105,y:852,w:495,h:23},
{t:"sures are all the more acute, since, at least from the time of Hegel, the ",p:35,x:105,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nation-state has been considered the mythical embodiment of the Geist ",p:35,x:105,y:907,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of a whole people. We can read the history of the last two centuries as ",p:35,x:105,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an enactment of the myth of the benevolent nation-state, caring for its ",p:35,x:105,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:36,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:36,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:36,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:36,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:36,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:36,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:36,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:36,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"28",p:36,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"people as the nanny for her children, rendering them secure and happy. ",p:36,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"From Lenin to Hitler, Mussolini to Perón, Mao Zedong to Castro, ",p:36,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Kim Il Sung to Qaddaf, dictators have loved this myth. Tey have ",p:36,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"portrayed themselves as personifcations of Popular Will. ",p:36,x:120,y:177,w:404,h:23},
{t:"Various forms of socialism, social democracy, and the liberal ",p:36,x:150,y:204,w:469,h:23},
{t:"welfare state have embraced versions of the same mythic impulse. Te ",p:36,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"twentieth century has predominately been the story of the nation-",p:36,x:120,y:259,w:494,h:23},
{t:"state, at the expense of every other social structure—family, church, ",p:36,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and mediating institution. Te nation-state has proved inadequate, ",p:36,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"however, to its own boasts. It has overpromised and underachieved. ",p:36,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Great pressures from without and from within are bursting through its ",p:36,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"governing myths. ",p:36,x:120,y:397,w:127,h:23},
{t:"Catholic social thought has a great deal of its conceptual weight ",p:36,x:150,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"in a theory of the state, especially the welfare state, which has not met ",p:36,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the tests of reality. A massive amount of rethinking is needed, and ",p:36,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"quickly. ",p:36,x:120,y:507,w:59,h:23},
{t:"Te need for rethinking is obvious in the international dimension. ",p:36,x:150,y:534,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Te pope often calls for new international institutions to “guide” the ",p:36,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"new energies of globalization.10 But much of the rethinking must attend ",p:36,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the intra-national dimension, the vitality of the smaller institutions ",p:36,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"within states that the hyperactive national governments of the last one ",p:36,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hundred years have repressed and suppressed. Whole regions, ethnic ",p:36,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"groups, cities, townships, and villages have been neglected. Yet today ",p:36,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"many diverse local forces are stirring and coming again to life. ",p:36,x:120,y:727,w:441,h:23},
{t:"Te defense of the civic association by the church is at least as old ",p:36,x:150,y:754,w:469,h:23},
{t:"as Innocent IV’s vindication of “corporations,” such as cities, cathedral ",p:36,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"chapters, and guilds independent of the state (Collins 1986), and ",p:36,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tomas Aquinas ’s apologia for the human rights of the members of ",p:36,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"mendicant orders, such as the new Franciscans and Dominicans.11 But ",p:36,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Catholic doctrine of “subsidiarity” appears to have been given a great ",p:36,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"boost by the Swiss and the American experiments in confederation and ",p:36,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"federalism, respectively. Lord Acton identifed federalism—that is, one ",p:36,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:37,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:37,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:37,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:37,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:37,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:37,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:37,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:37,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:37,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"29",p:37,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"form of subsidiarity—as one of the great achievements in the history ",p:37,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of liberty.12",p:37,x:105,y:122,w:78,h:23},
{t:"Te basic justifcation for subsidiarity is epistemic. Decisions taken ",p:37,x:135,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"closer to the concrete texture of reality and the immediate interests of ",p:37,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the decision makers are likely to evince a higher degree of practical ",p:37,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"intelligence, not to say wisdom, than decisions taken at a higher, more ",p:37,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"abstract remove. Practical wisdom tends to demand hands-on, experi-",p:37,x:105,y:259,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mental knowledge, the sort of knowledge Jacques Maritain identifed as ",p:37,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“knowledge by connaturality,” a kind of knowledge by “second nature” ",p:37,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(See Maritain 1951, 1978). ",p:37,x:105,y:342,w:197,h:23},
{t:"Breaking the Chains of Poverty ",p:37,x:176,y:393,w:359,h:30},
{t:"Still, with all this discussion of doctrine, it is well to remind our-",p:37,x:135,y:441,w:465,h:23},
{t:"selves of our main task in this new century: to arrange our institutions ",p:37,x:105,y:469,w:499,h:23},
{t:"so that all the poor of the world may exit from poverty. In the last 150 ",p:37,x:105,y:496,w:499,h:23},
{t:"years we have made tremendous strides in that direction, but much ",p:37,x:105,y:524,w:499,h:23},
{t:"work remains. ",p:37,x:105,y:551,w:104,h:23},
{t:"About three-quarters of the population in the hemisphere of the ",p:37,x:135,y:579,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Americas, for instance, has escaped from dire poverty. Still, about 78 ",p:37,x:105,y:606,w:499,h:23},
{t:"million persons in that hemisphere live on an income of less than one ",p:37,x:105,y:634,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dollar per day, and 182 million live on less than two dollars per day.13 ",p:37,x:105,y:661,w:498,h:23},
{t:"Te life expectancy of these poor peoples may have been substan-",p:37,x:105,y:689,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tially extended, but their living conditions are still unnecessarily harsh. ",p:37,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Enough is known about how to create new wealth on a systematic ",p:37,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"basis that the poverty of these 182 million is unnecessary, even scan-",p:37,x:105,y:771,w:494,h:23},
{t:"dalous. It makes us ashamed. It fres our determination to alter their ",p:37,x:105,y:799,w:499,h:23},
{t:"circumstances. ",p:37,x:105,y:826,w:107,h:23},
{t:"Our goal must be to eliminate the last large pockets of poverty in ",p:37,x:135,y:854,w:469,h:23},
{t:"this world during the next two generations—by, say, 2040. We know ",p:37,x:105,y:881,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that human capital is the most important form of capital. Terefore, ",p:37,x:105,y:909,w:499,h:23},
{t:"education is the most crucial form of economic development, the sine ",p:37,x:105,y:936,w:499,h:23},
{t:"qua non of all others. Te good news is that adult literacy around the ",p:37,x:105,y:964,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:38,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:38,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:38,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:38,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:38,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:38,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:38,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:38,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"30",p:38,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"world has jumped from about 48 percent in 1970 to about 72 percent ",p:38,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in 1997 (UNDP 1999, 25). Tat is a good gain in less than thirty ",p:38,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"years. In the next ffteen years, we ought to push this number above ",p:38,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"90 percent. Nothing would better reduce poverty than this increase in ",p:38,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"human capital. ",p:38,x:120,y:204,w:110,h:23},
{t:"But job creation must be added to education.14 Tere cannot be ",p:38,x:150,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"new employees if there are not new employers, that is to say, new ",p:38,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"businesses. Te creation of an atmosphere, a legal system, and a bank-",p:38,x:120,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing system favorable to the creation of many new small businesses is ",p:38,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an urgent matter for the liberation of the poor. Business formation ",p:38,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"depends on our exercising abilities the Creator has instilled in every ",p:38,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"person—the creativity and the desire to serve others with honest goods ",p:38,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and useful services. As it happens, in Latin America and particularly in ",p:38,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Africa, women excel in launching new small businesses. ",p:38,x:120,y:452,w:396,h:23},
{t:"Until now, theologians and bishops have not had to extend a great ",p:38,x:150,y:479,w:469,h:23},
{t:"deal of thought to economic and business matters. If they must do so ",p:38,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"today, it is for the sake of the poor. Better than giving the poor bread ",p:38,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is helping them launch bakeries and other frms, through which they ",p:38,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"might serve others, as a way of providing for their own families in an ",p:38,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"independent, honorable, and prideful way (Paul 1991, Sec. 32). In no ",p:38,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other systemic and practical way can the poor be brought “into the ",p:38,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"circle of exchange” (Paul 1991, Sec. 34). Such progress will occur only ",p:38,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"within a market economy. Yet capitalism may be the most besieged ",p:38,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"liberal institution within Christian circles. Te challenge to the moral-",p:38,x:120,y:727,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ity of markets deserves to be addressed systematically. ",p:38,x:120,y:754,w:380,h:23},
{t:"Defenses of Capitalism ",p:38,x:238,y:805,w:266,h:30},
{t:"“Te driving power of capitalism,” writes the distinguished English ",p:38,x:150,y:854,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Christian missionary to India, Leslie Newbigin, “is the desire of the ",p:38,x:120,y:881,w:499,h:23},
{t:"individual to better his material condition. . . . Te name that the New ",p:38,x:120,y:909,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Testament gives to the force in question is covetousness. Te capitalist ",p:38,x:120,y:936,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:39,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:39,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:39,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:39,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:39,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:39,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:39,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:39,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:39,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"31",p:39,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"system is powered by the unremitting stimulation of covetousness” ",p:39,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Newbigin 1986). ",p:39,x:105,y:122,w:131,h:23},
{t:"Tis is one justifcation (condemnation, rather) of capitalism. If ",p:39,x:135,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"it were accepted by a poor nation, such a theory would be its own ",p:39,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"punishment. Note, too, its image of wealth. Desiring to improve one’s ",p:39,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"material condition is covetousness because whatever one needs for self-",p:39,x:105,y:232,w:495,h:23},
{t:"improvement already belongs to others—it is theirs, and one covets ",p:39,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it. But this is to imagine wealth as a fxed sum, all of it previously ",p:39,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"assigned, and to overlook the dimension of invention, discovery, and ",p:39,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the creation of new wealth. It is to imagine all gaining of wealth as ",p:39,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“taking.” ",p:39,x:105,y:369,w:66,h:23},
{t:"Leslie Newbigin ’s view of capitalism as covetousness is one example ",p:39,x:135,y:397,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of a Christian interpretation of capitalism. Bishop Richard Harries ",p:39,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of Oxford ofers a far more sympathetic and nuanced view. His title ",p:39,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"asks, Is Tere a Gospel for the Rich? and his answer is his “conviction ",p:39,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that God’s liberation is for everyone. Te rich need to be liberated ",p:39,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"no less than the poor. . . .” (Harries 1992, 72). Intelligently and with ",p:39,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"discrimination, the bishop discerns Christian potential in the social ",p:39,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"device of the free market, in private property, in innovation, in the ",p:39,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"business frm, in proft, and even in the transnational corporation. Te ",p:39,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bête noire and polemical foil for his book is the “New Right,” to which ",p:39,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"he wishes to supply a sophisticated alternative. He describes Britain ",p:39,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as a “post-socialist” society. His aim is to present a more humane and ",p:39,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"evangelical form of capitalism than any (he thinks) yet dreamed of on ",p:39,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the “New Right.” He is bigger on “afrmative government” than is the ",p:39,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“New Right,” for example. ",p:39,x:105,y:782,w:192,h:23},
{t:"In ofering his argument on behalf of a market economy, Bishop ",p:39,x:135,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Harries begins with a lead article from Te Guardian in 1981, which ",p:39,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"accepted the market as an inescapable fact of life and an important ",p:39,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"source of much-needed knowledge: “It is the market which acts as ",p:39,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an essential signal from consumers to frms telling them how much ",p:39,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to produce, when to produce it, and what sort of quality to make.” ",p:39,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:40,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:40,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:40,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:40,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:40,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:40,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:40,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:40,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"32",p:40,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Besides this information, “the proft of corporations (or cooperatives) ",p:40,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is also the market’s way of signaling success: it is an essential guide ",p:40,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to, and source of, investment.” Harries summarizes, to all except a ",p:40,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"small percentage of the Labour Party, that the free market is “essential, ",p:40,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"inescapable and, for all its faws, to be valued” (Harries 1992, 88–89). ",p:40,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tis approval for markets, Harries notes, is “as robust as could come ",p:40,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from any ‘Tatcherite’ economist.” John Gray called such a defense of ",p:40,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the market the epistemic argument for markets; he ofers a brief and ",p:40,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"elegant statement of it in Te Moral Foundations of Market Institutions ",p:40,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Gray 1992). ",p:40,x:120,y:342,w:96,h:23},
{t:"But Gray also ofers a third fundamental and at least partly original ",p:40,x:150,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"defense—the defense from autonomy. More than any other system, he ",p:40,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"argues, a market system enhances the individual’s scope for and fre-",p:40,x:120,y:424,w:495,h:23},
{t:"quency of acts of choice. Gray does not see this argument as necessarily ",p:40,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"universal. It may mean less to East Asian societies, for example, whose ",p:40,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"social and psychological structures are more communitarian and less ",p:40,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"individualist than those of the West. Nor does he think an emphasis ",p:40,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"on choice to be an unmixed blessing. On this as on other things, indi-",p:40,x:120,y:562,w:495,h:23},
{t:"viduals and societies can go too far. What is chosen can matter greatly. ",p:40,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Nonetheless, the argument from autonomy is difcult for any Western ",p:40,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"intellectual to dismiss, since Westerners value choice highly. Te best ",p:40,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rejoinder from the Left is to suggest that too few people actually possess ",p:40,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"autonomy in sufcient degree, so that much social (and governmental) ",p:40,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"efort must be expended in “equalizing people” through redistribution ",p:40,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Gray 1992, Chap. 4). ",p:40,x:120,y:754,w:163,h:23},
{t:"To his credit, Gray resists redistributionist policies. Tese are in ",p:40,x:150,y:782,w:469,h:23},
{t:"practice doomed to failure and in principle unjust. But he does argue ",p:40,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that any society that favors autonomy must, because of that very com-",p:40,x:120,y:837,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mitment, empower all its citizens to reach some basic level thereof. ",p:40,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Gray thinks that he has found a way to defne this basic desired level ",p:40,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"through a concept of “satiable needs” (Gray 1992). Yet since poverty ",p:40,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is normally taken as a relative measure—by American standards, for ",p:40,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:41,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:41,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:41,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:41,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:41,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:41,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:41,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:41,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:41,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"33",p:41,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"example, more than a third of Western Europeans would be living in ",p:41,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poverty (Rector 1990)—I doubt that Gray’s eforts in this direction are ",p:41,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sustainable. Te human spirit is in principle insatiable. ",p:41,x:105,y:149,w:390,h:23},
{t:"“If only I could have that,” we have often told ourselves, “I would ",p:41,x:135,y:177,w:469,h:23},
{t:"be satisfed,” only to fnd that we never are. Autonomy is always like ",p:41,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that. We can never get enough of it. Whatever of it we have always ",p:41,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"runs into limits, often quickly, and we wish that we had no such limits; ",p:41,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"we wish to be like God. Even kings and princes rail against their too-",p:41,x:105,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"narrow autonomy. Such is the stuf of the best English drama. ",p:41,x:105,y:314,w:441,h:23},
{t:"A fourth argument in defense of the market is based upon the ",p:41,x:135,y:342,w:469,h:23},
{t:"growing immateriality of what people are actually willing to buy. ",p:41,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Markets depend on people’s choices. Kenneth Adams thinks that he has ",p:41,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"discerned an impending switch in consumers’ preferences: “Suppose ",p:41,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that our increasing demand is for entertainment, sport, music, theatre, ",p:41,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"literature and all other areas of human growth: in relationships, in ",p:41,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"intellectual and aesthetic delight—these will place much smaller de-",p:41,x:105,y:507,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mands on materials and energy. Furthermore, as desire grows in those ",p:41,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wider, richer, higher areas of human need, it is likely that desire for ",p:41,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"increase in the material areas will stabilize or decline” (Adams 1990). ",p:41,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tis preference switch is represented by the information age. Tat is, ",p:41,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an increasing proportion of production today lies in its spiritual rather ",p:41,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"than its material components. Industries are becoming cleaner; through ",p:41,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"miniaturization, physical products are becoming smaller, more power-",p:41,x:105,y:699,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ful, and (usually) cheaper. Te full implications of the term information ",p:41,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"age have barely begun to be absorbed by and articulated in theological ",p:41,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"thought. ",p:41,x:105,y:782,w:65,h:23},
{t:"Te ffth argument for the market—admittedly an odd one—is ",p:41,x:135,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"that the economic plenty produced by market societies has proved ",p:41,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"conclusively that “man does not live by bread alone.” Te traditional ",p:41,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Jewish and Christian predictions about the discontents inherent in ",p:41,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"materialism have been confrmed. Te textual evidence for this lies in ",p:41,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"university bookstores in the sections devoted to astrology, witchcraft, ",p:41,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:42,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:42,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:42,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:42,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:42,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:42,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:42,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:42,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"34",p:42,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"and the occult—sections that are usually larger than those for tra-",p:42,x:120,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ditional philosophy and theology. “When humans stop believing in ",p:42,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"God,” Chesterton once wrote, ",p:42,x:120,y:149,w:227,h:23},
{t:"“they don ’t believe in nothing; they ",p:42,x:351,y:149,w:269,h:23},
{t:"believe anything.” All around us we see signs of boredom, restlessness, ",p:42,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and discontent. ",p:42,x:120,y:204,w:114,h:23},
{t:"None of these fve arguments (except perhaps the frst) is alien ",p:42,x:150,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"to Pope John Paul II, who, as the hundredth anniversary of Rerum ",p:42,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Novarum approached, was asked again and again by bishops from Sri ",p:42,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Lanka to Sao Paulo to Kiev, “What direction do you now recommend ",p:42,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to us, after the collapse of socialism?” Te pope was certain to issue an ",p:42,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"encyclical commemorating Leo XIII’s 1891 encyclical Rerum Novarum; ",p:42,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"moreover, after the events of 1989, he had to provide an answer. He ",p:42,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"recommended “the free economy, the market economy,” the economy ",p:42,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of creativity and enterprise. He was even willing, although reluctant, ",p:42,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to use the word capitalism, so long as the system intended by that ",p:42,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"word included both a worthy juridical system protecting human rights ",p:42,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and a moral-religious system imposing ethical limits (Paul 1991). ",p:42,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Yet his argument for this decision is diferent from the fve preceding ",p:42,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"arguments. ",p:42,x:120,y:589,w:83,h:23},
{t:"Pope John Paul II’s argument from creativity fows from his con-",p:42,x:150,y:617,w:465,h:23},
{t:"cept of “the acting person,” worked out in his book by that title written ",p:42,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"before he became pope (Wojtyla 1979), though at the time, he had ",p:42,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not seen its relevance for economics. What makes humans distinctive ",p:42,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"among the other animals, he held, is their capacity to initiate new ",p:42,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"projects (especially life projects): to imagine, to create, and to act as ",p:42,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"distinct from merely behaving. Troughout his pontifcate, the pope ",p:42,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has focused on this “creative subjectivity” of the human person (Paul ",p:42,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1981). In this he saw the imago Dei: humans are made in the image ",p:42,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the Creator in such a way that to be creative is the essential human ",p:42,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"vocation. In this, too, he saw the endowment of a fundamental human ",p:42,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"right to personal economic initiative. ",p:42,x:120,y:919,w:265,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:43,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:43,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:43,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:43,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:43,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:43,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:43,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:43,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:43,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"35",p:43,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Tis argument ofers a diferent grounding for concepts such ",p:43,x:135,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"as ",p:43,x:105,y:122,w:17,h:23},
{t:"“natural rights” from that ofered by Hobbes, Locke, and other ",p:43,x:127,y:122,w:478,h:23},
{t:"Enlightenment fgures. Te pope’s argument is substantially philo-",p:43,x:105,y:149,w:495,h:23},
{t:"sophical and could perhaps be supported by philosophical analysis like ",p:43,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that ofered by Gabriel Marcel in Te Mystery of Being and Creative ",p:43,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Fidelity (Marcel 1960). Te emphasis of certain phenomenologists ",p:43,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and existentialists on human “becoming,” on “creating oneself,” and ",p:43,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the like indicates what might be done. Tis argument also has much ",p:43,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to commend it from the viewpoint of commonsense. It is far harder ",p:43,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to predict the future of one’s children, for example, than that of the ",p:43,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"household cat. Te latter does not have to think about choosing a ",p:43,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"career at all, let alone choosing among self-invented possibilities. Te ",p:43,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"exact way in which the pope deploys the argument, of course, depends ",p:43,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"on the doctrine of creation and a long-standing Christian interpretion ",p:43,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"associated with the Book of Genesis. Tus, the pope’s argument is more ",p:43,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"properly theological than philosophical. Still, it is quite striking. ",p:43,x:105,y:507,w:456,h:23},
{t:"Te pope sees that for much of Christian history the most impor-",p:43,x:135,y:534,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tant form of wealth was land, just as the term “capital” derived from ",p:43,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"counting the heads (capita) of sheep, oxen, cows, goats, horses, and ",p:43,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other livestock that marked a farm ’s productivity, along with fruits, ",p:43,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"vegetables, and grains (Paul 1991, Sec. 32). Wealth in land belonged ",p:43,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"chiefy to the nobility, although in some places smaller freeholds were ",p:43,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"also conspicuous, especially in Britain and for unusually long and ",p:43,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"uninterrupted family tenure. ",p:43,x:105,y:727,w:207,h:23},
{t:"At a later period, the pope notes, wealth (like the term Das Kapital) ",p:43,x:135,y:754,w:469,h:23},
{t:"came to be associated with ownership of the means of production—",p:43,x:105,y:782,w:495,h:23},
{t:"with machinery, factories, and other impersonal aspects. Indeed, in ",p:43,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"his frst social encyclical, Pope John Paul himself used “capital” only ",p:43,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for impersonal objects, reserving his use of “labor” to refer to hu-",p:43,x:105,y:864,w:495,h:23},
{t:"man persons as factors in production, whatever their economic role ",p:43,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Paul 1981). In Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, he had already seen clearly ",p:43,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"enough that even common ownership of the means of production, ",p:43,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:44,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:44,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:44,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:44,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:44,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:44,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:44,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:44,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"36",p:44,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"and certainly state ownership, could not guarantee the humanity of ",p:44,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an economic system—neither its capacity to produce wealth nor its ",p:44,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capacity to respect “the fundamental right to personal economic initia-",p:44,x:120,y:149,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tive” (Paul 1988, Sec. 15). Tat right, he saw then, was grounded in the ",p:44,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"imago Dei imprinted on man ’s soul. ",p:44,x:120,y:204,w:255,h:23},
{t:"In Centesimus Annus, the pope carries this line of thought further. ",p:44,x:150,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Te new, deeper, and more telling referent for the word capital is ",p:44,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neither land nor the impersonal means of production but, rather, “the ",p:44,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"possession of know-how, technology and skill.” Te chief cause of the ",p:44,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wealth of nations is human wit—discovery, invention, the habit of ",p:44,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"enterprise, foresight, skill in organization. “Te wealth of the industri-",p:44,x:120,y:369,w:495,h:23},
{t:"alized nations is based much more on this kind of ownership than on ",p:44,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"natural resources.” “Indeed, besides the earth, man ’s principal resource ",p:44,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is man himself.” And again, “today the decisive factor is increasingly ",p:44,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"man himself, that is, his knowledge, especially his scientifc knowledge, ",p:44,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"his capacity for interrelated and compact organization, as well as his ",p:44,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ability to perceive the needs of others and to satisfy them” (Paul 1991, ",p:44,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Sec. 32).",p:44,x:120,y:562,w:61,h:23},
{t:"It seems to me, after countless re-readings, that the pope might ",p:44,x:150,y:589,w:469,h:23},
{t:"be thinking in these passages of Japan—a tiny land, with hardly any ",p:44,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"natural resources, that is mostly dependent on overseas sources of ",p:44,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"energy. Te cause of Japan ’s wealth cannot be an abundance of natural ",p:44,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"resources nor even proximity to its major markets. Instead, the Japanese ",p:44,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have highly developed, and make exquisite use of, their human capital. ",p:44,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Without even recognizing the Creator for whom Pope John Paul II ",p:44,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"speaks, the Japanese have shown remarkable capacities for creative ac-",p:44,x:120,y:782,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion in world manufacturing markets. If John Paul II’s theory about the ",p:44,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"universal human capacity for creativity is true, then this is as it should ",p:44,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be. Creativity by any other name causes wealth, since natural resources ",p:44,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"alone do not. ",p:44,x:120,y:892,w:98,h:23},
{t:"But the powerful communitarian and centripetal structure of ",p:44,x:150,y:919,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Japanese society brings to light the other argument for markets made ",p:44,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:45,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:45,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:45,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:45,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:45,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:45,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:45,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:45,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:45,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"37",p:45,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"by Pope John Paul II: where human creativity is at play, a new and ",p:45,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"highly interesting form of community is also at play. In the largest ",p:45,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sense, the market of today is a world market; it interknits every part of ",p:45,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the world within a single, complex web of contracts, transactions, and ",p:45,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"networks of supply and demand. Many of these transactions are instan-",p:45,x:105,y:204,w:495,h:23},
{t:"taneous. World markets, for stocks and for commodities and above all ",p:45,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for information (the newest, most vital form of capital), are open for ",p:45,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"simultaneously viewing television and computer screens linked to one ",p:45,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"another around the world in “real time.” ",p:45,x:105,y:314,w:289,h:23},
{t:"Dostoevsky once described charity as an invisible flament linking ",p:45,x:135,y:342,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the world in a network of impulses, along which a simple human smile ",p:45,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or an aspiration of love could circle the globe in minutes to bring cheer ",p:45,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to someone, even a stranger, faraway. A person who receives a smile, he ",p:45,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"noted, often feels impelled to pass it along by smiling to someone else ",p:45,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in the next chance encounter, and so with the speed of light the smile ",p:45,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"circles the globe. Te new television and computer images, like impulses ",p:45,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bounced of cold and silent satellites in space to touch and vivify every ",p:45,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"part of earth, may only be metaphors for the nerves and tissues that ",p:45,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have always tied together the Mystical Body spoken of by St. Paul, but ",p:45,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"such ligatures seem more visible now. Even in the ffth century ad, a ",p:45,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"great father of the Church, St. Gregory of Nyssa, observed that human ",p:45,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade—exchanging the wool of one place for the wine of another, the ",p:45,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"clay pots of one culture for the grain of another—is an image of the ",p:45,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bonds uniting the one family of God. Commercium et Pax was once the ",p:45,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"motto of Amsterdam, whose scenes of commerce and shipping were ",p:45,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"often painted by Turner. ",p:45,x:105,y:782,w:176,h:23},
{t:"Even in the supposedly more individualistic West, the pope sees ",p:45,x:135,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"that the market is, above all, a social instrument. It has a centripetal ",p:45,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"force. It obliges sellers to fnd buyers (sometimes at great distances and ",p:45,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"across signifcant spans of time). It calls for sequences of action that ",p:45,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"involve many hands coordinated by remarkable capacities for foresight ",p:45,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and organization. Indeed, most economic activities in the modern ",p:45,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:46,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:46,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:46,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:46,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:46,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:46,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:46,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:46,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"38",p:46,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"environment are too complex to be executed by one person alone; ",p:46,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nearly all of them require the creation of a new type of community, ",p:46,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not organic but artifactual, not natural (as the family is natural) but ",p:46,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"contractual, not coercive (as was “real existing socialism”) but free and ",p:46,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"voluntary, not total like a monastery but task-oriented and open to ",p:46,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cooperators, even ones of diferent belief systems and ultimate com-",p:46,x:120,y:232,w:494,h:23},
{t:"mitments. In short, the distinctive invention of capitalist societies is ",p:46,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the business frm, independent of the state. ",p:46,x:120,y:287,w:308,h:23},
{t:"About the business frm, the pope is surprisingly eloquent. Tere ",p:46,x:150,y:314,w:469,h:23},
{t:"has been a tendency in Roman Catholic thought—the document of ",p:46,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Vatican II on “Te Church in the World,” Oswald von Nell-Breuning, ",p:46,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"S.J. has pointed out, is one example (von Nell-Breuning 1969, 299)—to ",p:46,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"notice only four economic roles: the owner, the manager, the employer, ",p:46,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and the employee. Te creative source of the frm, the practitioner of ",p:46,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the virtue of enterprise, is entirely neglected. Pope John Paul II does ",p:46,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not fall into this trap. Here is what he writes in Centesimus Annus: ",p:46,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“It is [man ’s] disciplined work in close collaboration with others that ",p:46,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"makes possible the creation of ever more extensive working communities ",p:46,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"which can be relied upon to transform man ’s natural human environ-",p:46,x:120,y:589,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment. Important virtues are involved in this process, such as diligence, ",p:46,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industriousness, prudence in undertaking reasonable risks, reliability ",p:46,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and fdelity in interpersonal relationships, as well as courage in carrying ",p:46,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"out decisions which are difcult and painful but necessary, both for the ",p:46,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"overall working of a business and in meeting possible set-backs” (Paul ",p:46,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1991, Sec. 32).",p:46,x:120,y:754,w:107,h:23},
{t:"Contemplating this modern economic process—this historically ",p:46,x:150,y:782,w:469,h:23},
{t:"unique way of drawing upon the creative individual working within ",p:46,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"voluntary, cooperative community—the pope writes this stunning ",p:46,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sentence: “Tis process, which throws practical light on a truth about ",p:46,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the human person which Christianity has constantly afrmed, should ",p:46,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be viewed carefully and favorably” (von Nell-Breuning 1969, Sec. ",p:46,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"32). Te modern business process—business, of all things!—“throws ",p:46,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:47,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:47,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:47,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:47,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:47,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:47,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:47,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:47,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:47,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"39",p:47,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"practical light on [Christian] truth.” And then note: Te pope urges ",p:47,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"theologians and other Christians to view this business process “carefully ",p:47,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and favorably.” Te pope is only exercising here the classic Catholic ",p:47,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"habit of seeing in all things the signs of Providence at work, the hidden ",p:47,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"presence of that Logos “by whom and with whom and in whom were ",p:47,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"made all things that are made” (John 1:1–3). Sometimes referred to ",p:47,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as the Catholic “sacramental sense” or “way of analogy,” this mode of ",p:47,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"perception lies behind the tradition of blessing the fshing feets, the ",p:47,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"felds to be sown, and the harvests. If humans are made in the image ",p:47,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of God, then their actions (especially their creative actions) also refect ",p:47,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that image. ",p:47,x:105,y:369,w:83,h:23},
{t:"It is remarkable, of course, that things so scorned in theological ",p:47,x:135,y:397,w:469,h:23},
{t:"literature, such as the business frm and the modern corporation, ",p:47,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"should be set before us by the Roman Pontif to “be viewed carefully ",p:47,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and favorably” for the “practical light” it sheds on Christian truth. (If ",p:47,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"I had written that line, I know writers who would have described it as ",p:47,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"excessive.) Yet such praise fts quite comfortably within an old tradi-",p:47,x:105,y:534,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion, in whose light grace was seen to be working even in tyrannical ",p:47,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and amoral kings; in the thief who died beside Jesus on the cross; and ",p:47,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in every neighbor a man meets. To see grace at work is not to see only ",p:47,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"beauty and light, but real things as they are in this messy, feshly, and ",p:47,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"imperfect world. For the Creator looked on this world and proclaimed ",p:47,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it ",p:47,x:105,y:699,w:14,h:23},
{t:"“good,” and for its redemption he gave his only Son. A Roman ",p:47,x:123,y:699,w:481,h:23},
{t:"Catholic is taught to see grace in fawed and all-too-human popes, in ",p:47,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the poor of Calcutta, and (sometimes hardest of all) in himself. ",p:47,x:105,y:754,w:449,h:23},
{t:"In summary, the pope has advanced two new arguments in support ",p:47,x:135,y:782,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of his proposal that market systems shed practical light on Christian ",p:47,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"truth and advance human welfare. Te frst is that markets give expres-",p:47,x:105,y:837,w:495,h:23},
{t:"sion to the creative subjectivity of the human person, who has been ",p:47,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"created in the image of the Creator of all things and called to help ",p:47,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"complete the work of creation through sustained historical efort. His ",p:47,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"second argument is that markets generate new and important kinds of ",p:47,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:48,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:48,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:48,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:48,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:48,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:48,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:48,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:48,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"40",p:48,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"community, while expressing the social nature of human beings in rich ",p:48,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and complex ways. ",p:48,x:120,y:122,w:137,h:23},
{t:"Tere is another reason for proposing markets as a strategy for a ",p:48,x:150,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Christian theology of liberation of the poor, a proposition for which the ",p:48,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"evidence of immigration patterns around the world ofers prima facie ",p:48,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"support: market systems better allow the poor to rise out of poverty ",p:48,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"than any other known social system. Economic opportunity on this ",p:48,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"planet is as scarce as oil. Immigrants stream toward it by the millions. ",p:48,x:120,y:287,w:494,h:23},
{t:"Great Britain, Canada, Germany, Italy—most of the market sys-",p:48,x:150,y:314,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tems on this planet receive steady streams of immigrants. Te United ",p:48,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"States alone between 1970 and 1990 accepted some 16 million legal ",p:48,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigrants (nobody knows in addition the number of illegal ones). ",p:48,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tis is as if we had accepted during that time a new population four ",p:48,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"times larger than Switzerland’s. ",p:48,x:120,y:452,w:222,h:23},
{t:"Most of these new citizens arrived in America poor. America is ",p:48,x:150,y:479,w:469,h:23},
{t:"quite good at helping immigrants fnd opportunities, provided only ",p:48,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that they are willing to seize them, as the vast majority are. Most of ",p:48,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those new citizens were also non-white. Indeed, in America ’s largest ",p:48,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"state, California, English is now the second language of a plurality of ",p:48,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"households. Tis is why Americans rank “opportunity” quite high in ",p:48,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"evaluating economic systems. Bishop Harries does not quite get this ",p:48,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"point. He dismisses ",p:48,x:120,y:672,w:150,h:23},
{t:"“the American dream,” which is in fact more ",p:48,x:274,y:672,w:345,h:23},
{t:"universal than he allows, in peremptory fashion: “It is not an ignoble ",p:48,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"[dream] but it is certainly limited. By its nature some fail to make ",p:48,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it and are left behind, and when their numbers run into many mil-",p:48,x:120,y:754,w:495,h:23},
{t:"lion questions must be asked” (Harries 1992, 101). Questions must ",p:48,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"always be asked, yes, but it is good to have some perspective. Although ",p:48,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"virtually 100 percent of Americans arrived in America poor, today 87 ",p:48,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"percent are not poor. Only about 8 million of America ’s 30 million of-",p:48,x:120,y:864,w:495,h:23},
{t:"fcially designated “poor” persons are able-bodied persons between the ",p:48,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ages of 18 and 64; the rest are either 65 or older, 17 or younger, sick, or ",p:48,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:49,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:49,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:49,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:49,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:49,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:49,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:49,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:49,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:49,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"41",p:49,x:655,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"disabled. For the 8 million able-bodied, the work of the “opportunity ",p:49,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"society” is not yet complete. ",p:49,x:105,y:122,w:202,h:23},
{t:"America is also good at helping most of the American-born poor—",p:49,x:135,y:149,w:465,h:23},
{t:"the elderly, those under 18, the sick or disabled—for whom economic ",p:49,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"opportunity is not a saving option. Where private family-care is not ",p:49,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"available to them, where the many programs of civil society let them ",p:49,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"down, government medical aid, food stamps, housing assistance, and ",p:49,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other programs have been supplied to fll the gap. ",p:49,x:105,y:287,w:354,h:23},
{t:"But for younger adults in good health, the “war on poverty” has ac-",p:49,x:135,y:314,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tually done much damage (Murray 1984). Our government programs ",p:49,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have failed our young. Te fastest growing group among the poor has ",p:49,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"been single female householders with young children. Tis was not ",p:49,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a relatively large group before, when people were far poorer than at ",p:49,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"present and when current government programs barely existed. Never ",p:49,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"before have so many males deserted females, with little or no sense of ",p:49,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"paternal responsibility. Te results have been deplorable for children, ",p:49,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"young mothers, and the young males themselves. ",p:49,x:105,y:534,w:350,h:23},
{t:"Tus, the great moral and social challenge facing the United States ",p:49,x:135,y:562,w:469,h:23},
{t:"today is to devise new ways to help this group of able-bodied poor ",p:49,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"adults, mostly young, without reducing them to a kind of serfdom ",p:49,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or further depressing their morals. Concerning various ways to cor-",p:49,x:105,y:644,w:494,h:23},
{t:"rect recent practices, I have written elsewhere at much greater length ",p:49,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Novak and Cogan 1987). ",p:49,x:105,y:699,w:191,h:23},
{t:"Here we should stress, rather, the crucial importance of dynamic ",p:49,x:135,y:727,w:469,h:23},
{t:"market systems for raising up the poor of central and eastern Europe, ",p:49,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Latin America, and throughout the “third world” (which is actually ",p:49,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"several diferent worlds). For these poor have in common not only ",p:49,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a lack of opportunity but also a sustained, systematic repression of ",p:49,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their right to personal economic initiative. Most of them fnd in their ",p:49,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"homelands no institutions that might nourish and support that right: ",p:49,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"constitutionally protected private property, open markets, cheap and ",p:49,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"easy legal incorporation of businesses, access to legal and low-cost ",p:49,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:50,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:50,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:50,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:50,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:50,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:50,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:50,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:50,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"42",p:50,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"credit, technical assistance, training, and the like. To gain access to ",p:50,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"such institutions, many millions must seek freedom of opportunity far ",p:50,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from home. ",p:50,x:120,y:149,w:88,h:23},
{t:"Te fact that market systems open opportunity for the poor is one ",p:50,x:150,y:177,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of the most important arguments in their favor. Tis means, of course, ",p:50,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the type of market economy that is not protective of the rich, but gives ",p:50,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the able-bodied poor many opportunities. Such markets, regularly ",p:50,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"revolutionized by new inventions and new technologies, bring down ",p:50,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"many of the formerly rich (as old technologies and ossifed frms ",p:50,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"become obsolete). But their greatest strength lies in the openness and ",p:50,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dynamism of the small-business sector through which many millions ",p:50,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rise out of poverty. ",p:50,x:120,y:397,w:136,h:23},
{t:"Open markets liberate the poor better than any known alternative. ",p:50,x:150,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Open markets favor creativity and dynamism. Tey also narrow the ",p:50,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"perceived distance between personal action and personal fate. To nar-",p:50,x:120,y:479,w:495,h:23},
{t:"row the gap is to strengthen human dignity. Nonetheless, like all things ",p:50,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"human, market systems are not without their ambiguities. ",p:50,x:120,y:534,w:413,h:23},
{t:"One of my favorite writers on social ethics is Ronald Preston ",p:50,x:150,y:562,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of Scotland, a follower of the great American theologian of the last ",p:50,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"generation, Reinhold Niebuhr. While fussing about its residual prob-",p:50,x:120,y:617,w:495,h:23},
{t:"lems, Preston concedes much of the historical argument to capitalism, ",p:50,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"including its stress on the importance of innovation, incentives, private ",p:50,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ownership, fexibility (rather than central planning) with respect to the ",p:50,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"future, and the many utilities of markets. Preston writes more compla-",p:50,x:120,y:727,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cently: “I propose to argue that the issue is not between the free market ",p:50,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and the central, planned economy, but how we can get the best of what ",p:50,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the social market and democratic socialist models propose” (Preston ",p:50,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1991, 5). ",p:50,x:120,y:837,w:70,h:23},
{t:"Now, this proposal is remarkable in two ways. First, it turns out ",p:50,x:150,y:864,w:469,h:23},
{t:"that Preston ’s discussion of the social market model and the democratic ",p:50,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"socialist model stresses the virtues of markets to a surprising degree. ",p:50,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Second, Preston ’s own ideological commitments prevent him from ",p:50,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:51,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:51,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:51,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:51,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:51,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:51,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:51,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:51,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:51,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"43",p:51,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"even considering what many take to be a more humane, dynamic, ",p:51,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"progressive, and Christian alternative to social market and democratic ",p:51,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"socialist economies—the democratic capitalist model. He simply leaves ",p:51,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it out of account. ",p:51,x:105,y:177,w:127,h:23},
{t:"More admirably, Preston qualifes his own “social Christianity” by ",p:51,x:135,y:204,w:469,h:23},
{t:"taking on board some of the insights ofered by writers to his right, ",p:51,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"such as Friedrich von Hayek and James Buchanan. Moreover, although ",p:51,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"he seems not to recognize it, many of the arguments that he makes ",p:51,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"concerning the ",p:51,x:105,y:314,w:113,h:23},
{t:"“ambiguity” of markets are also consistent with the ",p:51,x:221,y:314,w:383,h:23},
{t:"philosophy of democratic capitalism. Tere are, for example, some ",p:51,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"things that should never be bought or sold; in some domains, markets ",p:51,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are illegitimate; neither democracy nor the market is a device suited for ",p:51,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"all purposes. On such matters, Preston and I are in agreement. ",p:51,x:105,y:424,w:444,h:23},
{t:"Yet there is one point on which Preston seems clearly to be incor-",p:51,x:135,y:452,w:465,h:23},
{t:"rect, at least by omission: his treatment of inequalities of income. First, ",p:51,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"he praises markets for what they do well: “[O]ther things being equal, ",p:51,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"markets are a highly efcient way of getting economic decisions made ",p:51,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in accordance with the freedom of choice expressed by consumers: ",p:51,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that is, by dispersed exercise of political and economic power. Tey ",p:51,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are incentive to thrift and innovation, so tending to maximize the ",p:51,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"productivity of relatively scarce economic resources.” But then Preston ",p:51,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"adds a sentiment in need of vigorous challenge: “On the other hand, ",p:51,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"left to themselves market economics produce cumulative inequalities ",p:51,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of income which distort the market by drawing the relatively scarce ",p:51,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"resources to what the wealthy want and away from the necessities of the ",p:51,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor” (Preston 1991, 74). ",p:51,x:105,y:782,w:187,h:23},
{t:"Te assumption here seems to be that non-capitalist systems ",p:51,x:135,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"produce less income inequality. But this is clearly not true of the ",p:51,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"precapitalist third world regimes of present-day Latin America, Africa, ",p:51,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and Asia, in which inequalities of income are of enormous proportions ",p:51,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and opportunities for the poor scarcely exist. Nor was it true of com-",p:51,x:105,y:919,w:495,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:52,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:52,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:52,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:52,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:52,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:52,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:52,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:52,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"44",p:52,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"munist societies, whose poor are now known to have lived in squalor ",p:52,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and whose elites lived in closed circles of high privilege. ",p:52,x:120,y:122,w:396,h:23},
{t:"Furthermore, Preston omits another salient contrast. Neither ",p:52,x:150,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"precapitalist societies nor socialist societies have done much to lift large ",p:52,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"majorities of their population out of poverty, as democratic capitalist ",p:52,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nations have done. Te degree of upward mobility in capitalist societ-",p:52,x:120,y:232,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ies has no precedent in history, and the array of opportunities that ",p:52,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capitalist societies ofer to the poor for advancement by way of talent ",p:52,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and efort has had no equal. Moreover, it does not seem to be true that ",p:52,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"market economies produce “cumulative” inequalities of income or that ",p:52,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"they draw “relatively scarce resources” away from “the necessities of the ",p:52,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor.” ",p:52,x:120,y:397,w:47,h:23},
{t:"To begin with the last assertion, the condition of the poor today is ",p:52,x:150,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"far improved over what it was, say, in 1892 (or 1932) so that the very ",p:52,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"word “necessities” now entails far higher standards than in centuries ",p:52,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"past—often we are not talking about mere survival or subsistence. Te ",p:52,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"phrase “relatively scarce resources” is similarly problematic. ",p:52,x:120,y:534,w:419,h:23},
{t:"Moreover, Preston ’s accusation of ",p:52,x:150,y:562,w:254,h:23},
{t:"“cumulative” inequalities of ",p:52,x:410,y:562,w:210,h:23},
{t:"income seems doubly dubious. For one thing, during the life cycle of ",p:52,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"individuals, incomes tend to rise and then fall; for another, from one ",p:52,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"decade to another, there is immense churning among individuals mov-",p:52,x:120,y:644,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing up and down within income brackets. Fortunes are often quickly ",p:52,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dissipated. Technologies on which a fortune may be based become ",p:52,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"speedily obsolete; heirs are seldom as talented or as highly motivated ",p:52,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as the creators of the family fortune. Downward mobility is frequent. ",p:52,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Elites circulate with rapidity. Preston seems to take the unilateral cu-",p:52,x:120,y:782,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mulative growth of wealth as a given; but the staggering fragility and ",p:52,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the changeability of fortunes would seem far more prevalent. ",p:52,x:120,y:837,w:433,h:23},
{t:"Possibly, this diference in perception is due to the unique fuid-",p:52,x:150,y:864,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ity of American social structure as contrasted with that of Europe. ",p:52,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"To a remarkable degree, European societies still consist within aristo-",p:52,x:120,y:919,w:494,h:23},
{t:"cratic, feudal institutions; the United States is far more committed to ",p:52,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:53,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:53,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:53,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:53,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:53,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:53,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:53,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:53,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:53,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"45",p:53,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"universal opportunity and, in that respect, is a more “purely capitalist” ",p:53,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"society. Quite often in Europe today, dominant frms are run by the ",p:53,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"descendants of old aristocratic families (Buttiglione 1992). Tere re-",p:53,x:105,y:149,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ally is a perception that wealth and power are stable and cumulative. ",p:53,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"In America, by contrast, the great families of the 1700s have nearly ",p:53,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"all died out or lost their prominence. With few exceptions, such as ",p:53,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Rockefellers, the same is true of the great families of the 1800s. ",p:53,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Many of the great fortunes of today have been acquired by the living; ",p:53,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a signifcant number, especially among the nouveaux riches of flm ",p:53,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and entertainment, have also been lost by the living. Great inequalities ",p:53,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"there may well be, but these are remarkably ephemeral. Tey are also ",p:53,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"lacking in moral seriousness: it is not position that counts but quality ",p:53,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of performance. ",p:53,x:105,y:424,w:117,h:23},
{t:"Besides, the good Lord himself forbade covetousness fve times in ",p:53,x:135,y:452,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the Ten Commandments: envy is to be resisted. Equality of income is ",p:53,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an ideal appropriate only to the unfree and the uniform. What matters ",p:53,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"far more than inequality is universal opportunity. As an ideal, universal ",p:53,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"opportunity is far better suited to creatures made in the image of God, ",p:53,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who by God’s providence are set in dissimilar circumstances. On this ",p:53,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fundamental moral issue, Preston should face more squarely the ambi-",p:53,x:105,y:617,w:495,h:23},
{t:"guities of socialism. He might in that confrontation begin to detect its ",p:53,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"moral and anthropological errors. ",p:53,x:105,y:672,w:241,h:23},
{t:"Democracy, capitalism, and pluralism (the three social systems ",p:53,x:135,y:699,w:469,h:23},
{t:"whose ",p:53,x:105,y:727,w:48,h:23},
{t:"combination ",p:53,x:162,y:727,w:95,h:23},
{t:"constitutes ",p:53,x:265,y:727,w:80,h:23},
{t:"democratic ",p:53,x:354,y:727,w:83,h:23},
{t:"capitalism) ",p:53,x:445,y:727,w:81,h:23},
{t:"are ",p:53,x:535,y:727,w:25,h:23},
{t:"each ",p:53,x:569,y:727,w:36,h:23},
{t:"ambiguous—all things human are. Te relevant social question is not ",p:53,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“Is this utopia?” but “Compared to what?” In comparing which system ",p:53,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is more likely to bring about universal opportunity, prosperity from ",p:53,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the bottom up, the embourgeoisement of the proletariat, and the rais-",p:53,x:105,y:837,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing up of the poor, the historical answer is clear: for the poor, market ",p:53,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"systems provide far better chances of improving income, conditions, ",p:53,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and status. Tat is one reason so many of the world’s poor migrate ",p:53,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"toward democratic and capitalist systems. ",p:53,x:105,y:947,w:296,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:54,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:54,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:54,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:54,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:54,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:54,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:54,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:54,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"46",p:54,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Market systems combined with democratic political systems ofer ",p:54,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"better hope to the poor of the world than do socialist or traditionalist ",p:54,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"systems. Despite the inevitable ambiguities of market systems, that is ",p:54,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"one of their strongest claims to moral recognition—a recognition now ",p:54,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"clearly accorded by Catholic social teaching. ",p:54,x:120,y:204,w:316,h:23},
{t:"Tis chapter originally appeared in Bandow and Schindler, Wealth, Poverty ",p:54,x:120,y:261,w:463,h:20},
{t:"and Human Destiny (2003). Reprinted with permission from ISI Books. Some ",p:54,x:120,y:286,w:484,h:20},
{t:"footnotes in the original version that quoted large sections of the pope",p:54,x:120,y:311,w:417,h:20},
{t:"’s writings ",p:54,x:536,y:311,w:65,h:20},
{t:"were abbreviated to include only a reference to those writings.",p:54,x:120,y:336,w:372,h:20},
{t:"Questions for Review ",p:54,x:247,y:400,w:248,h:30},
{t:"1. ",p:54,x:120,y:449,w:18,h:23},
{t:"In your own words, how would you summarize the Catholic case ",p:54,x:150,y:449,w:463,h:23},
{t:"in favor of democratic capitalism, as understood by Novak? Do ",p:54,x:150,y:476,w:450,h:23},
{t:"you fnd it persuasive? Why or why not? ",p:54,x:150,y:504,w:288,h:23},
{t:"2. ",p:54,x:120,y:539,w:18,h:23},
{t:"If, as Novak maintains, democratic capitalism is consistent ",p:54,x:150,y:539,w:417,h:23},
{t:"with Catholic social teaching, then why do you think so ",p:54,x:150,y:566,w:400,h:23},
{t:"many Catholics (not to mention Protestants) are suspicious of ",p:54,x:150,y:594,w:441,h:23},
{t:"corporations and markets? ",p:54,x:150,y:621,w:190,h:23},
{t:"3. ",p:54,x:120,y:656,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Novak sees markets as central to a Christian theology of ",p:54,x:150,y:656,w:398,h:23},
{t:"liberation of the poor. Please explain. ",p:54,x:150,y:684,w:266,h:23},
{t:"Cat",p:55,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:55,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:55,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:55,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:55,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:55,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:55,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:55,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:55,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"47",p:55,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"Notes",p:55,x:321,y:94,w:63,h:30},
{t:"1 See, for example, John Paul II, Centesimus Annus (1991), especially sections ",p:55,x:105,y:136,w:469,h:20},
{t:"32–42 on the economic good, sections 44–48 on the political good, and sections ",p:55,x:105,y:156,w:496,h:20},
{t:"49–52 on the culture worthy of human beings. ",p:55,x:105,y:176,w:291,h:20},
{t:"2 Professor Russell Hittinger of the University of Tulsa is currently working on ",p:55,x:105,y:196,w:477,h:20},
{t:"a major historical study, drafts of which I have been privileged to study, docu-",p:55,x:105,y:216,w:473,h:20},
{t:"menting this history from an original and compelling viewpoint. His book is as ",p:55,x:105,y:236,w:487,h:20},
{t:"yet untitled, but his theme is the animosity of many signifcant liberal regimes ",p:55,x:105,y:256,w:479,h:20},
{t:"toward the Catholic Church (and sometimes other churches), from just before ",p:55,x:105,y:276,w:481,h:20},
{t:"1789 until about 1950. In this respect, his theme adjoins some of the writing on ",p:55,x:105,y:296,w:494,h:20},
{t:"the struggle between liberalism and the churches undertaken by Pierre Manent, ",p:55,x:105,y:316,w:488,h:20},
{t:"one of the more eminent political philosophers in France. ",p:55,x:105,y:336,w:355,h:20},
{t:"3 See, for example, Ecclesia in America (Paul 1999, Sec. 56). ",p:55,x:105,y:356,w:363,h:20},
{t:"4 See, for example, Centesimus Annas (Paul 1991, Sec. 32). ",p:55,x:105,y:376,w:356,h:20},
{t:"5 Amartya Sen, for instance, and the other authors of the 1999 Human ",p:55,x:105,y:396,w:434,h:20},
{t:"Development Report, http://www.undp.org/hdro/99.htm (accessed October 7, ",p:55,x:105,y:416,w:485,h:20},
{t:"1999). Tis report cites the 1990 development report: ",p:55,x:105,y:436,w:333,h:20},
{t:"Te real wealth of a nation is its people. And the purpose of development ",p:55,x:128,y:456,w:451,h:20},
{t:"is to create an enabling environment for people to enjoy long, healthy ",p:55,x:128,y:476,w:428,h:20},
{t:"and creative lives. Tis simple but powerful truth is too often forgotten in ",p:55,x:128,y:496,w:452,h:20},
{t:"the pursuit of material and fnancial wealth. ",p:55,x:128,y:516,w:271,h:20},
{t:"See also Becker (1993). ",p:55,x:105,y:536,w:146,h:20},
{t:"6 For an interesting survey, see Glynn (1999). ",p:55,x:105,y:556,w:278,h:20},
{t:"7 See Leo 1891, Rerum Novarum (Secs. 11, 16, 17, 19, 27, and 45). ",p:55,x:105,y:576,w:413,h:20},
{t:"8 See Sollicitudo Rei Socialis (Paul 1988, Sec. 38–39). ",p:55,x:105,y:596,w:322,h:20},
{t:"9 See Centesimus Annas (Paul 1991, Sec. 10). ",p:55,x:105,y:616,w:272,h:20},
{t:"10 Centesimus Annus (Paul 1991, Sec. 58): ",p:55,x:105,y:636,w:254,h:20},
{t:"Today we are facing the so-called “globalization” of the economy, a ",p:55,x:128,y:656,w:409,h:20},
{t:"phenomenon which is not to be dismissed, since it can create unusual ",p:55,x:128,y:676,w:428,h:20},
{t:"opportunities for greater prosperity. Tere is a growing feeling, however, ",p:55,x:128,y:696,w:442,h:20},
{t:"that this increasing internationalization of the economy ought to be ",p:55,x:128,y:716,w:417,h:20},
{t:"accompanied by efective international agencies which will oversee and ",p:55,x:128,y:736,w:434,h:20},
{t:"direct the economy to the common good, something which an individual ",p:55,x:128,y:756,w:452,h:20},
{t:"state, even if it were the most powerful on earth, would not be in a ",p:55,x:128,y:776,w:410,h:20},
{t:"position to do. ",p:55,x:128,y:796,w:93,h:20},
{t:"11 St. Tomas Aquinas, Contra Impugnantes Dei Cultum et Religionem (1256). St. ",p:55,x:105,y:816,w:492,h:20},
{t:"Tomas presents here the frst known defense of association, cited by Leo XIII ",p:55,x:105,y:836,w:480,h:20},
{t:"(1891) in Rerum Novarum (section 37) as the locus classicus on associations. ",p:55,x:105,y:856,w:469,h:20},
{t:"Also Russell Hittinger’s unpublished lecture at the Summer Institute, Krakow, ",p:55,x:105,y:876,w:478,h:20},
{t:"Poland (July 1998). ",p:55,x:105,y:896,w:124,h:20},
{t:"12 See especially Te Infuence of America (in Sec. II) and Te Anglo-American ",p:55,x:105,y:916,w:483,h:20},
{t:"Tradition of Liberty in Essays in the History of Liberty: Selected Writings of Lord ",p:55,x:105,y:936,w:476,h:20},
{t:"Acton, edited by J. Rufus Fears (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1985): 198–212. ",p:55,x:105,y:956,w:489,h:20},
{t:"EC",p:56,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:56,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:56,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:56,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:56,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:56,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:56,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:56,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"48",p:56,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"13 See http://www.worldbank.org/poverty/data/trends/income.htm (accessed ",p:56,x:120,y:95,w:466,h:20},
{t:"October 7, 1999). Te total population of Latin America and the Caribbean ",p:56,x:120,y:115,w:469,h:20},
{t:"is estimated at 519 million people in 2000. See http://www.un.org/popin/",p:56,x:120,y:135,w:452,h:20},
{t:"wdtrends/popl999-00.pdf (accessed August 21, 2001). ",p:56,x:120,y:155,w:336,h:20},
{t:"14 In the World Labor Report, unemployment was estimated for this area at ",p:56,x:120,y:175,w:461,h:20},
{t:"about 59.6 million. See http://www.ilo.org/public/english/80relpro/publ/wlr/97/",p:56,x:120,y:195,w:493,h:20},
{t:"annex/tab8.htm (accessed October 7, 1999). Youth unemployment rates are ",p:56,x:120,y:215,w:467,h:20},
{t:"usually double the national average, and women ’s unemployment rates are 60 ",p:56,x:120,y:235,w:474,h:20},
{t:"percent higher than men ’s rates. Overall employment in Latin America increased ",p:56,x:120,y:255,w:494,h:20},
{t:"on average 2.9 percent between 1990 and 1998, but this was not sufcient to ",p:56,x:120,y:275,w:475,h:20},
{t:"absorb the annual 3.3 percent expansion of the labor force. See http://www.ilo.",p:56,x:120,y:295,w:481,h:20},
{t:"org/public/english/235press/pr/1999/26.htm (accessed October 6, 1999). ",p:56,x:120,y:315,w:454,h:20},
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{t:"Becker, Gary S. 1993. Human Capital: A Teoretical and Empirical Analysis, with ",p:56,x:120,y:447,w:494,h:20},
{t:"Special Reference to Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ",p:56,x:150,y:467,w:418,h:20},
{t:"Buttiglione, R. 1992. “Christian Economics 101.” Crisis 34 (July–August). ",p:56,x:120,y:487,w:459,h:20},
{t:"Collins, Randall. 1986. Weberian Sociological Teory. New York, NY: Cambridge ",p:56,x:120,y:506,w:493,h:20},
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{t:"Fears, J. Rufus, ed. 1985. Essays in the History of Liberty: Selected Writings of Lord ",p:56,x:120,y:546,w:492,h:20},
{t:"Acton. Indianapolis: Liberty Classics. ",p:56,x:150,y:566,w:227,h:20},
{t:"Glynn, Patrick. 1999. God, Te Evidence: Te Reconciliation of Faith and Reason ",p:56,x:120,y:586,w:486,h:20},
{t:"in a Post Secular World. Rocklin, CA: Prima Lifestyles. ",p:56,x:150,y:606,w:332,h:20},
{t:"Gray, John. 1992. Te Moral Foundations of Market Institutions. No. 10 of Choice ",p:56,x:120,y:626,w:496,h:20},
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{t:"Harries, Richard. 1992. Is Tere a Gospel for the Rich? London: Mowbray. ",p:56,x:120,y:666,w:448,h:20},
{t:"Leo XIII. 1891. Encyclical Letter Rerum Novarum. One of several places one can ",p:56,x:120,y:686,w:495,h:20},
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{t:"Maritain, Jacques. 1951. Man and State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ",p:56,x:120,y:746,w:483,h:20},
{t:"———. 1978. Approaches to God. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group ",p:56,x:120,y:766,w:491,h:20},
{t:"(reprint, June). ",p:56,x:150,y:786,w:95,h:20},
{t:"Murray, G. 1984. Losing Ground. New York: Basic Books. ",p:56,x:120,y:806,w:356,h:20},
{t:"von Nell-Breuning, S. J. Oswald. 1969. Socio-Economic Life. In Vol. 5 of ",p:56,x:120,y:826,w:455,h:20},
{t:"Commentary on the Documents of Vatican II, edited by H. Vorgrimler. New ",p:56,x:150,y:846,w:456,h:20},
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{t:"Newbigin, Lesslie. 1986. Foolishness to the Greek. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ",p:56,x:120,y:886,w:489,h:20},
{t:"Novak, M., and John Cogan. 1987. Te New Consensus on Vanity and Welfare. ",p:56,x:120,y:906,w:477,h:20},
{t:"Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. ",p:56,x:150,y:926,w:187,h:20},
{t:"Paul, John II. 1981. Encyclical Letter Laborern Exercens. Washington, D.C.: St. ",p:56,x:120,y:946,w:480,h:20},
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{t:"Cat",p:57,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"holic Social T",p:57,x:662,y:110,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eac",p:57,x:662,y:220,w:0,h:19},
{t:"hing, Mar",p:57,x:662,y:246,w:0,h:19},
{t:"k",p:57,x:662,y:326,w:0,h:19},
{t:"e",p:57,x:662,y:336,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ts, and t",p:57,x:662,y:345,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he P",p:57,x:662,y:409,w:0,h:19},
{t:"oor",p:57,x:662,y:444,w:0,h:19},
{t:"49",p:57,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"———. 1988. Encyclical Letter Sollicitudo Rei Socialis. Washington, D.C.: St. ",p:57,x:105,y:95,w:475,h:20},
{t:"Paul Publications. ",p:57,x:135,y:115,w:113,h:20},
{t:"———. 1991. Encyclical Letter Centesimus Annus. Washington, D.C.: St. Paul ",p:57,x:105,y:135,w:480,h:20},
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{t:"———. 1999. Ecclesia in America. Washington, D.C.: St. Paul Publications. ",p:57,x:105,y:175,w:470,h:20},
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{t:"October 7, 1999).",p:57,x:135,y:315,w:111,h:20},
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{t:"51",p:58,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"CHAPTER 2: ",p:58,x:290,y:96,w:129,h:22},
{t:"WHO IS MY NEIGHBOR?  ",p:58,x:105,y:244,w:308,h:26},
{t:"A THEOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ",p:58,x:105,y:275,w:399,h:26},
{t:"GLOBALIZATION ",p:58,x:105,y:307,w:213,h:26},
{t:"A. Sue Russell ",p:58,x:105,y:347,w:129,h:20},
{t:"Globalization is often defned in terms of the growing integration of ",p:58,x:105,y:494,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the world’s economy, a process that has accelerated sharply over the last ",p:58,x:105,y:522,w:499,h:23},
{t:"thirty years. Te focus is often on the removal of barriers to free trade, ",p:58,x:105,y:549,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the increased freedom in which capital can move around the world, and ",p:58,x:105,y:577,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the increasing domination of national economies by global fnancial ",p:58,x:105,y:604,w:499,h:23},
{t:"markets and multinational corporations. As Friedman (2005) explains, ",p:58,x:105,y:632,w:499,h:23},
{t:"competition for customers, talent, and jobs is no longer confned by ",p:58,x:105,y:659,w:499,h:23},
{t:"national boundaries. Instead, companies—and even individuals—are ",p:58,x:105,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"now competing head-to-head with companies and individuals from ",p:58,x:105,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"around the world. Te division of labor is now global. ",p:58,x:105,y:742,w:385,h:23},
{t:"However, globalization is more than just economic integration; it ",p:58,x:135,y:769,w:469,h:23},
{t:"also describes the growing interconnectedness of people to one another. ",p:58,x:105,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Beyer (1994, 1) describes globalization as a new social reality, “one in ",p:58,x:105,y:824,w:499,h:23},
{t:"which previously efective barriers to communication no longer exist.” ",p:58,x:105,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"In this new reality, people are no longer isolated, and the increased ",p:58,x:105,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ability to communicate has created what some have referred to as a ",p:58,x:105,y:907,w:499,h:23},
{t:"global culture in which cultural ideas are exchanged through the fow ",p:58,x:105,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of people, technology, fnances, media, and ideologies. Anthropologists ",p:58,x:105,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"C",p:58,x:113,y:96,w:0,h:19},
{t:"HAPTER 2",p:58,x:113,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"EC",p:59,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:59,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:59,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:59,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:59,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:59,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:59,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:59,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"52",p:59,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"like Lewellen (2002) see the increasing fow of culture, ideas, and ",p:59,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"people as central to the defnition of globalization. King (1997, 12) ",p:59,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"describes it perhaps most simply as “the process by which the world ",p:59,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"becomes a single place.” ",p:59,x:120,y:177,w:172,h:23},
{t:"Many scholars are quick to point out that globalization is not ",p:59,x:150,y:204,w:469,h:23},
{t:"entirely new. From the earliest of time there has been trade and other ",p:59,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"forms of economic interaction between people from diferent cultures ",p:59,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and geographic locations. Tese trade relationships included many ",p:59,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"asymmetrical relationships, which caused social problems that are also ",p:59,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"common today. However, most agree that there is something funda-",p:59,x:120,y:342,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mentally diferent about today’s experience. As Lewellen (2002, 10) ",p:59,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"puts it, there has been a “deterritorialization of production and fnance” ",p:59,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"caused by the rapid advances in technology and communication that ",p:59,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has connected the world. Similarly, King (1997, 12) argues that the ",p:59,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"diference today is the way “that regionalism, localism and globaliza-",p:59,x:120,y:479,w:494,h:23},
{t:"tion now form a single, unifed system, more closely integrated than ",p:59,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ever before.” ",p:59,x:120,y:534,w:92,h:23},
{t:"In this chapter, I argue that globalization has not only changed ",p:59,x:150,y:562,w:469,h:23},
{t:"our economic relationships but it has also created a world in which ",p:59,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"we are connected and infuence one another culturally, technologi-",p:59,x:120,y:617,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cally, socially, and ecologically. Tose in need are no longer only the ",p:59,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor across the street or the disadvantaged child in the inner city. ",p:59,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Globalization has brought us face to face with famine in Africa, child ",p:59,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"prostitution in Tailand, and genocide in Darfur. For Christians, ",p:59,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"globalization has radically changed the answer to the question “Who ",p:59,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is my neighbor?” ",p:59,x:120,y:782,w:126,h:23},
{t:"We begin by addressing the question of “Who is my neighbor?” ",p:59,x:150,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"in this world of radical interconnectedness. We will then examine ",p:59,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"biblical principles for being a good neighbor. Finally, we will consider ",p:59,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"how those principles can be worked out in the world in which we ",p:59,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"live. ",p:59,x:120,y:919,w:34,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:60,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:60,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"53",p:60,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Who Is My Neighbor? ",p:60,x:229,y:94,w:253,h:30},
{t:"Today we are bombarded with the needs of others around the ",p:60,x:135,y:142,w:469,h:23},
{t:"world. We are even prone to what experts call “compassion fatigue,” ",p:60,x:105,y:169,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because we see so many needs, and we cannot begin to meet those ",p:60,x:105,y:197,w:499,h:23},
{t:"needs. As followers of Jesus, we want to know whom we need to love: ",p:60,x:105,y:224,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who should have the priority for our time, our energy, and our money. ",p:60,x:105,y:252,w:499,h:23},
{t:"If the Lord requires us to love our neighbor then we must ask, “What ",p:60,x:105,y:279,w:499,h:23},
{t:"does it mean to love someone?” and “Who is my neighbor?” Two thou-",p:60,x:105,y:307,w:495,h:23},
{t:"sand years ago a young Jewish lawyer raised these same questions with ",p:60,x:105,y:334,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Jesus. Jesus answered with the parable of the good Samaritan. In order ",p:60,x:105,y:362,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to understand Jesus’ answer, we must frst understand the context of ",p:60,x:105,y:389,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the question and the cultural dynamics involved in Jesus’ answer. ",p:60,x:105,y:417,w:462,h:23},
{t:"The Setting ",p:60,x:105,y:472,w:109,h:24},
{t:"And behold, a lawyer stood up to put him to test, saying, ",p:60,x:135,y:516,w:439,h:23},
{t:"“Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?” He said to ",p:60,x:135,y:543,w:439,h:23},
{t:"him, “What is written in the Law? How do you read it?” And ",p:60,x:135,y:571,w:439,h:23},
{t:"he answered, “You shall love the Lord your God with all your ",p:60,x:135,y:598,w:439,h:23},
{t:"heart and with all you soul and with all your strength, and with ",p:60,x:135,y:626,w:439,h:23},
{t:"all your mind, and your neighbor as yourself.” And he said to ",p:60,x:135,y:653,w:439,h:23},
{t:"him, “You have answered correctly; do this, and you will live.” ",p:60,x:135,y:681,w:439,h:23},
{t:"But he, desiring to justify himself, said to Jesus, “And who is ",p:60,x:135,y:708,w:439,h:23},
{t:"my neighbor?” (Luke 10:25–29 esv) ",p:60,x:135,y:736,w:261,h:23},
{t:"Te context for the story of the good Samaritan is a conversation ",p:60,x:135,y:771,w:469,h:23},
{t:"between Jesus and a lawyer, in some translations “an expert in the law” ",p:60,x:105,y:798,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Green 1997). Many view the lawyer’s initial question as a challenge ",p:60,x:105,y:826,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to Jesus—experts in the law continually tested his orthodoxy. Others ",p:60,x:105,y:853,w:499,h:23},
{t:"see this encounter as a challenge to Jesus’ authority as a teacher (Stein ",p:60,x:105,y:881,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1992; Green 1997). Te question the lawyer asked, “What shall I do to ",p:60,x:105,y:908,w:499,h:23},
{t:"inherit eternal life?” should be interpreted from within the orthodoxy ",p:60,x:105,y:936,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of Jewish faith. As Bock (1996) explains, eternal life was the technical ",p:60,x:105,y:963,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:61,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:61,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:61,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:61,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:61,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:61,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:61,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:61,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"54",p:61,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"expression for the eschatological blessings of righteousness, so the ",p:61,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"question is probably best interpreted to mean “What must be done to ",p:61,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"participate in the future world of God’s blessing?” ",p:61,x:120,y:149,w:355,h:23},
{t:"Jesus does not answer the lawyer’s question. Instead Jesus asks the ",p:61,x:150,y:177,w:469,h:23},
{t:"lawyer a counter-question, “What is written in the Law?” Tis confrms ",p:61,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Jesus’ own orthodoxy, since he defers to the authority of God refected ",p:61,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in the Torah. What does God require? Te lawyer responds with two ",p:61,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"familiar passages from the Torah. Te frst is Deuteronomy 6:5, which ",p:61,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is part of the Shema that is recited twice a day. Te second is Leviticus ",p:61,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"19:18, the context of several tangible ways in which people are to love ",p:61,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their neighbor. Te lawyer answered correctly that people are created in ",p:61,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"God’s image and loving God means that we must also love man (Bock ",p:61,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1996). Green (1997, 428) notes the impact of this answer: ",p:61,x:120,y:424,w:418,h:23},
{t:"So his answer refects the Shema (Deut. 6:5)—a passage that ",p:61,x:150,y:459,w:439,h:23},
{t:"was fundamental to Jewish life and worship in the home, the ",p:61,x:150,y:487,w:439,h:23},
{t:"synagogue, and the temple. To the Shema the lawyer attaches, ",p:61,x:150,y:514,w:439,h:23},
{t:"inexorably, the law of neighbor-love found in Lev. 19:18. In ",p:61,x:150,y:542,w:439,h:23},
{t:"its co-text in Leviticus love of neighbor is a disposition of the ",p:61,x:150,y:569,w:439,h:23},
{t:"heart expressed in tangible behaviors—related, for example, to ",p:61,x:150,y:597,w:439,h:23},
{t:"a neighbor’s honor and possession.",p:61,x:150,y:624,w:243,h:23},
{t:"Jesus concurred with his answer. Te lawyer’s answer was in agree-",p:61,x:150,y:659,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ment with Jesus’ teaching that love for God is refected in how people ",p:61,x:120,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"treat others. Troughout the New Testament, love for one’s neighbor ",p:61,x:120,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is linked to devotion to God (Bock 1996). Jesus commends the lawyer ",p:61,x:120,y:742,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to go and do what he has answered. Te verb in the present in Greek ",p:61,x:120,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"translates as continuing action. He is not to love just once, but love is ",p:61,x:120,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an action to be done on an on-going basis. ",p:61,x:120,y:824,w:305,h:23},
{t:"The Question ",p:61,x:120,y:880,w:128,h:24},
{t:"Te lawyer then asks, “Who is my neighbor?” Tis question is not ",p:61,x:150,y:916,w:469,h:23},
{t:"extraordinary. We are not given the reason he asked the question, but ",p:61,x:120,y:944,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:62,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:62,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"55",p:62,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"he, like many others, sought to exploit the ambiguity of the passage ",p:62,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Green 1997). Te lawyer wants to justify himself by limiting the ",p:62,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"extent to which he had to love, or perhaps he wants to justify his past ",p:62,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"actions (Bock 1996). By quoting Leviticus 19:18 in his answer, he ",p:62,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"opens the door for carrying out the actions within its context. Among ",p:62,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the tangible ways Leviticus 19 outlines to love neighbors are to not ",p:62,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"steal, cheat, lie, or rob. It also states people are not to take advantage of ",p:62,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the weak; but they are to pay workers promptly, to treat the deaf and ",p:62,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"blind with respect, and to not show favoritism to the rich. Leviticus 19 ",p:62,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"also exhorts Israelites not to exploit foreigners in the land, since they ",p:62,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"too were considered neighbors. ",p:62,x:105,y:369,w:223,h:23},
{t:"In Leviticus 19, love for a neighbor is directed toward fellow ",p:62,x:135,y:397,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Israelites and resident aliens living in the land. However, the situa-",p:62,x:105,y:424,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion in Israel had changed. During the time of Jesus’ exchange with ",p:62,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the lawyer, numerous foreigners lived within the boundaries of Israel ",p:62,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because of Hellenistic and Roman conquests. Many of the foreigners ",p:62,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who lived in the land were not there to embrace the covenant of God, ",p:62,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"but represented foreign oppressors, Roman ofcials, soldiers, tax col-",p:62,x:105,y:562,w:495,h:23},
{t:"lectors, and traders. Which of these foreigners did the lawyer have to ",p:62,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"love? Additionally there were parties and factions within Judaism, each ",p:62,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"promoting their own group as the true people of God. Green (1997, ",p:62,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"429) notes, “Diferent attitudes toward these foreign intrusions devel-",p:62,x:105,y:672,w:495,h:23},
{t:"oped into a fractured social context in which boundaries distinguished ",p:62,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not only between Jew and Gentile but also between Jewish factions. ",p:62,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"How far should love reach?” ",p:62,x:105,y:754,w:203,h:23},
{t:"Many of us ask the same question when faced with the tremendous ",p:62,x:135,y:782,w:469,h:23},
{t:"needs in the world. We ask if we should give priority to our family. ",p:62,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"We wonder if a Darfur refugee or an HIV/AIDS infected child in Asia ",p:62,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is as much our neighbor as the person down the street. Our natural ",p:62,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"tendency is to limit the answer to our “in-group” of our family, our ",p:62,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"friends, and perhaps even our nation. Jesus’ answer to the question was ",p:62,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"extraordinary. ",p:62,x:105,y:947,w:102,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:63,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:63,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:63,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:63,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:63,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:63,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:63,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:63,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"56",p:63,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"The Answer ",p:63,x:120,y:94,w:110,h:24},
{t:"Jesus replied, ",p:63,x:150,y:138,w:100,h:23},
{t:"“ A ",p:63,x:255,y:138,w:21,h:23},
{t:"man was going down from Jerusalem to ",p:63,x:280,y:138,w:309,h:23},
{t:"Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who stripped him and ",p:63,x:150,y:166,w:439,h:23},
{t:"beat him and departed, leaving him half dead. Now by chance ",p:63,x:150,y:193,w:439,h:23},
{t:"a priest was going down that road, and when he saw him he ",p:63,x:150,y:221,w:439,h:23},
{t:"passed by on the other side. So likewise a Levite, when he ",p:63,x:150,y:248,w:439,h:23},
{t:"came to the place and saw him, passed by on the other side. ",p:63,x:150,y:276,w:439,h:23},
{t:"But a Samaritan, as he journeyed, came to where he was, and ",p:63,x:150,y:303,w:439,h:23},
{t:"when he saw him, he had compassion. He went to him and ",p:63,x:150,y:331,w:439,h:23},
{t:"bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Ten he ",p:63,x:150,y:358,w:439,h:23},
{t:"set him on his own animal and brought him to an inn and ",p:63,x:150,y:386,w:439,h:23},
{t:"took care of him. And the next day he took out two denarii ",p:63,x:150,y:413,w:439,h:23},
{t:"and gave them to the innkeeper, saying, ",p:63,x:150,y:441,w:298,h:23},
{t:"‘Take care of him; ",p:63,x:451,y:441,w:138,h:23},
{t:"and whatever more you spend, I will repay you when I come ",p:63,x:150,y:468,w:439,h:23},
{t:"back.’” (Luke 10:30–35 esv) ",p:63,x:150,y:496,w:207,h:23},
{t:"While Jesus’ answer to the lawyer’s question is perhaps one of the ",p:63,x:150,y:531,w:469,h:23},
{t:"most well known parables, it is often misunderstood or allegorized. Te ",p:63,x:120,y:558,w:499,h:23},
{t:"parable, however, was set in a “real life” context. Te audience would ",p:63,x:120,y:586,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have understood the full impact of the story within their social and ",p:63,x:120,y:613,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cultural setting. Jesus starts his parable with an ambiguous ",p:63,x:120,y:641,w:437,h:23},
{t:"“certain ",p:63,x:561,y:641,w:59,h:23},
{t:"man.” Te man is anonymous and cannot be identifed in any par-",p:63,x:120,y:668,w:494,h:23},
{t:"ticular category. Te lawyer and Jesus’ audience cannot automatically ",p:63,x:120,y:696,w:499,h:23},
{t:"justify the actions of the priest and the Levite because they were just ",p:63,x:120,y:723,w:499,h:23},
{t:"following a socially acceptable form of action. “Te impossibility of ",p:63,x:120,y:751,w:499,h:23},
{t:"classifying this person as either friend or foe immediately subverts any ",p:63,x:120,y:778,w:499,h:23},
{t:"interest in a question of this nature” (Green 1997, 429). ",p:63,x:120,y:806,w:400,h:23},
{t:"Te man was traveling a well known path from Jerusalem to Jericho. ",p:63,x:150,y:833,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Te purpose of his journey is vague; perhaps he is a priest or Levite on ",p:63,x:120,y:861,w:499,h:23},
{t:"his way home from his temple duties, or he could be anyone who had ",p:63,x:120,y:888,w:499,h:23},
{t:"just been to the Temple. We are not told anything about the man, his ",p:63,x:120,y:916,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ethnicity, social class, or religion. He was just a man. Te audience ",p:63,x:120,y:943,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:64,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:64,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"57",p:64,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"knew that the journey was dangerous. It was a rocky path that wound ",p:64,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"through the desert and was surrounded by caves where bandits often ",p:64,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hid (Bock 1996). Te unknown man is overwhelmed by bandits and ",p:64,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is left for dead; his state is such that he cannot help himself. “Stripped ",p:64,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of his clothes and left half-dead, the man ’s anonymity throughout ",p:64,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the story is assured; he is simply a human being, a neighbor, in need” ",p:64,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Green 1997, 429). ",p:64,x:105,y:259,w:142,h:23},
{t:"Te frst two travelers to see the man in the road are representatives ",p:64,x:135,y:287,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of the Temple elite. Both of these represented the emphasis of Judaism ",p:64,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"at the time on the Law and purity. Many have tried to justify the travel-",p:64,x:105,y:342,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers’ actions by noting that they would have made themselves impure ",p:64,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for their Temple service. However, both the priest and Levite were ",p:64,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"heading down from Jerusalem, so they were fnished with their Temple ",p:64,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"duty. Bock notes that identifying the two who passed by as ofcials of ",p:64,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Judaism is a generalized condemnation of ofcial Judaism that placed ",p:64,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"purity over compassion of those who saw the world as us-them (Bock ",p:64,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1996). Green (1997, 429) describes the issue: ",p:64,x:105,y:534,w:326,h:23},
{t:"Priests and Levites shared high status in the community of ",p:64,x:135,y:569,w:439,h:23},
{t:"God’s people on account of ascription—that is not because ",p:64,x:135,y:597,w:439,h:23},
{t:"they trained or were chosen to be priest but because they were ",p:64,x:135,y:624,w:439,h:23},
{t:"born into priestly families. Tey participated in and were legiti-",p:64,x:135,y:652,w:434,h:23},
{t:"mated by the world of the temple, with its circumspect bound-",p:64,x:135,y:679,w:434,h:23},
{t:"aries between clean and unclean, including clean and unclean ",p:64,x:135,y:707,w:439,h:23},
{t:"people. Tey epitomize a worldview of tribal consciousness ",p:64,x:135,y:734,w:439,h:23},
{t:"concerned with relative status and us-them cataloguing. ",p:64,x:135,y:762,w:397,h:23},
{t:"After a quick succession of Jewish leaders who saw but passed by, ",p:64,x:135,y:797,w:469,h:23},
{t:"we are introduced to the Samaritan. Jesus introduces the Samaritan ",p:64,x:105,y:824,w:499,h:23},
{t:"last. For the Jew, a “good” Samaritan is an oxymoron. A Samaritan was ",p:64,x:105,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the last person that a Jew would consider a neighbor. Te Samaritans ",p:64,x:105,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"were considered half-breeds because of their exile to Assyria and their ",p:64,x:105,y:907,w:499,h:23},
{t:"intermarriage with non-Jewish people. After their return from exile, ",p:64,x:105,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Samaritans sought to help rebuild the Temple, but their help ",p:64,x:105,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:65,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:65,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:65,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:65,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:65,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:65,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:65,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:65,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"58",p:65,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"was refused. After that, they attempted to impede its progress. Ten, ",p:65,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Jews destroyed the Samaritan temple on Mt. Gerizim, causing a ",p:65,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"mutual hatred between Jews and Samaritans. Te Jews would have ",p:65,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"never considered the Samaritans to be neighbors. Tey were outsiders ",p:65,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"geographically, socially, religiously, and culturally; and they were con-",p:65,x:120,y:204,w:494,h:23},
{t:"sidered unclean and therefore to be avoided. “For a Jew, a Samaritan ",p:65,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"was among the least respected of people” (Bock 1996, 1031). ",p:65,x:120,y:259,w:436,h:23},
{t:"Jesus does not briefy mention the Samaritan and then end his ",p:65,x:150,y:287,w:469,h:23},
{t:"story. He elaborates and prolongs the story to reinforce his message. ",p:65,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te Samaritan takes six concrete actions: (1) he comes up to the man ",p:65,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"on the road, (2) binds his wounds, (3) anoints him with oil and wine, ",p:65,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(4) loads him on a mule, (5) takes him to an inn, and (6) provides for ",p:65,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"his care (Bock 1996, 1032). In contrast to the two Jews, the Samaritan ",p:65,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"gave generously and did everything he could to take care of this un-",p:65,x:120,y:452,w:494,h:23},
{t:"known man. Jesus continues: ",p:65,x:120,y:479,w:210,h:23},
{t:"Which of these three, do you think, proved to be a neighbor to ",p:65,x:150,y:514,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the man who fell among the robbers? He said, “Te one who ",p:65,x:150,y:542,w:439,h:23},
{t:"showed him mercy.” And Jesus said to him, “You go, and do ",p:65,x:150,y:569,w:439,h:23},
{t:"likewise.” (Luke 10:36–37 esv)",p:65,x:150,y:597,w:220,h:23},
{t:"Jesus’ counter-question is not who is my neighbor, but who acted ",p:65,x:150,y:632,w:469,h:23},
{t:"like a neighbor, or in the Greek, “Who became the neighbor?” Te ",p:65,x:120,y:659,w:499,h:23},
{t:"implication is that neither geographic, nor social, nor familial ties ",p:65,x:120,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"defne a neighbor; rather a neighbor is defned in terms of the one who ",p:65,x:120,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has a need. Te one who showed compassion and met the need became ",p:65,x:120,y:742,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a neighbor. Jesus turned the discussion from the meaning of neighbor ",p:65,x:120,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the meaning of love (Blight 2007). ",p:65,x:120,y:797,w:268,h:23},
{t:"In the story, Jesus takes away the limits of our love and responsibil-",p:65,x:150,y:824,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ity to our fellow man. We are no longer able to quibble over who is our ",p:65,x:120,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neighbor or where does our responsibility lie. We can no longer say ",p:65,x:120,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"we are responsible only for our family, friends, and nation. Jesus does ",p:65,x:120,y:907,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not give guidance on prioritizing to whom we should be a neighbor. ",p:65,x:120,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te man in Jesus’ parable did not have an identity. His ethnicity, his ",p:65,x:120,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:66,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:66,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"59",p:66,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"geographical hometown, and his religion all remain unknown in his ",p:66,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"anonymity. He simply was someone who needed a neighbor. Willard ",p:66,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(1998, 111) notes, “We don ’t frst defne a class of people who will be ",p:66,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"our neighbors and then select only them as objects of our love—leaving ",p:66,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the rest to lie where they fall. Jesus deftly rejects the question ‘Who is ",p:66,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"my neighbor?’ and substitutes the only question really relevant here: ",p:66,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"‘T o whom will I be a neighbor?’” Bock (1996, 1035) also notes that ",p:66,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"love no longer has boundaries: “Neighborliness is not found in a racial ",p:66,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bond, nationality, color, gender, proximity, or by living in a certain ",p:66,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neighborhood. We become a neighbor by responding sensitively to ",p:66,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the needs of others.” Stein (1992, 319) notes that “Jesus sought to ",p:66,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"illustrate that the love of one’s neighbor must transcend all natural or ",p:66,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"human boundaries such as race, nationality, religion, and economic or ",p:66,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"educational status.” ",p:66,x:105,y:452,w:141,h:23},
{t:"For those of us living in the twenty-frst century, it is increasingly ",p:66,x:135,y:479,w:469,h:23},
{t:"more difcult to remain ignorant of the people in need around the ",p:66,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"world. Modern communication technology is bringing us face to face ",p:66,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"like never before with people in need in our new global community. ",p:66,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Globalization has radically changed who is our neighbor. Although the ",p:66,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"scope of our awareness has changed, those in need have not changed ",p:66,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"since biblical times. Our neighbors are still the most vulnerable and ",p:66,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"powerless of society. In Leviticus 19 the most vulnerable and powerless ",p:66,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are foreigners, hired workers, the poor, the elderly, the disabled; and ",p:66,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Deuteronomy 24 adds widows and orphans. Te key characteristic is ",p:66,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that they cannot work and therefore need a social system to take care ",p:66,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of them. According to Blomberg (1999, 78), “Te poor here refers not ",p:66,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the majority of the people eking out a subsistence-level income, but ",p:66,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those who were utterly destitute.” ",p:66,x:105,y:837,w:241,h:23},
{t:"Te same categories still apply today but to a greater degree. Our ",p:66,x:135,y:864,w:469,h:23},
{t:"neighbors are those like the “certain man” in Jesus’ parable. Tey are ",p:66,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hopeless, anonymous, naked, and abandoned. Tey are the most vul-",p:66,x:105,y:919,w:495,h:23},
{t:"nerable in society—the sick, refugees, orphans, and widows. Tey are ",p:66,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:67,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:67,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:67,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:67,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:67,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:67,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:67,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:67,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"60",p:67,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"those who no longer have a social safety net of kin or government to ",p:67,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ensure their survival. Tey are ",p:67,x:120,y:122,w:215,h:23},
{t:"Poor: Te 3 billion people who live on fewer than two dollars a ",p:67,x:150,y:157,w:439,h:23},
{t:"day, and the 1 billion people who live on less than one dollar. ",p:67,x:150,y:184,w:437,h:23},
{t:"Children: Te 130 million who do not read; the 250 million ",p:67,x:150,y:227,w:439,h:23},
{t:"who go to work instead of school; the 2 million children kid-",p:67,x:150,y:254,w:434,h:23},
{t:"napped or sold to brothels in the global sex trade; the 200,000 ",p:67,x:150,y:282,w:439,h:23},
{t:"boys who serve as soldiers; the 150 million children who live ",p:67,x:150,y:309,w:439,h:23},
{t:"on the streets. ",p:67,x:150,y:337,w:102,h:23},
{t:"Orphans: Te 15 million children who are orphaned because ",p:67,x:150,y:379,w:439,h:23},
{t:"of AIDS. ",p:67,x:150,y:407,w:68,h:23},
{t:"Sick: Te 11 million children who will die of preventable ",p:67,x:150,y:449,w:439,h:23},
{t:"diseases; the 120 to 150 million children who sufer from dis-",p:67,x:150,y:477,w:434,h:23},
{t:"abilities; the 40 million people infected with HIV. ",p:67,x:150,y:504,w:358,h:23},
{t:"Women: Te workers who comprise half the global work force ",p:67,x:150,y:547,w:439,h:23},
{t:"but consistently work longer hours and receive lower pay. ",p:67,x:150,y:574,w:408,h:23},
{t:"Foreigners: Te 6 million immigrants; the 15 million refugees; ",p:67,x:150,y:617,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the 42 million labor migrants who often live and work in harsh ",p:67,x:150,y:644,w:439,h:23},
{t:"conditions for little pay.1 ",p:67,x:150,y:672,w:177,h:23},
{t:"How Do We Become a Neighbor? ",p:67,x:181,y:730,w:379,h:30},
{t:"Given this broadened defnition of neighbor, what does it mean to ",p:67,x:150,y:779,w:469,h:23},
{t:"be a neighbor? First, we must recognize that we are diferent—being a ",p:67,x:120,y:806,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neighbor does not mean we will be the same economically, culturally, ",p:67,x:120,y:834,w:499,h:23},
{t:"socially, or ideologically as those we help. Te Scripture recognizes an ",p:67,x:120,y:861,w:499,h:23},
{t:"unequal distribution of wealth. With wealth there is a greater respon-",p:67,x:120,y:889,w:495,h:23},
{t:"sibility to others, since wealth provides the resources that can meet the ",p:67,x:120,y:916,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:68,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:68,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"61",p:68,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"needs of others. Tree principles can be drawn from Scripture for being ",p:68,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a neighbor in today’s global world. ",p:68,x:105,y:122,w:248,h:23},
{t:"Treat Every Human as a Person Made  ",p:68,x:105,y:177,w:348,h:24},
{t:"in the Image of God ",p:68,x:105,y:204,w:186,h:24},
{t:"Te very foundation for loving others is based on the fact that ",p:68,x:135,y:240,w:469,h:23},
{t:"God created us in his own image (Gen. 1:26). If we say that we love ",p:68,x:105,y:268,w:499,h:23},
{t:"God, we must also love the one who is created in his image (1 John ",p:68,x:105,y:295,w:499,h:23},
{t:"4:19–21). Every human is a unique refection of the image of God. ",p:68,x:105,y:323,w:499,h:23},
{t:"In economic relationships we often reduce people to “consumers” or ",p:68,x:105,y:350,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“laborers,” making it easy to dehumanize individuals and no longer ",p:68,x:105,y:378,w:499,h:23},
{t:"acknowledge our responsibility to our fellow humans. We tend to cat-",p:68,x:105,y:405,w:495,h:23},
{t:"egorize people into statistics; the AIDS orphans, the refugees, the poor. ",p:68,x:105,y:433,w:499,h:23},
{t:"It is much easier to ignore statistics. It is much easier to exploit labor. It ",p:68,x:105,y:460,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is much easier to sell unneeded products to consumers. Every number ",p:68,x:105,y:488,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in a statistic, however, has a face. Every person who works is part of a ",p:68,x:105,y:515,w:499,h:23},
{t:"family. Every orphan has a story. When Jesus says to love our neighbor ",p:68,x:105,y:543,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as ourselves, he is requiring us to treat others as people we know. We ",p:68,x:105,y:570,w:499,h:23},
{t:"need to ask, “Would I want my daughter to buy my product?” “Would ",p:68,x:105,y:598,w:499,h:23},
{t:"I want my son to work at my company for the wages I pay my work-",p:68,x:105,y:625,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers?” “What would I do if it were my brother who was infected with ",p:68,x:105,y:653,w:499,h:23},
{t:"HIV?” Until we personalize and humanize statistics, we will never be ",p:68,x:105,y:680,w:499,h:23},
{t:"good neighbors. ",p:68,x:105,y:708,w:118,h:23},
{t:"A personal example may help illustrate this point. My husband ",p:68,x:135,y:735,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and I recently contracted with our gardener to remove stumps from ",p:68,x:105,y:763,w:499,h:23},
{t:"our backyard. We agreed on a price, but after a whole day of working, it ",p:68,x:105,y:790,w:499,h:23},
{t:"was obvious the job was taking longer than our gardener had calculated. ",p:68,x:105,y:818,w:499,h:23},
{t:"On the second day, my husband said, “Do you realize that if we pay the ",p:68,x:105,y:845,w:499,h:23},
{t:"price we agreed to, we would be paying him less than minimum wage?” ",p:68,x:105,y:873,w:499,h:23},
{t:"We talked with our gardener and adjusted the amount he would get ",p:68,x:105,y:900,w:499,h:23},
{t:"paid. It was interesting how our choice to pay fair wages, and to look ",p:68,x:105,y:928,w:499,h:23},
{t:"out for his interest as well as our own, changed our relationship with ",p:68,x:105,y:955,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:69,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:69,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:69,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:69,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:69,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:69,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:69,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:69,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"62",p:69,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"our gardener. We became friends that day. As individuals, it is often ",p:69,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"easy to make economic choices to look out for the interests of others. ",p:69,x:120,y:122,w:492,h:23},
{t:"Don’t Exploit ",p:69,x:120,y:177,w:126,h:24},
{t:"Te second principle is that the wealthy are not to use their power ",p:69,x:150,y:214,w:469,h:23},
{t:"to exploit or dominant others. Te Old Testament has much to say ",p:69,x:120,y:241,w:499,h:23},
{t:"about labor relations and powerful people who exploit their position ",p:69,x:120,y:269,w:499,h:23},
{t:"at the expense of their workers. Te wealthy are to pay their workers ",p:69,x:120,y:296,w:499,h:23},
{t:"promptly, and they are not to oppress their workers (Lev. 19:13). Tey ",p:69,x:120,y:324,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are to neither rob the poor nor exploit them in court (Prov. 22). Using ",p:69,x:120,y:351,w:499,h:23},
{t:"power to oppress the poor is a direct afront to God. Proverbs 14:31 ",p:69,x:120,y:379,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(nlt) says, “Tose who oppress the poor insult their Maker, but help-",p:69,x:120,y:406,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing the poor honors him.” Troughout the Scriptures, it is clear that we ",p:69,x:120,y:434,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are not to exploit the poor just because they are poor. ",p:69,x:120,y:461,w:380,h:23},
{t:"One diference between Israel and other nations is that Jewish ",p:69,x:150,y:489,w:469,h:23},
{t:"kings were to follow the same law as their subjects—they were not ",p:69,x:120,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"allowed to use their power to exploit people. Tere are two striking ",p:69,x:120,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"incidents in the Old Testament of kings using their power to exploit ",p:69,x:120,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the less powerful. Te frst is David stealing Uriah ’s wife, Bathsheba. ",p:69,x:120,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Many interpret David’s sin as adultery; however, if Nathan ’s rebuke is ",p:69,x:120,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"examined closely, it is about the rich using power to exploit the poor. ",p:69,x:120,y:654,w:491,h:23},
{t:"So the Lord sent Nathan the prophet to tell David this story: ",p:69,x:150,y:689,w:439,h:23},
{t:"“Tere were two men in a certain town. One was rich, and ",p:69,x:150,y:716,w:439,h:23},
{t:"one was poor. Te rich man owned a great many sheep and ",p:69,x:150,y:744,w:439,h:23},
{t:"cattle. Te poor man owned nothing but one little lamb he ",p:69,x:150,y:771,w:439,h:23},
{t:"had bought. He raised that little lamb, and it grew up with ",p:69,x:150,y:799,w:439,h:23},
{t:"his children. It ate from the man ’s own plate and drank from ",p:69,x:150,y:826,w:439,h:23},
{t:"his cup. He cuddled it in his arms like a baby daughter. One ",p:69,x:150,y:854,w:439,h:23},
{t:"day a guest arrived at the home of the rich man. But instead ",p:69,x:150,y:881,w:439,h:23},
{t:"of killing an animal from his own fock or herd, he took the ",p:69,x:150,y:909,w:439,h:23},
{t:"poor man ’s lamb and killed it and prepared it for his guest.” ",p:69,x:150,y:936,w:439,h:23},
{t:"(2 Sam. 12:1–4 nlt)",p:69,x:150,y:964,w:145,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:70,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:70,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"63",p:70,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"When Nathan tells David this story, David immediately recog-",p:70,x:135,y:94,w:465,h:23},
{t:"nizes the injustice and abuse of power and wealth against the poor. ",p:70,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Nathan responds that David is the one who did such a thing. David ",p:70,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"had despised the word of the Lord by using his power to exploit the ",p:70,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"less powerful. ",p:70,x:105,y:204,w:100,h:23},
{t:"Another instance of a king abusing his power is Ahab trying to ",p:70,x:135,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"acquire the feld of Naboth. Naboth acts righteously by refusing to ",p:70,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sell the land of his ancestors, which makes Ahab angry. When Ahab ",p:70,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"tells Jezebel why he is angry, her response is, ",p:70,x:105,y:314,w:337,h:23},
{t:"“ Are you the king of ",p:70,x:446,y:314,w:158,h:23},
{t:"Israel or not?” Ten she tells Ahab that she will get Naboth ’s feld for ",p:70,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"him. Jezebel proceeds to send false witnesses against Naboth, and he is ",p:70,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"stoned. When Ahab learns that Naboth is dead, he immediately goes ",p:70,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to possess the vineyard. Ahab not only knew what Jezebel was about ",p:70,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to do, he also condoned it by taking possession of the feld. Although ",p:70,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Jezebel was the agent (1 Kings 21:7), it was Ahab ’s responsibility as ",p:70,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"king to protect the poor. Te Lord responds by sending Elijah to tell ",p:70,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Ahab, “Wasn ’t it enough that you killed Naboth? Must you rob him, ",p:70,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"too?” (1 Kings 21:19 nlt).",p:70,x:105,y:562,w:188,h:23},
{t:"Te Old Testament repeatedly warns the rich and powerful not ",p:70,x:135,y:589,w:469,h:23},
{t:"to exploit the poor. Tere is an underlying assumption that there will ",p:70,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"always be some with more and some with less. However, the sin is the ",p:70,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rich depriving the poor of what is rightfully theirs: basic subsistence ",p:70,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Blomberg 1999).",p:70,x:105,y:699,w:126,h:23},
{t:"Te New Testament writings also demonstrate that those in a posi-",p:70,x:135,y:727,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tion of wealth and power are not to exploit others. Te Corinthians are ",p:70,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rebuked when the rich eat dinner while the poor have nothing, thus ",p:70,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"humiliating the poor (1 Cor. 11:17–22). Men are not to dominate their ",p:70,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wife and children, as was their right in Roman society (Eph. 5:25). Te ",p:70,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"church is not to show favoritism to the rich over the poor. James 2:8–9 ",p:70,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"states, “If you really keep the royal law found in Scripture, ‘Love your ",p:70,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neighbor as yourself,’ you are doing right. But if you show favoritism, ",p:70,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"you sin and are convicted by the law as law breakers” (niv).",p:70,x:105,y:947,w:418,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:71,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:71,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:71,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:71,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:71,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:71,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:71,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:71,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"64",p:71,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Wealthy and powerful nations can also violate this principle in the ",p:71,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"interest of looking after only their own national interest. As Stiglitz ",p:71,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(2007) and others have pointed out, the rules of the global economy, ",p:71,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"made mostly by the more powerful and wealthy countries, provide ",p:71,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"maximum beneft to them. Stiglitz (2007, 4) argues: ",p:71,x:120,y:204,w:373,h:23},
{t:"Te rules of the game have been largely set by the advanced ",p:71,x:150,y:239,w:439,h:23},
{t:"industrial ",p:71,x:150,y:267,w:71,h:23},
{t:"countries—and particularly by ",p:71,x:229,y:267,w:234,h:23},
{t:"special ",p:71,x:470,y:267,w:51,h:23},
{t:"interests ",p:71,x:527,y:267,w:62,h:23},
{t:"within those countries—and, not surprisingly, they have ",p:71,x:150,y:294,w:439,h:23},
{t:"shaped globalization to further their own interests. Tey have ",p:71,x:150,y:322,w:439,h:23},
{t:"not sought to create a fair set of rules, let alone a set of rules ",p:71,x:150,y:349,w:439,h:23},
{t:"that would promote the well-being of those in the poorest ",p:71,x:150,y:377,w:439,h:23},
{t:"countries of the world. ",p:71,x:150,y:404,w:165,h:23},
{t:"In some cases the asymmetry in trade agreements results in the ",p:71,x:150,y:439,w:469,h:23},
{t:"poorest countries actually being worse of than before the agreement. ",p:71,x:120,y:467,w:499,h:23},
{t:"As Finn argues in Chapter 3 of this book, a Christian perspective on ",p:71,x:120,y:494,w:499,h:23},
{t:"negotiating the rules of trade seeks to balance self-interest, fairness, and ",p:71,x:120,y:522,w:499,h:23},
{t:"justice. ",p:71,x:120,y:549,w:54,h:23},
{t:"Nations are not the only exploiters of power; large multinational ",p:71,x:150,y:577,w:469,h:23},
{t:"frms often have an ability to exploit an imbalance of power. Te in-",p:71,x:120,y:604,w:495,h:23},
{t:"come of many corporations exceeds that of entire developing nations. ",p:71,x:120,y:632,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Of the one hundred largest economic entities, ffty-one are multi-",p:71,x:120,y:659,w:495,h:23},
{t:"national corporations, and forty-nine are countries (Sernau 2006). ",p:71,x:120,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Corporations have brought technology and investment into developing ",p:71,x:120,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries; however, because of their vast resources, corporations have ",p:71,x:120,y:742,w:499,h:23},
{t:"also been known to promote their own interests at the expense of the ",p:71,x:120,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries they work in and over the social needs of the citizens of those ",p:71,x:120,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries. ",p:71,x:120,y:824,w:74,h:23},
{t:"Scripture is clear that those with wealth and power are to use it ",p:71,x:150,y:852,w:469,h:23},
{t:"for others, not just for their own interests (Phil. 2:3–4). Tose with ",p:71,x:120,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"resources are not to use them to dominate others, but to serve others. ",p:71,x:120,y:907,w:499,h:23},
{t:"When Leviticus outlines the rules of buying and selling land in relation ",p:71,x:120,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the Year of Jubilee, the commands are summed up as “Do not take ",p:71,x:120,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:72,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:72,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"65",p:72,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"advantage of each other, but fear your God. I am the Lord your ",p:72,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"God” (Lev. 25:17 niv). When articulating the rules governing the ",p:72,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor who may have to sell themselves as slaves, no less than three ",p:72,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"times, God concludes with “Do not rule over them ruthlessly” (Lev. ",p:72,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"25:43, 46, 53). ",p:72,x:105,y:204,w:113,h:23},
{t:"Developed countries and large transnational companies are not to ",p:72,x:135,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"rule over or exploit the poor. Te church should advocate for fair trade ",p:72,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rules that look out for the interests of others, not just for a nation ’s nar-",p:72,x:105,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"rowly defned self-interest. Tis may mean small developing countries ",p:72,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"should be allowed to play by a diferent set of rules than developed ",p:72,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries. Just as a poor man has little he can risk, smaller developing ",p:72,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries should be able to enter into trade agreements that limit their ",p:72,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"risk in proportion to what they can aford. ",p:72,x:105,y:424,w:304,h:23},
{t:"Do Good ",p:72,x:105,y:480,w:87,h:24},
{t:"Te fnal principle is to not refrain from doing good or from doing ",p:72,x:135,y:516,w:469,h:23},
{t:"what you want others to do for you. Te wealthy and powerful are not ",p:72,x:105,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only to refrain from exploiting the vulnerable but they are also expected ",p:72,x:105,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to protect and do good to them. Te utterly destitute are under special ",p:72,x:105,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"protection of the Lord. As the Psalmist says, the Lord himself is a father ",p:72,x:105,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the fatherless and a defender of widows, and he rescues the poor and ",p:72,x:105,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"helpless (Ps. 68:5; 72:12). In the Old Testament, wealth is considered ",p:72,x:105,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a gift from the Lord, so those who are given the means are expected to ",p:72,x:105,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"act as God’s agents in protecting the well-being of the vulnerable. ",p:72,x:105,y:736,w:465,h:23},
{t:"Landowners are instructed not to harvest along the edges of the ",p:72,x:135,y:764,w:469,h:23},
{t:"felds nor pick up the gleanings that fall. Neither are they to pick ",p:72,x:105,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"every grape; and they are to leave the fallen fruit for the poor and ",p:72,x:105,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the foreigner (Lev. 19:9–10). Te landowner is not asked to give all ",p:72,x:105,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of his proft away, but social concern is to outweigh maximization of ",p:72,x:105,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"proft. Te wealthy are to be generous. Proverbs 11:24–25 states, “Give ",p:72,x:105,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"freely and become more wealthy; be stingy and lose everything. Te ",p:72,x:105,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"generous will prosper” (nlt). We are not to withhold good from those ",p:72,x:105,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:73,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:73,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:73,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:73,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:73,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:73,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:73,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:73,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"66",p:73,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"who deserved it. We are, instead, to give when we have the power to do ",p:73,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"so (Prov. 3:27–28). ",p:73,x:120,y:122,w:139,h:23},
{t:"Te powerful are not only to help the poor but they are also to ",p:73,x:150,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"defend them from others who would cause them harm. Te righteous ",p:73,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are to defend the cause of the fatherless, the rights of the poor and op-",p:73,x:120,y:204,w:495,h:23},
{t:"pressed, and rescue the week and needy from the wicked (Ps. 82:3–4). ",p:73,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te righteous are to care about justice for the poor (Prov. 29:7). Many ",p:73,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"times when God condemned the Israelites and other nations, part ",p:73,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of his condemnation was that they failed to defend the poor and the ",p:73,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fatherless (Jer. 5:28; Amos 4:1). Even though Sodom was notorious ",p:73,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for other sins, often overlooked is that God condemned it not just for ",p:73,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immorality but also that “she and her daughters were arrogant, overfed ",p:73,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and needy” (Ezek. 16:49 ",p:73,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"niv). ",p:73,x:120,y:452,w:39,h:23},
{t:"In the New Testament the same concern for the poor is found in ",p:73,x:150,y:479,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the early church when it cared for widows and the poor (Acts 6). Te ",p:73,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wealthy contributed to the church by selling some of their possessions ",p:73,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to be used by the church, and often they ofered their house as a place ",p:73,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for the church to meet (Acts 4:32–36). In the New Testament writings, ",p:73,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"loving people is the direct outcome of loving God. Doing good to ",p:73,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"someone in need is the outcome of someone’s faith. James 2:14–17 ",p:73,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(niv) states the following:",p:73,x:120,y:672,w:181,h:23},
{t:"What good is it, my brothers, if a man claims to have faith ",p:73,x:150,y:707,w:439,h:23},
{t:"but has no deeds? Can such faith save him? Suppose a brother ",p:73,x:150,y:734,w:439,h:23},
{t:"or sister is without clothes and daily food. If one of you says ",p:73,x:150,y:762,w:439,h:23},
{t:"to him, “Go, I wish you well; keep warm and well fed,” but ",p:73,x:150,y:789,w:439,h:23},
{t:"does nothing about his physical needs, what good is it? In the ",p:73,x:150,y:817,w:439,h:23},
{t:"same way, faith by itself, if it is not accompanied by action, is ",p:73,x:150,y:844,w:439,h:23},
{t:"dead.” ",p:73,x:150,y:872,w:48,h:23},
{t:"Tese verses have often been interpreted as describing salvation ",p:73,x:150,y:907,w:469,h:23},
{t:"as the result of works. However, James is not saying that doing good ",p:73,x:120,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"results in salvation. He is saying that salvation results in doing good. ",p:73,x:120,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:74,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:74,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"67",p:74,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Te equation has not changed from the answer the lawyer gave Jesus. ",p:74,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"When we love God, this will be refected in our love for people. In ",p:74,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"both the Old and the New Testament, love for God and love for people ",p:74,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are never separated; you cannot do one without doing the other. Te ",p:74,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"mandate is the same for Christians today. Blomberg (1999, 155) sums ",p:74,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it up: ",p:74,x:105,y:232,w:42,h:23},
{t:"So too, professing Christians today who have a surplus income ",p:74,x:135,y:267,w:439,h:23},
{t:"(i.e. a considerable majority of believers in the Western world) ",p:74,x:135,y:294,w:439,h:23},
{t:"who are aware of the desperate human needs locally and glob-",p:74,x:135,y:322,w:434,h:23},
{t:"ally, not least within the Christian community (a situation ",p:74,x:135,y:349,w:439,h:23},
{t:"almost impossible to be unaware of, given our barrage of media ",p:74,x:135,y:377,w:439,h:23},
{t:"coverage), and who give none of their income, either through ",p:74,x:135,y:404,w:439,h:23},
{t:"church or other Christian organizations, to help the materially ",p:74,x:135,y:432,w:439,h:23},
{t:"destitute of the world, ought to ask themselves whether any ",p:74,x:135,y:459,w:439,h:23},
{t:"claims of faith they might make could stand up before God’s ",p:74,x:135,y:487,w:439,h:23},
{t:"bar of judgment. Tis is not salvation by works any more than ",p:74,x:135,y:514,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the examples of Abraham and Rahab in James 2:20–25, but ",p:74,x:135,y:542,w:439,h:23},
{t:"it is the demonstration of a changed life, a heart begun to be ",p:74,x:135,y:569,w:439,h:23},
{t:"transformed by the indwelling Spirit of God, which thereby ",p:74,x:135,y:597,w:439,h:23},
{t:"produces an outpouring of compassion for those so much less ",p:74,x:135,y:624,w:439,h:23},
{t:"well of than oneself. ",p:74,x:135,y:652,w:150,h:23},
{t:"We have a choice. Do we respond as did the priest and Levite, who ",p:74,x:135,y:687,w:469,h:23},
{t:"saw but passed by on the other side of the road? Or do we respond ",p:74,x:105,y:714,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the person in need, generously out of compassion, and become a ",p:74,x:105,y:742,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neighbor? Te following suggests a few ways in which we as part of the ",p:74,x:105,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wealthy minority might become a neighbor to those in need. ",p:74,x:105,y:797,w:433,h:23},
{t:"Being a good neighbor means that those policy makers and others ",p:74,x:135,y:824,w:469,h:23},
{t:"in positions of infuence in the global economy must value people, not ",p:74,x:105,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"just economic prosperity. Doing good means making sure the social ",p:74,x:105,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"needs and environmental concerns are given the same weight as eco-",p:74,x:105,y:907,w:495,h:23},
{t:"nomic issues. Doing good may mean that a corporation ’s success needs ",p:74,x:105,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to be measured in terms of proft and by how they have improved the ",p:74,x:105,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:75,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:75,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:75,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:75,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:75,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:75,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:75,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:75,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"68",p:75,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"social, cultural, and environmental well-being of others. Policy mak-",p:75,x:120,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers should seek to ensure that the benefts of globalization reach all ",p:75,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"segments of society, particularly the most marginalized: the poor, the ",p:75,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"women, and the ill. Te benefts should include increasing the income ",p:75,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the marginalized and providing access to education, technology, and ",p:75,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"health care so that they may rise from being merely recipients of the ",p:75,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"benefts to becoming full participants in globalization. ",p:75,x:120,y:259,w:387,h:23},
{t:"Globalization is often equated with the promotion of American ",p:75,x:150,y:287,w:469,h:23},
{t:"culture and values, but care should be taken to respect and preserve ",p:75,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the cultural practices and languages of others. Too often corporations ",p:75,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bring in products that replace traditional goods, resulting in the loss of ",p:75,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cultural knowledge. Many times people are too poor to continue their ",p:75,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"traditional practices; and only after the practices are lost does the next ",p:75,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"generation realize their loss of identity. Te mass media, flm, music, ",p:75,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and television industries are motivated not by cultural diversity, but by ",p:75,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"monetary gain. ",p:75,x:120,y:507,w:111,h:23},
{t:"As participants in the global economy, we are individually respon-",p:75,x:150,y:534,w:465,h:23},
{t:"sible for not dominating, for doing good, and for being a good neighbor. ",p:75,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Being a good neighbor involves more than making a deliberate efort ",p:75,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to improve the economic situation of others. A good neighbor also ",p:75,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"values and respects the social, cultural, and environmental resources ",p:75,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of others. ",p:75,x:120,y:672,w:71,h:23},
{t:"Conclusion ",p:75,x:303,y:723,w:134,h:30},
{t:"Globalization has changed the defnition of who our neighbor is. ",p:75,x:150,y:771,w:469,h:23},
{t:"It has also empowered us as individuals to treat as neighbors those we ",p:75,x:120,y:799,w:499,h:23},
{t:"previously had little contact with or no knowledge of. Although few of ",p:75,x:120,y:826,w:499,h:23},
{t:"us are in positions to make economic policy or manage a multinational ",p:75,x:120,y:854,w:499,h:23},
{t:"corporation, we can all promote justice through our consumer choices ",p:75,x:120,y:881,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and voting records, infuencing those who are in such positions. ",p:75,x:120,y:909,w:454,h:23},
{t:"We now have the opportunity as never before to do great good by ",p:75,x:150,y:936,w:469,h:23},
{t:"providing many people with access to goods, information, technology, ",p:75,x:120,y:964,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:76,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:76,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"69",p:76,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"services, education, and healthcare. However, we also have the oppor-",p:76,x:105,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tunity to do great evil by increasing inequalities, assimilating cultures, ",p:76,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and destroying the environment. As we learn in the parable of the good ",p:76,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Samaritan, it is not enough to refrain from making things worse and ",p:76,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from doing harm, as important as those things are. As good neighbors ",p:76,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"we should, as it says in Jeremiah 29, actively seek the welfare of the city, ",p:76,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"where “city” is now the globe. ",p:76,x:105,y:259,w:214,h:23},
{t:"We do not have to look far to make choices that will contribute to ",p:76,x:135,y:287,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the common good. Many people have gardeners, domestic helpers, and ",p:76,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"child care workers in their employment; and many of us are served in ",p:76,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"restaurants by servers and in hotels by bellhops and house cleaners—",p:76,x:105,y:369,w:495,h:23},
{t:"usually low skilled, poorly educated immigrants vulnerable to exploita-",p:76,x:105,y:397,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion. We can commit ourselves to pay fair wages and tip generously ",p:76,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in order to look out for their welfare. We can also be good neighbors ",p:76,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"by buying products from and making investments in companies that ",p:76,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"demonstrate a commitment to treating their employees and suppliers ",p:76,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"justly. ",p:76,x:105,y:534,w:45,h:23},
{t:"Tanks to modern technologies, we can also increase people’s aware-",p:76,x:135,y:562,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ness of issues such as confict diamonds, invisible children, sweatshops, ",p:76,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and child prostitution. With relatively minor changes in our lifestyle, ",p:76,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"we can donate money to organizations such as World Vision, Food for ",p:76,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Hungry, and many others that seek to help the most vulnerable ",p:76,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in society. In our interconnected world one person really can make a ",p:76,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"diference. ",p:76,x:105,y:727,w:78,h:23},
{t:"Who is our neighbor? Sometimes the Lord surprises us with his ",p:76,x:135,y:754,w:469,h:23},
{t:"answer. During the time I was writing this chapter, I stopped at a gas ",p:76,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"station, and a man approached me to ask for help. He and his girlfriend ",p:76,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"had run out of gas and were stranded. I helped push their car close to ",p:76,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"one of the pumps and paid for some gas. After flling their tank, we ",p:76,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"exchanged waves and smiles and went on our way. Will I ever see them ",p:76,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"again? Probably not. Why did I do it? Simply because it was the right ",p:76,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"thing to do. We do not get to choose who our neighbors are; we just ",p:76,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:77,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:77,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:77,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:77,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:77,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:77,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:77,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:77,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"70",p:77,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"need to respond when God brings them our way. Why? Simply because ",p:77,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it is the right thing to do. ",p:77,x:120,y:122,w:184,h:23},
{t:"Questions for Review ",p:77,x:247,y:173,w:248,h:30},
{t:"1. ",p:77,x:120,y:221,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Te author claims that globalization has changed the defnition ",p:77,x:150,y:221,w:450,h:23},
{t:"of neighbor. Do you agree? Please explain. ",p:77,x:150,y:249,w:298,h:23},
{t:"2. ",p:77,x:120,y:284,w:18,h:23},
{t:"How do you choose whom to help? Does Scripture give ",p:77,x:150,y:284,w:397,h:23},
{t:"guidelines? What are some practical ways you can be a better ",p:77,x:150,y:311,w:432,h:23},
{t:"neighbor?",p:77,x:150,y:339,w:69,h:23},
{t:"3. ",p:77,x:120,y:374,w:18,h:23},
{t:"In a world of 24/7 news cycles, how can we avoid compassion ",p:77,x:150,y:374,w:440,h:23},
{t:"fatigue and remain sensitive to the needs of the world around us?",p:77,x:150,y:401,w:458,h:23},
{t:"4. ",p:77,x:120,y:436,w:18,h:23},
{t:"If, as Russell maintains, we are to “actively seek the welfare of the ",p:77,x:150,y:436,w:463,h:23},
{t:"city, where ‘city’ is now the globe,” what are the implications for ",p:77,x:150,y:464,w:455,h:23},
{t:"U.S. trade policy? Immigration policy?",p:77,x:150,y:491,w:273,h:23},
{t:"5. ",p:77,x:120,y:526,w:18,h:23},
{t:"What do you think about Christians who argue against trade ",p:77,x:150,y:526,w:434,h:23},
{t:"and/or immigration on nationalistic grounds? Are they being a ",p:77,x:150,y:554,w:446,h:23},
{t:"good neighbor? Please explain.",p:77,x:150,y:584,w:216,h:23},
{t:"Who Is My N",p:78,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eighbor?",p:78,x:662,y:186,w:0,h:19},
{t:"71",p:78,x:655,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"Notes",p:78,x:321,y:94,w:63,h:30},
{t:"1 Statistics are from the World Bank, “Global Monitoring Report,” and UNICEF .",p:78,x:105,y:136,w:494,h:20},
{t:"References ",p:78,x:293,y:185,w:125,h:30},
{t:"Beyer, Peter. 1994. Religion and Globalization. London: Sage Publications. ",p:78,x:105,y:228,w:455,h:20},
{t:"Blight, Richard C. 2007. An Exegetical Summary of Luke 1-11. Dallas: SIL.",p:78,x:105,y:248,w:454,h:20},
{t:"Blomberg, Craig L. 1999. Neither Poverty nor Riches: A Biblical Teology of ",p:78,x:105,y:268,w:455,h:20},
{t:"Possessions. Leicester, U.K.: Apollos. ",p:78,x:135,y:288,w:219,h:20},
{t:"Bock, Darrell L. 1996. Luke 9:51–24:53. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. ",p:78,x:105,y:308,w:459,h:20},
{t:"De Vries, Barend A. 1998. Champions of the Poor. Washington D.C.: ",p:78,x:105,y:328,w:422,h:20},
{t:"Georgetown University Press. ",p:78,x:135,y:348,w:183,h:20},
{t:"Ferree, Myra Marx. 2006. Recognizing Transnational Feminism. In Global ",p:78,x:105,y:368,w:457,h:20},
{t:"Feminism, edited by Myra Marx Ferree and Aili Mari Tripp. New York: New ",p:78,x:135,y:388,w:468,h:20},
{t:"York University Press, 3–23. ",p:78,x:135,y:408,w:176,h:20},
{t:"Friedman, Tomas. 2005. Te World Is Flat. New York: Picador. ",p:78,x:105,y:428,w:393,h:20},
{t:"Green, Joel. 1997. Te Gospel of Luke. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ",p:78,x:105,y:448,w:423,h:20},
{t:"King, Anthony. 1997. Introduction: Spaces of Culture, Spaces of Knowledge. ",p:78,x:105,y:468,w:475,h:20},
{t:"In Culture, Globalization, and the World System, edited by Anthony King. ",p:78,x:135,y:488,w:448,h:20},
{t:"Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ",p:78,x:135,y:508,w:274,h:20},
{t:"Lewellen, Ted C. 2002. Te Anthropology of Globalization. Westport, CT: Bergin ",p:78,x:105,y:528,w:492,h:20},
{t:"and Garvey. ",p:78,x:135,y:548,w:76,h:20},
{t:"Sernau, Scott. 2006. Global Problems. Boston: Pearson. ",p:78,x:105,y:568,w:338,h:20},
{t:"Stein, Robert H. 1992. Luke, Te New American Commentary. Vol. 24. Nashville: ",p:78,x:105,y:588,w:498,h:20},
{t:"Boardman Press. ",p:78,x:135,y:608,w:105,h:20},
{t:"Stiglitz, Joseph. 2007. Making Globalization Work. New York: W. W. Norton & ",p:78,x:105,y:628,w:495,h:20},
{t:"Company.",p:78,x:135,y:648,w:63,h:20},
{t:"UNICEF. 1999. “Te State of the World’s Children.” New York, NY: UNICEF . ",p:78,x:105,y:668,w:489,h:20},
{t:"Willard, Dallas. 1998. Te Divine Conspiracy. San Francisco: ",p:78,x:105,y:688,w:372,h:20},
{t:"HarperSanFrancisco. ",p:78,x:135,y:708,w:131,h:20},
{t:"World Bank. 2007. “Global Monitoring Report.” Washington, D.C.: World ",p:78,x:105,y:728,w:468,h:20},
{t:"Bank.",p:78,x:135,y:748,w:35,h:20},
{t:"PART II",p:79,x:135,y:236,w:114,h:34},
{t:"The International ",p:79,x:135,y:299,w:357,h:46},
{t:"Flow of Goods, ",p:79,x:135,y:349,w:297,h:46},
{t:"Services, Capital,  ",p:79,x:135,y:399,w:355,h:46},
{t:"and Labor ",p:79,x:135,y:449,w:210,h:46},
{t:"75",p:80,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"CHAPTER 3: ",p:80,x:290,y:96,w:129,h:22},
{t:"MORAL VALUES AND THE RULES OF ",p:80,x:105,y:244,w:451,h:26},
{t:"INTERNATIONAL TRADE",p:80,x:105,y:275,w:305,h:26},
{t:"Daniel Finn ",p:80,x:105,y:315,w:109,h:20},
{t:"All human interaction requires rules of some sort—whether explicitly ",p:80,x:105,y:462,w:499,h:23},
{t:"agreed upon or simply internalized unconsciously. International trade ",p:80,x:105,y:490,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is no exception. Tus, the task of setting rules for international trade ",p:80,x:105,y:517,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is exceedingly important, but it is remarkably difcult. Te immense ",p:80,x:105,y:545,w:499,h:23},
{t:"scale of trade is part of the problem—it afects so much of daily life ",p:80,x:105,y:572,w:499,h:23},
{t:"around the globe. An equally important impediment, however, arises ",p:80,x:105,y:600,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because each nation begins with the conviction that many of its trad-",p:80,x:105,y:627,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing partners don ’t “play the game” by the right rules. Te diversity of ",p:80,x:105,y:655,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cultures is a key feature here. ",p:80,x:105,y:682,w:207,h:23},
{t:"Te role of culture is so subtle that people tend to be unaware of ",p:80,x:135,y:710,w:469,h:23},
{t:"its power in shaping their lives until they have contact with others who ",p:80,x:105,y:737,w:499,h:23},
{t:"live diferently. Te same act that in one culture is understood as an ",p:80,x:105,y:765,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immoral bribe, for example, in another is interpreted as a gift of ap-",p:80,x:105,y:792,w:495,h:23},
{t:"preciation. A work schedule and intensity that in one culture indicates ",p:80,x:105,y:820,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a commitment to excellence might be seen as nearly manic compulsive ",p:80,x:105,y:847,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in another. ",p:80,x:105,y:875,w:81,h:23},
{t:"Diferent nations take for granted diferent rules by which daily life ",p:80,x:135,y:902,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and commerce should occur. Tus, it is quite common that a nation ",p:80,x:105,y:930,w:499,h:23},
{t:"believes it is disadvantaged because its international trading partners ",p:80,x:105,y:957,w:499,h:23},
{t:"C",p:80,x:113,y:96,w:0,h:19},
{t:"HAPTER 3",p:80,x:113,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"EC",p:81,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:81,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:81,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:81,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:81,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:81,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:81,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:81,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"76",p:81,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"play by diferent rules. U.S. frms point to the economic rewards of ",p:81,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Japanese keiretsu system of closely integrated industrial frms, a ",p:81,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"monopolistic advantage forbidden in the United States under antitrust ",p:81,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"laws. Canadian frms point to the economic advantage of their American ",p:81,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"competitors due to weaker (and less costly) protections for workers and ",p:81,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the unemployed in the United States. Te list of examples could be ",p:81,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"extended, but the principle is the same: We take for granted most of ",p:81,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the ordinary ways of doing things at home (even if that puts outsiders ",p:81,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"at a disadvantage), and we are vividly aware of the advantages that oth-",p:81,x:120,y:314,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers abroad enjoy, particularly those that we ourselves have eliminated at ",p:81,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"home due to moral conviction. As a result, an international agreement ",p:81,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"on “fair” rules of trade is critically important. ",p:81,x:120,y:397,w:323,h:23},
{t:"In fact, existing international agreements on a host of issues far ",p:81,x:150,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"beyond trade stand as a truly signifcant moral accomplishment of the ",p:81,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"modern world. Tough limited and fawed in many ways, international ",p:81,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"agreements—concerning arms reduction, environmental standards, ",p:81,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"human rights, and a long list of other important moral issues—mark ",p:81,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"real moral progress. ",p:81,x:120,y:562,w:142,h:23},
{t:"Morality, Self-Interest, and  ",p:81,x:214,y:613,w:322,h:30},
{t:"the “Rules of the Game” ",p:81,x:230,y:640,w:281,h:30},
{t:"Christians throughout history have had to cope with the moral ",p:81,x:150,y:688,w:469,h:23},
{t:"ambiguities of political and economic institutions. Te problem, of ",p:81,x:120,y:715,w:499,h:23},
{t:"course, is that the ethics of love and self-denial that Jesus preached ",p:81,x:120,y:743,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and Christians endorse cannot easily be translated into political and ",p:81,x:120,y:770,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economic rules, even in a nation comprising only Christians. It is far ",p:81,x:120,y:798,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more complicated in a pluralistic society, where religious appeals have ",p:81,x:120,y:825,w:499,h:23},
{t:"limited efect in public discourse. Although a full-blown investigation ",p:81,x:120,y:853,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the complexities of neighbor-love and self-interest cannot be under-",p:81,x:120,y:880,w:495,h:23},
{t:"taken here, two insights are critical for Christians thinking about the ",p:81,x:120,y:908,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rules of trade.1 First, those who would “play hardball” in trade negotia-",p:81,x:120,y:935,w:494,h:23},
{t:"tions and feel justifed in asserting national self-interest in all settings ",p:81,x:120,y:963,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:82,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:82,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:82,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:82,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:82,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:82,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:82,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:82,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:82,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"77",p:82,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"misunderstand the necessary limits on self-interest. Second, those who ",p:82,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"would propose purely altruistic principles for international economic ",p:82,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"relations underestimate the complexities of political and economic ",p:82,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"organization and the efects of sin, fnitude, and ignorance in human ",p:82,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"life more generally. ",p:82,x:105,y:204,w:137,h:23},
{t:"An adequate Christian response to modern economic life under-",p:82,x:135,y:232,w:465,h:23},
{t:"stands the assertion of self-interest in a nuanced way. Although there ",p:82,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are indeed times when looking out for one’s own interests is morally ",p:82,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"justifable, the centrality for the Christian of love of neighbor means ",p:82,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that any moral endorsement of self-interest must be limited and ",p:82,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"context-dependent. Whether and to what degree self-interested activity ",p:82,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“works” in society depends immensely on “the rules of the game.” ",p:82,x:105,y:397,w:467,h:23},
{t:"Markets can be thought of as “spaces” where people interact with ",p:82,x:135,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"one another through voluntary agreements (for example, buying and ",p:82,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"selling, agreeing to contracts, and so forth) and it is understood by all ",p:82,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"involved that participants are looking out for their own interests. As a ",p:82,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"result we do not and ought not feel guilty when we seek a promotion, ",p:82,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for example, or look for the very best farm produce at the grocery ",p:82,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"store. Similarly, we expect that the local Ford dealer’s “sale price” on a ",p:82,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"new car is an attempt to make a proft without losing customers to the ",p:82,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Chevrolet dealer across town. ",p:82,x:105,y:644,w:211,h:23},
{t:"For nearly all of us, of course, self-interest is not all we will look ",p:82,x:135,y:672,w:469,h:23},
{t:"out for—our moral commitments will lead us to be friendly to strang-",p:82,x:105,y:699,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers, help coworkers, and so forth. Te moral character of the people ",p:82,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who make up any society is critical for the success of its markets and ",p:82,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other institutional arrangements. Tese institutional arrangements are ",p:82,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bounded by law, and a good deal of the law amounts to restrictions on ",p:82,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"activities in which self-interested individuals might otherwise engage, ",p:82,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"but that are now deemed as illegitimate market behavior. ",p:82,x:105,y:864,w:405,h:23},
{t:"Michael Walzer (1983) refers to some of these prohibitions as ",p:82,x:135,y:892,w:469,h:23},
{t:"“blocked exchanges.” Although most things are fair game for buying ",p:82,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and selling, there is a long list of possible exchanges prevented or ",p:82,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:83,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:83,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:83,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:83,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:83,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:83,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:83,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:83,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"78",p:83,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"“blocked” by law. Tus, the laws of most industrialized nations today ",p:83,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"do not allow the buying or selling of human beings, cocaine, hand ",p:83,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"grenades, the votes of legislators, the votes of citizens, the obligation ",p:83,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to serve in the armed forces, the judgment of the courts, and so on. ",p:83,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Ways around some of these prohibitions certainly exist, but they stand ",p:83,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"blocked in principle, and society regularly attempts to strengthen the ",p:83,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"barrier to them by better law or more efective enforcement. Te history ",p:83,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of commerce shows that when laws against violence or exploitation ",p:83,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"eliminate the business advantage of “thugs” and exploitive practices, ",p:83,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other moral characters take on leadership roles in economic life. ",p:83,x:120,y:342,w:455,h:23},
{t:"A host of other exchanges, while allowed in some circumstances, ",p:83,x:150,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"are regulated in one way or another. Although it has become popular ",p:83,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in recent years to criticize the bureaucratic excesses of regulation, such ",p:83,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"criticism often clouds the underlying reality that most citizens, includ-",p:83,x:120,y:452,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing a majority of economic conservatives, would support many of these ",p:83,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"basic restrictions on activity. Included here are regulations of “insider ",p:83,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trading,” the sale of prescription drugs, the disposal of hazardous waste, ",p:83,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"health standards for restaurant kitchens, safety standards for nursing ",p:83,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"homes and coal mines, and so on. ",p:83,x:120,y:589,w:243,h:23},
{t:"Envisioning markets as an arena bounded by laws, within which the ",p:83,x:150,y:617,w:469,h:23},
{t:"assertion of self-interest is morally legitimate, does not solve the “real” ",p:83,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"problem of determining whether any current restrictions ought to be ",p:83,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"removed or whether any currently legal activities ought to be regulated ",p:83,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or prohibited altogether. But this understanding of the relation of gov-",p:83,x:120,y:727,w:494,h:23},
{t:"ernment and markets does eliminate much simplistic rhetoric on each ",p:83,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"side: it contradicts those who argue against government as if human ",p:83,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"life or even economic life would be better without any “government ",p:83,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"interference,” and it calls to realism those Christians who refexively ",p:83,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"criticize the activities of large economic actors, such as multinational ",p:83,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"frms or labor unions, simply on the grounds that they are acting out ",p:83,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of their own self-interest. It does not resolve the issues of power in ",p:83,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"international trade—of the government, of transnational frms, of the ",p:83,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:84,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:84,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:84,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:84,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:84,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:84,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:84,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:84,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:84,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"79",p:84,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"wealthy—but it does provide a framework within which conficting ",p:84,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"moral and empirical claims about power can be adjudicated. ",p:84,x:105,y:122,w:430,h:23},
{t:"Critical to all these discussions is the notion of justice in Christian ",p:84,x:135,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"social ethics. It is helpful to recall that justice has traditionally included ",p:84,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"three interrelated dimensions in Christian ethics. Te frst is that indi-",p:84,x:105,y:204,w:495,h:23},
{t:"viduals have an obligation to other individuals with whom they have ",p:84,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"made contracts or agreements. Tis is the dimension of justice most ",p:84,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"self-evident in modern society. If I make an agreement with you, I am ",p:84,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"obliged in justice to fulfll it. Te second dimension is an obligation ",p:84,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"all persons have to contribute to the well-being of the community. ",p:84,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Rooted in the covenant of the Hebrew Scriptures, the Christian notion ",p:84,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of obligation to the community entails a requirement that the able-",p:84,x:105,y:397,w:494,h:23},
{t:"bodied both contribute to the community’s production and support ",p:84,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"shared institutions. Te third dimension arises from God’s abundant ",p:84,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"gift of creation to humanity. Justice requires that the prosperity of the ",p:84,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"well-to-do meet the needs of those unable to provide for themselves. ",p:84,x:105,y:507,w:486,h:23},
{t:"Moral Values and the Rules of Trade ",p:84,x:148,y:558,w:415,h:30},
{t:"In accord with this understanding of the relation of self-interest ",p:84,x:135,y:606,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and the “rules of the game,” Christians should advocate for rules of ",p:84,x:105,y:634,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade that prevent the worst abuses that the exertion of self-interest in ",p:84,x:105,y:661,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade would otherwise inevitably cause. Te logistics of agreeing upon ",p:84,x:105,y:689,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the rules of trade have become much more complicated as the number ",p:84,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has risen. Under ",p:84,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the WTO’s predecessor, the General Agreement on Tarifs and Trade ",p:84,x:105,y:771,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(GATT), the rules were made by consensus among wealthy nations. ",p:84,x:105,y:799,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Developing countries generally went along with this because they ",p:84,x:105,y:826,w:499,h:23},
{t:"often were not constrained by the agreements. However, under the ",p:84,x:105,y:854,w:499,h:23},
{t:"WTO, all signatory nations are obliged to live by the agreements. Te ",p:84,x:105,y:881,w:499,h:23},
{t:"much larger number of members, most of them poor, means that the ",p:84,x:105,y:909,w:499,h:23},
{t:"consensus process has broken down and agreements have been much ",p:84,x:105,y:936,w:499,h:23},
{t:"harder to reach due to conficting economic interests. ",p:84,x:105,y:964,w:381,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:85,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:85,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:85,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:85,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:85,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:85,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:85,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:85,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"80",p:85,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Identifying a Christian perspective on justice and the rules of trade ",p:85,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"is a challenging task, in part because one fnds few specifc references ",p:85,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to international trade in the Bible or later Christian refection. Still, ",p:85,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it is possible to draw on general themes for ethical guidelines related ",p:85,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to economic life. Tus an authentically Christian view of trade would ",p:85,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"require that the following moral concerns be integrated into the rules ",p:85,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that structure trade. ",p:85,x:120,y:259,w:144,h:23},
{t:"The Economic Welfare of the World’s Poor",p:85,x:120,y:315,w:384,h:24},
{t:"Te God revealed in the Hebrew Scriptures is a God who cares ",p:85,x:150,y:351,w:469,h:23},
{t:"about the poor: the widow, the orphan, and the resident alien. Tis is a ",p:85,x:120,y:379,w:499,h:23},
{t:"God who intends that creation meet the needs of all humanity, a God ",p:85,x:120,y:406,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who knows that the powerful and prosperous can easily forget the poor, ",p:85,x:120,y:434,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and those whose needs are left unmet. ",p:85,x:120,y:461,w:272,h:23},
{t:"Moral ",p:85,x:150,y:489,w:47,h:23},
{t:"discourse ",p:85,x:206,y:489,w:69,h:23},
{t:"today ",p:85,x:284,y:489,w:43,h:23},
{t:"frequently ",p:85,x:336,y:489,w:76,h:23},
{t:"employs ",p:85,x:421,y:489,w:62,h:23},
{t:"the ",p:85,x:491,y:489,w:26,h:23},
{t:"language ",p:85,x:527,y:489,w:66,h:23},
{t:"of ",p:85,x:601,y:489,w:18,h:23},
{t:"“rights”—including economic rights such as the right to food, cloth-",p:85,x:120,y:516,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing, and shelter. However, the Christian tradition before the modern ",p:85,x:120,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"period cast the argument somewhat diferently. Te focus there was on ",p:85,x:120,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"unmet needs, based on the universal conviction from the Bible, the ",p:85,x:120,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"early church, and the Middle Ages that God created the earth to meet ",p:85,x:120,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the needs of all. In focusing on needs of the poor rather than on the ",p:85,x:120,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"gap between the wealthy and the poor, the tradition does not call for an ",p:85,x:120,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economic egalitarianism. Rather, it leaves the defnite impression that ",p:85,x:120,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"if the well-being of the world’s poor were secure, diferences in income ",p:85,x:120,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and wealth between rich and poor would not be morally problematic ",p:85,x:120,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(even though wealth would still threaten to harden the hearts of the ",p:85,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wealthy). ",p:85,x:120,y:819,w:69,h:23},
{t:"Most Christian churches today have openly endorsed the notion of ",p:85,x:150,y:846,w:469,h:23},
{t:"“economic rights” as adequately naming a claim of poor people, based ",p:85,x:120,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"on God’s reign. Such rights must be implemented carefully to prevent ",p:85,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the creation of dependency in the poor (itself a violation of their ",p:85,x:120,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"God-given dignity). But this Christian insight rejects the libertarian ",p:85,x:120,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:86,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:86,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:86,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:86,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:86,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:86,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:86,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:86,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:86,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"81",p:86,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"response, which denies the existence of both economic rights and our ",p:86,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"obligations to the poor. ",p:86,x:105,y:122,w:169,h:23},
{t:"Te phrase “option for the poor” is often used today. As originally ",p:86,x:135,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"conceived by liberation theology, this option suggests as epistemological ",p:86,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"privilege of the poor, arguing that the economic and political situation ",p:86,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"can only be understood when the Christian self-consciously takes the ",p:86,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"experience of the poor and oppressed as normative (see, for example, ",p:86,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Cormie 1992). Nearly everyone involved in Christian ethics openly ",p:86,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"acknowledges that the experience and perspectives of the world’s ",p:86,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor and oppressed are essential for moral discourse and are too often ",p:86,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ignored. However, most outside liberation theology would argue that ",p:86,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it is excessive and, in this case, somewhat romantic to assign a herme-",p:86,x:105,y:397,w:495,h:23},
{t:"neutically privileged position to the view of any one group. ",p:86,x:105,y:424,w:421,h:23},
{t:"A fundamental moral argument in favor of international trade ",p:86,x:135,y:452,w:469,h:23},
{t:"is the potential it has to increase the income and productivity of the ",p:86,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"world’s poor. Tis implies that a free trade stance can be consistent ",p:86,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with an explicit concern for the welfare of the world’s poor. However, ",p:86,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because developing nations are often at a disadvantage in trade negotia-",p:86,x:105,y:562,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tions, such a stance needs to be coupled with eforts to write remedies ",p:86,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"into the rules of trade that correct the imbalance. ",p:86,x:105,y:617,w:351,h:23},
{t:"A case in point is the “Generalized System of Preferences” (GSP), ",p:86,x:135,y:644,w:469,h:23},
{t:"which grants preferential (duty-free) access to the markets of more than ",p:86,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"twenty industrialized countries for the exports of the developing world. ",p:86,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tese GSP schemes have benefted producers (both owners and work-",p:86,x:105,y:727,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers) in more than 140 developing nations. In 2006, for example, the ",p:86,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"United States imported $310 billion worth of products from the 112 ",p:86,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"developing countries included in the U.S. GSP program (Jones 2007). ",p:86,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Considering the issue worldwide, evidence indicates that GSP has in-",p:86,x:105,y:837,w:495,h:23},
{t:"creased exports from benefciary countries by about 8 percent annually. ",p:86,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Domestically, the efects in the US economy are small, mainly because ",p:86,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"imports are a relatively small share of the U.S. economy, and imports ",p:86,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from developing countries are a small part of those U.S. imports. Te ",p:86,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:87,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:87,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:87,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:87,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:87,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:87,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:87,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:87,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"82",p:87,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"loss of U.S. tarif revenue, for example, amounts to a tiny three one-",p:87,x:120,y:94,w:494,h:23},
{t:"hundredths of one percent (0.0003) of the $2.4 trillion dollars the ",p:87,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"government took in that year (Jones 2007). ",p:87,x:120,y:149,w:311,h:23},
{t:"A complete removal of developed nations’ trade restrictions (in-",p:87,x:150,y:177,w:465,h:23},
{t:"cluding tarifs and non-tarif barriers) facing third world exports to the ",p:87,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"West would raise those exports by approximately 10 percent, resulting ",p:87,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in about a 3 percent increase in the GDP of developing nations, a ",p:87,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sizable annual beneft (Finger and Messerlin 1989; Salvatore 1992). In ",p:87,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"addition to the economic stimulus such reform would create, it would ",p:87,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"allow third world nations signifcantly greater fexibility in reaching ",p:87,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their development goals. Other ",p:87,x:120,y:369,w:234,h:23},
{t:"“exceptions” for the poorest of the ",p:87,x:358,y:369,w:261,h:23},
{t:"developing nations—such as an exemption from the prohibition on ex-",p:87,x:120,y:397,w:495,h:23},
{t:"port subsidies—have been built into the WTO, although these remain ",p:87,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more controversial. While not sufcient, such systematic exemption to ",p:87,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade rules is morally important. ",p:87,x:120,y:479,w:232,h:23},
{t:"Another important exemption to trade rules was reached in ",p:87,x:150,y:507,w:469,h:23},
{t:"August 2003, when WTO nations negotiated an agreement on the ",p:87,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS). Sought ",p:87,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"by the industrialized nations, the TRIPS agreement aims to strengthen ",p:87,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"protections of intellectual property rights in developing nations. Te ",p:87,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"agreement allows developing nations, in certain circumstances, to ",p:87,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"produce or import generic drugs without paying the high royalties ",p:87,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"usually required by pharmaceutical companies, particularly to address ",p:87,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the AIDS epidemic. Tis intentional erosion of intellectual property ",p:87,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rights is still being worked out around the world. It is defnitely an ",p:87,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"advantage for poorer nations, but it is not clear whether this exception ",p:87,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"will lead to others. ",p:87,x:120,y:809,w:135,h:23},
{t:"Equally important has been the increased representation of third ",p:87,x:150,y:837,w:469,h:23},
{t:"world nations in the administrative mechanisms for world trade. Te ",p:87,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"councils overseeing global and regional trade agreements, as well as the ",p:87,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dispute resolution committees established to adjudicate concrete al-",p:87,x:120,y:919,w:495,h:23},
{t:"legations of trade rule violations, should include sizable representation ",p:87,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:88,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:88,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:88,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:88,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:88,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:88,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:88,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:88,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:88,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"83",p:88,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"from third world nations. Te World Trade Organization is overseen ",p:88,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"by a council, comprising representatives of its 151 member nations, ",p:88,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"each casting a single, un-weighted vote (Subramanian 2004). As a ",p:88,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"result, there is clearly the potential for developing nations to have a ",p:88,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"greater infuence over the WTO than over many other international ",p:88,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economic institutions. ",p:88,x:105,y:232,w:162,h:23},
{t:"Sustainability ",p:88,x:105,y:287,w:129,h:24},
{t:"Because Christians understand that the world is God’s creation, ",p:88,x:135,y:324,w:469,h:23},
{t:"their relation to that world must respect the Creator’s purposes for it. ",p:88,x:105,y:351,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Discerning those purposes, of course, is a controverted process. And ",p:88,x:105,y:379,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because we have only recently come to a general awareness of human-",p:88,x:105,y:406,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ity’s technological power to deform the biosphere, Christian theology ",p:88,x:105,y:434,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and ethics are still working out an adequate analysis of environmental ",p:88,x:105,y:461,w:499,h:23},
{t:"issues. ",p:88,x:105,y:489,w:48,h:23},
{t:"Te biblical tradition has provided two fundamental moral war-",p:88,x:135,y:516,w:465,h:23},
{t:"rants for humanity’s use of the rest of nature. Te frst is the notion of ",p:88,x:105,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"God-given dominion: In the creation story God grants “dominion over ",p:88,x:105,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the earth” to Adam and Eve and their descendants (Gen. 1:28). As we ",p:88,x:105,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have seen, twentieth-century Christians have become vividly aware that ",p:88,x:105,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"this sense of dominion has in many ways been overextended, and recent ",p:88,x:105,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"theological attention has restricted this idea to a sense of stewardship, ",p:88,x:105,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a standing in for the Creator for the household of creation. Te second ",p:88,x:105,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is the notion of humans created in “the image of God,” endorsing a ",p:88,x:105,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"uniqueness of the human species on the planet and granting a kind of ",p:88,x:105,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"moral priority to humans, while at the same time requiring them to ",p:88,x:105,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"respect a creation that lived in vital splendor before humans appeared ",p:88,x:105,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and, except for humanity’s threat, would carry on if humans vanished. ",p:88,x:105,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te phrase “the integrity of creation” has come into frequent use ",p:88,x:135,y:874,w:469,h:23},
{t:"in Christian ethics in an attempt to name that value, implicit in the ",p:88,x:105,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"biosphere, which humans have an obligation to respect. Some have ",p:88,x:105,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"preferred this language of the integrity of creation over that of human ",p:88,x:105,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:89,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:89,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:89,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:89,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:89,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:89,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:89,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:89,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"84",p:89,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"stewardship for creation out of fear that the latter can feed into the ",p:89,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"well-proven arrogance humanity has shown in its relation with the rest ",p:89,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the natural world (see, for example, Rasmussen 1995). Nonetheless, ",p:89,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because humans pose a real threat to the integrity of the biosphere and ",p:89,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"alone have the rationality and ingenuity capable of controlling that ",p:89,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"threat, the language of active stewardship in pursuit of sustainability ",p:89,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"seems equally appropriate. ",p:89,x:120,y:259,w:190,h:23},
{t:"Te rules of international trade must refect this concern for the ",p:89,x:150,y:287,w:469,h:23},
{t:"integrity of creation. International trade agreements have traditionally ",p:89,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"allowed for one important kind of restriction on trade for environmen-",p:89,x:120,y:342,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tal reasons: the banning of particular products by any nation, as long ",p:89,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as both domestic and foreign products fall under the same ban. Tus, ",p:89,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for example, any nation concerned about ozone depletion could, if it ",p:89,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wished, ban all sales of ozone-depleting chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs) ",p:89,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"without violating the standards of international trade rules. (In fact, the ",p:89,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Montreal Protocol and related agreements have phased out numerous ",p:89,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ozone-depleting substances.) An outright prohibition of some products ",p:89,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is appropriate—for example, some particularly destructive chemicals. ",p:89,x:120,y:562,w:491,h:23},
{t:"Far more important in reducing environmental damage, how-",p:89,x:150,y:589,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ever, are restrictions on manufacturing processes, that is, penalizing ",p:89,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in one way or another processes that generate disproportionate en-",p:89,x:120,y:644,w:495,h:23},
{t:"vironmental harm.2 Tus, for example, eforts to reduce the amount ",p:89,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of sulfur coming from the smokestacks of power plants or eforts to ",p:89,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"reduce the toxicity of wastes fowing into sewers and rivers have been ",p:89,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fundamentally important methods of restricting environmental dam-",p:89,x:120,y:754,w:495,h:23},
{t:"age within any one nation. Te problem in international trade arises, ",p:89,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"however, because the rules of trade have traditionally rejected “pro-",p:89,x:120,y:809,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cess standards.” Nations are not free to discriminate among identical ",p:89,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"products, allowing the import of some but restricting the import of ",p:89,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"others based on how they were produced. Tus, while a nation is free ",p:89,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to ban trade in CFCs, it is not free under international trade agree-",p:89,x:120,y:919,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ments to restrict trade in products simply because they were made ",p:89,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:90,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:90,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:90,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:90,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:90,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:90,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:90,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:90,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:90,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"85",p:90,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"with technologies that produce CFCs as a waste product. Te original ",p:90,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"motive behind this policy was the concern that individual nations ",p:90,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"would, in a protectionist manner, simply assert that the dominant ",p:90,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"production processes used domestically were environmentally (or by ",p:90,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"some other standard) superior to those used abroad, thus protecting ",p:90,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"domestic producers by prohibiting the import of that product un-",p:90,x:105,y:232,w:495,h:23},
{t:"less foreign producers switched technologies (a change that would ",p:90,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"increase costs, at least in the short run). ",p:90,x:105,y:287,w:290,h:23},
{t:"A multitude of environmental problems can be addressed only by ",p:90,x:135,y:314,w:469,h:23},
{t:"process restrictions, such as mandating particular “clean” technologies ",p:90,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or establishing a system of tradable pollution permits to reduce overall ",p:90,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"pollution levels. Every industrialized nation has used process restrictions ",p:90,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"domestically to reduce the polluting efects of production. A blanket ",p:90,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rejection of process restrictions in international trade rules today is ",p:90,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"therefore simply indefensible. With an ",p:90,x:105,y:479,w:293,h:23},
{t:"“environmental legitimacy” ",p:90,x:403,y:479,w:201,h:23},
{t:"added to the agreements of the World Trade Organization, and with ",p:90,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"further eforts by the WTO to incorporate the trade-related sections ",p:90,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of international environmental agreements, the rules of international ",p:90,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade could be shaped to encourage, rather than ignore, sustainability ",p:90,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(see, for example, Sampson 2005; Esty 1994).",p:90,x:105,y:617,w:324,h:23},
{t:"During the Uruguay round of GATT negotiations, the signa-",p:90,x:135,y:644,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tory nations agreed to establish the Committee on Trade and the ",p:90,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Environment, within the World Trade Organization. Te Committee ",p:90,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is charged with examining WTO policies concerning the transpar-",p:90,x:105,y:727,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ency of trade rules, the relation of the WTO to various international ",p:90,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"environmental agreements, and more concrete issues, such as process ",p:90,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"standards and the export of goods prohibited from domestic sale ",p:90,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Schott and Buurman 1994). However, to date the Committee has ",p:90,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only acknowledged ",p:90,x:105,y:864,w:146,h:23},
{t:"that ",p:90,x:259,y:864,w:32,h:23},
{t:"trade sometimes worsens environmental ",p:90,x:298,y:864,w:306,h:23},
{t:"problems and encouraged national governments to work together to ",p:90,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"address them. Te Committee has made little progress toward making ",p:90,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"environmental standards a part of the WTO rules of trade.3 ",p:90,x:105,y:947,w:423,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:91,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:91,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:91,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:91,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:91,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:91,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:91,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:91,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"86",p:91,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Labor Standards ",p:91,x:120,y:94,w:153,h:24},
{t:"Christians recognize that every human being has a dignity based on ",p:91,x:150,y:131,w:469,h:23},
{t:"creation in the “image of God” and that this dignity sets standards for ",p:91,x:120,y:158,w:499,h:23},
{t:"all human interaction, whether domestic or international. International ",p:91,x:120,y:186,w:499,h:23},
{t:"agreements should recognize the right of workers to organize, the im-",p:91,x:120,y:213,w:495,h:23},
{t:"portance of child labor laws, and the need for fundamental workplace ",p:91,x:120,y:241,w:499,h:23},
{t:"health and safety regulation. As a corollary, rules of trade should allow ",p:91,x:120,y:268,w:499,h:23},
{t:"individual nations to discriminate against imports from other nations ",p:91,x:120,y:296,w:499,h:23},
{t:"where such fundamental labor standards are disregarded. A number ",p:91,x:120,y:323,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of large international retailers have begun to set labor standards for ",p:91,x:120,y:351,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their third world suppliers because of consumer pressure, and while ",p:91,x:120,y:378,w:499,h:23},
{t:"this efort is far from completely successful, it indicates a potential ",p:91,x:120,y:406,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for stronger international agreements in this area that did not exist a ",p:91,x:120,y:433,w:499,h:23},
{t:"decade or two ago. ",p:91,x:120,y:461,w:136,h:23},
{t:"Considerable discussion has occurred concerning whether labor ",p:91,x:150,y:488,w:469,h:23},
{t:"standards should be left to the International Labor Organization (ILO) ",p:91,x:120,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or incorporated directly into the WTO. Te United States has pressed ",p:91,x:120,y:543,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for an agreement to establish labor standards within the WTO. Te ",p:91,x:120,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nations of Europe were mildly supportive. But the proposal was strenu-",p:91,x:120,y:598,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ously opposed by many developing countries that fear producers in the ",p:91,x:120,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industrialized world will allege abuse of workers’ rights as an excuse for ",p:91,x:120,y:653,w:499,h:23},
{t:"further protectionism. “Free market” trade proponents are opposed in ",p:91,x:120,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"principle to employing the WTO for this purpose, and even economists ",p:91,x:120,y:708,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who are receptive to the idea are concerned about the negative efects ",p:91,x:120,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of implementing labor standards as part of the rules of trade. Tere is ",p:91,x:120,y:763,w:499,h:23},
{t:"greater openness to and possibility for labor standards that focus on ",p:91,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"basic human rights, such as eliminating forced labor, rather than on ",p:91,x:120,y:818,w:499,h:23},
{t:"standards addressing working conditions and pay. ",p:91,x:120,y:846,w:354,h:23},
{t:"We should recognize, of course, that even concerning such basic is-",p:91,x:150,y:873,w:465,h:23},
{t:"sues, moral judgment is a difcult one when the debate moves beyond ",p:91,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"some fundamental level of labor standards. Diferent nations have taken ",p:91,x:120,y:928,w:499,h:23},
{t:"diferent approaches to the powers and opportunities given to unions, ",p:91,x:120,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:92,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:92,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:92,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:92,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:92,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:92,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:92,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:92,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:92,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"87",p:92,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"the age and conditions under which children may work (particularly in ",p:92,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"developing nations without an adequate school system), and the degree ",p:92,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of health and safety risks allowed. Tese issues are hotly debated within ",p:92,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"each nation, and though Christian ethics has much to contribute here, ",p:92,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a single unifed standard for all nations is unwise. Diferences in both ",p:92,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cultural meanings and political possibilities are too large. ",p:92,x:105,y:232,w:404,h:23},
{t:"Incorporating new concerns into WTO agreements is a slow ",p:92,x:135,y:259,w:469,h:23},
{t:"process, and the availability of an international agreement on labor ",p:92,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"standards is uncertain. Te moral case, however, is clearer than the po-",p:92,x:105,y:314,w:495,h:23},
{t:"litical. Christian faith calls for all economic institutions to treat persons ",p:92,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with dignity. Concretizing this call and marshalling the political will to ",p:92,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"accomplish it remain the challenge. ",p:92,x:105,y:397,w:254,h:23},
{t:"Cultural Identity ",p:92,x:105,y:452,w:159,h:24},
{t:"One of the most striking characteristics of the modern world is ",p:92,x:135,y:489,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the frequent interaction between people of diverse cultural identities, ",p:92,x:105,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and this has had both good and bad efects. In learning more about ",p:92,x:105,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the stranger from another culture, humans are learning to allay the ",p:92,x:105,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fear and hatred of others, reduce the disparagement of others’ points of ",p:92,x:105,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"view, and make ethnic wars less likely. Te viciousness and inhumanity ",p:92,x:105,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"apparent in the struggles in Bosnia in the 1990s and more recently ",p:92,x:105,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"among Iraqi Muslims stand as examples of some of the worst kinds of ",p:92,x:105,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"inter-ethnic hatred. Still, the fact that so many people around the world ",p:92,x:105,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fnd such hatred morally repulsive stands as a tribute to a real, though ",p:92,x:105,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"limited, moral development in world history. International commerce ",p:92,x:105,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has meant greater frequency of contact between peoples and a growing ",p:92,x:105,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"interdependence. ",p:92,x:105,y:819,w:125,h:23},
{t:"At the same time, economic forces have also had morally destruc-",p:92,x:135,y:846,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tive efects on cultural identity. Consider the entertainment industry. ",p:92,x:105,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"It is morally discouraging when domestic entertainment frms act as ",p:92,x:105,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a sort of pander, appealing to the baser elements of our culture. For ",p:92,x:105,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those of other cultures, the problem is even more objectionable when ",p:92,x:105,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:93,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:93,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:93,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:93,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:93,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:93,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:93,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:93,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"88",p:93,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"such entertainment is available primarily through international trade. ",p:93,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Particularly for ",p:93,x:120,y:122,w:112,h:23},
{t:"“small” nations facing an onslaught of sophisticated ",p:93,x:236,y:122,w:384,h:23},
{t:"entertainment products from “large” nations abroad, a simplistic “free ",p:93,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade” answer to such objections is morally inadequate. ",p:93,x:120,y:177,w:392,h:23},
{t:"Economists often underestimate the importance of institutional ",p:93,x:150,y:204,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and cultural factors in national life. As a result, they tend to see en-",p:93,x:120,y:232,w:494,h:23},
{t:"tertainment, also referred to as “the culture industry,” like the kitchen ",p:93,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"appliance or fnancial services industry—simply another part of the ",p:93,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economy. In the Uruguay round of the GATT, for example, France ",p:93,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"insisted on the right to restrict the importation of (largely American) ",p:93,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"movies and television shows out of a combined concern for the future ",p:93,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of French frms producing materials for the cinema and television and ",p:93,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for French culture itself. France stood its ground and won, but the ",p:93,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"battle to preserve French culture continues to be difcult. In March ",p:93,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"2000, for example, the French Ministry of Finance announced that it ",p:93,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"was banning many common business words in English, such as “start-",p:93,x:120,y:507,w:495,h:23},
{t:"up” and ",p:93,x:120,y:534,w:63,h:23},
{t:"“e-mail.” However, that same month, the French national ",p:93,x:188,y:534,w:432,h:23},
{t:"airline, Air France, decided that its pilots must speak exclusively in ",p:93,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"English, even when talking with French air-trafc controllers at the ",p:93,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Paris airport. Concerns for air safety in the face of the dominance of ",p:93,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the English language in international business led to this very un-",p:93,x:120,y:644,w:494,h:23},
{t:"French concession (Gordon and Meunier 2001). Still, a moral case can ",p:93,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be made that nations should be able to have some control over their ",p:93,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"language and culture. ",p:93,x:120,y:727,w:156,h:23},
{t:"At the same time, no complete ban on imports of cultural prod-",p:93,x:150,y:754,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ucts is morally defensible. Fundamental human rights of individuals ",p:93,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"require access to diferent points of view from which governments and ",p:93,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"national elites might at times wish to isolate their population. Tus, ",p:93,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"any agreement on the rules of trade concerning culturally important ",p:93,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"products and services will have to be a careful compromise, one that ",p:93,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"will necessarily be a rough approximation rather than a precise defni-",p:93,x:120,y:919,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion of a just trading policy. ",p:93,x:120,y:947,w:200,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:94,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:94,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:94,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:94,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:94,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:94,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:94,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:94,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:94,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"89",p:94,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Human Rights ",p:94,x:105,y:94,w:136,h:24},
{t:"Although a number of the preceding elements include particular ",p:94,x:135,y:131,w:469,h:23},
{t:"sorts of human rights, there are other more general and more generally ",p:94,x:105,y:158,w:499,h:23},
{t:"recognized human rights that each nation should ensure for its own ",p:94,x:105,y:186,w:499,h:23},
{t:"people. Rights of free speech, assembly, a free press, universal sufrage, ",p:94,x:105,y:213,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and a variety of other more concrete political guarantees are morally ",p:94,x:105,y:241,w:499,h:23},
{t:"critical for responsible public life. Although such human rights need to ",p:94,x:105,y:268,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be recognized in international agreements, including trade agreements, ",p:94,x:105,y:296,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it remains a debatable prudential judgment whether and to what extent ",p:94,x:105,y:323,w:499,h:23},
{t:"they should become grounds for trade discrimination. ",p:94,x:105,y:351,w:385,h:23},
{t:"On the one hand, a moral argument can be made that, if a nation ",p:94,x:135,y:378,w:469,h:23},
{t:"violates the rights of its citizens, then its exports should be open to ",p:94,x:105,y:406,w:499,h:23},
{t:"restrictions if importing nations so wish. Tus, many critics of human ",p:94,x:105,y:433,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rights violations in China have argued that the other industrialized na-",p:94,x:105,y:461,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tions of the world should reduce their international trade with China ",p:94,x:105,y:488,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to penalize the Chinese government for its actions. On the other hand, ",p:94,x:105,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"there are two important moral arguments against such a policy. First, ",p:94,x:105,y:543,w:499,h:23},
{t:"improving the human rights records of industrial democracies has come ",p:94,x:105,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not simply from moral conviction but also from a rise in the economic ",p:94,x:105,y:598,w:499,h:23},
{t:"welfare of the citizenry, something that has yet to occur in many parts ",p:94,x:105,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the world. Tus some critics of Chinese human rights policy argue ",p:94,x:105,y:653,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that the most likely cause of a transformation in that policy will be ",p:94,x:105,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the domestic pressure arising from citizens whose economic welfare ",p:94,x:105,y:708,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has increased, in large part through international trade. Second, moral ",p:94,x:105,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"humility causes a responsible observer to recognize that there is likely ",p:94,x:105,y:763,w:499,h:23},
{t:"no nation perfectly responsible in all matters of human rights. For ex-",p:94,x:105,y:791,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ample, many nations fnd the American practice of capital punishment ",p:94,x:105,y:818,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and its conduct in Guantanamo Bay morally objectionable. Extreme ",p:94,x:105,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"caution should be exercised before restricting trade due to morally ",p:94,x:105,y:873,w:499,h:23},
{t:"based disapproval of actions by another nation ’s government, because ",p:94,x:105,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it could further impoverish needy citizens who are not responsible for ",p:94,x:105,y:928,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their nation ’s activities. ",p:94,x:105,y:956,w:166,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:95,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:95,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:95,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:95,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:95,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:95,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:95,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:95,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"90",p:95,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"Tus, while the internal logic of trade negotiations can support the ",p:95,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"inclusion of work-related human rights standards within the rules of ",p:95,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade, well-meaning people will likely continue to disagree about the ",p:95,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"use of trade policy to further more specifcally political human rights. ",p:95,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Strong eforts need to be made to further human rights throughout the ",p:95,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"globe, and these may include sanctions as strong as those implemented ",p:95,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"by the United Nations against South Africa in the 1980s. However, ",p:95,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the temptation of protected industries to appeal to human rights argu-",p:95,x:120,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ments is so strong that relying on trade policy to further a general ",p:95,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"human rights agenda is inappropriate. ",p:95,x:120,y:342,w:273,h:23},
{t:"Moral Responsibility for Dislocations from Trade ",p:95,x:120,y:397,w:454,h:24},
{t:"Te moral argument in favor of international trade is that, within ",p:95,x:150,y:434,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the proper ",p:95,x:120,y:461,w:81,h:23},
{t:"“rules of the game,” trade does more good than harm. ",p:95,x:206,y:461,w:414,h:23},
{t:"Similar to dislocations caused by changes in technology, which are ",p:95,x:120,y:489,w:499,h:23},
{t:"widely recognized as good in the long run, dislocations caused by the ",p:95,x:120,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"movement of production facilities from one nation to another is both ",p:95,x:120,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"personally painful and economically costly to the workers harmed.4",p:95,x:120,y:571,w:474,h:23},
{t:"Studies have found that losses to displaced workers are largest ",p:95,x:150,y:599,w:469,h:23},
{t:"during the frst year, averaging as much as 40 percent of their pre-",p:95,x:120,y:626,w:494,h:23},
{t:"displacement earnings. Te initial loss is reduced after the frst year, ",p:95,x:120,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"when those afected seek better jobs. Over time, losses drop, with the ",p:95,x:120,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"average earner’s income being only 25 percent lower during the ffth ",p:95,x:120,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"year after separation (Jacobson, LaLonde, and Sullivan 1993). A 2007 ",p:95,x:120,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"study found that among workers dislocated by trade, those with more ",p:95,x:120,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"seniority experience a greater drop in wages in their next job. Part of the ",p:95,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"story is that they are older, so retraining and relocation may be more ",p:95,x:120,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"difcult. Another factor is that their seniority may not travel well to the ",p:95,x:120,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"next job, and their new wage is not much higher than their younger ",p:95,x:120,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"co-workers also moving to jobs in the new workplace (LaLonde 2007; ",p:95,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Kletzer 2004). ",p:95,x:120,y:929,w:106,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:96,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:96,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:96,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:96,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:96,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:96,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:96,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:96,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:96,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"91",p:96,x:656,y:967,w:19,h:19},
{t:"Any morally founded national trade policy must anticipate such ",p:96,x:135,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"dislocations and assist afected workers in the transition to another ",p:96,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"job. Unemployment payments, retraining and relocation stipends, and ",p:96,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"employment counseling are critical to the process, even though they ",p:96,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cannot guarantee an income as great as before dislocation. In fact, if a ",p:96,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"group of workers is currently working at the highest-paid job available ",p:96,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to them, then any dislocation will leave them with only lower-income ",p:96,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"alternatives. Put more simply, although international trade will bring ",p:96,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"consumers lower prices and increase the demand for workers in export ",p:96,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industries, those workers who produce products that now compete ",p:96,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more directly with imports will be harmed. As a result, “trade adjust-",p:96,x:105,y:369,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment assistance,” as it is called, is critically important and must be seen ",p:96,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as a morally integral part of a nation ’s trade policy. Unfortunately the ",p:96,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"U.S. Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) program, administered by ",p:96,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Department of Labor, is small and not well constructed. In 2006 it ",p:96,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"provided only $220 million for retraining workers displaced by trade.5 ",p:96,x:105,y:507,w:498,h:23},
{t:"Te moral case for international trade hinges in part on the reform and ",p:96,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"expansion of the TAA program. ",p:96,x:105,y:562,w:227,h:23},
{t:"Regulating Unfair Trade ",p:96,x:216,y:613,w:280,h:30},
{t:"In recent decades, several rounds of trade talks under the aegis ",p:96,x:135,y:661,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of the GATT and the WTO have slowly reduced tarifs, the fees that ",p:96,x:105,y:689,w:499,h:23},
{t:"national governments charge on goods coming into their nation. Te ",p:96,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"chart below depicts the reduction of average tarifs on goods entering ",p:96,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the United States with each of these rounds of negotiation. Tarif levels ",p:96,x:105,y:771,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are shown as percentage reductions from levels prior to 1945. ",p:96,x:105,y:799,w:437,h:23},
{t:"As these tarifs have fallen, there has been a simultaneous rise in ",p:96,x:135,y:826,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the signifcance of nontarif barriers on trade, for two reasons. First, ",p:96,x:105,y:854,w:499,h:23},
{t:"even if the nontarif barriers remain unchanged, they become relatively ",p:96,x:105,y:881,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more important when signifcant tarif barriers have been reduced. ",p:96,x:105,y:909,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Second, the international pressure to cut tarifs has pressed nations ",p:96,x:105,y:936,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wishing to protect their domestic industries to use less visible, nontarif ",p:96,x:105,y:964,w:497,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:97,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:97,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:97,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:97,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:97,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:97,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:97,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:97,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"92",p:97,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"techniques. Included here are import quotas, national subsidies to ",p:97,x:120,y:553,w:499,h:23},
{t:"particular industries, anti dumping rules, selective enforcement of ",p:97,x:120,y:581,w:499,h:23},
{t:"antitrust laws, national product standards or government procurement ",p:97,x:120,y:608,w:499,h:23},
{t:"standards that discriminate in favor of domestic frms, and a variety of ",p:97,x:120,y:636,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other administrative procedures. ",p:97,x:120,y:663,w:232,h:23},
{t:"Because the U.S. and Canadian economies have on average been ",p:97,x:150,y:691,w:469,h:23},
{t:"less protected by high tarifs than those of their competitor nations, ",p:97,x:120,y:718,w:499,h:23},
{t:"there has been rising concern that too much may have been conceded ",p:97,x:120,y:746,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in focusing so much on reducing tarifs across the globe, and that ",p:97,x:120,y:773,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“unfair” trade is occurring through a panoply of nontarif barriers ",p:97,x:120,y:801,w:499,h:23},
{t:"erected by “competitor” nations. Tis more recent sense of needing to ",p:97,x:120,y:828,w:499,h:23},
{t:"combat unfair, nontarif barriers of other nations has added equity to ",p:97,x:120,y:856,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the list of arguments proposed by threatened frms to support national ",p:97,x:120,y:883,w:499,h:23},
{t:"policies aimed at protecting domestic industry. Te difculty in sort-",p:97,x:120,y:911,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing through such claims is that although there can indeed be truth ",p:97,x:120,y:938,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to assertions about unfair trade, such assertions can easily mask more ",p:97,x:120,y:966,w:499,h:23},
{t:"U.S. Tarif Levels: 1945–2005",p:97,x:121,y:117,w:174,h:19},
{t:"After Successive Rounds of Trade Negotiations",p:97,x:121,y:139,w:268,h:19},
{t:"Mor",p:98,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:98,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:98,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:98,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:98,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:98,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:98,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:98,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:98,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"93",p:98,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"self-interested, protectionist proposals that will in fact not beneft the ",p:98,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nation as a whole. When appeals for governmental relief in the face of ",p:98,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“unfair trade” are teamed with concerns about, for example, the family ",p:98,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"farm, the environment, or the loss of manufacturing jobs, the moral ",p:98,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"difculty becomes even greater. ",p:98,x:105,y:204,w:225,h:23},
{t:"Tus, though space is insufcient for an exhaustive analysis, it may ",p:98,x:135,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"be helpful to review two of the most important elements in the debate ",p:98,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"over unfair trade: dumping and subsidies. ",p:98,x:105,y:287,w:298,h:23},
{t:"Dumping ",p:98,x:105,y:342,w:90,h:24},
{t:"Nearly everyone prefers to pay lower prices for goods and services ",p:98,x:135,y:379,w:469,h:23},
{t:"than higher prices. Tus, it would seem that most people would be ",p:98,x:105,y:406,w:499,h:23},
{t:"quite happy if a large manufacturing frm wanted to cut profts or ",p:98,x:105,y:434,w:499,h:23},
{t:"perhaps even sell at a loss. Te difculty, of course, is that a large frm ",p:98,x:105,y:461,w:499,h:23},
{t:"might do this to drive smaller competitors out of business, to be left ",p:98,x:105,y:489,w:499,h:23},
{t:"free to raise prices after attaining a monopoly. For this reason, nations ",p:98,x:105,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have antitrust laws preventing such “predatory pricing” practices. ",p:98,x:105,y:544,w:463,h:23},
{t:"Te international equivalent of such destructive pricing is called ",p:98,x:135,y:571,w:469,h:23},
{t:"“dumping.” Te most direct defnition of this practice is the sale ",p:98,x:105,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"abroad of goods priced below the prices of comparable goods sold in ",p:98,x:105,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the country of origin. Te danger with dumping is that a large multi-",p:98,x:105,y:654,w:495,h:23},
{t:"national frm with a strong hold on its domestic market could use large ",p:98,x:105,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"profts at home to subsidize predatory pricing abroad in order to drive ",p:98,x:105,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"competitors from that foreign market. However, most economists dis-",p:98,x:105,y:736,w:495,h:23},
{t:"count this threat, since the process is remarkably risky. Dumping is not ",p:98,x:105,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only costly, if it drives rivals into bankruptcy, their factories remain in ",p:98,x:105,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"existence; and if the foreign competitor eventually raises prices to take ",p:98,x:105,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"advantage of the monopoly, other domestic frms can buy up those ",p:98,x:105,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"factories and begin production again. ",p:98,x:105,y:874,w:267,h:23},
{t:"Nevertheless, many nations have established laws that prohibit and ",p:98,x:135,y:901,w:469,h:23},
{t:"penalize dumping. Te difculty in enforcing both the domestic preda-",p:98,x:105,y:929,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tory pricing laws and the international dumping laws is that periodic ",p:98,x:105,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:99,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:99,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:99,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:99,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:99,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:99,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:99,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:99,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"94",p:99,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"discounting of prices is quite normal for frms that face a fuctuating ",p:99,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"demand and yet have high fxed costs. A prime example here is auto-",p:99,x:120,y:122,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mobile companies, who face high demand for their product during ",p:99,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a boom time but fnd consumer demand dropping severely during a ",p:99,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"recession when average consumer income falls. Such frms do adjust ",p:99,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their production schedules by laying of some workers. But the high ",p:99,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fxed costs of existing plant and machinery lead them to produce and ",p:99,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sell automobiles below cost, if necessary during recessions, to help pay ",p:99,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their “fxed” costs related to maintaining their plant and machinery in ",p:99,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"order to be available during the next boom. ",p:99,x:120,y:342,w:311,h:23},
{t:"Te obvious problem here is that business cycles in diferent nations ",p:99,x:150,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"are not identical. Te United States or Canada might be experiencing ",p:99,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a recession when, say, Japan is still at a “boom” stage prior to a slow-",p:99,x:120,y:424,w:495,h:23},
{t:"down. In such a situation, it is quite problematic to use the standard ",p:99,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that dumping occurs when a frm sells its product at lower prices abroad ",p:99,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"than at home. As a result of complications such as this and because of ",p:99,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the pressure of domestic frms for protection, the operating defnition ",p:99,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of dumping has shifted, beginning with the Trade Act of 1974 passed ",p:99,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"by the United States Congress. In that statute a foreign company was ",p:99,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"considered to be dumping if the selling price abroad was equal to the ",p:99,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"selling price at home but both were below the production costs for the ",p:99,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"item. Tis and a number of more technical changes made it more likely ",p:99,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that allegations of dumping in the United States would be upheld and ",p:99,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that penalties would be enacted in response. ",p:99,x:120,y:727,w:315,h:23},
{t:"One recent example concerns accusations against Chinese frms ",p:99,x:150,y:754,w:469,h:23},
{t:"for dumping wooden bedroom furniture in the United States. Initially, ",p:99,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"several U.S. producers started factories in China and benefted from ",p:99,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the lower costs while still selling the products to furniture stores in the ",p:99,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"United States for a handsome proft. Eventually, Chinese manufactur-",p:99,x:120,y:864,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers learned they could sell directly to furniture stores in the United ",p:99,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"States and undercut the prices ofered by the U.S. manufacturers. In ",p:99,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"2003 the manufacturers accused the Chinese frms of dumping, and in ",p:99,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:100,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:100,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:100,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:100,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:100,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:100,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:100,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:100,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:100,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"95",p:100,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"2004 the U.S. International Trade Commission ruled in favor of the ",p:100,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"U.S. frms.6",p:100,x:105,y:122,w:82,h:23},
{t:"Any ethical assessment of the economic issues underlying disputes ",p:100,x:135,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"over dumping must share the same concerns raised by domestic preda-",p:100,x:105,y:177,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tory pricing concerning monopoly and antitrust. Tere is the additional ",p:100,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"concern that in the case of some products, national security interests ",p:100,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"could conceivably be at stake. At the same time, recent allegations of ",p:100,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dumping within the leading industrialized nations, and particularly ",p:100,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"within the United States, often seem to mask a more self-interested ",p:100,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"protectionism on the part of large frms. Adjudicating such claims and ",p:100,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"counterclaims is morally important, but it is complex and requires a ",p:100,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"case-by-case analysis. It may prove helpful here to note an important ",p:100,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"danger usually accompanying this process. ",p:100,x:105,y:424,w:303,h:23},
{t:"Critics of this process argue that the usual approach to allegations ",p:100,x:135,y:452,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of dumping focuses attention almost exclusively on the domestic pro-",p:100,x:105,y:479,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ducers (the “frontline” competitors) who claim they have been dam-",p:100,x:105,y:507,w:495,h:23},
{t:"aged by dumping. From the viewpoint of a national moral assessment ",p:100,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of economic welfare, authorities should also take into consideration ",p:100,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"any negative efects that remedies for alleged dumping might have. ",p:100,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"In our furniture example, U.S. manufacturers of furniture were hurt ",p:100,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and some U.S. workers lost jobs. But furniture stores and consumers ",p:100,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who buy furniture, including universities, churches, homeowners, and ",p:100,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"renters, were hurt when the anti-dumping ruling raised prices. ",p:100,x:105,y:699,w:444,h:23},
{t:"Te technicalities involved in assessing such claims and counter-",p:100,x:135,y:727,w:465,h:23},
{t:"claims are immense. Here we may content ourselves with the moral ",p:100,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"standard that any damage done by unfair pricing of foreign goods should ",p:100,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be assessed not simply for the costs imposed on domestic producers of ",p:100,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"similar goods; the benefts or damages caused to all domestic frms and ",p:100,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"consumers should also be assessed. Any administrative process designed ",p:100,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to assess dumping complaints should recognize that the special-interest ",p:100,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"efect will leave frontline competitors more motivated to lodge and ",p:100,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:101,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:101,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:101,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:101,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:101,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:101,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:101,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:101,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"96",p:101,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"lobby for their complaints than consumers and other producers will be ",p:101,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to present evidence against them. ",p:101,x:120,y:122,w:239,h:23},
{t:"Subsidies",p:101,x:120,y:177,w:84,h:24},
{t:"If the problems surrounding the defnition and assessment of ",p:101,x:150,y:214,w:469,h:23},
{t:"dumping are difcult, those same issues concerning subsidies are even ",p:101,x:120,y:241,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more complicated. At one level it would seem that every nation has ",p:101,x:120,y:269,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the moral right to collect and spend the citizens’ taxes in accord with ",p:101,x:120,y:296,w:499,h:23},
{t:"citizens’ wishes. For example, if the government of Canada chooses to ",p:101,x:120,y:324,w:499,h:23},
{t:"spend tax dollars to further the nation ’s forests or farms or any other ",p:101,x:120,y:351,w:499,h:23},
{t:"business enterprise, it would ordinarily have the right to do so. At the ",p:101,x:120,y:379,w:499,h:23},
{t:"same time, however, nations have entered into trade agreements that ",p:101,x:120,y:406,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have attempted to reduce the subsidies that national governments ",p:101,x:120,y:434,w:499,h:23},
{t:"otherwise grant to domestic industries. Such limitations on the fscal ",p:101,x:120,y:461,w:499,h:23},
{t:"options open to national governments do indeed limit national sov-",p:101,x:120,y:489,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ereignty. We should begin our consideration of trade subsidies with ",p:101,x:120,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the two central reasons why nations agree to trade rules that prohibit ",p:101,x:120,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"them. ",p:101,x:120,y:571,w:45,h:23},
{t:"Te frst reason is that nations are in a sort of “prisoner’s dilemma” ",p:101,x:150,y:599,w:469,h:23},
{t:"situation concerning the subsidy of exports. If only one nation chooses ",p:101,x:120,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to subsidize its export industries, it can quite conceivably enhance them ",p:101,x:120,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and reap additional gains from trade. Tis is often called ",p:101,x:120,y:681,w:427,h:23},
{t:"“strategic ",p:101,x:551,y:681,w:69,h:23},
{t:"trade policy.” However, once one nation has begun the process, most ",p:101,x:120,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other nations feel driven to create similar subsidies. Once this occurs, ",p:101,x:120,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the aggregate expense of all national governments on subsidies is far ",p:101,x:120,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"greater than the aggregate benefts accruing to them. Tis amounts ",p:101,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to a simple transfer of funds from taxpayers to owners and workers in ",p:101,x:120,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those subsidized industries. Tis line of reasoning is quite similar to the ",p:101,x:120,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"well-founded argument against a system of tax breaks granted by local ",p:101,x:120,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"units of government to entice relocating frms from other parts of the ",p:101,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nation to establish factories locally. If only one municipality does it, it ",p:101,x:120,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"can gain jobs and tax base because it ofers the relocating frm lower ",p:101,x:120,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:102,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:102,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:102,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:102,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:102,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:102,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:102,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:102,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:102,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"97",p:102,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"costs than are available elsewhere. However, such policies predictably ",p:102,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"force nearly all other municipalities to do the same. Te result is simply ",p:102,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a system that transfers money from local taxpayers—both individuals ",p:102,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and corporations—to relocating frms and has almost no efect on the ",p:102,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"overall number of jobs available in the economy. ",p:102,x:105,y:204,w:346,h:23},
{t:"Te second reason nations agree to trade rules that limit subsidies ",p:102,x:135,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"is rooted in the ",p:102,x:105,y:259,w:125,h:23},
{t:"“special-interest efect.” Small producer groups—",p:102,x:235,y:259,w:365,h:23},
{t:"including both owners and employees—will often exert disproportion-",p:102,x:105,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ate pressure on national legislatures to fund subsidies, even if these ",p:102,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"may cost the nation more than they are worth. We might refer to such ",p:102,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"arguments in favor of subsidies as “national priority” arguments, where ",p:102,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those advocating the subsidy argue that the nation ’s interests require ",p:102,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"this expenditure. Included here are arguments for strengthening the ",p:102,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industrial base (“If war were to come we wouldn ’t want to be dependent ",p:102,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"upon our enemies for X”), or for cultivating “infant industries” (“We ",p:102,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"will never get industry X started in the face of international competi-",p:102,x:105,y:507,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion unless we subsidize it”), or for pursuing environmental priorities ",p:102,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(“If we want a healthier environment we should not let free-trade ",p:102,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"agreements prevent us from investing in industry X”). ",p:102,x:105,y:589,w:384,h:23},
{t:"Both kinds of subsidies—the national priority subsidy and the stra-",p:102,x:135,y:617,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tegic trade subsidy—may violate trade agreements designed to prevent ",p:102,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the waste involved in replicating export-subsidy industries throughout ",p:102,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the world. From a moral perspective, the two kinds of subsidies need ",p:102,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to be treated diferently. ",p:102,x:105,y:727,w:173,h:23},
{t:"National priority subsidies need to be defended in principle even ",p:102,x:135,y:754,w:469,h:23},
{t:"though in practice, among special interest groups, they often amount ",p:102,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to an excuse rather than a principled stand. Te complaints of U.S. ",p:102,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"lumber interests against the expenditure of Canadian tax dollars to ",p:102,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"subsidize Canadian reforestation is a case in point. From the U.S. per-",p:102,x:105,y:864,w:495,h:23},
{t:"spective, this allows Canadian timber companies to lower their costs of ",p:102,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"production. At the same time, many Canadians defend the subsidy as ",p:102,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"an efort to invest in long-term environmental development. Without ",p:102,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:103,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:103,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:103,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:103,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:103,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:103,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:103,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:103,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"98",p:103,x:45,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"getting into the specifcs of this case, the point here is that those who ",p:103,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"assert a national priority argument need to give evidence that it is not ",p:103,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"simply a fg leaf for protectionism. Tus in the Canadian forestry case, ",p:103,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"one would have to ask whether the subsidy leads toward a long-term ",p:103,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"net increase in forested acreage instead of simply a higher rate of an-",p:103,x:120,y:204,w:495,h:23},
{t:"nual timber harvesting or lower exploitation fees for timber companies ",p:103,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"cutting from public lands. ",p:103,x:120,y:259,w:189,h:23},
{t:"Any moral assessment of strategic trade subsidies depends heavily ",p:103,x:150,y:287,w:469,h:23},
{t:"on an empirical assessment of their efectiveness. Te classic case here ",p:103,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is the leadership provided by Japan ’s Ministry of International Trade ",p:103,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and Industry (MITI) after World War II. Te prevailing perception in ",p:103,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"North America is that MITI’s subsidies and protection of key high-tech ",p:103,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industries explains Japan ’s remarkable economic success after the war. ",p:103,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tis perception led many in the United States and Canada to argue ",p:103,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"strongly for an analogous “industrial policy” or “strategic trade policy” ",p:103,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that might promise similar economic success. Careful economic analyses ",p:103,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of various episodes in this history, however, have shown a mixed record. ",p:103,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"MITI’s Very Large-Scale Integrated Circuit Program was indeed suc-",p:103,x:120,y:562,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cessful, leading to Japanese dominance in computer memory chips in ",p:103,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the 1980s. A number of notorious blunders are less often heard about, ",p:103,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"such as when MITI tried to consolidate automobile production in ",p:103,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Japan, attempting to eliminate Honda Motors, and discouraged Sony ",p:103,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"after World War II from investing in transistor technologies (Nivola ",p:103,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1993, 39–41, 160). At stake here are critically important empirical ",p:103,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"presumptions about the efectiveness of subsidies and broader national ",p:103,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"strategic trade policies, but investigations of those lie beyond the scope ",p:103,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of this study. ",p:103,x:120,y:809,w:95,h:23},
{t:"Most important, this very brief view of debates over regulating ",p:103,x:150,y:837,w:469,h:23},
{t:"“unfair” trade has illustrated the recurring complexity of the issue. On ",p:103,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the one hand, morally appropriate concerns about foreign frms dump-",p:103,x:120,y:892,w:494,h:23},
{t:"ing products or foreign governments unfairly subsidizing their own ",p:103,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industries need to be dealt with both in the fundamental international ",p:103,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:104,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:104,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:104,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:104,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:104,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:104,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:104,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:104,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:104,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"99",p:104,x:655,y:967,w:20,h:19},
{t:"rules of trade and in national laws designed to cope with violations of ",p:104,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those international rules. On the other hand, domestic producers will ",p:104,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"predictably accuse foreign competitors of dumping and their govern-",p:104,x:105,y:149,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ments of unfair subsidies, even in situations where a more broadly ",p:104,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"based moral assessment might fnd domestic producers’ claims com-",p:104,x:105,y:204,w:495,h:23},
{t:"pletely self-interested and the remedies they propose actually harmful ",p:104,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to national welfare as a whole. Such assessments need to occur on a ",p:104,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"case-by-case basis. ",p:104,x:105,y:287,w:131,h:23},
{t:"Conclusion",p:104,x:288,y:338,w:128,h:30},
{t:"From a moral perspective, the rules impinging on international ",p:104,x:135,y:386,w:469,h:23},
{t:"trade are as important as the rules for purely domestic trade. In fact, ",p:104,x:105,y:414,w:499,h:23},
{t:"international economic exchange must follow nearly all the domestic ",p:104,x:105,y:441,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rules for commerce in both nations. Because this fact is so elementary, ",p:104,x:105,y:469,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it is often overlooked in discussions about trade; advocates of increased ",p:104,x:105,y:496,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade are tempted to speak of “free” trade, by which they often mean ",p:104,x:105,y:524,w:499,h:23},
{t:"no limitations on international trade that do not exist on domestic ",p:104,x:105,y:551,w:499,h:23},
{t:"interaction. Te problem caused by this oversight is that they then ",p:104,x:105,y:579,w:499,h:23},
{t:"often come to think of such economic exchanges as simply not requir-",p:104,x:105,y:606,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing a moral analysis to decide what aspects of these exchanges need to ",p:104,x:105,y:634,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be regulated or even forbidden. ",p:104,x:105,y:661,w:225,h:23},
{t:"Once we recognize that a long list of restrictions on economic ",p:104,x:135,y:689,w:469,h:23},
{t:"exchange, both domestic and international, must exist due to moral ",p:104,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"conviction, it becomes easier to see that the question is not whether ",p:104,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"trade can be “free,” but rather what framework of limitations is needed ",p:104,x:105,y:771,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to legitimate morally the assertion of self-interest on the part of indi-",p:104,x:105,y:799,w:494,h:23},
{t:"viduals and frms in international trade. ",p:104,x:105,y:826,w:284,h:23},
{t:"As we have seen, a moral assessment of trade from the perspective ",p:104,x:135,y:854,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of Christian faith requires that the framework within which trade oc-",p:104,x:105,y:881,w:495,h:23},
{t:"curs must attend to several fundamental moral concerns: the welfare of ",p:104,x:105,y:909,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the world’s poor, sustainability, the dignity of workers, cultural identity, ",p:104,x:105,y:936,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and human rights more generally. Such concerns will infuence the ",p:104,x:105,y:964,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:105,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:105,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:105,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:105,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:105,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:105,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:105,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:105,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"100",p:105,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"rules of trade in diverse ways. Concerns about labor standards would ",p:105,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"give signatory nations to trade agreements the right to discriminate ",p:105,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"against foreign imports produced under conditions that violate the ",p:105,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fundamental human rights of workers. Concerns about cultural iden-",p:105,x:120,y:177,w:494,h:23},
{t:"tity would give “small” nations the right to restrict the import of mass ",p:105,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"media entertainment products from “large” nations. Concerns about ",p:105,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sustainability will require that international rules of trade incorporate ",p:105,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not only product-based discriminations but also process-based dis-",p:105,x:120,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"criminations, in order to discourage the environmentally irresponsible, ",p:105,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"but cheaper, production processes to which foreign competitors might ",p:105,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"otherwise resort. Concerns about the economic welfare of the world’s ",p:105,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor endorse the generalized system of preferences already in place and ",p:105,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"call upon nations to develop more efective biases in favor of the exports ",p:105,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from the world’s developing nations, particularly the poorest in that ",p:105,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"group. Critically important here is the removal of tarifs and nontarif ",p:105,x:120,y:479,w:497,h:23},
{t:"barriers in the industrialized world that currently discourage imports of ",p:105,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"agricultural products and textiles from the developing world. ",p:105,x:120,y:534,w:433,h:23},
{t:"Christians should also support a broadening of membership on the ",p:105,x:150,y:562,w:469,h:23},
{t:"councils overseeing trade agreements, although one must guard against ",p:105,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the temptation on the part of special interests to press their local and ",p:105,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"regional representatives for changes that may not be in the best interest ",p:105,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of their nation as a whole. An important example of this phenomenon ",p:105,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is the efort to regulate “unfair trade.” Although unfair trade is a reality ",p:105,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that needs to be dealt with, governmental responses to special-interest ",p:105,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"appeals for protection against dumping and foreign subsidies are often ",p:105,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"little more than thinly disguised protectionist self-interest. Te moral ",p:105,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"values involved and the costs and benefts to all—both immediately ",p:105,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"afected “frontline” groups as well as less directly afected groups such ",p:105,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as other producers and consumers—must be carefully discerned. ",p:105,x:120,y:864,w:459,h:23},
{t:"A moral trade policy will be, then, a complicated matter. It must ",p:105,x:150,y:892,w:469,h:23},
{t:"begin with a list of core moral values to which nations are committed ",p:105,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and out of which general rules for a framework of trade fow. Because ",p:105,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mor",p:106,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:106,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:106,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:106,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:106,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:106,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:106,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:106,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:106,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"101",p:106,x:646,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"the rules of trade are an international compromise, they will usually ",p:106,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not meet the standards of the most morally responsible nations that are ",p:106,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"parties to the agreement. Tey can, however, increase global responsi-",p:106,x:105,y:149,w:495,h:23},
{t:"bility and, when well crafted, will substantively assist in accomplishing ",p:106,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the moral values on which they are founded.",p:106,x:105,y:204,w:333,h:23},
{t:"Tis chapter is an updated and substantially revised version of work that ",p:106,x:105,y:261,w:444,h:20},
{t:"originally appeared in Just Trading: On the Ethics and Economics of ",p:106,x:105,y:286,w:419,h:20},
{t:"International Trade by Daniel Finn (Abingdon Press, 1996).",p:106,x:105,y:311,w:371,h:20},
{t:"Questions for Review ",p:106,x:232,y:375,w:248,h:30},
{t:"1. ",p:106,x:105,y:424,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Do you agree that the “moral character of the people who make ",p:106,x:135,y:424,w:453,h:23},
{t:"up a society is critical to the success of its markets and other ",p:106,x:135,y:451,w:427,h:23},
{t:"institutions”? Is it possible for people with strong moral character ",p:106,x:135,y:479,w:464,h:23},
{t:"to have diferent understandings of right and wrong in economic ",p:106,x:135,y:506,w:462,h:23},
{t:"afairs? Explain your answer. ",p:106,x:135,y:534,w:204,h:23},
{t:"2. ",p:106,x:105,y:569,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Have you ever thought someone was wrong for doing something ",p:106,x:135,y:569,w:461,h:23},
{t:"they thought was perfectly moral? Might that be parallel to ",p:106,x:135,y:596,w:420,h:23},
{t:"international diferences on the morality of trade? ",p:106,x:135,y:624,w:354,h:23},
{t:"3. ",p:106,x:105,y:659,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Do you think there should be any mandatory labor standards for ",p:106,x:135,y:659,w:462,h:23},
{t:"countries that export goods to the United States? If so, give two ",p:106,x:135,y:686,w:452,h:23},
{t:"examples.",p:106,x:135,y:714,w:68,h:23},
{t:"4. ",p:106,x:105,y:749,w:18,h:23},
{t:"How might labor standards be used as a form or protectionism, ",p:106,x:135,y:749,w:452,h:23},
{t:"as many developing countries fear? What standards are the most ",p:106,x:135,y:776,w:456,h:23},
{t:"enforceable in your opinion? Do you agree that a single unifed ",p:106,x:135,y:804,w:449,h:23},
{t:"standard for all nations would be “unwise”? Please explain. ",p:106,x:135,y:831,w:416,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:107,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:107,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:107,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:107,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:107,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:107,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:107,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:107,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"102",p:107,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Notes",p:107,x:336,y:94,w:63,h:30},
{t:"1 For one perspective, see “Who Is My Neighbor? A Teological Approach to ",p:107,x:120,y:136,w:470,h:20},
{t:"Globalization” by Sue Russell (Chap. 2 in this volume). ",p:107,x:120,y:156,w:341,h:20},
{t:"2 Judith Dean refers to these as “techniques” in Chapter 12 of this volume. ",p:107,x:120,y:176,w:455,h:20},
{t:"3 See for example, World Trade Organization, “Discussion Paper on the ",p:107,x:120,y:196,w:437,h:20},
{t:"Environmental Efects of Services Trade Liberalization,” WT/CTE/W/218 ",p:107,x:120,y:216,w:458,h:20},
{t:"(October 3, 2002); World Trade Organization, “Environment: Issues ",p:107,x:120,y:236,w:423,h:20},
{t:"Environmental Reviews,” http://www.wto.org/english/tratoop_e/envir_e/",p:107,x:120,y:256,w:446,h:20},
{t:"reviews_e.htm. ",p:107,x:120,y:276,w:95,h:20},
{t:"4 For a careful argument that Christian morality requires attention to and at ",p:107,x:120,y:296,w:464,h:20},
{t:"times compensation for such harm, see Barrera (2005). ",p:107,x:120,y:316,w:338,h:20},
{t:"5 For a thorough discussion of the efects and problems with this program, see ",p:107,x:120,y:336,w:476,h:20},
{t:"GAO, “Trade Adjustment Assistance: Changes Needed to Improve States’ Ability ",p:107,x:120,y:356,w:498,h:20},
{t:"to Provide Benefts and Services to Trade-Afected Workers,” GAO-07-995T ",p:107,x:120,y:376,w:469,h:20},
{t:"(June 14, 2007). ",p:107,x:120,y:396,w:105,h:20},
{t:"6 http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/minist_e/min01_e/mindecl_e.",p:107,x:120,y:416,w:428,h:20},
{t:"htm#tradeenvironment.",p:107,x:120,y:436,w:146,h:20},
{t:"References ",p:107,x:308,y:485,w:125,h:30},
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{t:"Finger, Michael J., and P. A. Messerlin. 1989. Te Efects of Industrial Countries ’ ",p:107,x:120,y:688,w:484,h:20},
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{t:"Gordon, Philip H., and Sophie Meunier. 2001. “Globalization and French ",p:107,x:120,y:728,w:459,h:20},
{t:"Cultural Identity.” French Culture and Society 19, no. 1 (Spring), 35–36. ",p:107,x:150,y:748,w:442,h:20},
{t:"Kletzer, Lori G. 2004. “Trade-related Job Loss and Wage Insurance: A Synthetic ",p:107,x:120,y:768,w:491,h:20},
{t:"Review.” Review of International Economics 12, no. 5 (November). ",p:107,x:150,y:788,w:403,h:20},
{t:"Jacobson, Louis, Robert LaLonde, and Daniel Sullivan. 1993. Te Cost of Worker ",p:107,x:120,y:808,w:494,h:20},
{t:"Dislocation. Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment ",p:107,x:150,y:828,w:427,h:20},
{t:"Research. ",p:107,x:150,y:848,w:61,h:20},
{t:"Jones, Vivian C. 2007. “Generalized System of Preferences: Background ",p:107,x:120,y:868,w:442,h:20},
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{t:"Congressional Research Service. ",p:107,x:150,y:908,w:198,h:20},
{t:"LaLonde, Robert J. 2007. Te Case for Wage Insurance. Council Special Report ",p:107,x:120,y:928,w:480,h:20},
{t:"30 (September). New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press. ",p:107,x:150,y:948,w:393,h:20},
{t:"Mor",p:108,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"al V",p:108,x:662,y:116,w:0,h:19},
{t:"alues and t",p:108,x:662,y:146,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he R",p:108,x:662,y:235,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ules of Int",p:108,x:662,y:271,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er",p:108,x:662,y:353,w:0,h:19},
{t:"national T",p:108,x:662,y:370,w:0,h:19},
{t:"r",p:108,x:662,y:454,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ade",p:108,x:662,y:462,w:0,h:19},
{t:"103",p:108,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Nivola, Pietro S. 1993. Regulating Unfair Trade. Washington, D.C.: Brookings ",p:108,x:105,y:95,w:481,h:20},
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{t:"Rasmussen, Larry. 1995. Te Integrity of Creation: What Can It Mean for ",p:108,x:105,y:135,w:457,h:20},
{t:"Christian Ethics? In Te Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics, edited by ",p:108,x:135,y:155,w:454,h:20},
{t:"Harlan Beckley. Society of Christian Ethics. Boston: Te Society, 262–75.",p:108,x:135,y:175,w:450,h:20},
{t:"Salvatore, Dominick, ed. 1992. National Trade Policies. New York: Greenwood ",p:108,x:105,y:195,w:481,h:20},
{t:"Press. ",p:108,x:135,y:215,w:37,h:20},
{t:"Sampson, Gary P. 2005. Te WTO and Sustainable Development. New York: ",p:108,x:105,y:235,w:464,h:20},
{t:"United Nations University. ",p:108,x:135,y:255,w:168,h:20},
{t:"Schott, Jefrey J., and Johanna W. Buurman. 1994. Te Uruguay Round: An ",p:108,x:105,y:275,w:462,h:20},
{t:"Assessment. Washington D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 34–37. ",p:108,x:135,y:295,w:468,h:20},
{t:"Subramanian, Arvind. 2004. “Trips.” Finance and Development (March), ",p:108,x:105,y:315,w:445,h:20},
{t:"138–39. ",p:108,x:135,y:335,w:55,h:20},
{t:"Walzer, Michael. 1983. Te Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality. ",p:108,x:105,y:355,w:496,h:20},
{t:"New York: Basic Books. ",p:108,x:135,y:375,w:149,h:20},
{t:"105",p:109,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"CHAPTER 4: ",p:109,x:290,y:96,w:129,h:22},
{t:"FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ",p:109,x:105,y:244,w:403,h:26},
{t:"—THE “MONSTER” REVISITED ",p:109,x:105,y:275,w:379,h:26},
{t:"Stephen L. S. Smith ",p:109,x:105,y:315,w:178,h:20},
{t:"Foreign direct investment (FDI) is one of the most enduringly con-",p:109,x:105,y:462,w:495,h:23},
{t:"troversial topics in economic development. Inextricably linked to the ",p:109,x:105,y:490,w:499,h:23},
{t:"multinational frms (MNCs) that by defnition make cross-border ",p:109,x:105,y:517,w:499,h:23},
{t:"investments, FDI and MNCs have long been regarded with suspicion ",p:109,x:105,y:545,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and animosity. In 1977, when global FDI infows were $27 billion ",p:109,x:105,y:572,w:499,h:23},
{t:"per year, Raymond Vernon could title his famous book, Storm over ",p:109,x:105,y:600,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Multinationals. In 1993, when global FDI infows had exploded ",p:109,x:105,y:627,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the previously unimaginable height of $224 billion, Te Economist ",p:109,x:105,y:655,w:499,h:23},
{t:"magazine could refer to multinationals as “everybody’s favorite mon-",p:109,x:105,y:682,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ster.” By 2006, global FDI infows had surged to $1,306 billion—near ",p:109,x:105,y:710,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their 2000 peak of $1,411 billion—and it was routine to hear pleas ",p:109,x:105,y:737,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for “worldwide resistance to corporate globalization,” to cite the title ",p:109,x:105,y:765,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of a recent Zed Books primer.1 Clearly, even as FDI has grown more ",p:109,x:105,y:792,w:499,h:23},
{t:"prominent in the global economy, it has not become less contentious. ",p:109,x:105,y:820,w:495,h:23},
{t:"Policymakers in both developed and less-developed countries ",p:109,x:135,y:847,w:469,h:23},
{t:"now regard FDI more positively than in the frst few decades after ",p:109,x:105,y:875,w:499,h:23},
{t:"World War II. Much else has changed, too, in terms of the sources, ",p:109,x:105,y:902,w:499,h:23},
{t:"destinations, and characteristics of FDI over the past ffty years. But ",p:109,x:105,y:930,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it remains difcult to fnd development advocates and NGOs willing ",p:109,x:105,y:957,w:499,h:23},
{t:"C",p:109,x:113,y:96,w:0,h:19},
{t:"HAPTER 4",p:109,x:113,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"EC",p:110,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:110,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:110,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:110,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:110,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:110,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:110,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:110,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"106",p:110,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"to say anything positive about FDI. Tis is also true about those who ",p:110,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"approach economic development from a specifcally Christian point ",p:110,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of view. One must look long and hard for positive statements about ",p:110,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"MNCs or FDI. Christian commentary on development is cool, if not ",p:110,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"outright hostile, toward FDI. ",p:110,x:120,y:204,w:211,h:23},
{t:"In high-income countries some of the concern about FDI centers ",p:110,x:150,y:232,w:469,h:23},
{t:"on national security. Foreign ownership of defense frms, or frms in ",p:110,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"strategic minerals and infrastructure, can draw intense scrutiny, such ",p:110,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as the frestorm in 2005 over China National Ofshore Oil Company ",p:110,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(CNOOC) attempting to acquire Unocal. Additionally, FDI outfows ",p:110,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"can prompt concerns about job losses. ",p:110,x:120,y:369,w:273,h:23},
{t:"We begin with a survey of recent trends in the nature, direction, ",p:110,x:150,y:397,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and composition of FDI fows over the past twenty-fve years. Facts are ",p:110,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"essential for understanding FDI, and the empirical record is instructive. ",p:110,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te rapid run-up in overall FDI infows since the late 1970s masks ",p:110,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"disparate trends. All FDI is defnitely not alike. Te type of industry ",p:110,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"represented by FDI infows has a large infuence on its likely efects. ",p:110,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Furthermore, “developing countries” are a wildly heterogeneous group. ",p:110,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"It does not make sense to think about such countries’ relation to FDI ",p:110,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in purely generic terms: the diferences among host countries matter. ",p:110,x:120,y:617,w:489,h:23},
{t:"Following a review of the trends, we will survey the theoretical ",p:110,x:150,y:644,w:469,h:23},
{t:"arguments and evidence about FDI’s efects. Basic economic theory ",p:110,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has much to say about FDI’s costs, benefts, and likely consequences in ",p:110,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"host countries—and so do FDI’s critics.2 Tis part of the FDI debate ",p:110,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"most animates anti-globalization activists and Christian thinkers.",p:110,x:120,y:754,w:458,h:23},
{t:"Te fnal section considers Christian ethical thinking on FDI. ",p:110,x:150,y:782,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Christian scholars in the social sciences, and policy advocates and ",p:110,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"practitioners in the NGO community, should regard FDI as a mostly ",p:110,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"positive phenomenon, though with some caveats. Christian activists ",p:110,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"tend to think about FDI in simple redistributive justice terms. FDI ",p:110,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is better thought of in terms of the Christian virtue of practical wis-",p:110,x:120,y:919,w:495,h:23},
{t:"dom (or prudence). In that light, FDI ofers strong potential to assist ",p:110,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"F",p:111,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:111,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:111,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:111,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:111,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:111,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:111,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"107",p:111,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"poor countries’ growth by providing capital and skills that would not ",p:111,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"otherwise be available. Te problems commonly associated with FDI ",p:111,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are better understood as originating in features of domestic political ",p:111,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economy in developing economies—in weaknesses in capital markets, ",p:111,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the fnancial system, and in governance in general—rather than in ",p:111,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"foreign ownership of capital per se. ",p:111,x:105,y:232,w:251,h:23},
{t:"Empirical Trends ",p:111,x:256,y:283,w:199,h:30},
{t:"FDI occurs when any cross-border investment includes a sig-",p:111,x:135,y:331,w:465,h:23},
{t:"nifcant measure of ownership control. Tis defnition spans a wide ",p:111,x:105,y:359,w:499,h:23},
{t:"range of investments, from new factories built in Tailand by the ",p:111,x:105,y:386,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Ford-Mazda joint venture there to the purchase of the Land Rover ",p:111,x:105,y:414,w:499,h:23},
{t:"brand and factories by the India-based Tata Automotive Group. It also ",p:111,x:105,y:441,w:499,h:23},
{t:"spans from transactions that are truly gargantuan—multibillion-dollar ",p:111,x:105,y:469,w:499,h:23},
{t:"investments in Papua New Guinea mining, say—to tiny ones, such as ",p:111,x:105,y:496,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a small Indonesian frm buying used equipment from a Korean-owned ",p:111,x:105,y:524,w:499,h:23},
{t:"factory in China to make shoes in Cambodia. ",p:111,x:105,y:551,w:326,h:23},
{t:"Amounts and Destinations—An Instructive  ",p:111,x:105,y:607,w:404,h:24},
{t:"Empirical Record ",p:111,x:105,y:633,w:162,h:24},
{t:"Table 1 reports data on FDI infows, in billions of U.S. dollars, ",p:111,x:135,y:669,w:469,h:23},
{t:"on an annual average basis over the fve fve-year periods from 1982 ",p:111,x:105,y:697,w:499,h:23},
{t:"through 2006. Annual FDI fows bounce around signifcantly, so ",p:111,x:105,y:724,w:499,h:23},
{t:"viewing them as annual averages over a longer period is helpful in ",p:111,x:105,y:752,w:499,h:23},
{t:"identifying long-term trends. ",p:111,x:105,y:779,w:209,h:23},
{t:"Te rapid growth in FDI infows since the early 1980s is readily ",p:111,x:135,y:807,w:469,h:23},
{t:"apparent. World infows, listed at the bottom of the table, averaged ",p:111,x:105,y:834,w:499,h:23},
{t:"$63 billion per year over 1982–1986—already dramatically higher ",p:111,x:105,y:862,w:499,h:23},
{t:"than levels of the 1970s—and then surged to $908 billion per year ",p:111,x:105,y:889,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in 1997–2001. While falling slightly during 2002–2006, they remain ",p:111,x:105,y:917,w:499,h:23},
{t:"substantially higher than in the 1980s and 1990s. FDI infows to ",p:111,x:105,y:944,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:112,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:112,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:112,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:112,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:112,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:112,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:112,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:112,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"108",p:112,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Table 1.  Trends in FDI Infows  ",p:112,x:105,y:69,w:241,h:22},
{t:"Average annual infows, $ billions",p:112,x:105,y:94,w:194,h:19},
{t:"1982-",p:112,x:308,y:147,w:34,h:12},
{t:"1986",p:112,x:310,y:163,w:29,h:12},
{t:"1987-",p:112,x:375,y:147,w:34,h:12},
{t:"1991",p:112,x:377,y:163,w:29,h:12},
{t:"1992-",p:112,x:443,y:147,w:34,h:12},
{t:"1996",p:112,x:445,y:163,w:29,h:12},
{t:"1997-",p:112,x:510,y:147,w:34,h:12},
{t:"2001",p:112,x:513,y:163,w:29,h:12},
{t:"2002-",p:112,x:578,y:147,w:34,h:12},
{t:"2006",p:112,x:580,y:163,w:29,h:12},
{t:"Developed economies",p:112,x:158,y:199,w:123,h:11},
{t:"47.4",p:112,x:325,y:199,w:24,h:11},
{t:"146.8",p:112,x:386,y:199,w:31,h:11},
{t:"190.4",p:112,x:453,y:199,w:31,h:11},
{t:"738.6",p:112,x:521,y:199,w:31,h:11},
{t:"598.3",p:112,x:588,y:199,w:31,h:11},
{t:"        United States",p:112,x:179,y:234,w:102,h:11},
{t:"21.5",p:112,x:325,y:234,w:24,h:11},
{t:"51.7",p:112,x:393,y:234,w:24,h:11},
{t:"51.6",p:112,x:460,y:234,w:24,h:11},
{t:"206.9",p:112,x:521,y:234,w:31,h:11},
{t:"108.0",p:112,x:588,y:234,w:31,h:11},
{t:"        United Kingdom",p:112,x:165,y:251,w:116,h:11},
{t:"4.8",p:112,x:332,y:251,w:17,h:11},
{t:"21.8",p:112,x:393,y:251,w:24,h:11},
{t:"16.8",p:112,x:460,y:251,w:24,h:11},
{t:"73.4",p:112,x:528,y:251,w:24,h:11},
{t:"86.0",p:112,x:595,y:251,w:24,h:11},
{t:"        France",p:112,x:215,y:269,w:66,h:11},
{t:"2.1",p:112,x:332,y:269,w:17,h:11},
{t:"8.3",p:112,x:400,y:269,w:17,h:11},
{t:"16.9",p:112,x:460,y:269,w:24,h:11},
{t:"38.9",p:112,x:528,y:269,w:24,h:11},
{t:"57.2",p:112,x:595,y:269,w:24,h:11},
{t:"      Belgium & Luxembourg",p:112,x:131,y:286,w:150,h:11},
{t:"1.0",p:112,x:332,y:286,w:17,h:11},
{t:"6.4",p:112,x:400,y:286,w:17,h:11},
{t:"10.3",p:112,x:460,y:286,w:24,h:11},
{t:"66.3",p:112,x:528,y:286,w:24,h:11},
{t:"49.7",p:112,x:595,y:286,w:24,h:11},
{t:"        Germany",p:112,x:203,y:303,w:79,h:11},
{t:"1.2",p:112,x:332,y:303,w:17,h:11},
{t:"3.6",p:112,x:400,y:303,w:17,h:11},
{t:"4.8",p:112,x:467,y:303,w:17,h:11},
{t:"63.5",p:112,x:528,y:303,w:24,h:11},
{t:"31.1",p:112,x:595,y:303,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Developing economies",p:112,x:156,y:338,w:126,h:11},
{t:"15.7",p:112,x:325,y:338,w:24,h:11},
{t:"24.1",p:112,x:393,y:338,w:24,h:11},
{t:"82.7",p:112,x:460,y:338,w:24,h:11},
{t:"159.0",p:112,x:521,y:338,w:31,h:11},
{t:"200.0",p:112,x:588,y:338,w:31,h:11},
{t:"Top 15 destinations…",p:112,x:162,y:356,w:120,h:11},
{t:"        China",p:112,x:222,y:373,w:60,h:11},
{t:"1.4",p:112,x:332,y:373,w:17,h:11},
{t:"3.4",p:112,x:400,y:373,w:17,h:11},
{t:"30.3",p:112,x:460,y:373,w:24,h:11},
{t:"43.7",p:112,x:528,y:373,w:24,h:11},
{t:"61.8",p:112,x:595,y:373,w:24,h:11},
{t:"        Mexico",p:112,x:215,y:391,w:67,h:11},
{t:"2.0",p:112,x:332,y:391,w:17,h:11},
{t:"3.2",p:112,x:400,y:391,w:17,h:11},
{t:"7.7",p:112,x:467,y:391,w:17,h:11},
{t:"16.8",p:112,x:528,y:391,w:24,h:11},
{t:"19.2",p:112,x:595,y:391,w:24,h:11},
{t:"        Brazil",p:112,x:223,y:408,w:59,h:11},
{t:"1.5",p:112,x:332,y:408,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.4",p:112,x:400,y:408,w:17,h:11},
{t:"4.1",p:112,x:467,y:408,w:17,h:11},
{t:"26.3",p:112,x:528,y:408,w:24,h:11},
{t:"15.7",p:112,x:595,y:408,w:24,h:11},
{t:"        Chile",p:112,x:226,y:425,w:56,h:11},
{t:"0.3",p:112,x:332,y:425,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.9",p:112,x:400,y:425,w:17,h:11},
{t:"2.6",p:112,x:467,y:425,w:17,h:11},
{t:"5.5",p:112,x:535,y:425,w:17,h:11},
{t:"5.8",p:112,x:602,y:425,w:17,h:11},
{t:"      Turkey",p:112,x:224,y:443,w:58,h:11},
{t:"0.1",p:112,x:332,y:443,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.5",p:112,x:400,y:443,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.7",p:112,x:467,y:443,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.4",p:112,x:535,y:443,w:17,h:11},
{t:"7.1",p:112,x:602,y:443,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        South Africa",p:112,x:187,y:460,w:95,h:11},
{t:"0.1",p:112,x:332,y:460,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.0",p:112,x:400,y:460,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.5",p:112,x:467,y:460,w:17,h:11},
{t:"2.7",p:112,x:535,y:460,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.6",p:112,x:602,y:460,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        Korea, Republic of",p:112,x:151,y:478,w:130,h:11},
{t:"0.2",p:112,x:332,y:478,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.8",p:112,x:400,y:478,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.0",p:112,x:467,y:478,w:17,h:11},
{t:"6.1",p:112,x:535,y:478,w:17,h:11},
{t:"5.8",p:112,x:602,y:478,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        Thailand",p:112,x:207,y:495,w:75,h:11},
{t:"0.3",p:112,x:332,y:495,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.6",p:112,x:400,y:495,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.9",p:112,x:467,y:495,w:17,h:11},
{t:"5.2",p:112,x:535,y:495,w:17,h:11},
{t:"6.6",p:112,x:602,y:495,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        Argentina",p:112,x:201,y:512,w:80,h:11},
{t:"0.4",p:112,x:332,y:512,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.3",p:112,x:400,y:512,w:17,h:11},
{t:"4.7",p:112,x:467,y:512,w:17,h:11},
{t:"10.6",p:112,x:528,y:512,w:24,h:11},
{t:"3.6",p:112,x:602,y:512,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        Malaysia",p:112,x:205,y:530,w:77,h:11},
{t:"0.9",p:112,x:332,y:530,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.9",p:112,x:400,y:530,w:17,h:11},
{t:"5.7",p:112,x:467,y:530,w:17,h:11},
{t:"3.5",p:112,x:535,y:530,w:17,h:11},
{t:"4.1",p:112,x:602,y:530,w:17,h:11},
{t:"      Saudi Arabia",p:112,x:190,y:547,w:91,h:11},
{t:"4.5",p:112,x:332,y:547,w:17,h:11},
{t:"-0.3",p:112,x:396,y:547,w:21,h:11},
{t:"0.4",p:112,x:467,y:547,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.2",p:112,x:535,y:547,w:17,h:11},
{t:"6.7",p:112,x:602,y:547,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        India",p:112,x:227,y:565,w:54,h:11},
{t:"0.1",p:112,x:332,y:565,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.2",p:112,x:400,y:565,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.3",p:112,x:467,y:565,w:17,h:11},
{t:"3.5",p:112,x:535,y:565,w:17,h:11},
{t:"7.9",p:112,x:602,y:565,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        Taiwan ",p:112,x:216,y:582,w:69,h:11},
{t:"0.2",p:112,x:332,y:582,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.2",p:112,x:400,y:582,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.3",p:112,x:467,y:582,w:17,h:11},
{t:"2.9",p:112,x:535,y:582,w:17,h:11},
{t:"2.6",p:112,x:602,y:582,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        Venezuela",p:112,x:196,y:599,w:86,h:11},
{t:"-0.1",p:112,x:328,y:599,w:21,h:11},
{t:"0.6",p:112,x:400,y:599,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.3",p:112,x:467,y:599,w:17,h:11},
{t:"4.5",p:112,x:535,y:599,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.3",p:112,x:602,y:599,w:17,h:11},
{t:"        Colombia",p:112,x:201,y:617,w:80,h:11},
{t:"0.7",p:112,x:332,y:617,w:17,h:11},
{t:"0.4",p:112,x:400,y:617,w:17,h:11},
{t:"1.4",p:112,x:467,y:617,w:17,h:11},
{t:"3.0",p:112,x:535,y:617,w:17,h:11},
{t:"4.7",p:112,x:602,y:617,w:17,h:11},
{t:"Other destinations…",p:112,x:168,y:634,w:113,h:11},
{t:"Nigeria",p:112,x:242,y:652,w:39,h:11},
{t:"0.33",p:112,x:325,y:652,w:24,h:11},
{t:"1.00",p:112,x:393,y:652,w:24,h:11},
{t:"1.76",p:112,x:460,y:652,w:24,h:11},
{t:"1.32",p:112,x:528,y:652,w:24,h:11},
{t:"3.04",p:112,x:595,y:652,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Vietnam",p:112,x:236,y:669,w:45,h:11},
{t:"0.00",p:112,x:325,y:669,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.12",p:112,x:393,y:669,w:24,h:11},
{t:"1.39",p:112,x:460,y:669,w:24,h:11},
{t:"1.67",p:112,x:528,y:669,w:24,h:11},
{t:"1.72",p:112,x:595,y:669,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Indonesia",p:112,x:228,y:686,w:54,h:11},
{t:"0.26",p:112,x:325,y:686,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.84",p:112,x:393,y:686,w:24,h:11},
{t:"3.28",p:112,x:460,y:686,w:24,h:11},
{t:"-0.99",p:112,x:524,y:686,w:28,h:11},
{t:"3.07",p:112,x:595,y:686,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Pakistan",p:112,x:234,y:704,w:47,h:11},
{t:"0.06",p:112,x:325,y:704,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.20",p:112,x:393,y:704,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.50",p:112,x:460,y:704,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.49",p:112,x:528,y:704,w:24,h:11},
{t:"1.79",p:112,x:595,y:704,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Costa Rica",p:112,x:221,y:721,w:61,h:11},
{t:"0.06",p:112,x:325,y:721,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.13",p:112,x:393,y:721,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.31",p:112,x:460,y:721,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.50",p:112,x:528,y:721,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.87",p:112,x:595,y:721,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Tanzania",p:112,x:232,y:739,w:50,h:11},
{t:"0.00",p:112,x:325,y:739,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.00",p:112,x:393,y:739,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.08",p:112,x:460,y:739,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.29",p:112,x:528,y:739,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.37",p:112,x:595,y:739,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Guatemala",p:112,x:221,y:756,w:61,h:11},
{t:"0.06",p:112,x:325,y:756,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.14",p:112,x:393,y:756,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.09",p:112,x:460,y:756,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.32",p:112,x:528,y:756,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.20",p:112,x:595,y:756,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Bangladesh",p:112,x:216,y:773,w:66,h:11},
{t:"0.00",p:112,x:325,y:773,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.00",p:112,x:393,y:773,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.07",p:112,x:460,y:773,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.48",p:112,x:528,y:773,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.49",p:112,x:595,y:773,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Ethiopia",p:112,x:237,y:791,w:45,h:11},
{t:"0.00",p:112,x:325,y:791,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.00",p:112,x:393,y:791,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.01",p:112,x:460,y:791,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.22",p:112,x:528,y:791,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.37",p:112,x:595,y:791,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Honduras",p:112,x:228,y:808,w:54,h:11},
{t:"0.02",p:112,x:325,y:808,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.05",p:112,x:393,y:808,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.06",p:112,x:460,y:808,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.19",p:112,x:528,y:808,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.30",p:112,x:595,y:808,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Ghana",p:112,x:245,y:826,w:37,h:11},
{t:"0.01",p:112,x:325,y:826,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.01",p:112,x:393,y:826,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.12",p:112,x:460,y:826,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.13",p:112,x:528,y:826,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.18",p:112,x:595,y:826,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Kenya",p:112,x:247,y:843,w:35,h:11},
{t:"0.01",p:112,x:325,y:843,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.04",p:112,x:393,y:843,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.01",p:112,x:460,y:843,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.04",p:112,x:528,y:843,w:24,h:11},
{t:"0.05",p:112,x:595,y:843,w:24,h:11},
{t:"World",p:112,x:134,y:877,w:32,h:11},
{t:"63.1",p:112,x:325,y:877,w:24,h:11},
{t:"171.0",p:112,x:386,y:877,w:31,h:11},
{t:"276.8",p:112,x:453,y:877,w:31,h:11},
{t:"908.3",p:112,x:521,y:877,w:31,h:11},
{t:"836.0",p:112,x:588,y:877,w:31,h:11},
{t:"Source: author’s calculations based on UNCTAD data. “Developing” category excludes, ",p:112,x:105,y:928,w:510,h:19},
{t:"and “developed” category includes, Hong Kong, Singapore, Russia, the Bahamas, ",p:112,x:105,y:946,w:472,h:19},
{t:"and the Cayman Islands. Full data at http://www.unctad.org/Templates/StartPage.",p:112,x:105,y:964,w:475,h:19},
{t:"asp?intItemID=2921&lang=1",p:112,x:105,y:983,w:172,h:19},
{t:"F",p:113,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:113,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:113,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:113,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:113,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:113,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:113,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"109",p:113,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"developing countries have also exploded since the early 1980s, from an ",p:113,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"average of $16 billion per year (1982–1986) to $200 billion per year ",p:113,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"over 2002–2006. Tose FDI infows are the particular focus of this ",p:113,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"chapter—but it must be noted that they are small compared to FDI ",p:113,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"infows into developed economies, never rising above 25 percent of the ",p:113,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"latter. Data on FDI outfows (not reported here) confrms what Table ",p:113,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1 hints at: most FDI fows are from developed economies to other ",p:113,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"developed economies. FDI is, frst and foremost, an intra-rich country ",p:113,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"phenomenon. ",p:113,x:105,y:314,w:103,h:23},
{t:"One ",p:113,x:135,y:342,w:35,h:23},
{t:"crucial ",p:113,x:181,y:342,w:51,h:23},
{t:"diference ",p:113,x:242,y:342,w:73,h:23},
{t:"between ",p:113,x:325,y:342,w:62,h:23},
{t:"developed ",p:113,x:398,y:342,w:75,h:23},
{t:"and ",p:113,x:483,y:342,w:30,h:23},
{t:"developing ",p:113,x:523,y:342,w:81,h:23},
{t:"countries lies in the balance of FDI fows. For the United States, for ",p:113,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"instance, over the 2004–2006 period infows averaged $137 billion per ",p:113,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"year while outfows averaged $149 billion per year. Tis kind of rough ",p:113,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"balance between infows and outfows is characteristic of FDI in devel-",p:113,x:105,y:452,w:495,h:23},
{t:"oped economies and helps explain why FDI is not as highly politicized ",p:113,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in developed economy politics as it is for developing countries. Large ",p:113,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capital outfows are simply less problematic when matched by large ",p:113,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"infows, and vice versa. Textile frms may have left the Carolinas for ",p:113,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"China, but it is harder to make a political issue of that when BMW ",p:113,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and Haier are investing heavily in those same states. In contrast, FDI ",p:113,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"infows into developing countries have, historically, ",p:113,x:105,y:644,w:396,h:23},
{t:"far ",p:113,x:508,y:644,w:23,h:23},
{t:"exceeded ",p:113,x:538,y:644,w:67,h:23},
{t:"outfows. Over 2004–2006, FDI outfows from developing countries ",p:113,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"reached an all-time peak of $131 billion dollars but still were less than ",p:113,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"30 percent of infows.3 Tis asymmetry, the one-way inward direction ",p:113,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of FDI when viewed from many developing countries, stokes political ",p:113,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"concerns about dependence and vulnerability.",p:113,x:105,y:782,w:322,h:23},
{t:"Tis asymmetry should not be exaggerated. FDI outfows from ",p:113,x:135,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"developing countries represented 14 percent of the total outfow and ",p:113,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"appear likely to rise dramatically in absolute and relative terms over ",p:113,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the next quarter century. Large developing country-based MNCs are ",p:113,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"quickly becoming household names in the United States (LG, Samsung, ",p:113,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Hyundai, and Embraer). Chinese and Indian MNCs in particular are ",p:113,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:114,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:114,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:114,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:114,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:114,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:114,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:114,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:114,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"110",p:114,x:45,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"beginning to locate some of their marketing and production operations ",p:114,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in the United States (Haier and Infosys are prominent examples). Tere ",p:114,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is no reason to expect a slowdown in these trends. ",p:114,x:120,y:149,w:355,h:23},
{t:"FDI fows into developing economies cluster in a small number ",p:114,x:150,y:177,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of countries. Table 1 lists the top ffteen developing-country recipients ",p:114,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(ranked not by the size of recent infows, but by their total stock of ",p:114,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"FDI). Tese countries, led by China, Mexico and Brazil, accounted for ",p:114,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more than 75 percent of all infows. Infows to selected other develop-",p:114,x:120,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing countries are also listed in Table 1. Stark contrasts are evident—the ",p:114,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"absolute size of FDI infows varies dramatically between countries. ",p:114,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tailand (among the top ffteen) received $6.6 billion per year on aver-",p:114,x:120,y:369,w:495,h:23},
{t:"age during 2002–2006; Ethiopia received a mere $0.4 billion per year. ",p:114,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Indonesia received $3.1 billion, Bangladesh just $0.5 billion. In short, ",p:114,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"FDI infows in developing countries cluster within certain large and/or ",p:114,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fast-growing Latin American and East Asian nations. With the excep-",p:114,x:120,y:479,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion of India, South Asia is not a major FDI destination. Sub-Saharan ",p:114,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Africa is a particularly small recipient of FDI, with the exception of oil ",p:114,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"FDIs in Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea, and Chad.4 ",p:114,x:120,y:562,w:343,h:23},
{t:"Te simple descriptive data in Table 1 is consistent with empirical ",p:114,x:150,y:589,w:469,h:23},
{t:"research fndings on the 1980s and 1990s that per capita FDI infows ",p:114,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rise with the size (total income) and per capita income of the host ",p:114,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economy.5 Infows do not congregate in the smallest, poorest nations. ",p:114,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Te patterns of developing-country FDI infows are not consistent ",p:114,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with the view that FDI is primarily motivated by MNCs’ search for ",p:114,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"low wages. Sub-Saharan African wages are a fraction of Chinese wages ",p:114,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"but are not able to induce much FDI. (Whatever the ills that beset the ",p:114,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"poor nations of sub-Saharan Africa, too much FDI is not one of them.) ",p:114,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Neither does FDI gravitate to the countries with the least stringent ",p:114,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"environmental protections. Environmental regulations may matter to ",p:114,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"some extent and in some cases, but, manifestly, other considerations ",p:114,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"appear to dominate decisions of location.6 ",p:114,x:120,y:919,w:299,h:23},
{t:"F",p:115,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:115,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:115,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:115,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:115,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:115,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:115,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"111",p:115,x:647,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"Types of FDI—Instructive Differences ",p:115,x:105,y:94,w:351,h:24},
{t:"Tere are three basic kinds of FDI infows into developing coun-",p:115,x:135,y:131,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tries. Tey are substantially diferent from one another economically ",p:115,x:105,y:158,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and in terms of their political economy implications. One problem ",p:115,x:105,y:186,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with much of the popular literature on FDI, and some of the academic ",p:115,x:105,y:213,w:499,h:23},
{t:"literature, is that it often treats FDI as an undiferentiated, uniform ",p:115,x:105,y:241,w:499,h:23},
{t:"activity when it is not. ",p:115,x:105,y:268,w:162,h:23},
{t:"Extractive Industries. First, there are natural resource-based or ",p:115,x:135,y:311,w:469,h:23},
{t:"extractive industries. Te high capital demands of mining and drill-",p:115,x:105,y:338,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing mean that multinationals in these industries are among the most ",p:115,x:105,y:366,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capital intensive frms. Teir expensive assets, distributed around the ",p:115,x:105,y:393,w:499,h:23},
{t:"globe strictly based on geologic accident, regularly place these frms ",p:115,x:105,y:421,w:499,h:23},
{t:"toward the top of the MNC size rankings (such as ExxonMobil in oil ",p:115,x:105,y:448,w:499,h:23},
{t:"or Freeport-McKenna in mining). FDI, associated with a single project ",p:115,x:105,y:476,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in these industries, can run hundreds of millions of dollars or more—",p:115,x:105,y:503,w:495,h:23},
{t:"vastly large fxed costs compared to the relatively low marginal costs of ",p:115,x:105,y:531,w:499,h:23},
{t:"extracting the resource after the investment is made. When commodity ",p:115,x:105,y:558,w:499,h:23},
{t:"prices are high, large rents are made. Furthermore, MNCs often are the ",p:115,x:105,y:586,w:499,h:23},
{t:"key source of technological knowledge and expertise necessary to run ",p:115,x:105,y:613,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the operation. ",p:115,x:105,y:641,w:103,h:23},
{t:"All of these features set the stage for potentially severe ",p:115,x:225,y:641,w:379,h:23},
{t:"problems for both the MNC and the host country. Corrupt govern-",p:115,x:105,y:668,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ments vie to capture the rent, often in collusion with the military ",p:115,x:105,y:696,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(which can be paid of handsomely with the rent). Endemic intra-",p:115,x:105,y:723,w:494,h:23},
{t:"national distributional issues arise. Regions where the natural resource ",p:115,x:105,y:751,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is produced tend to believe, often with cause, that they do not get a fair ",p:115,x:105,y:778,w:499,h:23},
{t:"share of the revenue. When commodity prices boom, governments can ",p:115,x:105,y:806,w:499,h:23},
{t:"borrow far more than is prudent, and the infux of rent and borrowed ",p:115,x:105,y:833,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capital can appreciate the domestic currency, cause local infation, and ",p:115,x:105,y:861,w:499,h:23},
{t:"squeeze all the other sectors of the economy. When commodity prices ",p:115,x:105,y:888,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fall, the resulting recessions can be severe. Tese problems are so well ",p:115,x:105,y:916,w:499,h:23},
{t:"known and commonplace that they are called the “resource curse.”7 ",p:115,x:105,y:943,w:477,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:116,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:116,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:116,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:116,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:116,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:116,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:116,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:116,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"112",p:116,x:45,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"In absolute terms, extractive-industry FDI in developing countries ",p:116,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"has risen sharply since the early 1980s. But as a share of FDI in develop-",p:116,x:120,y:122,w:494,h:23},
{t:"ing countries, it has fallen from 11 percent in 1989–1991 to 9 percent ",p:116,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in 2004–2006 (Table 2). In Africa it remains by far the preponderant ",p:116,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"form of FDI infow, where the countries with oil, diamonds, gold, and ",p:116,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other valuable minerals receive the most FDI, and for those countries, ",p:116,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it accounts for most of their FDI. For instance, 75 percent of Nigeria ’s ",p:116,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"FDI stock is in the oil industry.8 ",p:116,x:120,y:287,w:230,h:23},
{t:"Manufacturing. Manufacturing represents a larger share of FDI ",p:116,x:150,y:827,w:469,h:23},
{t:"infows into developing countries than extractive industries—though ",p:116,x:120,y:854,w:499,h:23},
{t:"contrary to popular perception, perhaps, its share has fallen since 1989. ",p:116,x:120,y:882,w:499,h:23},
{t:"To host any kind of manufacturing FDI, a strong transport infrastruc-",p:116,x:120,y:909,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ture, access to inputs, and policy stability—closely linked to political ",p:116,x:120,y:937,w:499,h:23},
{t:"stability—are crucial. In their absence, FDI simply may not occur. ",p:116,x:120,y:964,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Table 2. Sectoral Distribution of FDI Infows,  ",p:116,x:120,y:374,w:350,h:22},
{t:"1989-1991 and 2003-2005.",p:116,x:120,y:401,w:206,h:22},
{t:"Shares (percent) by sector for each destination.",p:116,x:120,y:426,w:269,h:19},
{t:"1989-1991",p:116,x:284,y:478,w:63,h:12},
{t:"2003-2005",p:116,x:483,y:478,w:63,h:12},
{t:"Developed",p:116,x:222,y:500,w:59,h:11},
{t:"Developing",p:116,x:295,y:500,w:62,h:11},
{t:"Developed",p:116,x:422,y:500,w:59,h:11},
{t:"Developing",p:116,x:495,y:500,w:62,h:11},
{t:"Sector",p:116,x:126,y:521,w:36,h:11},
{t:"Countries",p:116,x:225,y:521,w:53,h:11},
{t:"Countries",p:116,x:300,y:521,w:53,h:11},
{t:"World",p:116,x:374,y:521,w:32,h:11},
{t:"Countries",p:116,x:425,y:521,w:53,h:11},
{t:"Countries",p:116,x:500,y:521,w:53,h:11},
{t:"World",p:116,x:574,y:521,w:32,h:11},
{t:"Primary",p:116,x:126,y:542,w:43,h:11},
{t:"6.1",p:116,x:265,y:542,w:17,h:11},
{t:"10.7",p:116,x:334,y:542,w:24,h:11},
{t:"7.0",p:116,x:392,y:542,w:17,h:11},
{t:"13.7",p:116,x:458,y:542,w:24,h:11},
{t:"9.1",p:116,x:541,y:542,w:17,h:11},
{t:"12.2",p:116,x:585,y:542,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Manufacturing",p:116,x:126,y:563,w:79,h:11},
{t:"32.1",p:116,x:259,y:563,w:24,h:11},
{t:"45.6",p:116,x:334,y:563,w:24,h:11},
{t:"34.8",p:116,x:385,y:563,w:24,h:11},
{t:"16.6",p:116,x:458,y:563,w:24,h:11},
{t:"37.5",p:116,x:534,y:563,w:24,h:11},
{t:"23.4",p:116,x:585,y:563,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Services",p:116,x:126,y:585,w:47,h:11},
{t:"56.3",p:116,x:259,y:585,w:24,h:11},
{t:"31.6",p:116,x:334,y:585,w:24,h:11},
{t:"51.4",p:116,x:385,y:585,w:24,h:11},
{t:"62.8",p:116,x:458,y:585,w:24,h:11},
{t:"49.7",p:116,x:534,y:585,w:24,h:11},
{t:"58.6",p:116,x:585,y:585,w:24,h:11},
{t:"Unspecifed",p:116,x:126,y:602,w:65,h:16},
{t:"5.4",p:116,x:265,y:606,w:17,h:11},
{t:"12.2",p:116,x:334,y:606,w:24,h:11},
{t:"6.8",p:116,x:392,y:606,w:17,h:11},
{t:"6.9",p:116,x:465,y:606,w:17,h:11},
{t:"3.7",p:116,x:541,y:606,w:17,h:11},
{t:"5.8",p:116,x:592,y:606,w:17,h:11},
{t:"100.0",p:116,x:252,y:627,w:31,h:11},
{t:"100.0",p:116,x:327,y:627,w:31,h:11},
{t:"100.0",p:116,x:378,y:627,w:31,h:11},
{t:"100.0",p:116,x:451,y:627,w:31,h:11},
{t:"100.0",p:116,x:527,y:627,w:31,h:11},
{t:"100.0",p:116,x:578,y:627,w:31,h:11},
{t:"Source: Author’s calculations based on World Investment Report 2007, Annex table ",p:116,x:120,y:679,w:475,h:19},
{t:"A.I.11; excludes “private buying and selling of property” category, and combines CIS/",p:116,x:120,y:697,w:494,h:19},
{t:"Southeast Europe with developing country data for 2003-2005 for comparability ",p:116,x:120,y:715,w:471,h:19},
{t:"with 1989-1991.",p:116,x:120,y:734,w:98,h:19},
{t:"F",p:117,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:117,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:117,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:117,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:117,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:117,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:117,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"113",p:117,x:647,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"Beyond that, it is essential to distinguish between manufacturing that ",p:117,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is physical capital-intensive or human capital-intensive on the one ",p:117,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hand, and labor-intensive manufacturing on the other hand. ",p:117,x:105,y:149,w:431,h:23},
{t:"Automobile and steel frms, for instance, are typically capital-",p:117,x:135,y:177,w:465,h:23},
{t:"intensive, using relatively high amounts of physical capital per worker. ",p:117,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tey might also be human-capital intensive, using relatively high levels ",p:117,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of high-skilled labor per unit of low-skilled labor. Advanced technol-",p:117,x:105,y:259,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ogy manufacturing of products such as aircraft, machine tools, and ",p:117,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"pharmaceuticals also tends to be human capital-intensive. ",p:117,x:105,y:314,w:410,h:23},
{t:"Plants in these kinds of industries are not easy to move—they ",p:117,x:135,y:342,w:469,h:23},
{t:"are not “footloose.” Tey typically require years to build and years to ",p:117,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"recruit and train workers before they reach their highest quality output ",p:117,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and lowest feasible unit costs. Tey often exhibit substantial economies ",p:117,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of scale because their specialized capital and well-educated workforce, ",p:117,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"particularly high-skilled management teams, are fxed costs. ",p:117,x:105,y:479,w:424,h:23},
{t:"What motivates FDI in these cases, from the MNC point of ",p:117,x:135,y:507,w:469,h:23},
{t:"view? In principle, frms could serve developing-country markets with ",p:117,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"exports from home plants. But the developing country may block ",p:117,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"exports to it by tarifs and other trade barriers. In this case the frm ",p:117,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"will need to “jump” the protective barrier and produce locally to serve ",p:117,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that country’s market. Much of the FDI into Latin America in the ",p:117,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1960s and 1970s was of this sort. “Tarif-jumping” FDI is less com-",p:117,x:105,y:672,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mon now—developing-countries’ tarifs are much lower today—but it ",p:117,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"still occurs and poses distinctive challenges. ",p:117,x:105,y:727,w:310,h:23},
{t:"Tere are other important reasons why capital and human capital-",p:117,x:135,y:754,w:464,h:23},
{t:"intensive frms invest in developing countries. Manufactured goods ",p:117,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sold directly to consumers must have desirable attributes—in style and ",p:117,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"function they must “work” with the often distinctive tastes and needs ",p:117,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of host-country consumers. Whirlpool in India, for instance, makes ",p:117,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"entirely diferent lines of washing machines and dryers, suited to the ",p:117,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"tastes and small apartments of India ’s burgeoning middle class, than it ",p:117,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sells in the United States. Achieving success requires communication ",p:117,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:118,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:118,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:118,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:118,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:118,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:118,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:118,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:118,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"114",p:118,x:45,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"among design teams, research and development engineers, marketers, ",p:118,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and market researchers—something often done best by locating in the ",p:118,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"host market. ",p:118,x:120,y:149,w:93,h:23},
{t:"Local production also may confer external benefts. If an MNC ",p:118,x:150,y:177,w:469,h:23},
{t:"with multiple product lines produces one of its products in the host ",p:118,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"country, it can earn a reputation for being a good corporate citizen and ",p:118,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a reliable large employer, and it can build political capital and better ",p:118,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"local networks for selling its other products. Presence is voice—in retail ",p:118,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"networks, in customer service, and in regulatory matters. ",p:118,x:120,y:314,w:405,h:23},
{t:"Whatever the motivation, FDI in human capital- or capital-",p:118,x:150,y:342,w:464,h:23},
{t:"intensive industries requires a large host-country consumer market to ",p:118,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sell to, or rock-solid open trade policies so that output can be exported ",p:118,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and vital inputs obtained cheaply. In practice this means it is generally ",p:118,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not attracted to small, poor countries, and in particular, it is not at-",p:118,x:120,y:452,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tracted by low wages. ",p:118,x:120,y:479,w:154,h:23},
{t:"Labor-intensive manufacturing, characteristic of low-technology ",p:118,x:150,y:507,w:469,h:23},
{t:"consumer goods such as textiles, apparel, footwear, and simple consumer ",p:118,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"electronics, uses much less capital per worker. Te technologies may be ",p:118,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"new to a particular country, but they tend to be well-known, widely-",p:118,x:120,y:589,w:494,h:23},
{t:"used, and not dependent on proprietary engineering knowledge. While ",p:118,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"some labor-intensive manufacturing plants are large, scale tends to be ",p:118,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"much less important than in capital-intensive manufacturing. Plants ",p:118,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with twenty or ffty workers can be proftable. Total capital require-",p:118,x:120,y:699,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ments are modest and generic used machinery may be widely available. ",p:118,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tus plants can be footloose, moving relatively often to fnd low labor ",p:118,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"costs, low taxes, good transport infrastructure, and policy stability. ",p:118,x:120,y:782,w:471,h:23},
{t:"Services. FDI infows are largest in services. Tey have grown from ",p:118,x:150,y:824,w:469,h:23},
{t:"a 32 percent share in 1989–1991 to a 50 percent share in 2004–2006.9 ",p:118,x:120,y:852,w:498,h:23},
{t:"Some of the largest categories within services are fnancial services ",p:118,x:120,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(banking, insurance, and investment management), travel and tour-",p:118,x:120,y:907,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ism, food, retail, transport, construction, and utilities.10 McDonalds ",p:118,x:120,y:934,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in China, where franchises are among the world’s largest, is perhaps ",p:118,x:120,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"F",p:119,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:119,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:119,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:119,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:119,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:119,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:119,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"115",p:119,x:647,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"the most famous example of service sector FDI. Most are more pro-",p:119,x:105,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"saic—the Philippine fast-food chain Jollybees expanding in Tailand, ",p:119,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Canadian insurance giant Manulife selling policies in Indonesia, or a ",p:119,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Chinese construction company buying a frm in Tanzania. ",p:119,x:105,y:177,w:415,h:23},
{t:"One important feature of most service sector businesses is that ",p:119,x:135,y:204,w:469,h:23},
{t:"frms need to locate in markets with enough income to sustain de-",p:119,x:105,y:232,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mand for their services. Firms are not drawn by low wages, but by ",p:119,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"customers. And for their employees, frms are not necessarily looking ",p:119,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for low-skilled labor, but for literate and numerate labor skilled enough ",p:119,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to interact with customers and prepare products (such as a meal or a ",p:119,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fnancial transaction) reliably with good attitudes. Service sector work ",p:119,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"may be grueling—say, spending all day checking out customers at a ",p:119,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Carrefour in Kuala Lumpur—but it is not “sweatshop” labor. In this ",p:119,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"respect, service FDI is comparable to human capital-intensive and ",p:119,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capital-intensive FDI. ",p:119,x:105,y:479,w:158,h:23},
{t:"Host-Country FDI Policies ",p:119,x:105,y:535,w:250,h:24},
{t:"Since the late 1970s, when China made its decisive turn toward ",p:119,x:135,y:571,w:469,h:23},
{t:"economic liberalization by creating special economic zones, devel-",p:119,x:105,y:599,w:495,h:23},
{t:"oping-country policies toward FDI have become more welcoming. ",p:119,x:105,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Nationalizations and expropriations of installed plant—not uncom-",p:119,x:105,y:654,w:495,h:23},
{t:"mon in the 1960s and 1970s—have become infrequent today. ",p:119,x:105,y:681,w:443,h:23},
{t:"But in other respects it is hard to make generalizations about ",p:119,x:135,y:709,w:469,h:23},
{t:"trends in developing-country policies. Performance requirements on ",p:119,x:105,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"FDI are the norm. Tese include rules on minimum export shares, lo-",p:119,x:105,y:764,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cal input content, employment, technology-sharing, foreign exchange ",p:119,x:105,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"balancing, and, above all, joint ventures, which are required in many ",p:119,x:105,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"manufacturing and service sectors. Performance requirements, all else ",p:119,x:105,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"equal, make any particular destination less attractive to MNCs. But ",p:119,x:105,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"they are often matched with tax incentives—multiyear “holidays” from ",p:119,x:105,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"corporate income taxes are common—and reduced taxes on inputs. ",p:119,x:105,y:929,w:480,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:120,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:120,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:120,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:120,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:120,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:120,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:120,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:120,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"116",p:120,x:45,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"Not only is there considerable cross-country variation in perfor-",p:120,x:150,y:94,w:465,h:23},
{t:"mance requirements, but there is usually within-country variation by ",p:120,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"FDI sector as well. For instance, China allows 100 percent foreign ",p:120,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ownership ",p:120,x:120,y:177,w:77,h:23},
{t:"in ",p:120,x:205,y:177,w:18,h:23},
{t:"low-wage manufacturing FDI but ",p:120,x:231,y:177,w:263,h:23},
{t:"requires ",p:120,x:501,y:177,w:60,h:23},
{t:"major-",p:120,x:568,y:177,w:47,h:23},
{t:"ity domestic ownership (via joint ventures) in advanced-technology ",p:120,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"manufacturing and, crucially, services. McDonald’s in China is major-",p:120,x:120,y:232,w:494,h:23},
{t:"ity Chinese-owned. Tailand allows 100 percent foreign ownership in ",p:120,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"any manufacturing sector, but it only ofers tax holidays in favored ",p:120,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sectors. India for many years banned foreign retailers and now allows ",p:120,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only limited, minority foreign ownership in the retail sector. ",p:120,x:120,y:342,w:429,h:23},
{t:"Unlike trade and the WTO, there is no multilateral treaty or treaty ",p:120,x:150,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"organization to govern the treatment of FDI in host countries. Instead, ",p:120,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"policies have evolved bilaterally, often codifed in bilateral investment ",p:120,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"treaties and bilateral tax treaties (BITs and BTTs). Experts consider ",p:120,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"China ’s FDI policies, in their totality, to be mildly discriminatory against ",p:120,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"foreign ownership relative to domestic ownership, but drifting towards ",p:120,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neutrality over the past decade. In contrast, sub-Saharan Africa main-",p:120,x:120,y:534,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tains relatively discriminatory rules against foreign ownership despite ",p:120,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"some recent liberalization.11 ",p:120,x:120,y:589,w:198,h:23},
{t:"Effects of FDI in Developing Countries—",p:120,x:131,y:640,w:473,h:30},
{t:"Theory and Evidence ",p:120,x:249,y:667,w:244,h:30},
{t:"Te discussion so far has identifed several reasons why MNCs may ",p:120,x:150,y:715,w:469,h:23},
{t:"decide to locate in developing economies. Now we turn to the question ",p:120,x:120,y:743,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of whether and how those countries beneft. ",p:120,x:120,y:770,w:315,h:23},
{t:"Economic Theory and FDI Critics ",p:120,x:120,y:826,w:314,h:24},
{t:"Standard economic theory suggests three fundamental rationales ",p:120,x:150,y:862,w:469,h:23},
{t:"for FDI and a range of caveats. First and arguably foremost, FDI in-",p:120,x:120,y:889,w:494,h:23},
{t:"creases the size of a poor country’s capital stock. Tis has several direct ",p:120,x:120,y:917,w:499,h:23},
{t:"welfare-improving efects. Everything else being equal, more capital ",p:120,x:120,y:944,w:499,h:23},
{t:"F",p:121,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:121,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:121,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:121,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:121,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:121,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:121,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"117",p:121,x:648,y:967,w:27,h:19},
{t:"means faster economic growth. More investment means more capital ",p:121,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"per worker, raising productivity and wages—frst in the industry with ",p:121,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the FDI and in the long run in the economy as a whole. Tis suggests ",p:121,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that FDI may have a long-term, poverty-reducing efect. ",p:121,x:105,y:177,w:402,h:23},
{t:"Nations with well-functioning fnancial systems and high savings ",p:121,x:135,y:204,w:469,h:23},
{t:"rates may not need FDI. For example, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan did ",p:121,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"not allow much FDI in their periods of rapid economic growth, but ",p:121,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"they expanded their capital base internally from their large pools of ",p:121,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"domestic savings. So economic theory does not suggest that FDI is ",p:121,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"required for development. ",p:121,x:105,y:342,w:188,h:23},
{t:"But when FDI adds fresh capital to an economy it is unambiguously ",p:121,x:135,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"welfare-improving because of the rise in the country’s capital stock. Te ",p:121,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"size of the gain will be reduced if FDI squeezes out some domestically-",p:121,x:105,y:424,w:494,h:23},
{t:"owned capital (“crowding out”). Te extra capital can leave a country ",p:121,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"better of even if no taxes are paid (the country was not collecting taxes ",p:121,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from this investment to begin with), though the size of the gain will be ",p:121,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"reduced if there is crowding out. And FDI can leave a country better ",p:121,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of even if all profts are repatriated, because the gains to labor are ",p:121,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"large enough to more than ofset the lower profts earned by domestic ",p:121,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"owners of capital who compete with FDI. ",p:121,x:105,y:617,w:299,h:23},
{t:"Proft repatriation and tax breaks are frequently mentioned as ",p:121,x:135,y:644,w:469,h:23},
{t:"features of FDI that, on their face, harm a poor country. Teory’s ",p:121,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"clear insight on these points is important. While collecting taxes on ",p:121,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"corporate profts is of course reasonable and just, the gains from capital ",p:121,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"stock-increasing FDI can be large enough to leave a country better of ",p:121,x:105,y:754,w:497,h:23},
{t:"overall even if profts are not taxed and all profts are repatriated. ",p:121,x:105,y:782,w:459,h:23},
{t:"Te second major source of gain from FDI is the technological ",p:121,x:135,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"learning and enhanced skills that workers obtain. Developing countries ",p:121,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rightly covet the more advanced technologies with which MNCs equip ",p:121,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their factories and plants. On-the-job training, learning-by-doing, and ",p:121,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"experience with world-class standards of operation all build workers’ ",p:121,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"skills. Because these human capital gains are spread around the economy ",p:121,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:122,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:122,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:122,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:122,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:122,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:122,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:122,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:122,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"118",p:122,x:45,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"when workers move jobs, these are genuine positive externalities. One ",p:122,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"particular form in which this externality occurs is when an MNC uses ",p:122,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"local frms as suppliers. Working closely with MNCs helps local frms ",p:122,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"meet higher standards, gain familiarity with state-of-the-art technology, ",p:122,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"gain skills to work with other major international frms, and possibly ",p:122,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"become exporters themselves. ",p:122,x:120,y:232,w:212,h:23},
{t:"Te third major beneft of FDI is the efciency and variety gains ",p:122,x:150,y:259,w:469,h:23},
{t:"that arise when MNCs enter markets and compete with domestic ",p:122,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"producers. Tis is a particularly pronounced phenomenon in services, ",p:122,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"where foreign frms are known for bringing new health and sanitary ",p:122,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"standards to food retailing or bundling new kinds of services together ",p:122,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in banking or retailing. So, for instance, as Watson (2006) documents, ",p:122,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"when McDonald’s opened in Hong Kong in 1975, it set new standards ",p:122,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for restaurant toilet cleanliness that helped raise standards across the ",p:122,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"territory. Likewise, when foreign banks compete with domestically-",p:122,x:120,y:479,w:494,h:23},
{t:"owned banks, domestic banks are forced to raise customer service ",p:122,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"standards. Consumers’ welfare gains are likely to exceed the transition ",p:122,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"costs imposed on some owners and employees of displaced domestic ",p:122,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"frms. ",p:122,x:120,y:589,w:45,h:23},
{t:"Te benefts of competition and skills-development often run ",p:122,x:150,y:617,w:469,h:23},
{t:"together. Foreign frms’ demonstration of new kinds of services and ",p:122,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"products—that domestic frms want to imitate—spurs learning that ",p:122,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"results in higher human capital for all workers and less expensive, bet-",p:122,x:120,y:699,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ter quality services for consumers. ",p:122,x:120,y:727,w:243,h:23},
{t:"What are the problems with FDI? Economic theory suggests sev-",p:122,x:150,y:754,w:465,h:23},
{t:"eral possibilities. Te gains that FDI brings are not unlimited, so host-",p:122,x:120,y:782,w:494,h:23},
{t:"country governments may ofer enough costly inducements to FDI to ",p:122,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"end up with a net loss. Tis can occur if out-of-pocket government ",p:122,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"expenditures on subsidies and infrastructure development are large. ",p:122,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Large negative externalities from the FDI—such as, say, pollution—",p:122,x:120,y:892,w:494,h:23},
{t:"can also in principle leave a country worse of overall than if the FDI ",p:122,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"had not been made. ",p:122,x:120,y:947,w:144,h:23},
{t:"F",p:123,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:123,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:123,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:123,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:123,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:123,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:123,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"119",p:123,x:647,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"Furthermore, if there is signifcant crowding out—FDI replacing ",p:123,x:135,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"domestically owned investment that would otherwise occur—then ",p:123,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"there really does need to be sufcient taxation of MNCs’ profts for ",p:123,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"FDI to be welfare improving. Tat is, if crowding out is signifcant, ",p:123,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the country loses tax revenue on domestically owned capital (and loses ",p:123,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"income earned by domestic capital owners), which may perhaps exceed ",p:123,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the gains from FDI. ",p:123,x:105,y:259,w:146,h:23},
{t:"“Tarif-jumping” ",p:123,x:135,y:287,w:124,h:23},
{t:"FDI may ",p:123,x:268,y:287,w:77,h:23},
{t:"not ",p:123,x:353,y:287,w:28,h:23},
{t:"be ",p:123,x:390,y:287,w:21,h:23},
{t:"welfare-improving. ",p:123,x:419,y:287,w:138,h:23},
{t:"Such ",p:123,x:566,y:287,w:39,h:23},
{t:"FDI—induced to enter a country because trade barriers make exports ",p:123,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the market uncompetitive—can result in small, inefcient plants ",p:123,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"unable to prosper if the trade barriers are removed. Ironically, the for-",p:123,x:105,y:369,w:495,h:23},
{t:"eign owners of such FDIs have an incentive to join protectionist voices ",p:123,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in the host economy to the detriment of the overall national economic ",p:123,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"welfare. Similarly, performance requirements designed to force linkages ",p:123,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"between FDI and the domestic economy may reduce FDI’s external ",p:123,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"benefts. For instance, requiring joint ventures, especially ones with ",p:123,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"technology-sharing rules, reduces MNCs willingness to use advanced ",p:123,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"technologies in FDIs.12 Anecdotally, this has been a major concern in ",p:123,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"China where weak commercial law appears to have left MNCs vulner-",p:123,x:105,y:589,w:494,h:23},
{t:"able to patent stealing and other intellectual property theft even inside ",p:123,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of joint ventures. ",p:123,x:105,y:644,w:124,h:23},
{t:"Te catalog of complaints leveled against FDI is much larger than ",p:123,x:135,y:672,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the problems suggested by economic theory. Among the most salient ",p:123,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"charges made—perhaps most strongly by anti-globalization intellectu-",p:123,x:105,y:727,w:495,h:23},
{t:"als but also by others—is that FDI embodies the “race to the bottom” ",p:123,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in wages and environmental damage. In this view, frms seek to move ",p:123,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to locations with low wages and lax environmental standards; and the ",p:123,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"desire for FDI tempts host-country governments to keep wages low and ",p:123,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"environmental standards lax. ",p:123,x:105,y:864,w:207,h:23},
{t:"Another salient charge made by critics is that MNCs exercise ",p:123,x:135,y:892,w:469,h:23},
{t:"undue political infuence in developing countries. Te large amounts ",p:123,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of capital that they invest, combined with the implicit backing they ",p:123,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:124,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:124,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:124,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:124,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:124,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:124,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:124,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:124,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"120",p:124,x:45,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"receive from their (wealthy and strong) home country governments, ",p:124,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"gives them the ear of the host government. Tey can meddle, this ",p:124,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"argument asserts, and they can twist policies in directions that favor ",p:124,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"corporate welfare at the expense of the wider population. In making ",p:124,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"this argument, critics will often compare MNCs’ economic size—total ",p:124,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sales, often—with country GDPs, suggesting that their sheer size as ",p:124,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"economic actors makes them more powerful than many country gov-",p:124,x:120,y:259,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ernments.13 In a related argument, MNCs are frequently asserted to ",p:124,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"exercise “control” over market access and to practice socially harmful ",p:124,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"oligopolistic pricing.14 ",p:124,x:120,y:342,w:159,h:23},
{t:"Te third salient charge brought against FDI and MNCs is that ",p:124,x:150,y:369,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the brands and advertising they promote create a harmful, materialistic ",p:124,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"consumer culture. Traditional cultural values are undercut, while un-",p:124,x:120,y:424,w:494,h:23},
{t:"healthy new consumption habits are encouraged. Tis line of argument ",p:124,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is most recently associated with Naomi Klein ’s book, No Logo (2000), ",p:124,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"though cultural issues have been of concern for decades—as evidenced, ",p:124,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for example, in India ’s banishment of Coke and Pepsi in the 1960s. ",p:124,x:120,y:534,w:478,h:23},
{t:"Evidence and Assessment ",p:124,x:120,y:590,w:231,h:24},
{t:"Te disparate theoretical arguments outlined above cry out for ",p:124,x:150,y:626,w:469,h:23},
{t:"empirical resolution—or at least empirical investigation. ",p:124,x:120,y:654,w:401,h:23},
{t:"Consider wages ",p:124,x:150,y:681,w:121,h:23},
{t:"frst. ",p:124,x:279,y:681,w:36,h:23},
{t:"Te evidence ",p:124,x:322,y:681,w:103,h:23},
{t:"is ",p:124,x:433,y:681,w:15,h:23},
{t:"overwhelming—across ",p:124,x:455,y:681,w:164,h:23},
{t:"countries, across decades, and across types of FDI—that workers at ",p:124,x:120,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"foreign-owned frms earn more than workers in comparable jobs in ",p:124,x:120,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"domestically owned frms. In the mid-1990s in low-income host coun-",p:124,x:120,y:764,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tries, compensation paid by foreign afliates was on average twice the ",p:124,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"domestic manufacturing wage (Graham 2000, 94). In southern China, ",p:124,x:120,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"annual earnings of low-skilled workers in footwear manufacturing ",p:124,x:120,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"exceed  national average income (Frenkel and Scott 2002). In Ghana in ",p:124,x:120,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the late 1990s foreign-owned frms’ wages were on average 49 percent ",p:124,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"higher than domestic frms (Gorg, Strobl, and Walsh 2007). Moran, ",p:124,x:120,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Graham, and Blömstrom (2005) and Brown, Deardorf, and Stern ",p:124,x:120,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"F",p:125,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:125,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:125,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:125,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:125,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:125,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:125,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"121",p:125,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"(2004) survey the empirical literature on wages and working condi-",p:125,x:105,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tions. Te conclusions could not be starker. As Brown put it, ",p:125,x:105,y:122,w:433,h:23},
{t:"Tere is virtually no careful and systematic evidence dem-",p:125,x:135,y:157,w:434,h:23},
{t:"onstrating that, as a generality, multinational frms adversely ",p:125,x:135,y:184,w:439,h:23},
{t:"afect their workers, provide incentives to worsen working ",p:125,x:135,y:212,w:439,h:23},
{t:"conditions, pay lower wages than in alternative employment, ",p:125,x:135,y:239,w:439,h:23},
{t:"or repress worker rights (Brown, Deardorf, and Stern 2004, ",p:125,x:135,y:267,w:439,h:23},
{t:"322). ",p:125,x:135,y:294,w:42,h:23},
{t:"Te precise reasons for this are not well understood. Some frms ",p:125,x:135,y:329,w:469,h:23},
{t:"are high-profle employers that want to be seen as good employers. ",p:125,x:105,y:357,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Spar (1998) has termed this the “spotlight” efect. Higher wages also ",p:125,x:105,y:384,w:499,h:23},
{t:"could be linked to higher labor productivity due to either technologi-",p:125,x:105,y:412,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cal advantages or better worker training. Foreign-owned frms tend to ",p:125,x:105,y:439,w:499,h:23},
{t:"have less turnover than domestic frms, so the wage diferential appears ",p:125,x:105,y:467,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to be part of a cluster of management- and technology-related factors ",p:125,x:105,y:494,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that encourage frms to favor tenure over turnover. ",p:125,x:105,y:522,w:361,h:23},
{t:"Another focus of empirical work is whether FDI raises countries’ ",p:125,x:135,y:549,w:469,h:23},
{t:"growth rates. If the economic theory sketched out above is correct, the ",p:125,x:105,y:577,w:499,h:23},
{t:"additional capital and skill-development that FDI brings to a country ",p:125,x:105,y:604,w:499,h:23},
{t:"should result in higher growth, all else equal. By studying the FDI-",p:125,x:105,y:632,w:495,h:23},
{t:"growth link, researchers sidestep the notoriously difcult problem of ",p:125,x:105,y:659,w:499,h:23},
{t:"measuring the value of externalities (such as labor skill development ",p:125,x:105,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"through linkages). ",p:125,x:105,y:714,w:133,h:23},
{t:"Studies of the manufacturing and service sectors’ FDI fnd gener-",p:125,x:135,y:742,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ally positive, and sometimes neutral, efects of FDI on aggregate growth ",p:125,x:105,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and per capita growth.15 Tere appear perhaps to be “threshold efects” ",p:125,x:105,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as well. Tat is, in some cases FDI has a positive efect on growth ",p:125,x:105,y:824,w:499,h:23},
{t:"only when a host country’s average labor skills and income level have ",p:125,x:105,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"reached a high enough level. Extractive FDI has ambiguous growth ",p:125,x:105,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"efects related to the resource curse described above. ",p:125,x:105,y:907,w:369,h:23},
{t:"But the statistical issues involved in identifying the efect of FDI ",p:125,x:135,y:934,w:469,h:23},
{t:"per se on growth are daunting. Blonigen and Wang (2005) argue that ",p:125,x:105,y:962,w:499,h:23},
{t:"many studies inappropriately combine developed and developing ",p:125,x:105,y:989,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:126,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:126,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:126,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:126,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:126,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:126,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:126,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:126,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"122",p:126,x:45,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"country observations, biasing results towards fnding ",p:126,x:120,y:94,w:404,h:23},
{t:"little ",p:126,x:530,y:94,w:36,h:23},
{t:"efect. ",p:126,x:573,y:94,w:46,h:23},
{t:"Studies may not adequately control for industry type or for performance ",p:126,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"requirements. Single-measure indices of performance requirements are ",p:126,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"inadequate to capture the cross-cutting incentives host countries ofer ",p:126,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and their variation across sectors. Neither do studies typically control ",p:126,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for situations in which FDI moves into highly protected environments ",p:126,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"where it would not be expected to raise growth (Moran, Graham, and ",p:126,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Blömstrom 2005). Cross-sectional analysis across groups of countries ",p:126,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"may be misleading when there are FDI regime shifts over time, so lon-",p:126,x:120,y:314,w:495,h:23},
{t:"gitudinal case studies may be best. For all these reasons the defnitive ",p:126,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"work on FDI and growth remains to be done. Te best that can be said ",p:126,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"at present is that there is no evidence that, overall, FDI harms growth. ",p:126,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"In light of this mixed record, Dani Rodrik has famously argued ",p:126,x:150,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"that FDI is the same as domestic investment: “One dollar of FDI is ",p:126,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"worth no more (and no less) than a dollar of any other kind of invest-",p:126,x:120,y:479,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment.”16 But that is not quite right. If it is easier to obtain FDI than it is ",p:126,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to obtain equivalent additional investment from the domestic fnancial ",p:126,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"system, the FDI will in fact be helpful and, in a real sense, superior to ",p:126,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"domestic investment. Te domestic fnancial sector, and its strengths ",p:126,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and weaknesses in generating capital for investment and growth in ",p:126,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"developing countries, is a key but often underappreciated element in ",p:126,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"analyzing the efects of FDI. ",p:126,x:120,y:672,w:204,h:23},
{t:"Another important issue for evaluating FDI is crowding out. As ",p:126,x:150,y:699,w:469,h:23},
{t:"argued above, if crowding out is substantial, FDI can reduce a host-",p:126,x:120,y:727,w:494,h:23},
{t:"country’s welfare. Te empirical evidence suggests more crowding in ",p:126,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"than crowding out; the few studies that fnd evidence of crowding out ",p:126,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fnd it in Latin America, not in the rest of the world.17 As with the ",p:126,x:120,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"question of growth, however, it is hard to draw a straight line between ",p:126,x:120,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a fnding of crowding out and a policy recommendation about FDI. ",p:126,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Crowding out, when it occurs, does not identify an inherent dif-",p:126,x:120,y:892,w:495,h:23},
{t:"fculty with FDI as much as a weakness in domestic fnancial markets. ",p:126,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Crowding out means, by defnition, that funds fowing into a host ",p:126,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"F",p:127,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:127,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:127,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:127,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:127,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:127,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:127,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"123",p:127,x:645,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"country have the efect of pushing domestic funds out of investment. ",p:127,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tis would not be possible if the domestic capital market functioned ",p:127,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"well—in developing countries’ capital-scarce environments there is ",p:127,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"no reason why capital infows from abroad should close of proftable ",p:127,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"investment opportunities for domestic funds. In short, the existence of ",p:127,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"crowding out suggests that complementary reform of fnancial markets ",p:127,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"might be helpful, not that FDI is inherently problematic. ",p:127,x:105,y:259,w:408,h:23},
{t:"Another major strand of empirical work has attempted to fnd ",p:127,x:135,y:287,w:469,h:23},
{t:"evidence of an environmental race to the bottom in FDI infows. Tis ",p:127,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"has proven quite elusive. In part this is because pollution abatement ",p:127,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"costs tend to have relatively little bearing on frms’ rate of return on ",p:127,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capital, so environmental factors appear not to have induced much ",p:127,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"capital movement. At the same time, trade and market-induced FDI ",p:127,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fows have worked to increase the output of relatively clean industries ",p:127,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in developing countries.18 ",p:127,x:105,y:479,w:183,h:23},
{t:"Finally, regarding MNC power, it is logically incorrect to compare ",p:127,x:135,y:507,w:469,h:23},
{t:"an MNC’s sales with a poor country’s national income.19 Such a com-",p:127,x:105,y:534,w:494,h:23},
{t:"parison confuses national income, a value-added statistic, with sales, ",p:127,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"which is not a value-added statistic. Tis has the efect of greatly over-",p:127,x:105,y:589,w:495,h:23},
{t:"stating frms’ sizes relative to poor nations. Even more fundamental, ",p:127,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"such comparisons vastly overstate the long-term power and infuence ",p:127,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of even the largest market frms, because none possess the full tools of ",p:127,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"coercive power that states possess. Tough they can plead with home ",p:127,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and host-country governments for economic and political help, actu-",p:127,x:105,y:727,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ally obtaining such help is a diferent matter. ",p:127,x:105,y:754,w:319,h:23},
{t:"Service sector MNCs and manufacturing sector MNCs of all kinds ",p:127,x:135,y:782,w:469,h:23},
{t:"for the most part inhabit competitive or monopolistically competitive ",p:127,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industries rather than oligopolistic industries. Tus their bargaining ",p:127,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"power relative to host-country governments will not be large, especially ",p:127,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in large host economies. Tis lack of bargaining power helps explain ",p:127,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Google’s complete capitulation to the Chinese government on user-",p:127,x:105,y:919,w:494,h:23},
{t:"privacy policy in China. ",p:127,x:105,y:947,w:174,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:128,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:128,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:128,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:128,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:128,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:128,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:128,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:128,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"124",p:128,x:45,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"One might think that extractive industries would ofer the most ",p:128,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"fertile ground for MNCs to exercise undue political infuence inside ",p:128,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"host countries. Tis does of course occur, the classic example being ",p:128,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the Nixon administration ’s interference in Chile in the early 1970s at ",p:128,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the behest, in part, of International Telephone and Telegraph. In light ",p:128,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of thirty-fve additional years of experience with FDI, it is clear just ",p:128,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"how unusual that case was. In practice, extractive MNCs appear to be ",p:128,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"highly status quo-oriented, desiring to make profts in peace and quiet ",p:128,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and—rightly or wrongly—willing to work with whatever regime is in ",p:128,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"power. Sitting on expensive and immobile installed operations, their ",p:128,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"bargaining position relative to host-country governments is not strong. ",p:128,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Royal Dutch Shell has been unable to infuence Nigeria ’s government, ",p:128,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for instance, despite considerable economic incentives to do so. ",p:128,x:120,y:424,w:450,h:23},
{t:"It is instructive to think of what the realistic alternatives are, for ",p:128,x:150,y:452,w:469,h:23},
{t:"poor countries, to foreign MNCs in extractive industries. Tat would ",p:128,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be, usually, a state-owned extractive frm. A U.S. MNC would oper-",p:128,x:120,y:507,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ate under the strictures of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, while a ",p:128,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"state-owned frm would be a political agent of the ruling party. A U.S. ",p:128,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"MNC would be required to report full fnancial and production details ",p:128,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for its operations; a state-owned frm would not. A U.S. MNC would ",p:128,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be sensitive to public opinion in the United States and Europe about ",p:128,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"its environmental record and its distribution of the revenues paid to ",p:128,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the host government; a state-owned MNC, much less so. On balance, ",p:128,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it is not at all clear that developing-country welfare is well-served by ",p:128,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"avoiding the potential problem of domestic political infuence from ",p:128,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"foreign frms by inviting the necessarily political infuence and reduced ",p:128,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"transparency of a state-owned frm. ",p:128,x:120,y:809,w:253,h:23},
{t:"In summary: FDI is a multifaceted phenomenon with genuine ",p:128,x:150,y:837,w:469,h:23},
{t:"potential for good and considerable evidence that it has been a force ",p:128,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for good. Te problems with FDI, where they exist, relate in part to ad-",p:128,x:120,y:892,w:495,h:23},
{t:"justing regulations in prudent ways—say, in fne-tuning performance ",p:128,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"requirements or reducing subsidies so that FDI yields net positive ",p:128,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"F",p:129,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:129,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:129,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:129,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:129,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:129,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:129,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"125",p:129,x:645,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"welfare gains. Other problems with FDI relate to problems in domestic ",p:129,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fnancial markets, if, say, crowding-out occurs, where a thoughtful mix ",p:129,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of domestic fnancial sector regulation and liberalization can allow FDI ",p:129,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to deliver gains. Te exact details of appropriate regulatory regimes ",p:129,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"will vary from country to country and from sector to sector and defy ",p:129,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"categorization; though a general presumption that FDI will be welfare ",p:129,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"improving does not seem unwarranted. Tis is not to say that FDI is ",p:129,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"perfect or even that it is necessary for economic development. It is not. ",p:129,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"But at the very least, there can be no presumption that it is uniquely ",p:129,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"problematic because of its foreign origin. ",p:129,x:105,y:342,w:293,h:23},
{t:"FDI in Christian Ethical Perspective ",p:129,x:147,y:393,w:418,h:30},
{t:"Christian thinking about FDI is split. Christian economists tend ",p:129,x:135,y:441,w:469,h:23},
{t:"to view it positively. Tey fnd the theory and evidence, as addressed ",p:129,x:105,y:469,w:499,h:23},
{t:"above, more or less compelling (without necessarily signing on to every ",p:129,x:105,y:496,w:499,h:23},
{t:"position I have taken).20 By contrast, theologians, church leaders, and ",p:129,x:105,y:524,w:499,h:23},
{t:"other more popular-level Christian thinkers and writers view FDI with ",p:129,x:105,y:551,w:499,h:23},
{t:"deep suspicion and frequent hostility.21 Much of this latter literature ",p:129,x:105,y:579,w:499,h:23},
{t:"addresses FDI only tangentially, as part of wider critiques of capital-",p:129,x:105,y:606,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ism, corporations, and neoliberalism. Te thinking about FDI in these ",p:129,x:105,y:634,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sources is often cast with little nuance in stark class-warfare terms. ",p:129,x:105,y:661,w:470,h:23},
{t:"For instance, consider Ron Sider, whose deservedly infuential and ",p:129,x:135,y:689,w:469,h:23},
{t:"admired book Rich Christians in an Age of Hunger has inspired two ",p:129,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"generations of evangelicals to care for the poor, to strive for generous ",p:129,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"giving, and to work for justice—and to do so not as an afterthought ",p:129,x:105,y:771,w:499,h:23},
{t:"but as a central part of faithful Christian obedience. Sider paints a harsh ",p:129,x:105,y:799,w:499,h:23},
{t:"picture of FDI and MNCs as lynchpins of global structural injustice: ",p:129,x:105,y:826,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“ Anyone concerned with the dangers of centralized power should be ",p:129,x:105,y:854,w:499,h:23},
{t:"concerned with the way huge MNCs have concentrated economic and ",p:129,x:105,y:881,w:499,h:23},
{t:"political power” (172). He portrays MNCs as moving FDI in and out ",p:129,x:105,y:909,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of countries at will in order to exploit them: ",p:129,x:105,y:936,w:315,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:130,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:130,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:130,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:130,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:130,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:130,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:130,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:130,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"126",p:130,x:45,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"MNCs have built up a strong bargaining position both because ",p:130,x:150,y:94,w:439,h:23},
{t:"of their size and the fact that over the years developing coun-",p:130,x:150,y:122,w:434,h:23},
{t:"tries have become increasingly dependent on their presence. ",p:130,x:150,y:149,w:439,h:23},
{t:"By threatening to leave and thereby throwing a dependent ",p:130,x:150,y:177,w:439,h:23},
{t:"economy into chaos, MNCs can some-times extort one-sided ",p:130,x:150,y:204,w:439,h:23},
{t:"agreements on such issues as tax concessions . . . and so on ",p:130,x:150,y:232,w:439,h:23},
{t:"(173–74). ",p:130,x:150,y:259,w:75,h:23},
{t:"Mainline denominations’ economic statements are also highly criti-",p:130,x:150,y:294,w:465,h:23},
{t:"cal of FDI and MNCs. Te United Church of Christ’s 2003 statement, ",p:130,x:120,y:322,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“ A Faithful Response: Calling for a More Just, Humane Direction for ",p:130,x:120,y:349,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Economic Globalization,” argues that global economic liberalization is ",p:130,x:120,y:377,w:499,h:23},
{t:"focused on little but the fortunes of MNCs: ",p:130,x:120,y:404,w:314,h:23},
{t:"Neo-liberal policies tend to advance and protect the interests of ",p:130,x:150,y:439,w:439,h:23},
{t:"multinational corporations and elites around the world more ",p:130,x:150,y:467,w:439,h:23},
{t:"than the interests of individuals, workers, local communities, ",p:130,x:150,y:494,w:439,h:23},
{t:"or the environment (2). . . .Te elite in the global north who ",p:130,x:150,y:522,w:439,h:23},
{t:"largely run the governments and the international institutions, ",p:130,x:150,y:549,w:439,h:23},
{t:"own the corporations, and manage the multinational subsid-",p:130,x:150,y:577,w:434,h:23},
{t:"iaries are also focused on making the whole system work to the ",p:130,x:150,y:604,w:439,h:23},
{t:"beneft of the multinational frms (10). ",p:130,x:150,y:632,w:279,h:23},
{t:"In this view, FDI is little more than a manifestation of a relentless ",p:130,x:150,y:667,w:469,h:23},
{t:"corporate power for ill. Wendell Berry (2002, 2003) explicitly endorses ",p:130,x:120,y:694,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that sentiment, ofering an ultra-anti-corporatist vision of economic ",p:130,x:120,y:722,w:499,h:23},
{t:"life that rejects FDI root and branch. ",p:130,x:120,y:749,w:265,h:23},
{t:"Tis is hardly a comprehensive survey of Christian thinking on ",p:130,x:150,y:777,w:469,h:23},
{t:"MNCs and FDI. But it does convey the gist of much that is written and ",p:130,x:120,y:804,w:499,h:23},
{t:"worried about among Christians who are not economists. Economists’ ",p:130,x:120,y:832,w:499,h:23},
{t:"views and the view of other Christian commentators seem starkly at ",p:130,x:120,y:859,w:499,h:23},
{t:"odds. ",p:130,x:120,y:887,w:42,h:23},
{t:"Is there a way to square the disparate views? Perhaps not entirely. ",p:130,x:150,y:914,w:469,h:23},
{t:"But there is surely common ethical ground that can be staked out. It is ",p:130,x:120,y:942,w:499,h:23},
{t:"F",p:131,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:131,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:131,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:131,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:131,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:131,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:131,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"127",p:131,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"not unreasonable to think of FDI in terms of economic justice, which ",p:131,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is of course a Christian virtue. Te problem for Christians in developed ",p:131,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"countries, I believe, is that we are too quick to think of FDI in terms ",p:131,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of distributive justice, and we are too slow to think of FDI in terms of ",p:131,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"practical wisdom, or prudence, which in fact is also a Christian virtue ",p:131,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"despite its ungainly name.22 ",p:131,x:105,y:232,w:198,h:23},
{t:"To put this point diferently, Christian writing on FDI plays the ",p:131,x:135,y:259,w:469,h:23},
{t:"prophet and neglects to play the king. Prophets speak judgment on ",p:131,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"sin and structural evil. As long as humans are fallen, there will be need ",p:131,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for prophets. But “kings” are necessary also—to exercise the dominion ",p:131,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"granted to humankind in creation. Best exercised through democratic ",p:131,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"governance, the dominion “function,” so to speak, is vital for making ",p:131,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"actual policy choices and balancing competing goods against one an-",p:131,x:105,y:424,w:495,h:23},
{t:"other when resources are scarce. Terefore dominion requires practical ",p:131,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wisdom, the virtue the ancient church called prudence. Only when ",p:131,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"directed by practical wisdom can humanity make sustained progress ",p:131,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"toward justice over the long haul. ",p:131,x:105,y:534,w:240,h:23},
{t:"So how does FDI look when considered through the eyes of practi-",p:131,x:135,y:562,w:465,h:23},
{t:"cal wisdom? Better than its critics are willing to admit so far. Scarcities of ",p:131,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"physical and human capital are in fact real barriers to physical well-being ",p:131,x:105,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in poor countries. Wages cannot simply be legislated higher or people ",p:131,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wished into high-skilled jobs. So, there is something fundamentally ",p:131,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"just about capital fowing from regions where it is abundant to regions ",p:131,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"where it is scarce. Tere is something fundamentally just about poor ",p:131,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"regions getting access to skills development and competition for their ",p:131,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"business and the extra variety that FDI can bring. Tere is something ",p:131,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fundamentally just about increased wages driven by access to capital. ",p:131,x:105,y:809,w:488,h:23},
{t:"Tere are ",p:131,x:135,y:837,w:75,h:23},
{t:"at ",p:131,x:217,y:837,w:17,h:23},
{t:"least ",p:131,x:240,y:837,w:35,h:23},
{t:"two important FDI-related questions that ",p:131,x:282,y:837,w:323,h:23},
{t:"Christian economists (as well as other Christian social scientists) would ",p:131,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"be wise to tackle. First is the difcult question of how to structure ",p:131,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"extractive investments in poor countries—FDI or nationally owned—",p:131,x:105,y:919,w:495,h:23},
{t:"in ways that minimize resource-curse problems. Progress in thinking ",p:131,x:105,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:132,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:132,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:132,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:132,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:132,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:132,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:132,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:132,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"128",p:132,x:45,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"about workable institutions and governance in this area would be ",p:132,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"directly welfare-improving in Africa. Second, Christian scholars could ",p:132,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"helpfully give some thought to the best means of improving labor ",p:132,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"conditions in developing countries. Labor abuses, where they occur, ",p:132,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are associated with both foreign and domestic capital ownership and ",p:132,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"tend to be in low-skilled manufacturing sectors. Tey usually involve ",p:132,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"violations of a country’s own domestic labor law. Market-friendly ",p:132,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"policy responses—such as product labeling standards, which promote ",p:132,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"labor’s well-being without punishing successful developing country ex-",p:132,x:120,y:314,w:495,h:23},
{t:"porters—have not been adequately explored. In both of these areas for ",p:132,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"future research, the problems are not inherent in FDI. But the presence ",p:132,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of FDI links rich-country consumers and frms to poor-country issues ",p:132,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in ways that may allow leverage for improvements. ",p:132,x:120,y:424,w:361,h:23},
{t:"Christian economists have a special burden at this moment. ",p:132,x:150,y:452,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Clear thinking about FDI requires cultivating our colleagues’ moral ",p:132,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"imaginations so that the virtues inherent in FDI can be appreciated ",p:132,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and recognized as such. Tis is not a call to endorse FDI uncritically, ",p:132,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"which is not and never will be a magic bullet for development. It is ",p:132,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a call, though, to encourage the well-informed and holistic Christian ",p:132,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ethical concerns in this area that are necessary to craft wise, welfare-",p:132,x:120,y:617,w:495,h:23},
{t:"promoting FDI policies. ",p:132,x:120,y:644,w:177,h:23},
{t:"Questions for Review ",p:132,x:247,y:695,w:248,h:30},
{t:"1. ",p:132,x:120,y:744,w:18,h:23},
{t:"What are the diferent kinds of FDI? Why do diferences between ",p:132,x:150,y:744,w:468,h:23},
{t:"them matter?",p:132,x:150,y:771,w:93,h:23},
{t:"2. ",p:132,x:120,y:806,w:18,h:23},
{t:"In your local area, what frms or plants are foreign-owned? Are ",p:132,x:150,y:806,w:445,h:23},
{t:"people generally aware of the ownership? Has their participation ",p:132,x:150,y:834,w:458,h:23},
{t:"in the local economy generally been perceived favorably or ",p:132,x:150,y:861,w:417,h:23},
{t:"unfavorably? Put diferently, has the (foreign) management of ",p:132,x:150,y:889,w:438,h:23},
{t:"those frms ever become a local issue of concern? Please explain.",p:132,x:150,y:916,w:449,h:23},
{t:"3. ",p:132,x:120,y:951,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Te author argues that, from an employee point of view, ",p:132,x:150,y:951,w:402,h:23},
{t:"F",p:133,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:133,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:133,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:133,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:133,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:133,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:133,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"129",p:133,x:645,y:967,w:30,h:19},
{t:"transnational or multinational employers are not intrinsically any ",p:133,x:135,y:94,w:464,h:23},
{t:"worse, and may sometimes be better, than domestically owned ",p:133,x:135,y:122,w:444,h:23},
{t:"employers. Why does he think this?",p:133,x:135,y:149,w:251,h:23},
{t:"4. ",p:133,x:105,y:184,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Te author argues that some problems attributed to FDI in poor ",p:133,x:135,y:184,w:461,h:23},
{t:"countries (such as poor working conditions) relate not to FDI’s ",p:133,x:135,y:212,w:449,h:23},
{t:"foreign-ness per se but to underlying problems in governance and ",p:133,x:135,y:239,w:467,h:23},
{t:"law enforcement in poor countries themselves. Do you agree? Are ",p:133,x:135,y:267,w:466,h:23},
{t:"there counter-examples?",p:133,x:135,y:294,w:170,h:23},
{t:"5. ",p:133,x:105,y:329,w:18,h:23},
{t:"What kinds of incentives can localities ofer for new investment? ",p:133,x:135,y:329,w:459,h:23},
{t:"What kind of governance and rules on government spending ",p:133,x:135,y:357,w:433,h:23},
{t:"might help prevent excessive spending on attracting frms? In ",p:133,x:135,y:384,w:435,h:23},
{t:"general, are there some kinds of government spending that might ",p:133,x:135,y:412,w:464,h:23},
{t:"directly help the population as well as make a locality more ",p:133,x:135,y:439,w:421,h:23},
{t:"attractive for foreign investment?",p:133,x:135,y:467,w:232,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:134,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:134,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:134,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:134,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:134,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:134,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:134,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:134,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"130",p:134,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Notes",p:134,x:336,y:94,w:63,h:30},
{t:"1 Bennholdt-Tomsen (2001). ",p:134,x:120,y:136,w:187,h:20},
{t:"2 Graham and Marchick (2006) analyze FDI and security. ",p:134,x:120,y:156,w:354,h:20},
{t:"3 Te fgures cited in this and the previous paragraph are author calculations ",p:134,x:120,y:176,w:465,h:20},
{t:"based on data in UNCTAD (2007) Annex Table B.1, excluding Hong Kong ",p:134,x:120,y:196,w:469,h:20},
{t:"from the “developing” category. ",p:134,x:120,y:216,w:196,h:20},
{t:"4 Clustering is also apparent when FDI is measured in per capita terms. Infows ",p:134,x:120,y:236,w:485,h:20},
{t:"averaged $36 per person per year (2002–2006) in all developing countries. Latin ",p:134,x:120,y:256,w:495,h:20},
{t:"America is at $126; sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are dramatically lower at ",p:134,x:120,y:276,w:491,h:20},
{t:"$16 and $7, respectively; East Asia and China are at $70 and $47, respectively. ",p:134,x:120,y:296,w:483,h:20},
{t:"5 See Carr (2004). ",p:134,x:120,y:316,w:112,h:20},
{t:"6 See Judith Dean ’s discussion of “pollution havens” in Chapter 12 of this ",p:134,x:120,y:336,w:448,h:20},
{t:"volume. ",p:134,x:120,y:356,w:53,h:20},
{t:"7 Collier (2007) and Karl (1999) ofer non-technical analyses of the political ",p:134,x:120,y:376,w:466,h:20},
{t:"economy of resource curses. ",p:134,x:120,y:396,w:174,h:20},
{t:"8 UNCTAF , World Investment Report 2007 (Fig. IV.3, 104). ",p:134,x:120,y:416,w:362,h:20},
{t:"9 Part of this growth is attributable to surging commercial services in Hong ",p:134,x:120,y:436,w:458,h:20},
{t:"Kong. ",p:134,x:120,y:456,w:41,h:20},
{t:"10 Note that countries can liberalize fnancial services FDI without adopting full ",p:134,x:120,y:476,w:488,h:20},
{t:"capital mobility or complete fnancial liberalization. Tey simply allow foreign ",p:134,x:120,y:496,w:481,h:20},
{t:"banks into the domestic market, without approving large volume, short-term ",p:134,x:120,y:516,w:473,h:20},
{t:"international portfolio transactions. ",p:134,x:120,y:536,w:221,h:20},
{t:"11 See Moss (2005); Long (2005); Moran (2005); Lawrence (2005). ",p:134,x:120,y:556,w:413,h:20},
{t:"12 Moran (2005) ofers case studies. ",p:134,x:120,y:576,w:217,h:20},
{t:"13 See, for one example, Spero and Hart (2003, 120). ",p:134,x:120,y:596,w:325,h:20},
{t:"14 See Spero and Hart (2003, Chap. 8); and Todaro and Smith (2008). ",p:134,x:120,y:616,w:431,h:20},
{t:"15 Sumner (2005) ofers a good summary of recent research in Tables 5 and 6. ",p:134,x:120,y:636,w:474,h:20},
{t:"16 Quoted in Moran (2005, 281). ",p:134,x:120,y:656,w:206,h:20},
{t:"17 Sumner (2005) provides a summary of recent work; Agosin and Mayer (2000) ",p:134,x:120,y:676,w:493,h:20},
{t:"fnd crowding in Asia, crowding out in Latin America; Wang (2006) fnds ",p:134,x:120,y:696,w:454,h:20},
{t:"evidence of crowding in. ",p:134,x:120,y:716,w:153,h:20},
{t:"18 Dean and Lovely (2008) document this efect for FDI in China; see Grether ",p:134,x:120,y:736,w:480,h:20},
{t:"and de Melo (2004) for a survey of empirical results in this area. ",p:134,x:120,y:756,w:395,h:20},
{t:"19 Wolfe (2004) skewers this notion with great élan. ",p:134,x:120,y:776,w:316,h:20},
{t:"20 See, for instance, Claar and Klay (2007). Donald Hay (1989) is something of ",p:134,x:120,y:796,w:487,h:20},
{t:"an exception among economists. ",p:134,x:120,y:816,w:202,h:20},
{t:"21 Tis is a large generalization, and it is important to note that there are some ",p:134,x:120,y:836,w:477,h:20},
{t:"exceptions, such as Max Stackhouse (2007). ",p:134,x:120,y:856,w:271,h:20},
{t:"22 I have written about this more extensively in Smith (2007).",p:134,x:120,y:876,w:373,h:20},
{t:"F",p:135,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:135,x:662,y:93,w:0,h:19},
{t:"eign Dir",p:135,x:662,y:111,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ect In",p:135,x:662,y:179,w:0,h:19},
{t:"v",p:135,x:662,y:225,w:0,h:19},
{t:"es",p:135,x:662,y:234,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tment",p:135,x:662,y:251,w:0,h:19},
{t:"131",p:135,x:646,y:967,w:28,h:19},
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{t:"Press. ",p:137,x:135,y:635,w:37,h:20},
{t:"135",p:138,x:645,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"CHAPTER 5: ",p:138,x:290,y:96,w:129,h:22},
{t:"WELCOMING THE STRANGER? ",p:138,x:105,y:244,w:384,h:26},
{t:"IMMIGRATION AND JUSTICE IN  ",p:138,x:105,y:277,w:379,h:24},
{t:"A GLOBAL ECONOMY ",p:138,x:105,y:309,w:254,h:24},
{t:"Brad Christerson ",p:138,x:105,y:347,w:158,h:20},
{t:"Immigration represents one of the most controversial and emotional ",p:138,x:105,y:494,w:499,h:23},
{t:"issues related to globalization. On May 1, 2006 the city of Los Angeles ",p:138,x:105,y:522,w:499,h:23},
{t:"experienced ",p:138,x:105,y:549,w:87,h:23},
{t:"its ",p:138,x:199,y:549,w:20,h:23},
{t:"largest public protest ever—over 500,000 people, ",p:138,x:225,y:549,w:379,h:23},
{t:"mostly immigrants, fooded the streets to protest a bill that would have ",p:138,x:105,y:577,w:499,h:23},
{t:"made being in the United States illegally a felony. Tis protest, which ",p:138,x:105,y:604,w:499,h:23},
{t:"was matched in cities across the country, was followed by a backlash ",p:138,x:105,y:632,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of sentiment and counter protests among native-born Americans ",p:138,x:105,y:659,w:499,h:23},
{t:"demanding stricter control of the border and the deportation of illegal ",p:138,x:105,y:687,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigrants. ",p:138,x:105,y:714,w:90,h:23},
{t:"Likewise, in western Europe, immigration is at an all-time high, ",p:138,x:135,y:742,w:469,h:23},
{t:"and the issue routinely tops public opinion polls as the most serious ",p:138,x:105,y:769,w:499,h:23},
{t:"problem western Europe faces. In 2005, rioting in the largely Arab and ",p:138,x:105,y:797,w:499,h:23},
{t:"African working-class suburbs of Paris led to a strong reaction by both ",p:138,x:105,y:824,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the French public and the French government, which subsequently ",p:138,x:105,y:852,w:499,h:23},
{t:"passed a number of laws restricting immigration from non-EU nations. ",p:138,x:105,y:879,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Other European nations have seen the resurgence of nativist groups, ",p:138,x:105,y:907,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and politicians are pressing for sharp reductions in immigration. ",p:138,x:105,y:934,w:458,h:23},
{t:"C",p:138,x:113,y:96,w:0,h:19},
{t:"HAPTER 5",p:138,x:113,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"EC",p:139,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:139,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:139,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:139,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:139,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:139,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:139,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:139,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"136",p:139,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Only a small fraction (roughly 3 percent) of the world’s population ",p:139,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"emigrates in any given year (UN 2006). In some locations, however, ",p:139,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the cumulative efect can be quite large. For example, in immigration ",p:139,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hotspots such as the United States and parts of western Europe, the ",p:139,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"percentage of the population that is foreign born is at or near historic ",p:139,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"highs. In 1990, 7.5 percent of the U.S. population was foreign born. ",p:139,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"By 2005, that percentage had risen to 12.5 percent. Tis is well below ",p:139,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the 14.5 percent of foreign born at the peak of the last wave of immi-",p:139,x:120,y:287,w:495,h:23},
{t:"gration in 1905, but it represents a signifcant infux over the last two ",p:139,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"decades (UN 2006). Similarly, in Ireland, 10 percent of the population ",p:139,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is now foreign born, and in Spain, the percentage is 11 percent, both ",p:139,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"historic highs (UN 2006). ",p:139,x:120,y:397,w:189,h:23},
{t:"Not all immigrants set out for the rich countries of the West, how-",p:139,x:150,y:424,w:465,h:23},
{t:"ever. Approximately one-third of all migrants move from one develop-",p:139,x:120,y:452,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing country to another. Still, North America and Europe absorb the ",p:139,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"lion ’s share of international migrants, and the percentage of migrants ",p:139,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"received by North America and Europe is rising. Over the last ffteen ",p:139,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"years, North America and Europe together received nearly 60 percent ",p:139,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of all migrants (UN 2006). ",p:139,x:120,y:589,w:196,h:23},
{t:"Tis chapter begins by putting these trends into historical perspec-",p:139,x:150,y:617,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tive and examining their causes and economic consequences. It will ",p:139,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"also explore issues of justice related to immigration. Most importantly, ",p:139,x:120,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the chapter flls a void in the Christian literature by asking how God ",p:139,x:120,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"would have us think about and act toward immigrants and the policies ",p:139,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that are designed to control immigration. ",p:139,x:120,y:754,w:296,h:23},
{t:"The Current Wave of Immigration in ",p:139,x:159,y:805,w:423,h:30},
{t:"Historical Perspective ",p:139,x:244,y:832,w:253,h:30},
{t:"Tere is nothing new about immigration. Humans are a migratory ",p:139,x:150,y:880,w:469,h:23},
{t:"species, and a study of human history reveals an almost constant geo-",p:139,x:120,y:908,w:495,h:23},
{t:"graphic movement of ethnic groups. God’s command to Adam and Eve ",p:139,x:120,y:935,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to “fll the earth” may be the only one that humans have consistently ",p:139,x:120,y:963,w:499,h:23},
{t:"W",p:140,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:140,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:140,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:140,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:140,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:140,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"137",p:140,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"obeyed. While migration has taken place throughout human history, ",p:140,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the number of people migrating increased sharply after 1500. Massey ",p:140,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(et al. 1998) document three large waves of world migration since ",p:140,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1500: ",p:140,x:105,y:177,w:45,h:23},
{t:"Te Mercantile Period (1500–1800). European coloniza-",p:140,x:135,y:212,w:434,h:23},
{t:"tion gave rise to European migration throughout Africa, ",p:140,x:135,y:239,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Asia, and the Western Hemisphere as well as the movement ",p:140,x:135,y:267,w:439,h:23},
{t:"of African slaves to the Western Hemisphere. Estimates of ",p:140,x:135,y:294,w:439,h:23},
{t:"migrants worldwide during this time range in the tens of mil-",p:140,x:135,y:322,w:434,h:23},
{t:"lions, changing the racial/ethnic composition of much of the ",p:140,x:135,y:349,w:439,h:23},
{t:"world, most dramatically in North and South America where ",p:140,x:135,y:377,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Europeans grew to dominate these continents numerically and ",p:140,x:135,y:404,w:439,h:23},
{t:"politically. ",p:140,x:135,y:432,w:77,h:23},
{t:"Te Industrial Period (1800–1925). During this period, an ",p:140,x:135,y:474,w:439,h:23},
{t:"estimated 48 million people emigrated from rapidly industri-",p:140,x:135,y:502,w:434,h:23},
{t:"alizing and urbanizing Europe to sparsely populated former ",p:140,x:135,y:529,w:439,h:23},
{t:"colonies. Of these, 85 percent immigrated to just fve nations, ",p:140,x:135,y:557,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and ",p:140,x:135,y:584,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Argentina, further expanding European dominance of these ",p:140,x:135,y:612,w:439,h:23},
{t:"areas. ",p:140,x:135,y:639,w:43,h:23},
{t:"Te Post Industrial Period (1960–present). While Europe ",p:140,x:135,y:682,w:439,h:23},
{t:"was the engine of the previous two waves of migration, the ",p:140,x:135,y:709,w:439,h:23},
{t:"present wave is truly global as non-European nations have ",p:140,x:135,y:737,w:439,h:23},
{t:"become major sending countries. Before 1925, Europe expe-",p:140,x:135,y:764,w:434,h:23},
{t:"rienced a large net outfow of immigrants, as 85 percent of all ",p:140,x:135,y:792,w:439,h:23},
{t:"international migrants came from Europe. By the 1980s this ",p:140,x:135,y:819,w:439,h:23},
{t:"changed to a net infow as Africa, Asia, and Latin America be-",p:140,x:135,y:847,w:434,h:23},
{t:"came the primary sources of immigrants and Europe became ",p:140,x:135,y:874,w:439,h:23},
{t:"a major destination. ",p:140,x:135,y:902,w:145,h:23},
{t:"During the last ffteen years alone, the number of people migrating ",p:140,x:135,y:937,w:469,h:23},
{t:"yearly rose from 155 million to 190 million, an increase of 23 percent ",p:140,x:105,y:964,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:141,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:141,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:141,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:141,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:141,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:141,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:141,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:141,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"138",p:141,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"(UN 2006). Approximately one-third migrated from a developing na-",p:141,x:120,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion to another developing nation, many to higher-income developing ",p:141,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nations. For example, Saudi Arabia, India, Pakistan, the UAE, and ",p:141,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Hong Kong were major recipients, together accounting for 12 percent ",p:141,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of all international migrants (UN 2006). Another third came from ",p:141,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"developing nations to Europe and North America. Te fnal third emi-",p:141,x:120,y:232,w:495,h:23},
{t:"grated from high-income developed nations (Europe, North America, ",p:141,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Oceania, and Japan) to both high and low-income nations around the ",p:141,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"world (UN 2006). ",p:141,x:120,y:314,w:135,h:23},
{t:"In the United States, the post-industrial period has produced an ",p:141,x:150,y:342,w:469,h:23},
{t:"infux of immigrants. Te sheer number of immigrants in this period, ",p:141,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"compared to other periods in American history, is much larger, although ",p:141,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as a percentage of the population the current wave is still below the ",p:141,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"industrial period. What is diferent about the current wave is not the ",p:141,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"numbers in proportion to the native-born population, but rather the ",p:141,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"nations of origin of the immigrants. While the frst waves came from ",p:141,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"northern Europe and the second from southern Europe, the third wave ",p:141,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of immigrants is predominantly from Asia and Latin America. Like ",p:141,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"earlier waves, the current infux has set of anti-immigrant reactions ",p:141,x:120,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from the native-born population. ",p:141,x:120,y:617,w:239,h:23},
{t:"The Forces Driving the Current  ",p:141,x:189,y:668,w:372,h:30},
{t:"Wave of Immigration",p:141,x:248,y:695,w:239,h:30},
{t:"Economists and sociologists from a number of theoretical perspec-",p:141,x:150,y:743,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tives have identifed powerful forces driving the current rise in interna-",p:141,x:120,y:770,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tional migration. While the following is not an exhaustive review of the ",p:141,x:120,y:798,w:499,h:23},
{t:"debates surrounding why people migrate, most scholars agree that six ",p:141,x:120,y:825,w:499,h:23},
{t:"factors are driving the current infux of immigrants to the United States ",p:141,x:120,y:853,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and Europe.1 Debates on immigration typically focus on the relative ",p:141,x:120,y:880,w:499,h:23},
{t:"importance of each factor rather than on whether these factors exist. ",p:141,x:120,y:908,w:485,h:23},
{t:"W",p:142,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:142,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:142,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:142,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:142,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:142,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"139",p:142,x:645,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Wage Diferentials. Many experts emphasize that economic ",p:142,x:135,y:94,w:439,h:23},
{t:"incentives are a reason individuals migrate. In particular, ",p:142,x:135,y:122,w:439,h:23},
{t:"diferent nations have widely divergent wage rates, making ",p:142,x:135,y:149,w:439,h:23},
{t:"immigration from a low-wage to a high-wage nation attractive ",p:142,x:135,y:177,w:439,h:23},
{t:"for individuals. According to this theory, the greater the dif-",p:142,x:135,y:204,w:434,h:23},
{t:"ference between real wages in the receiving country and those ",p:142,x:135,y:232,w:439,h:23},
{t:"in the home country, minus the cost of emigrating, multiplied ",p:142,x:135,y:259,w:439,h:23},
{t:"by the probability of securing employment, the more likely ",p:142,x:135,y:287,w:439,h:23},
{t:"a person will immigrate (see Borjas 1989, 1994). Tus, large ",p:142,x:135,y:314,w:439,h:23},
{t:"wage diferentials between rich and poor countries, lower ",p:142,x:135,y:342,w:439,h:23},
{t:"transportation and communications costs, and expanded job ",p:142,x:135,y:369,w:439,h:23},
{t:"opportunities in developed nations drive much of the infux of ",p:142,x:135,y:397,w:439,h:23},
{t:"immigrants in today’s globalized economy. ",p:142,x:135,y:424,w:304,h:23},
{t:"Risk Management Among Households. New theories of the ",p:142,x:135,y:467,w:439,h:23},
{t:"economics of migration emphasize households rather than ",p:142,x:135,y:494,w:439,h:23},
{t:"individuals as the key unit deciding to immigrate (see Stark ",p:142,x:135,y:522,w:439,h:23},
{t:"1991; Portes and Rumbaut 2006). Tese scholars have dis-",p:142,x:135,y:549,w:434,h:23},
{t:"covered that households in poor and middle-income nations ",p:142,x:135,y:577,w:439,h:23},
{t:"often send one or more family members to a high-income ",p:142,x:135,y:604,w:439,h:23},
{t:"nation, not simply to maximize the income of the individual ",p:142,x:135,y:632,w:439,h:23},
{t:"who emigrates, but to insure against bad outcomes such as ",p:142,x:135,y:659,w:439,h:23},
{t:"crop failure, unexpected unemployment, or the inability to ",p:142,x:135,y:687,w:439,h:23},
{t:"care for elderly household members. Many developing nations ",p:142,x:135,y:714,w:439,h:23},
{t:"do not ofer unemployment insurance, crop insurance, or ",p:142,x:135,y:742,w:439,h:23},
{t:"retirement plans. In the absence of these benefts, households ",p:142,x:135,y:769,w:439,h:23},
{t:"diversify their economic resources by sending certain members ",p:142,x:135,y:797,w:439,h:23},
{t:"abroad to send cash home to supplement the family income, ",p:142,x:135,y:824,w:439,h:23},
{t:"ofsetting these risks. ",p:142,x:135,y:852,w:151,h:23},
{t:"Relative Deprivation. Other scholars theorize that house-",p:142,x:135,y:894,w:434,h:23},
{t:"holds send workers abroad not only to minimize risk but also ",p:142,x:135,y:922,w:439,h:23},
{t:"to gain income relative to those around them (Stark 1991; ",p:142,x:135,y:949,w:439,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:143,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:143,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:143,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:143,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:143,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:143,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:143,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:143,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"140",p:143,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Massey et al. 1998). If a household is located in a town where ",p:143,x:150,y:94,w:439,h:23},
{t:"most neighbors own a car, a TV, and a DVD player, then a ",p:143,x:150,y:122,w:439,h:23},
{t:"family may send a member to work in another country so ",p:143,x:150,y:149,w:439,h:23},
{t:"that his or her remittances enable the family to keep up with ",p:143,x:150,y:177,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the consumption patterns of their neighbors. Tis partially ",p:143,x:150,y:204,w:439,h:23},
{t:"explains why immigrants are more likely to originate from ",p:143,x:150,y:232,w:439,h:23},
{t:"middle-income developing nations, or more prosperous areas ",p:143,x:150,y:259,w:439,h:23},
{t:"within sending nations, than from extremely impoverished ",p:143,x:150,y:287,w:439,h:23},
{t:"areas, as the wage-gap theory would predict. ",p:143,x:150,y:314,w:315,h:23},
{t:"Demand for Labor in Developed Nations. Te ",p:143,x:150,y:357,w:380,h:23},
{t:"“global ",p:143,x:536,y:357,w:53,h:23},
{t:"political economy” literature maintains that the globalization ",p:143,x:150,y:384,w:439,h:23},
{t:"of capitalism has restructured economic activity in such a way ",p:143,x:150,y:412,w:439,h:23},
{t:"that creates demand for immigrants in developed nations (see ",p:143,x:150,y:439,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Sassen 1988). Advances in transportation and communication ",p:143,x:150,y:467,w:439,h:23},
{t:"technologies, combined with liberalized trade and investment ",p:143,x:150,y:494,w:439,h:23},
{t:"laws, allow for freer fow of goods, services, and people across ",p:143,x:150,y:522,w:439,h:23},
{t:"national boundaries. As a result, businesses can locate diferent ",p:143,x:150,y:549,w:439,h:23},
{t:"stages of their production process or “value chain” wherever ",p:143,x:150,y:577,w:439,h:23},
{t:"the work can be done most cheaply and efciently (Geref",p:143,x:150,y:604,w:435,h:23},
{t:"1994; Porter 1998). Tis relative ease of organizing produc-",p:143,x:150,y:632,w:434,h:23},
{t:"tion on a global scale leads to the growth of high-skill, high-",p:143,x:150,y:659,w:435,h:23},
{t:"value operations (banking, fnance, administration, business ",p:143,x:150,y:687,w:439,h:23},
{t:"services, design, engineering) in rich countries with a highly ",p:143,x:150,y:714,w:439,h:23},
{t:"educated workforce. Low-skill, low-paying and routine jobs ",p:143,x:150,y:742,w:439,h:23},
{t:"are outsourced to developing countries with large pools of ",p:143,x:150,y:769,w:439,h:23},
{t:"cheap, unskilled labor (Reich 1992). However, some unskilled ",p:143,x:150,y:797,w:439,h:23},
{t:"services jobs have to be done on site in rich countries, such as ",p:143,x:150,y:824,w:439,h:23},
{t:"dishwashers, cashiers, waiters, janitors, and construction work-",p:143,x:150,y:852,w:434,h:23},
{t:"ers. As a result of the economic growth created by the expand-",p:143,x:150,y:879,w:434,h:23},
{t:"ing global economy, demand has been created in rich-country ",p:143,x:150,y:907,w:439,h:23},
{t:"economies for both highly educated specialists and low-skilled ",p:143,x:150,y:934,w:439,h:23},
{t:"service workers that cannot be met by the native-born labor ",p:143,x:150,y:962,w:439,h:23},
{t:"W",p:144,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:144,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:144,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:144,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:144,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:144,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"141",p:144,x:647,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"force. Tis explains the tight labor markets and relatively low ",p:144,x:135,y:94,w:439,h:23},
{t:"unemployment rates that have existed alongside large-scale ",p:144,x:135,y:122,w:439,h:23},
{t:"immigration to the United States in the past two decades. ",p:144,x:135,y:149,w:411,h:23},
{t:"Dislocation of Rural Laborers in Developing Nations. ",p:144,x:135,y:192,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Globalization creates social forces that in turn create both ",p:144,x:135,y:219,w:439,h:23},
{t:"international migration and internal migration in developing ",p:144,x:135,y:247,w:439,h:23},
{t:"countries. Reduced trade barriers coupled with government ",p:144,x:135,y:274,w:439,h:23},
{t:"farm subsidies in rich countries have put many small-scale ",p:144,x:135,y:302,w:439,h:23},
{t:"farmers in developing nations out of business, leading to ",p:144,x:135,y:329,w:439,h:23},
{t:"migration from rural areas to cities. Farmers and sharecrop-",p:144,x:135,y:357,w:434,h:23},
{t:"pers, displaced by import competition or capital-intensive ",p:144,x:135,y:384,w:439,h:23},
{t:"agricultural production for global markets, move internally ",p:144,x:135,y:412,w:439,h:23},
{t:"to cities to look for work (Zabin and Hughes 1995). Many ",p:144,x:135,y:439,w:439,h:23},
{t:"fnd work in factories and ",p:144,x:135,y:467,w:196,h:23},
{t:"“export processing zones” set up ",p:144,x:334,y:467,w:240,h:23},
{t:"by multinational corporations. In cities, migrant workers are ",p:144,x:135,y:494,w:439,h:23},
{t:"exposed to people and information that open opportunities to ",p:144,x:135,y:522,w:439,h:23},
{t:"migrate internationally (Zabin and Hughes 1995; Delgado-",p:144,x:135,y:549,w:434,h:23},
{t:"Wise and Covarrubias 2007). As migrants already, they are ",p:144,x:135,y:577,w:439,h:23},
{t:"often ready to move again for more promising opportunities ",p:144,x:135,y:604,w:439,h:23},
{t:"in other nations. Tus, the process of globalization creates ",p:144,x:135,y:632,w:439,h:23},
{t:"migration both internally and internationally. ",p:144,x:135,y:659,w:326,h:23},
{t:"Government Policies. For the economic forces mentioned ",p:144,x:135,y:702,w:439,h:23},
{t:"above to actually produce large-scale immigration, states must ",p:144,x:135,y:729,w:439,h:23},
{t:"institute policies that facilitate it. Most Western nations have ",p:144,x:135,y:757,w:439,h:23},
{t:"liberalized their immigration laws in the past few decades, ",p:144,x:135,y:784,w:439,h:23},
{t:"making it possible for more immigrants from developing ",p:144,x:135,y:812,w:439,h:23},
{t:"nations to become legal residents. In the United States, for ",p:144,x:135,y:839,w:439,h:23},
{t:"example, immigration patterns shifted dramatically in 1965 ",p:144,x:135,y:867,w:439,h:23},
{t:"when key amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act ",p:144,x:135,y:894,w:439,h:23},
{t:"removed quotas favoring European immigrants and removed ",p:144,x:135,y:922,w:439,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:145,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:145,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:145,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:145,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:145,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:145,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:145,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:145,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"142",p:145,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"caps on the number of immediate relatives of U.S. citizens to ",p:145,x:150,y:94,w:439,h:23},
{t:"immigrate. Tis has led to a steady stream of immigrants from ",p:145,x:150,y:122,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Latin America and Asia seeking higher wages and unifcation ",p:145,x:150,y:149,w:439,h:23},
{t:"with their families. Te end of the Cold War and the creation ",p:145,x:150,y:177,w:439,h:23},
{t:"of the European Union brought waves of immigrants from ",p:145,x:150,y:204,w:439,h:23},
{t:"eastern Europe to western Europe. Historically, increases and ",p:145,x:150,y:232,w:439,h:23},
{t:"decreases in immigration follow shifts in government policy. ",p:145,x:150,y:259,w:429,h:23},
{t:"The Consequences of Immigration ",p:145,x:172,y:318,w:397,h:30},
{t:"Discussions of immigration set of waves of anger and emotion, ",p:145,x:150,y:366,w:469,h:23},
{t:"which tops the list of concerns for many immigrants and native-born ",p:145,x:120,y:394,w:499,h:23},
{t:"people in the United States and western Europe. Tis raw emotion is ",p:145,x:120,y:421,w:499,h:23},
{t:"tied to claims of injustice on both sides of the immigration equation. ",p:145,x:120,y:449,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Many native-born residents feel they are being “invaded” by poor ",p:145,x:120,y:476,w:499,h:23},
{t:"people from other countries who take jobs away from native-born resi-",p:145,x:120,y:504,w:495,h:23},
{t:"dents, who refuse to assimilate or speak the native language, and who ",p:145,x:120,y:531,w:499,h:23},
{t:"“drain the economy” by bringing down wages; overwhelming schools, ",p:145,x:120,y:559,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hospitals, jails, and public services; and by using up government welfare ",p:145,x:120,y:586,w:499,h:23},
{t:"benefts—without paying taxes. Some make no distinction between ",p:145,x:120,y:614,w:499,h:23},
{t:"documented and undocumented immigrants, assuming that most are ",p:145,x:120,y:641,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in the country illegally and therefore are law-breakers who have no ",p:145,x:120,y:669,w:499,h:23},
{t:"right to be in this country. Immigrants, on the other hand, have their ",p:145,x:120,y:696,w:499,h:23},
{t:"own claims of injustice. Many claim to be exploited in the workplace ",p:145,x:120,y:724,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because of their immigrant status. Tey claim to be given the lowest-",p:145,x:120,y:751,w:495,h:23},
{t:"paying jobs in the harshest working conditions. And they sometimes ",p:145,x:120,y:779,w:499,h:23},
{t:"claim to be abused by their employers. Tis section addresses each of ",p:145,x:120,y:806,w:499,h:23},
{t:"these concerns. We will analyze the U.S. case, recognizing that the ",p:145,x:120,y:834,w:499,h:23},
{t:"efects of immigration in other countries may not be the same. Te ",p:145,x:120,y:861,w:499,h:23},
{t:"U.S. case is instructive, however, because it is the nation that receives ",p:145,x:120,y:889,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the largest number of immigrants, and the economic and fscal efects ",p:145,x:120,y:916,w:499,h:23},
{t:"W",p:146,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:146,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:146,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:146,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:146,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:146,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"143",p:146,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"of immigration have been researched more thoroughly in the United ",p:146,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"States than in other nations.2 ",p:146,x:105,y:122,w:208,h:23},
{t:"Economic Effects in the Host Country ",p:146,x:105,y:177,w:350,h:24},
{t:"In host countries, native-born residents often claim negative eco-",p:146,x:135,y:214,w:464,h:23},
{t:"nomic efects as the primary reason to limit immigration. In particular, ",p:146,x:105,y:241,w:499,h:23},
{t:"they cite efects on employment (“taking away our jobs”), wage com-",p:146,x:105,y:269,w:495,h:23},
{t:"petition, and the use of government services as negative outcomes of ",p:146,x:105,y:296,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigration. Others, particularly the business community, claim that ",p:146,x:105,y:324,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigration benefts the nation as the need for workers has increased ",p:146,x:105,y:351,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with our expanding economy. What does empirical research tell us ",p:146,x:105,y:379,w:499,h:23},
{t:"about the efects? ",p:146,x:105,y:406,w:126,h:23},
{t:"Most economists agree that the net economic impact of immigra-",p:146,x:135,y:434,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tion is positive for the host economy. In an open letter to the U.S. ",p:146,x:105,y:461,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Congress in 2006, fve hundred American economists signed a state-",p:146,x:105,y:489,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ment that read, “Overall, immigration has been a net gain for American ",p:146,x:105,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"citizens, though a modest one in proportion to the size of our $13-tril-",p:146,x:105,y:544,w:495,h:23},
{t:"lion economy” (cited in Streitfeld 2006). Tis net economic gain is due ",p:146,x:105,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to the fact that immigrants increase the supply of labor but are paid less ",p:146,x:105,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"as a group than native-born workers, thus moderating infation and ",p:146,x:105,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"creating a net gain for consumers of the goods and services immigrants ",p:146,x:105,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"produce. For example, fruit and vegetable prices are held constant or ",p:146,x:105,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"even reduced because of immigrant feld workers, and construction ",p:146,x:105,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"costs are moderated because of immigrant laborers. Lower wages and ",p:146,x:105,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"prices suggest that businesses that rely heavily on unskilled labor (for ",p:146,x:105,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"example, the agriculture, restaurant, hotel, and construction businesses) ",p:146,x:105,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"also beneft from immigration. ",p:146,x:105,y:819,w:221,h:23},
{t:"Immigrants also consume goods and services and thus have a ",p:146,x:135,y:846,w:469,h:23},
{t:"stimulative efect on the demand side of the economy, which in turn ",p:146,x:105,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"leads to job growth and higher profts for businesses. Tose hurt most ",p:146,x:105,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"directly by immigration are the less-educated, less-skilled workers ",p:146,x:105,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who compete directly with unskilled immigrants in the labor market. ",p:146,x:105,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:147,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:147,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:147,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:147,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:147,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:147,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:147,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:147,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"144",p:147,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Native-born high school dropouts (about 10 percent of the popula-",p:147,x:120,y:94,w:494,h:23},
{t:"tion) are the most afected group. According to one study, the earnings ",p:147,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of high school dropouts have declined as much as 5 percent from 1979 ",p:147,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to 1995 as a direct result of immigration (Borjas 2003). Other studies ",p:147,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"estimate the drop in wages of high school dropouts to be between 1 ",p:147,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and 2 percent (Smith and Edmonston 1997; Hamermesh 1996). For ",p:147,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"those with at least a high school education, however, the reduction ",p:147,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in prices has resulted in an overall increase in real (infation adjusted) ",p:147,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"incomes on average (Smith and Edmonston 1997). ",p:147,x:120,y:314,w:365,h:23},
{t:"Tere is also no evidence that large-scale immigration increases ",p:147,x:150,y:342,w:469,h:23},
{t:"unemployment rates in the host society, even for unskilled workers. ",p:147,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"One study found that a 10 percent increase in the immigrant popu-",p:147,x:120,y:397,w:495,h:23},
{t:"lation in a local labor market reduces the number of weeks worked ",p:147,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"per year by unskilled native workers by a relatively insignifcant 0.6 ",p:147,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"percent, or two days per year (Altonji and Card 1991). Other studies ",p:147,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"show an actual increase in employment for native unskilled laborers as ",p:147,x:120,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigration increased (Smith and Edmonston 1997). A comparison ",p:147,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of unemployment rates between immigration hot spots—such as ",p:147,x:120,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"southern California and south Florida and areas without large immi-",p:147,x:120,y:589,w:495,h:23},
{t:"grant populations—shows no signifcant diference in unemployment ",p:147,x:120,y:617,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rates. In sum, if immigration has an efect on employment rates among ",p:147,x:120,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"natives, it is negligible. ",p:147,x:120,y:672,w:164,h:23},
{t:"Critics often identify the fscal consequences (a net loss of tax ",p:147,x:150,y:699,w:469,h:23},
{t:"revenue) of large-scale immigration as the most signifcant. However, it ",p:147,x:120,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"is important to distinguish between short- and long-run consequences ",p:147,x:120,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and between states with high concentrations of immigrants and those ",p:147,x:120,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"with relatively fewer immigrants. ",p:147,x:120,y:809,w:237,h:23},
{t:"One comprehensive study found that if the yearly net fscal impact ",p:147,x:150,y:837,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of all immigrant-headed households in the United States were averaged ",p:147,x:120,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"across all native households in the United States, it would result in a ",p:147,x:120,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"tax burden of between $166 and $226 per year per native household ",p:147,x:120,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Smith and Edmonston 1997). Tis study cited three reasons why, on ",p:147,x:120,y:947,w:499,h:23},
{t:"W",p:148,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:148,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:148,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:148,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:148,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:148,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"145",p:148,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"a year-to-year basis, immigrants use more in government resources ",p:148,x:105,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"than they pay in taxes. First, immigrant-headed households have more ",p:148,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"school-aged children than native households and therefore consume ",p:148,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more educational services. Second, immigrant-headed households ",p:148,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are poorer on average than native households and therefore receive ",p:148,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"more government income transfers. And third, immigrant-headed ",p:148,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"households have lower incomes and own less property than natives on ",p:148,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"average and thus pay lower state and local taxes. ",p:148,x:105,y:287,w:342,h:23},
{t:"Based on accounting in a single year, therefore, it appears that ",p:148,x:135,y:314,w:469,h:23},
{t:"each immigrant household imposes an overall tax burden on native ",p:148,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"residents. However, the same study reaches a diferent conclusion when ",p:148,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"examining the long-term fscal efects of each immigrant household. ",p:148,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Smith and Edmonston (1997) concluded that the net fscal impact of ",p:148,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"each immigrant household is positive over that immigrant’s lifetime, ",p:148,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"because most immigrants arrive relatively young, when they have or ",p:148,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are about to have school-aged children. Te taxes they pay when they ",p:148,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"arrive are less than the government services they use, mostly due to ",p:148,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the costs of educating their children. When these children enter the ",p:148,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"workforce, however, they will pay taxes, contributing a net fscal gain ",p:148,x:105,y:589,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to government over the lifetime of that immigrant family. ",p:148,x:105,y:617,w:411,h:23},
{t:"In ",p:148,x:135,y:644,w:20,h:23},
{t:"states ",p:148,x:163,y:644,w:42,h:23},
{t:"with ",p:148,x:213,y:644,w:36,h:23},
{t:"high ",p:148,x:258,y:644,w:36,h:23},
{t:"concentrations ",p:148,x:302,y:644,w:108,h:23},
{t:"of ",p:148,x:418,y:644,w:18,h:23},
{t:"immigrants, ",p:148,x:445,y:644,w:90,h:23},
{t:"such ",p:148,x:543,y:644,w:36,h:23},
{t:"as ",p:148,x:587,y:644,w:17,h:23},
{t:"California, Texas, and New York, both the short-run and long-run ",p:148,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"fscal impact is negative since state and local revenues pay for much of ",p:148,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the education and health care of immigrants, therefore concentrating ",p:148,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the costs of educating immigrant children in just a few states. Tus, ",p:148,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"taxpayers in states such as California and New York pay to educate ",p:148,x:105,y:782,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigrant children while the entire nation benefts from the taxes they ",p:148,x:105,y:809,w:499,h:23},
{t:"pay when they enter the workforce. So while the long-term fscal efects ",p:148,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of each immigrant are on average positive for native-born residents ",p:148,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(immigrants end up paying more in taxes than the services they use over ",p:148,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their lifetime), they impose a negative tax burden on native residents in ",p:148,x:105,y:919,w:499,h:23},
{t:"certain high immigration states (Smith and Edmonston 1997). ",p:148,x:105,y:947,w:448,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:149,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:149,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:149,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:149,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:149,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:149,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:149,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:149,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"146",p:149,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"In sum, immigration does not impose a long-term fscal burden ",p:149,x:150,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"on native-born residents overall, in fact it leads to an overall fscal net ",p:149,x:120,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"gain for native residents. However, for certain native-born residents ",p:149,x:120,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"in certain high-immigration states, immigration does impose a fscal ",p:149,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"burden. But, the overall net economic efect is still positive for native-",p:149,x:120,y:204,w:495,h:23},
{t:"born residents in those high-immigration states, since those residents ",p:149,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"are more likely to beneft from the economic stimulus and lower costs ",p:149,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"for goods and services that immigrants provide. ",p:149,x:120,y:287,w:339,h:23},
{t:"Overall, most claims by native-born residents of negative economic ",p:149,x:150,y:314,w:469,h:23},
{t:"efects related to immigration have no empirical basis. Only two nega-",p:149,x:120,y:342,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tive economic efects of immigration are empirically founded and, ",p:149,x:120,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"therefore, could qualify as an unjust outcome of immigration for ",p:149,x:120,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"native-born residents of the host society: (1) Native-born high school ",p:149,x:120,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"dropouts have seen their wages decline by as much as 5 percent as a ",p:149,x:120,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"result of immigration, and (2) native households in a small number of ",p:149,x:120,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"high immigration states experience a tax burden as a result of immigra-",p:149,x:120,y:507,w:495,h:23},
{t:"tion. Tese problems can be addressed, however, without restricting ",p:149,x:120,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigration, which will be discussed in a later section. ",p:149,x:120,y:562,w:391,h:23},
{t:"Injustices Claimed by Immigrants ",p:149,x:120,y:617,w:312,h:24},
{t:"Many immigrants claim to be treated unjustly by their employers. ",p:149,x:150,y:654,w:469,h:23},
{t:"Tis is particularly true of undocumented workers, many of whom ",p:149,x:120,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"claim to be paid less than minimum wage. A recent report in the Los ",p:149,x:120,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Angeles Times, for example, found that undocumented workers at local ",p:149,x:120,y:736,w:499,h:23},
{t:"car washes are often paid tips only (March 23, 2008). Similarly, an ",p:149,x:120,y:764,w:499,h:23},
{t:"investigation of the garment industry in Los Angeles, conducted by the ",p:149,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"U.S. Department of Labor, found that 48 percent of the factories vio-",p:149,x:120,y:819,w:495,h:23},
{t:"lated minimum-wage laws, and 51 percent did not pay overtime (U.S. ",p:149,x:120,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Department of Labor 1998). Tis study did not include unlicensed ",p:149,x:120,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"factories, which comprise close to a third of all garment factories in the ",p:149,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Los Angeles region and whose conditions are typically worse. ",p:149,x:120,y:929,w:434,h:23},
{t:"W",p:150,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:150,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:150,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:150,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:150,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:150,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"147",p:150,x:647,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"Other studies have found unsafe working conditions and physical ",p:150,x:135,y:94,w:469,h:23},
{t:"abuse of immigrants. Bonacich and Appelbaum (2000), in their study ",p:150,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of garment workers in Los Angeles, found unsafe working conditions ",p:150,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and occasional physical abuse of immigrant garment workers, who were ",p:150,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"afraid to complain because their feared being fred or deported. Studies ",p:150,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of agricultural, janitorial, and housekeeping workers found similar ",p:150,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"abuses (Cranford 2005; Loucky, Hamilton, and Chinchilla 1989; ",p:150,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Mines and Avina 1992). Some studies have found that undocumented ",p:150,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"immigrant farm workers are routinely exposed to dangerous levels of ",p:150,x:105,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"pesticides, which leads to high rates of leukemia and stomach, uterine, ",p:150,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and brain cancer (Mills and Kwong 2001) as well as neurological disor-",p:150,x:105,y:369,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ders and birth defects (Claren 2003; Rothlein et al. 2006). Because of ",p:150,x:105,y:397,w:499,h:23},
{t:"their undocumented status, these workers fear speaking out about their ",p:150,x:105,y:424,w:499,h:23},
{t:"conditions because of the prospect of deportation. ",p:150,x:105,y:452,w:358,h:23},
{t:"Clearly, these claims by immigrants of injustice do have empirical ",p:150,x:135,y:479,w:469,h:23},
{t:"support. Tose afected most by workplace injustice are at the bottom ",p:150,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of the economic scale—undocumented workers in low-paying, low-",p:150,x:105,y:534,w:494,h:23},
{t:"skill jobs such as garment making, janitorial services, and agricultural ",p:150,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"labor. ",p:150,x:105,y:589,w:44,h:23},
{t:"Many highly educated, highly skilled legal immigrants face injus-",p:150,x:135,y:617,w:465,h:23},
{t:"tices as well. Often their education credentials obtained in their home ",p:150,x:105,y:644,w:499,h:23},
{t:"country are not recognized or valued as highly, so they receive lower ",p:150,x:105,y:672,w:499,h:23},
{t:"pay and lower status as a result. Tey are also often routed to technical ",p:150,x:105,y:699,w:499,h:23},
{t:"jobs and face obstacles to moving into higher-paying management and ",p:150,x:105,y:727,w:499,h:23},
{t:"executive positions (Aguirre and Turner 1998; Nguyen 1993; Chiu ",p:150,x:105,y:754,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1994). ",p:150,x:105,y:782,w:51,h:23},
{t:"In addition to workplace abuses, migrants are exposed to abuse by ",p:150,x:135,y:809,w:469,h:23},
{t:"smugglers and trafckers (UN 2006), as well as racism, xenophobia, ",p:150,x:105,y:837,w:499,h:23},
{t:"and discrimination in their host society because of tensions over the ",p:150,x:105,y:864,w:499,h:23},
{t:"issue of immigration. In many places, these tensions can result in hate ",p:150,x:105,y:892,w:499,h:23},
{t:"crimes and other forms of violence and intimidation (UN 2006). ",p:150,x:105,y:919,w:464,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:151,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:151,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:151,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:151,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:151,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:151,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:151,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:151,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"148",p:151,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"Sending-Country Effects ",p:151,x:120,y:94,w:228,h:24},
{t:"Immigration has signifcant efects on the economies of sending ",p:151,x:150,y:131,w:469,h:23},
{t:"nations as well. Te largest efect is remittances from emigrants—",p:151,x:120,y:158,w:494,h:23},
{t:"money sent back to family members in the sending nation. According ",p:151,x:120,y:186,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to World Bank estimates, remittances doubled from $102 billion in ",p:151,x:120,y:213,w:499,h:23},
{t:"1995 to $232 billion in 2005 (UN 2006; World Bank 2006). Te ",p:151,x:120,y:241,w:499,h:23},
{t:"percentage of worldwide remittances going to developing countries (as ",p:151,x:120,y:268,w:499,h:23},
{t:"opposed to developed countries) has increased from 57 percent in 1995 ",p:151,x:120,y:296,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to 72 percent in 2005. In twenty developing countries, remittances ac-",p:151,x:120,y:323,w:495,h:23},
{t:"counted for at least 10 percent of their total GDP . Overall, remittances ",p:151,x:120,y:351,w:499,h:23},
{t:"from migrants are now much larger than all forms of international aid to ",p:151,x:120,y:378,w:499,h:23},
{t:"developing countries combined (UN 2006). ",p:151,x:120,y:406,w:298,h:23},
{t:"Remittances raise the income of citizens in developing nations and ",p:151,x:150,y:433,w:469,h:23},
{t:"often provide health care and education, thus improving the overall ",p:151,x:120,y:461,w:499,h:23},
{t:"level of productivity and human capital in those nations. Because of ",p:151,x:120,y:488,w:499,h:23},
{t:"multiplier efects, remittances also improve the lives of community ",p:151,x:120,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"members who do not have a family member sending back money. Te ",p:151,x:120,y:543,w:499,h:23},
{t:"UN estimates that every dollar an emigrant sends to a family member ",p:151,x:120,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"at home may add two or three dollars of income in that local com-",p:151,x:120,y:598,w:495,h:23},
{t:"munity when the money is spent on goods and services supplied by ",p:151,x:120,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"local businesses (UN 2006). Migration is therefore a powerful engine ",p:151,x:120,y:653,w:499,h:23},
{t:"of economic growth to develop nations, raise incomes, improve health ",p:151,x:120,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"care and education, and create jobs in local economies. ",p:151,x:120,y:708,w:391,h:23},
{t:"More problematic is the so-called “brain-drain” that occurs when ",p:151,x:150,y:736,w:469,h:23},
{t:"highly skilled workers emigrate from developing to developed nations ",p:151,x:120,y:763,w:499,h:23},
{t:"(Freeman 2006). One study estimates that in 2001, approximately ",p:151,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"10 percent of all college-educated citizens of developing nations were ",p:151,x:120,y:818,w:499,h:23},
{t:"living in North America, Australia, or Europe (Lowell, Findlay, and ",p:151,x:120,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Stewart 2004). Another study found that over half of university-",p:151,x:120,y:873,w:494,h:23},
{t:"educated adults from the Caribbean live in the United States; and in ",p:151,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"some African countries, more than 35 percent of citizens with a college ",p:151,x:120,y:928,w:499,h:23},
{t:"education live overseas (Kapur and McHale 2005). While this benefts ",p:151,x:120,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"W",p:152,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:152,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:152,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:152,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:152,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:152,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"149",p:152,x:646,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"the host country, it represents a decrease in human capital for the send-",p:152,x:105,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ing country. Te cost is compounded if these nations invest in the ",p:152,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"education of their citizens, only to lose their services to other nations. ",p:152,x:105,y:149,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Remittances can ofset this loss to a degree, since the income of these ",p:152,x:105,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"skilled professionals is signifcantly higher in developed nations, thus ",p:152,x:105,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"freeing up more income to provide for family members left behind. In ",p:152,x:105,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"addition, highly educated emigrants in developed nations often help ",p:152,x:105,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"increase trade and investment fows between the home country and ",p:152,x:105,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"receiving country (Beine and Rapoport 2003). By emigrating, edu-",p:152,x:105,y:314,w:495,h:23},
{t:"cated professionals can also beneft their home country by encouraging ",p:152,x:105,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"others at home to pursue a higher education, which will raise overall ",p:152,x:105,y:369,w:499,h:23},
{t:"levels of education in those nations (Stark and Wang 2001). ",p:152,x:105,y:397,w:426,h:23},
{t:"Te ofsetting gains and losses described above make it difcult ",p:152,x:135,y:424,w:469,h:23},
{t:"to assess the net impact of a brain drain. One study suggests that ",p:152,x:105,y:452,w:499,h:23},
{t:"when more than 20 percent of a country’s skilled professionals leave ",p:152,x:105,y:479,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the country, the losses will exceed the benefts (Beine and Rapoport ",p:152,x:105,y:507,w:499,h:23},
{t:"2003). Overall, however, economists agree that emigration has had an ",p:152,x:105,y:534,w:499,h:23},
{t:"overwhelmingly positive net economic efect on developing nations as ",p:152,x:105,y:562,w:499,h:23},
{t:"a whole (UN 2006). ",p:152,x:105,y:589,w:148,h:23},
{t:"Toward a Christian View of Immigration",p:152,x:123,y:640,w:460,h:30},
{t:"Several biblical principles are relevant to the current debate over ",p:152,x:135,y:689,w:469,h:23},
{t:"immigration. Tis is not to say, of course, that Christians agree on the ",p:152,x:105,y:716,w:499,h:23},
{t:"topic. However, stating these principles should bring some clarity to ",p:152,x:105,y:744,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the debate. ",p:152,x:105,y:771,w:82,h:23},
{t:"The Kingdom of God Should Be Our Primary Goal ",p:152,x:105,y:827,w:468,h:24},
{t:"Te New Testament writers constantly reinforce that we are citizens ",p:152,x:135,y:863,w:469,h:23},
{t:"of a new kingdom that knows no geographic boundaries, and we are ",p:152,x:105,y:890,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to go and “make disciples of all nations.” Adding people in this new ",p:152,x:105,y:918,w:499,h:23},
{t:"kingdom is the primary goal of God’s people. Tus, people from other ",p:152,x:105,y:945,w:499,h:23},
{t:"EC",p:153,x:45,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ON",p:153,x:45,y:107,w:0,h:19},
{t:"OMIC JUS",p:153,x:45,y:133,w:0,h:19},
{t:"TICE",p:153,x:45,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:" in a f",p:153,x:45,y:261,w:0,h:19},
{t:"lat w",p:153,x:45,y:307,w:0,h:19},
{t:"or",p:153,x:45,y:346,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ld",p:153,x:45,y:363,w:0,h:19},
{t:"150",p:153,x:45,y:967,w:29,h:19},
{t:"nation-states coming to our territory can be an opportunity to expand ",p:153,x:120,y:94,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the new kingdom as we welcome them and make disciples.",p:153,x:120,y:122,w:415,h:23},
{t:"Tus, we should see immigration as an opportunity to expand the ",p:153,x:150,y:149,w:469,h:23},
{t:"transnational kingdom of God by making disciples of those who come ",p:153,x:120,y:177,w:499,h:23},
{t:"to us from around the world. It is interesting that many evangelicals ",p:153,x:120,y:204,w:499,h:23},
{t:"support sending missionaries to other nations to make disciples but ",p:153,x:120,y:232,w:499,h:23},
{t:"demand policies to keep these same people out of their nation and their ",p:153,x:120,y:259,w:499,h:23},
{t:"neighborhood. Tis contradicts the thinking of the New Testament ",p:153,x:120,y:287,w:499,h:23},
{t:"writers, for whom reinforcing national boundaries was of no concern. ",p:153,x:120,y:314,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Instead, they call us to overcome those boundaries in order to expand ",p:153,x:120,y:342,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the kingdom of God. ",p:153,x:120,y:369,w:155,h:23},
{t:"Our Duty Toward Strangers and People in Need ",p:153,x:120,y:425,w:437,h:24},
{t:"In the Old Testament, God gave this command to his people: ",p:153,x:150,y:461,w:469,h:23},
{t:"“When a stranger resides with you in your land, you shall not do him ",p:153,x:120,y:489,w:499,h:23},
{t:"wrong. Te stranger who resides with you shall be to you as the native ",p:153,x:120,y:516,w:499,h:23},
{t:"among you, and you shall love him as yourself, for you were aliens in the ",p:153,x:120,y:544,w:499,h:23},
{t:"land of Egypt; I am the Lord your God (Lev. 19:33–34 nasb, emphasis ",p:153,x:120,y:571,w:499,h:23},
{t:"added). In his command to treat the alien as a native-born person, ",p:153,x:120,y:599,w:499,h:23},
{t:"it is interesting that God reminds the Israelites that they too were ",p:153,x:120,y:626,w:499,h:23},
{t:"once immigrants and that he is God. Indeed most of us, or our recent ",p:153,x:120,y:654,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ancestors, are immigrants from current or earlier periods of migration. ",p:153,x:120,y:681,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Tis reinforces the theme that we are all immigrants in a land that ",p:153,x:120,y:709,w:499,h:23},
{t:"ultimately belongs to God. ",p:153,x:120,y:736,w:194,h:23},
{t:"In the New Testament, this theme of welcoming the stranger and ",p:153,x:150,y:764,w:469,h:23},
{t:"the person in need is even stronger. Te strongest example is Jesus’ ",p:153,x:120,y:791,w:499,h:23},
{t:"iteration that one who welcomes a stranger—or cares for one who is ",p:153,x:120,y:819,w:499,h:23},
{t:"hungry, sick, or in need—does these things to God himself, and those ",p:153,x:120,y:846,w:499,h:23},
{t:"who do not do these things are actively rejecting him (Matt. 25:31–46). ",p:153,x:120,y:874,w:499,h:23},
{t:"Jesus so identifes himself with the poor, the marginalized, and the alien ",p:153,x:120,y:901,w:499,h:23},
{t:"that to serve them is to serve him, and to reject them is to reject him. ",p:153,x:120,y:929,w:499,h:23},
{t:"He calls each of us to welcome the foreigner, care for the needy, and ",p:153,x:120,y:956,w:499,h:23},
{t:"W",p:154,x:662,y:82,w:0,h:19},
{t:"elcoming t",p:154,x:662,y:98,w:0,h:19},
{t:"he S",p:154,x:662,y:184,w:0,h:19},
{t:"tr",p:154,x:662,y:218,w:0,h:19},
{t:"ang",p:154,x:662,y:233,w:0,h:19},
{t:"er?",p:154,x:662,y:265,w:0,h:19},
{t:"151",p:154,x:647,y:967,w:28,h:19},
{t:"speak up for the oppressed. All of this suggests that welcoming strang-",p:154,x:105,y:94,w:495,h:23},
{t:"ers and aliens in our midst and serving and loving them are central to ",p:154,x:105,y:122,w:499,h:23},
{t:"our role as God’s people in this world. ",p:154,x:105,y:149,w:273,h:23},
{t:"The Role of Government in a Fallen World ",p:154,x:105,y:205,w:390,h:24},
{t:"Troughout both Old and New Testaments, Scripture afrms ",p:154,x:135,y:241,w:469,h:23},
{t:"that God is in control of the rulers of this earth and uses them for ",p:154,x:105,y:269,w:499,h:23},
{t:"his purposes, even though they are fallen and corrupt. Romans 13 is ",p:154,x:105,y:296,w:499,h:23},
{t:"the clearest depiction of every government being appointed by God, ",p:154,x:105,y:324,w:499,h:23},
{t:"including the power of the sword (violence) to punish evildoers. How ",p:154,x:105,y:351,w:499,h:23},
{t:"does this apply to controlling the borders of nation-states? Romans ",p:154,x:105,y:379,w:499,h:23},
{t:"13 afrms the right and responsibility of governments to regulate im-",p:154,x:105,y:406,w:495,h:23},
{t:"migration as a fulfllment of their God-given task of promoting order, ",p:154,x:105,y:434,w:499,h:23},
{t:"rewarding good, and punishing evil. Having no process in place for ",p:154,x:105,y:461,w:499,h:23},
{t:"orderly immigration or having a policy that punishes good and rewards ",p:154,x:105,y:489,w:499,