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{t:"MUSLIM WORLD",p:1,x:56,y:178,w:488,h:73},
{t:"Mike Kuhn",p:1,x:60,y:922,w:182,h:48},
{t:"ENMITY",p:1,x:3,y:347,w:355,h:123},
{t:"UNDERSTANDING",p:1,x:4,y:282,w:650,h:96},
{t:"LISTEN",p:1,x:180,y:446,w:290,h:109},
{t:"for the",p:1,x:61,y:113,w:150,h:62},
{t:"FRESH VISION",p:1,x:57,y:38,w:420,h:73},
{t:"HOPE",p:1,x:395,y:357,w:219,h:103},
{t:"RESPECT",p:1,x:11,y:504,w:164,h:51},
{t:"PATIENCE",p:1,x:485,y:490,w:156,h:42},
{t:"STEREOTYPE",p:1,x:5,y:542,w:443,h:93},
{t:"NEIGHBOR",p:1,x:1,y:613,w:436,h:106},
{t:"JUSTICE",p:1,x:245,y:705,w:199,h:68},
{t:"HOLYLAND",p:1,x:9,y:708,w:220,h:50},
{t:"CLASH",p:1,x:485,y:441,w:143,h:56},
{t:"THREAT",p:1,x:8,y:450,w:166,h:54},
{t:"AFTER LIVING FOR MORE THAN TWO DECADES IN THE MIDDLE EAST, ",p:1,x:-712,y:28,w:579,h:15},
{t:"pastor, author, and college Arabic instructor Mike Kuhn wonders if there can be a fresh ",p:1,x:-712,y:53,w:590,h:13},
{t:"vision for the Muslim world—one not rooted in media hype or fear but in the values of ",p:1,x:-712,y:76,w:580,h:13},
{t:"Christ’s kingdom. Is the only option to fight, to eradicate, to exclude? Or can the mindset ",p:1,x:-712,y:100,w:601,h:13},
{t:"of confrontation give way to one of incarnation?",p:1,x:-712,y:123,w:321,h:13},
{t:"In Fresh Vision for the Muslim World, Kuhn challenges readers to approach Muslim ",p:1,x:-712,y:163,w:566,h:13},
{t:"people, whether down the street or across the world, with sensitivity and awareness. ",p:1,x:-712,y:186,w:575,h:13},
{t:"The author ’s experience and research show readers that Muslims today share hopes ",p:1,x:-712,y:210,w:579,h:13},
{t:"and spiritual needs common to all human beings. With practical suggestions, Kuhn ",p:1,x:-712,y:233,w:563,h:13},
{t:"helps readers leave the path of isolation, fear, and self-preservation and choose a ",p:1,x:-712,y:256,w:557,h:13},
{t:"less-traveled road: a path of self-awareness, empathy, and deep listening. Choosing the ",p:1,x:-712,y:280,w:599,h:13},
{t:"latter path is radical. It is difficult. Yet, it is an essential step if Christ is to be known and ",p:1,x:-712,y:303,w:592,h:13},
{t:"honored among Muslim peoples of the world. ",p:1,x:-712,y:326,w:309,h:13},
{t:"Kuhn incarnated his life and witness in the Middle East for many years. ",p:1,x:-179,y:392,w:510,h:13},
{t:"Kuhn’",p:1,x:-647,y:412,w:42,h:13},
{t:"s love for Muslims shines throughout this volume. His assessment of ",p:1,x:-149,y:412,w:498,h:13},
{t:"the current “clash of civilizations” is one of the best I have read.",p:1,x:-232,y:432,w:457,h:13},
{t:"—PHIL",p:1,x:-655,y:457,w:37,h:10},
{t:" P",p:1,x:-645,y:457,w:11,h:10},
{t:"ARSHALL",p:1,x:-592,y:457,w:53,h:10},
{t:"Author",p:1,x:-655,y:474,w:34,h:10},
{t:", ",p:1,x:-649,y:474,w:6,h:10},
{t:"The Cross and the Crescent",p:1,x:-503,y:474,w:145,h:10},
{t:" and ",p:1,x:-477,y:474,w:25,h:10},
{t:"Bridges to Islam",p:1,x:-400,y:474,w:83,h:10},
{t:"; SIM missionary at large",p:1,x:-268,y:474,w:128,h:10},
{t:"He dares to get into issues that very few evangelicals dare to get into. He ",p:1,x:-166,y:508,w:524,h:13},
{t:"addresses these issues biblically and in a scholarly manner",p:1,x:-266,y:528,w:426,h:13},
{t:".",p:1,x:-261,y:528,w:4,h:13},
{t:"—DR. NABEEL",p:1,x:-611,y:553,w:81,h:10},
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{t:", ",p:1,x:-649,y:570,w:6,h:10},
{t:"The Crescent Through the Eyes of the Cross",p:1,x:-420,y:570,w:231,h:10},
{t:", ",p:1,x:-411,y:570,w:6,h:10},
{t:"Unshackled and Growing",p:1,x:-284,y:570,w:130,h:10},
{t:", ",p:1,x:-274,y:570,w:6,h:10},
{t:"The Rumbling V",p:1,x:-195,y:570,w:83,h:10},
{t:"olcano",p:1,x:-160,y:570,w:34,h:10},
{t:", ",p:1,x:-150,y:570,w:6,h:10},
{t:"and ",p:1,x:-666,y:584,w:22,h:10},
{t:"The Unseen Reality",p:1,x:-566,y:584,w:102,h:10},
{t:"Mike Kuhn will get you thinking about your view of Muslims, eschatology",p:1,x:-173,y:619,w:520,h:13},
{t:", ",p:1,x:-161,y:619,w:8,h:13},
{t:"and how best to present the One who is more than a prophet to Muslims.",p:1,x:-171,y:639,w:519,h:13},
{t:"—DR. DA",p:1,x:-642,y:663,w:51,h:10},
{t:"VID LUNDY",p:1,x:-581,y:663,w:62,h:10},
{t:"International director of ",p:1,x:-566,y:681,w:122,h:10},
{t:"Arab W",p:1,x:-536,y:681,w:38,h:10},
{t:"orld Ministries and author",p:1,x:-398,y:681,w:130,h:10},
{t:", ",p:1,x:-392,y:681,w:6,h:10},
{t:"Servant Leadership for Slow Learners",p:1,x:-198,y:681,w:195,h:10},
{t:" and ",p:1,x:-170,y:681,w:25,h:10},
{t:"Borderless Church",p:1,x:-596,y:695,w:96,h:10},
{t:"MIKE KUHN along with his wife and family , lived twenty-two years in Europe, North ",p:1,x:-498,y:735,w:427,h:10},
{t:"Africa, and the Middle East. ",p:1,x:-139,y:735,w:145,h:10},
{t:"Although he holds Masters degrees in ",p:1,x:-516,y:752,w:199,h:10},
{t:"Arabic and theology",p:1,x:-416,y:752,w:103,h:10},
{t:", his understanding of the Muslim world has been shaped ",p:1,x:-116,y:752,w:298,h:10},
{t:"more by day-to-day interactions with Muslim friends and neighbors than by books or lectures. While living in the ",p:1,x:-138,y:768,w:577,h:10},
{t:"Middle East and North ",p:1,x:-596,y:785,w:118,h:10},
{t:"Africa, he grew to love Muslim people and appreciate their customs and language—Arabic. ",p:1,x:-125,y:785,w:472,h:10},
{t:"Mike’",p:1,x:-687,y:802,w:27,h:10},
{t:"s ongoing friendship with Christ-followers from an Islamic background continues to influence his understanding ",p:1,x:-115,y:802,w:573,h:10},
{t:"of God’",p:1,x:-677,y:818,w:37,h:10},
{t:"s pursuit to reconcile people of all nations to himself. He currently makes his home in Knoxville, ",p:1,x:-184,y:818,w:493,h:10},
{t:"T",p:1,x:-181,y:818,w:7,h:10},
{t:"ennessee ",p:1,x:-124,y:818,w:53,h:10},
{t:"where he serves on the pastoral staf",p:1,x:-527,y:835,w:188,h:10},
{t:"f of Cedar Springs Presbyterian Church. ",p:1,x:-317,y:835,w:210,h:10},
{t:"www.authenticbooks.com",p:1,x:-712,y:966,w:118,h:9},
{t:"RELIGION / Islam / General",p:1,x:-119,y:851,w:123,h:9},
{t:"9 781606 570197",p:1,x:-263,y:955,w:126,h:13},
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{t:"Fresh Vision for the Muslim World_Final.pdf   1   8/31/09   12:55 PM",p:1,x:-277,y:-63,w:408,h:7},
{t:"A most timely and highly signifcant book. Anyone writing about Islam for ",p:2,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:21},
{t:"a Western audience at the present time needs to have a unique combination ",p:2,x:91,y:125,w:484,h:21},
{t:"of gifts: personal, long-term immersion in an Islamic society, detailed un-",p:2,x:91,y:150,w:479,h:21},
{t:"derstanding of the rise and development of Islam, awareness of the sensitive ",p:2,x:91,y:175,w:484,h:21},
{t:"political issues at the present time, clear biblical and theological bearings, ",p:2,x:91,y:200,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and (perhaps most of all) a real respect and love for Muslims. Mike Kuhn ",p:2,x:91,y:225,w:484,h:21},
{t:"is exceptionally well qualifed in all these respects, and this book deserves a ",p:2,x:91,y:250,w:484,h:21},
{t:"wide circulation.",p:2,x:91,y:275,w:107,h:21},
{t:"—COLIN CHAPMAN",p:2,x:121,y:307,w:144,h:19},
{t:"Author, Whose Promised Land? and Whose Holy City?",p:2,x:121,y:327,w:301,h:19},
{t:"So many books on Islam have been authored by theoreticians or academi-",p:2,x:91,y:395,w:479,h:21},
{t:"cians with little or no experience encountering the followers of Muhammad. ",p:2,x:91,y:420,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Mike Kuhn incarnated his life and witness in the Middle East for many ",p:2,x:91,y:445,w:484,h:21},
{t:"years. Kuhn ’s love for Muslims shines throughout this volume. His assess-",p:2,x:91,y:470,w:479,h:21},
{t:"ment of the current “clash of civilizations” is one of the best I have read. ",p:2,x:91,y:495,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Kuhn ’s readable writing style at times reinforces one’s presuppositions and ",p:2,x:91,y:520,w:484,h:21},
{t:"at other times is provocative, even jolting. Tis is a book not to fippantly ",p:2,x:91,y:545,w:484,h:21},
{t:"peruse, but rather one to thoughtfully interact with. It has my highest ",p:2,x:91,y:570,w:484,h:21},
{t:"commendation.",p:2,x:91,y:595,w:101,h:21},
{t:"—PHIL PARSHALL",p:2,x:121,y:627,w:126,h:19},
{t:"Author, Te Cross and the Crescent and Bridges to Islam; SIM missionary at ",p:2,x:121,y:647,w:429,h:19},
{t:"large",p:2,x:121,y:667,w:27,h:19},
{t:"Today Muslims have taken the place of the Communists as the symbol of ",p:2,x:91,y:735,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the antichrist for Christians. Tis book is a biblical vision that explores how ",p:2,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:21},
{t:"we can overcome a spirit of animosity toward others who are diferent—re-",p:2,x:91,y:785,w:479,h:21},
{t:"gardless of their creed or race. Tis book is defnitely a “need to read”!",p:2,x:91,y:810,w:446,h:21},
{t:"—MAZHAR MALLOUHI",p:2,x:121,y:842,w:165,h:19},
{t:"Author, A Suf Reading of the Gospel of John and numerous Arabic books and ",p:2,x:121,y:862,w:443,h:19},
{t:"articles",p:2,x:121,y:882,w:40,h:19},
{t:"Written in an erudite and yet highly readable style, Kuhn ’s book will chal-",p:3,x:91,y:100,w:479,h:21},
{t:"lenge many sacred cows of evangelicals. Prophetically and comprehensively, ",p:3,x:91,y:125,w:484,h:21},
{t:"with the experience of having lived in the Arab world for almost two decades, ",p:3,x:91,y:150,w:484,h:21},
{t:"Mike Kuhn will get you thinking about your view of Muslims, eschatology, ",p:3,x:91,y:175,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and how best to present the One who is more than a prophet to Muslims.",p:3,x:91,y:200,w:473,h:21},
{t:"—DR. DAVID LUNDY",p:3,x:121,y:232,w:148,h:19},
{t:"International director of Arab World Ministries and author, Servant ",p:3,x:121,y:252,w:393,h:19},
{t:"Leadership for Slow Learners and Borderless Church",p:3,x:121,y:272,w:286,h:18},
{t:"Kuhn writes in the prophetic mold and will not tickle readers’ ears by riding ",p:3,x:91,y:340,w:484,h:21},
{t:"the popular wave of demonizing Islam, but neither does he ignore the issues ",p:3,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:21},
{t:"that concern many Christians today. Kuhn ’s remedies are born out of his ",p:3,x:91,y:390,w:484,h:21},
{t:"experience in Muslim homelands, and he ofers the third way so desperately ",p:3,x:91,y:415,w:484,h:21},
{t:"needed to difuse fears and tensions in a growing world culture of alienation ",p:3,x:91,y:440,w:484,h:21},
{t:"and aggression. Dare to read it and be challenged and maybe transformed.",p:3,x:91,y:465,w:476,h:21},
{t:"—CHRISTINE MALLOUHI",p:3,x:121,y:497,w:182,h:19},
{t:"Author, Waging Peace on Islam and Miniskirts, Muslims and Mothers",p:3,x:121,y:517,w:387,h:19},
{t:"FRESH VISION",p:4,x:140,y:155,w:389,h:73},
{t:"for the",p:4,x:267,y:228,w:135,h:62},
{t:"MUSLIM WORLD",p:4,x:103,y:287,w:457,h:73},
{t:"An Incarnational Alternative",p:4,x:167,y:376,w:327,h:37},
{t:"Mike Kuhn",p:4,x:248,y:468,w:166,h:48},
{t:"Authentic Publishing",p:5,x:91,y:117,w:109,h:16},
{t:"A Ministry of Biblica",p:5,x:91,y:133,w:108,h:16},
{t:"We welcome your questions and comments.",p:5,x:91,y:149,w:226,h:16},
{t:"USA ",p:5,x:91,y:181,w:28,h:16},
{t:"1820 Jet Stream Drive, Colorado Springs, CO 80921  www.authenticbooks.com",p:5,x:151,y:181,w:414,h:16},
{t:"UK ",p:5,x:91,y:197,w:22,h:16},
{t:"9 Holdom Avenue, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, Bucks, MK1 1QR   ",p:5,x:151,y:197,w:341,h:16},
{t:"www.authenticmedia.co.uk",p:5,x:151,y:213,w:139,h:16},
{t:"India ",p:5,x:91,y:229,w:30,h:16},
{t:"Logos Bhavan, Medchal Road, Jeedimetla Village, Secunderabad 500 055, A.P .",p:5,x:151,y:229,w:404,h:16},
{t:"Fresh Vision for the Muslim World",p:5,x:91,y:309,w:181,h:16},
{t:"ISBN-13: 978-1-60657-019-7",p:5,x:91,y:325,w:157,h:16},
{t:"Copyright © 2009 by Mike Kuhn",p:5,x:91,y:357,w:175,h:16},
{t:"11 10 09 / 6 5 4 3 2 1",p:5,x:91,y:389,w:114,h:16},
{t:"Published in 2009 by Authentic",p:5,x:91,y:421,w:164,h:16},
{t:"All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission ",p:5,x:91,y:437,w:476,h:16},
{t:"in writing from the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical ",p:5,x:91,y:453,w:453,h:16},
{t:"articles or reviews. ",p:5,x:91,y:469,w:97,h:16},
{t:"All Scripture quotations, unless otherwise indicated, are taken from the Holy Bible, New ",p:5,x:91,y:517,w:453,h:16},
{t:"International Version®. NIV®. Copyright © 1973, 1978, 1984 by Biblica, Inc™. Used by ",p:5,x:91,y:533,w:448,h:16},
{t:"permission of Zondervan. All rights reserved worldwide.",p:5,x:91,y:549,w:289,h:16},
{t:"Scripture quotations marked NASB are taken from the NEW AMERICAN STANDARD ",p:5,x:91,y:581,w:466,h:16},
{t:"BIBLE ®, Copyright © 1960, 1962, 1963, 1968, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1977, 1995 by ",p:5,x:91,y:597,w:466,h:16},
{t:"Te Lockman Foundation. Used by permission.",p:5,x:91,y:613,w:245,h:16},
{t:"Unless otherwise noted, Qur’anic quotations taken from Te Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an ",p:5,x:91,y:645,w:476,h:16},
{t:"by Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall.",p:5,x:91,y:661,w:197,h:16},
{t:"Quotations marked “Yusuf Ali translation” are taken from Te Holy Qur’an: Text, Translation ",p:5,x:91,y:693,w:476,h:16},
{t:"and Commentary, translated by Abdullah Yusuf Ali.",p:5,x:91,y:709,w:262,h:16},
{t:"Hadiith quotations taken from Sahih al-Bukhari, translated by Dr. Muhammad Muhsin ",p:5,x:91,y:741,w:455,h:16},
{t:"Khan, vols. 1–9, published by Dar Al Arabiya, Beirut, Lebanon.",p:5,x:91,y:757,w:329,h:16},
{t:"A catalog record for this book is available through the Library of Congress.",p:5,x:91,y:805,w:383,h:16},
{t:"Cover and interior design: projectluz.com",p:5,x:91,y:853,w:214,h:16},
{t:"Editorial team: Diane Stortz, Dan Johnson, Erika Bremer",p:5,x:91,y:869,w:295,h:16},
{t:"Printed in the United States of America",p:5,x:91,y:901,w:203,h:16},
{t:"CONTENTS",p:6,x:91,y:98,w:126,h:29},
{t:"Foreword ",p:6,x:121,y:146,w:72,h:23},
{t:"vii",p:6,x:554,y:146,w:17,h:23},
{t:"Acknowledgments ",p:6,x:121,y:173,w:134,h:23},
{t:"xi",p:6,x:558,y:173,w:12,h:23},
{t:"Part I: A Visionary Paradigm",p:6,x:121,y:229,w:215,h:22},
{t:"1 ",p:6,x:121,y:256,w:13,h:23},
{t:"Casting a New Kind of Vision ",p:6,x:159,y:256,w:218,h:23},
{t:"1",p:6,x:562,y:256,w:9,h:23},
{t:"Part II: A Historical Perspective",p:6,x:121,y:311,w:236,h:22},
{t:"2 ",p:6,x:121,y:338,w:13,h:23},
{t:"A History of Complicity: Who, Me? ",p:6,x:159,y:338,w:261,h:23},
{t:"19",p:6,x:553,y:338,w:18,h:23},
{t:"3 ",p:6,x:121,y:366,w:13,h:23},
{t:"Give Back My Holy Land! ",p:6,x:159,y:366,w:191,h:23},
{t:"31",p:6,x:553,y:366,w:18,h:23},
{t:"4 ",p:6,x:121,y:393,w:13,h:23},
{t:"Two World Wars and a New Reality ",p:6,x:159,y:393,w:258,h:23},
{t:"43",p:6,x:553,y:393,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Part III: A Teological Dimension",p:6,x:121,y:449,w:255,h:22},
{t:"5 ",p:6,x:121,y:476,w:13,h:23},
{t:"Your Truth or Mine? ",p:6,x:159,y:476,w:150,h:23},
{t:"63",p:6,x:553,y:476,w:18,h:23},
{t:"6 ",p:6,x:121,y:503,w:13,h:23},
{t:"Jesus’ Kingdom in the Muslim World Today ",p:6,x:159,y:503,w:316,h:23},
{t:"87",p:6,x:553,y:503,w:18,h:23},
{t:"7 ",p:6,x:121,y:531,w:13,h:23},
{t:"Te Israel of God ",p:6,x:159,y:531,w:128,h:23},
{t:"105",p:6,x:544,y:531,w:27,h:23},
{t:"8 ",p:6,x:121,y:558,w:13,h:23},
{t:"What’s Next or What’s Now? ",p:6,x:159,y:558,w:209,h:23},
{t:"133",p:6,x:544,y:558,w:27,h:23},
{t:"9 ",p:6,x:121,y:586,w:13,h:23},
{t:"Perspective Makes All the Diference ",p:6,x:159,y:586,w:262,h:23},
{t:"159",p:6,x:544,y:586,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Part IV: A Reality Check",p:6,x:121,y:641,w:183,h:22},
{t:"10 ",p:6,x:121,y:668,w:22,h:23},
{t:"Reformation à la Islam ",p:6,x:159,y:668,w:165,h:23},
{t:"185",p:6,x:544,y:668,w:27,h:23},
{t:"11 ",p:6,x:121,y:696,w:22,h:23},
{t:"“Tou Shalt Not Be Terrorized” ",p:6,x:159,y:696,w:229,h:23},
{t:"211",p:6,x:544,y:696,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Part V: Steps to Incarnation",p:6,x:121,y:751,w:206,h:22},
{t:"12 ",p:6,x:121,y:778,w:22,h:23},
{t:"God on Mission, Human Beings on Mission ",p:6,x:159,y:778,w:319,h:23},
{t:"223",p:6,x:544,y:778,w:27,h:23},
{t:"13 ",p:6,x:121,y:806,w:22,h:23},
{t:"Living the Kingdom, Extracting the Empire ",p:6,x:159,y:806,w:314,h:23},
{t:"249",p:6,x:544,y:806,w:27,h:23},
{t:"Notes ",p:6,x:121,y:861,w:46,h:23},
{t:"267",p:6,x:544,y:861,w:27,h:23},
{t:"vii",p:7,x:555,y:955,w:16,h:16},
{t:"FOREWORD",p:7,x:258,y:232,w:146,h:30},
{t:"In my youth I used to skip over the foreword, assuming that it was ",p:7,x:121,y:296,w:454,h:23},
{t:"an extra or a decoration and not really an important part of the book. ",p:7,x:91,y:324,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Over the years I learned better! My challenge now is to motivate you ",p:7,x:91,y:351,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to read rather than to skim this foreword, because I have something ",p:7,x:91,y:379,w:484,h:23},
{t:"very important to say about the author and indirectly about this book. ",p:7,x:91,y:406,w:484,h:23},
{t:"First I must explain my background. I come from an Arab ",p:7,x:121,y:434,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Christian family that goes back to frst- or second-century Christianity. ",p:7,x:91,y:461,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I was born in Syria, lived a good part of my life in Lebanon, and served ",p:7,x:91,y:489,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God as a missionary with the Navigators in Egypt from 1975 to 1990. ",p:7,x:91,y:516,w:484,h:23},
{t:"My family and I planned to stay in Egypt the rest of our lives, but in ",p:7,x:91,y:544,w:484,h:23},
{t:"September 1990 I was blacklisted and given ten days to leave the coun-",p:7,x:91,y:571,w:480,h:23},
{t:"try. Since then my family and I have been living in Colorado Springs, ",p:7,x:91,y:599,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and we carry U.S. citizenship. Part of what I do is teach on a regular ",p:7,x:91,y:626,w:484,h:23},
{t:"basis an intensive course called Islam in the Twenty-frst Century at ",p:7,x:91,y:654,w:484,h:23},
{t:"several seminaries in the United States and Canada. ",p:7,x:91,y:681,w:358,h:23},
{t:"Mike Kuhn knew me before I knew him. Years ago he read one ",p:7,x:121,y:709,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of my books on Islamic fundamentalism. He lived in Egypt after we ",p:7,x:91,y:736,w:484,h:23},
{t:"left, and he co-labored with my best friend there. He was blacklisted ",p:7,x:91,y:764,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and expelled from Egypt as well. Here in the States I connected with ",p:7,x:91,y:791,w:484,h:23},
{t:"him face-to-face in November 2007 and have continued to get to ",p:7,x:91,y:819,w:484,h:23},
{t:"know him. As I was reading through the manuscript of this book, ",p:7,x:91,y:846,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I often found myself identifying with Mike’s experiences, but more ",p:7,x:91,y:874,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:8,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"viii",p:8,x:91,y:955,w:20,h:16},
{t:"importantly with his attitudes, ideas, and perspective. Ten a thought ",p:8,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"came to mind: Tis man one day could become one of my soul mates.",p:8,x:91,y:128,w:479,h:23},
{t:"I have known some missionaries in Muslim countries who tended ",p:8,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to have a condescending attitude, fearing that they might get contami-",p:8,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"nated by the culture and the theology of the Muslims. I have known ",p:8,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other missionaries who lived in Muslim countries with the attitude of ",p:8,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the journalists; they were not “fully there” because their minds were ",p:8,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"occupied with their friends and donors back home. Te experiences ",p:8,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they were having served as potential stories or photos for their next ",p:8,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"newsletter. Mike is not like that at all. He was fully there.",p:8,x:91,y:348,w:392,h:23},
{t:"Tat is only one reason why I think Mike is the right man to write ",p:8,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"on Islam, Muslims, and Arabs. Here are some others:",p:8,x:91,y:403,w:365,h:23},
{t:"I know only fve Americans who have really mastered the Arabic ",p:8,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"language. Mike is one of them. He was able not only to connect with ",p:8,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the people at a heart level but also to get into the writings of Islam in ",p:8,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the original language. Tis makes a huge impression on Muslims.",p:8,x:91,y:513,w:449,h:23},
{t:"Mike is completely free of any bitterness against Egypt, Islam, or ",p:8,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Muslims. He was unjustly expelled from Egypt and blacklisted, yet ",p:8,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"there is not even a trace of resentment in his attitudes. Tere is no chip ",p:8,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on his shoulder.",p:8,x:91,y:623,w:109,h:23},
{t:"He is very well educated in the history and theology of Islam. He ",p:8,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:23},
{t:"studied not only the Qur’an but also the Hadiith and the culture and ",p:8,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"geopolitics of the Muslims with whom he lived.",p:8,x:91,y:705,w:328,h:23},
{t:"Mike has deep roots in evangelical Christianity and is a patriotic ",p:8,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"American (his father is a Marine Corps veteran), yet he has become an ",p:8,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"insider among Arabs and Muslims. Terefore he is very qualifed to ",p:8,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"interpret to Western Christians the “strange” phenomena of Islam and ",p:8,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arabs. Tere are not many people who can do that.",p:8,x:91,y:843,w:353,h:23},
{t:"FOREWORD",p:9,x:490,y:55,w:80,h:16},
{t:"ix",p:9,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"Mike is not an armchair theologian or an armchair missiologist ",p:9,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"who appointed himself as an expert and is playing a role. Mike left ",p:9,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"behind in the Middle East a sustainable ministry. As you read through ",p:9,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this book, you will get to meet his Muslim friends with whom he ",p:9,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"shared the love of God.",p:9,x:91,y:210,w:160,h:23},
{t:"He is a man of courage. As you will see in the pages of this book, ",p:9,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"he dares to get into issues that very few evangelicals dare to get into. He ",p:9,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"addresses these issues biblically and in a scholarly manner. ",p:9,x:91,y:293,w:401,h:23},
{t:"Mike disagrees wholeheartedly with replacement theology, and in ",p:9,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"this book he challenges Christian Zionism, which is hindering our min-",p:9,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"istry to 1.4 billion Muslims around the world. His argument is not with ",p:9,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dispensational theology as such; his criticism is of Christian Zionism.",p:9,x:91,y:403,w:463,h:23},
{t:"Lesslie Newbigin, an Anglican missionary, returned home from ",p:9,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"England after forty years in India and found that England had drifted ",p:9,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"away from a Christian consensus toward a pluralistic worldview. ",p:9,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Newbigin suggested fresh vision to the church. Like Newbigin, Mike ",p:9,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Kuhn returned to the States after being away among Arab Muslims for ",p:9,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"twenty years, and this book ofers fresh vision.",p:9,x:91,y:568,w:311,h:23},
{t:"As I was reading the manuscript, I was on a journey. Reading the ",p:9,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"book brought back cherished memories of my time in Egypt. Te ",p:9,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"contents of the book refreshed my heart and vision to the degree that ",p:9,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I decided to make this book required reading at the seminaries where ",p:9,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I teach. At another time, while reading, I thought of all the people to ",p:9,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"whom I would like to give copies. Tis book is necessary and timely.",p:9,x:91,y:733,w:461,h:23},
{t:"—Dr. Nabeel T. Jabbour",p:9,x:121,y:790,w:174,h:23},
{t:"Author, Te Crescent Trough the Eyes of the Cross, Unshackled ",p:9,x:121,y:818,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and Growing, Te Rumbling Volcano, and Te Unseen Reality",p:9,x:121,y:845,w:420,h:23},
{t:"www.nabeeljabbour.com",p:9,x:121,y:873,w:173,h:23},
{t:"xi",p:10,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"ACKNOWLEDGMENTS",p:10,x:195,y:234,w:271,h:30},
{t:"So many have contributed to this book, whether directly or indi-",p:10,x:121,y:298,w:449,h:23},
{t:"rectly, that it will be impossible to name them all. I would like frst to ",p:10,x:91,y:325,w:484,h:23},
{t:"express sincere thanks to those who read the manuscript and provided ",p:10,x:91,y:353,w:484,h:23},
{t:"constructive feedback:",p:10,x:91,y:380,w:153,h:23},
{t:"Donna Smith and Mike Jacobson are friends and colleagues whose ",p:10,x:121,y:408,w:454,h:23},
{t:"insight into the Arab world and the reading audience was invaluable.",p:10,x:91,y:435,w:473,h:23},
{t:"Mike Reimer’s keen editorial eye and incisive understanding of ",p:10,x:121,y:463,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the history of the Middle East saved me from some embarrassing ",p:10,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:23},
{t:"oversimplifcations.",p:10,x:91,y:518,w:133,h:23},
{t:"My own family—Margaret, Kenny, and Jef Kuhn—was a source ",p:10,x:121,y:545,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of encouragement, not to mention editorial assistance. I greatly ap-",p:10,x:91,y:573,w:480,h:23},
{t:"preciated Jef’s insight into North American culture and the state of ",p:10,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the church.",p:10,x:91,y:628,w:78,h:23},
{t:"Phil Parshall and Nabeel Jabbour read the manuscript, and both ",p:10,x:121,y:655,w:454,h:23},
{t:"men gave me encouragement at a moment when I felt this book might ",p:10,x:91,y:683,w:484,h:23},
{t:"never see the light of day. I am indebted to them and continue to look ",p:10,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to them as role models of incarnational followers of Jesus.",p:10,x:91,y:738,w:395,h:23},
{t:"My home church, Cedar Springs Presbyterian, patiently allowed ",p:10,x:121,y:765,w:454,h:23},
{t:"me to test many of these ideas in teaching and preaching. How patient ",p:10,x:91,y:793,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and encouraging you have been! Special thanks to Marty Holder and ",p:10,x:91,y:820,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Doug Messer, who read the manuscript very early in the process. Piers ",p:10,x:91,y:848,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:11,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"xii",p:11,x:91,y:955,w:17,h:16},
{t:"Vander, thank you for your encouragement to keep pursuing the vi-",p:11,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sion of this book.",p:11,x:91,y:128,w:120,h:23},
{t:"For twenty-two years I served shoulder to shoulder with a number ",p:11,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of men and women with Arab World Ministries and other organiza-",p:11,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tions. I could never adequately express my thanks to these brothers and ",p:11,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sisters for their example of self-giving love. Most would not wish me to ",p:11,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mention their names as they continue to serve in Muslim lands. Some ",p:11,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have already heard their “Well done. ” Know that you have left your ",p:11,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mark on me. I am grateful.",p:11,x:91,y:320,w:186,h:23},
{t:"Kasr Dubara Evangelical Church, you paid me the great honor ",p:11,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of accepting me into your fellowship and interpreting to me your ",p:11,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fascinating culture and history. Tank you for your faithfulness, for ",p:11,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"accepting a khawaga (foreigner) and treating him as a brother. May ",p:11,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"you stand tall among the lampstands.",p:11,x:91,y:458,w:257,h:23},
{t:"To M. F . and Barbara Kuhn, who gave up their son (not to mention ",p:11,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"their grandkids) without regret for those many years, your constant ",p:11,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"love and guidance are the stuf of life. You are highly treasured, and I ",p:11,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"am confdent your reward is great in this life and the next.",p:11,x:91,y:568,w:399,h:23},
{t:"To those few whose names cannot be mentioned here, you have ",p:11,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"loved Christ more than family and lands. You were my real teachers. ",p:11,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Your mothers and fathers, sisters and brothers continue as Muslims, ",p:11,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"yet you have been called out. I can never forget you, and I will con-",p:11,x:91,y:678,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tinue to carry you in my heart wherever I am. Tank you for your ",p:11,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"laughter amid dire circumstances, for your faith against all odds, for ",p:11,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"your courage. Te ideas in this book owe more to your persevering ",p:11,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"faith and authentic incarnation than any other single source.",p:11,x:91,y:788,w:416,h:23},
{t:"Finally, to Stephanie, my true companion in this journey; to ",p:11,x:121,y:815,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Bethany, Hannah, and Emily, who make the journey a delight; and to ",p:11,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jake, my newest son (by marriage to Bethany), words cannot express ",p:11,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"how grateful I am for each of you. I love you all.",p:11,x:91,y:898,w:331,h:23},
{t:"PART I",p:12,x:356,y:460,w:214,h:86},
{t:"A viSiONARY PARADiGM",p:12,x:163,y:545,w:407,h:43},
{t:"How do human beings change? Jesus asked his disciples to “open ",p:12,x:121,y:649,w:454,h:23},
{t:"[their] eyes and look at the felds! Tey are ripe for harvest” (John ",p:12,x:91,y:677,w:484,h:23},
{t:"4:35). Essentially, he was asking them to embrace a new vision of ",p:12,x:91,y:704,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reality. Undoubtedly, the physical objects within their feld of vision ",p:12,x:91,y:732,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would remain the same. What would change was their ability to see ",p:12,x:91,y:759,w:484,h:23},
{t:"what Jesus himself saw. Perhaps Jesus still asks his followers in our ",p:12,x:91,y:787,w:484,h:23},
{t:"day to open their eyes—to get a new vision. Might he challenge us to ",p:12,x:91,y:814,w:484,h:23},
{t:"see the Muslim world in a totally diferent light?",p:12,x:91,y:842,w:340,h:23},
{t:"Vision has power to change the soul. We take the frst steps on ",p:12,x:121,y:869,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the road to change by getting a new vision.",p:12,x:91,y:897,w:303,h:23},
{t:"1",p:13,x:567,y:955,w:3,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 1",p:13,x:249,y:292,w:165,h:36},
{t:"CASTING A ",p:13,x:240,y:395,w:191,h:38},
{t:"NEW KIND OF VISION",p:13,x:156,y:440,w:351,h:38},
{t:"A wet, rainy night in England always had a soothing efect on ",p:13,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"my soul—like a balm on an open sore. A friend had simply laid a ",p:13,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"couple of DVDs out on the table. I sensed sleep would not come ",p:13,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"easily after our conversation, so I picked one up.",p:13,x:91,y:623,w:340,h:23},
{t:"Beyond the Gates of Splendor. Te title alone was enough to get ",p:13,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:23},
{t:"my attention.",p:13,x:91,y:678,w:96,h:23},
{t:"As a college student I had read Trough Gates of Splendor. Many ",p:13,x:121,y:705,w:454,h:23},
{t:"factors conspire to lead a young man into missions, but Elisabeth ",p:13,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Elliot’s book had defnitely left its mark on me. Te appeal of these ",p:13,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fve missionaries-turned-martyrs was not so much their death, noble ",p:13,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as that was. It was that they were real people, real men. Tey laughed, ",p:13,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"loved, thought deeply, played with their kids, and lived their lives for ",p:13,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"something great. Some sufered a sense of inadequacy; the exuberance ",p:13,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:14,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"2",p:14,x:91,y:955,w:7,h:16},
{t:"of others could reach the point of irritation. Reading about these ",p:14,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"athletic, gifted men (and their wives) had given me hope. If they ",p:14,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"could die for their cause, just maybe I could live for it.",p:14,x:91,y:155,w:383,h:23},
{t:"Two Stories",p:14,x:275,y:209,w:113,h:26},
{t:"Te DVD turned out to be a documentary with heart—the ",p:14,x:121,y:254,w:454,h:23},
{t:"story of Steve Saint, son of one of the missionaries martyred by ",p:14,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Waorani people of Ecuador (sometimes referred to as the Auca ",p:14,x:91,y:309,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Indians) in the 1950s.",p:14,x:91,y:337,w:156,h:23},
{t:"What a strange visitation of providence. I was no martyr, but I ",p:14,x:121,y:364,w:454,h:23},
{t:"had just experienced a death of sorts.",p:14,x:91,y:392,w:260,h:23},
{t:"A Story of Exile",p:14,x:91,y:447,w:142,h:24},
{t:"An American who had made my home in the Middle East for ",p:14,x:121,y:483,w:454,h:23},
{t:"long years, I now found myself in England as an exile—deported ",p:14,x:91,y:511,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from Egypt and blacklisted, unable to ever return.",p:14,x:91,y:538,w:352,h:23},
{t:"Fulflling my mission in Egypt meant more than delivery of a ",p:14,x:121,y:566,w:454,h:23},
{t:"message. It meant an entering into life—not an easy task—and I ",p:14,x:91,y:593,w:484,h:23},
{t:"make no claim to have done it perfectly or even well. We (my family ",p:14,x:91,y:621,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and I) spent the early years peering through the window at a culture ",p:14,x:91,y:648,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and people we aspired to know and love. At some point the window ",p:14,x:91,y:676,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mysteriously opened, and we were pulled through. Te people of ",p:14,x:91,y:703,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Muslim world became our neighbors and friends. We laughed ",p:14,x:91,y:731,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at their jokes, waited in their trafc jams, wept at their funerals, and ",p:14,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cried for joy at their weddings. We tried ever so hard to see things ",p:14,x:91,y:786,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from their perspective. Our motives were sometimes viewed with ",p:14,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:23},
{t:"suspicion. We had moments of discomfort and longing for “home.”",p:14,x:91,y:841,w:476,h:23},
{t:"To outside observers the language seems the insurmountable ",p:14,x:121,y:868,w:454,h:23},
{t:"barrier; however, it is merely the key that unlocks a door to a new ",p:14,x:91,y:896,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CASTiNG A NEW KiND OF viSiON",p:15,x:340,y:55,w:230,h:16},
{t:"3",p:15,x:565,y:955,w:6,h:16},
{t:"culture. After opening that door we found a confusing matrix of fam-",p:15,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ily values, economic systems, and political and historical realities that ",p:15,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"simply could not be assimilated in a day. Sufce it to say that I was ",p:15,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a transplant—growing deep roots in an adopted culture. My neigh-",p:15,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"bors and friends delighted to hear me speak warmly and positively ",p:15,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of their country. Tey were all too aware of its many inconsistencies ",p:15,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and defects. Yet here was an American referring to their country as ",p:15,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his country by adoption. I meant it, and I think that pleased them.",p:15,x:91,y:293,w:472,h:23},
{t:"Ten on the night of September 18, 2005, returning home on a ",p:15,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"fight from Africa, I was not allowed back into Egypt. Internal secu-",p:15,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"rity police had blacklisted me. I was escorted to a holding room and ",p:15,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"kept under guard and questioned intermittently that entire night.",p:15,x:91,y:403,w:462,h:23},
{t:"During one interview the plainclothes ofcer behind the desk ",p:15,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"asked me my profession, and I replied, “Pastor.” Egyptians have dif-",p:15,x:91,y:458,w:480,h:23},
{t:"fculty distinguishing the sounds of p and b. (Tey are wonderful ",p:15,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"jokesters, those Egyptians, and often tell how their president re-",p:15,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"turned from a visit to the United States and strangely insisted that his ",p:15,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"name be written on every door in every public place. Te American ",p:15,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"president, he said, had his name on every door (push—Bush!). So my ",p:15,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"interlocutor, mystifed by the name of my profession, began to repeat ",p:15,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it over and over with a b rather than a p. As the humor of being ",p:15,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"referred to as what sounded like bastard in this climactic moment ",p:15,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"began to sink in, I had to smile.",p:15,x:91,y:705,w:224,h:23},
{t:"In Middle Eastern culture magnanimity and generosity top ",p:15,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the list of virtues. Tat night two Pakistanis and three Egyptians ",p:15,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"shared my incarceration. We were served no food, but just after ",p:15,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dawn prayers, a stocky Egyptian woman showed up and ofered to ",p:15,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bring sandwiches and tea for a small fee. Various ones placed their ",p:15,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"orders while the two Pakistanis slept at the other end of the room. I ",p:15,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:16,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"4",p:16,x:91,y:955,w:7,h:16},
{t:"questioned the Egyptian guard about how long they had been there ",p:16,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and if they had eaten. His nonverbal response let me know these ",p:16,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"troublemakers were not worth the efort. Taking my stand on the ",p:16,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"high ground of Arab magnanimity, I replied, “But these men are ",p:16,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our guests” (asserting myself as though I actually had rights!). Te ",p:16,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Egyptian begrudgingly agreed that the Pakistanis deserved to eat, as ",p:16,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they were, after all, guests in “our” country.",p:16,x:91,y:265,w:305,h:23},
{t:"One of the Egyptian captives gave rather evasive answers to his ",p:16,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"interrogators. At one point he was invited into an adjacent room. ",p:16,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Shocking shrieks and screams of confession amid the unmistak-",p:16,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"able thud of blows landing on fesh assaulted our midnight stupor. ",p:16,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Confusion. Disconnect. Could it be that the young Egyptian man ",p:16,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sitting beside me fve minutes ago was the centerpiece of a torture ",p:16,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"scene? He returned later to reoccupy his place on the bench beside ",p:16,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"me, weeping, his eyes and face swollen and red, his head now between ",p:16,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his knees. I noticed red streaks going down his neck and marveled at ",p:16,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the vulnerability of man to his greatest adversary—man.",p:16,x:91,y:540,w:396,h:23},
{t:"Te next morning as I was taken to the British Air ofce to buy ",p:16,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a one-way ticket out, I asked my escort if I might phone my wife, ",p:16,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who had been awaiting my return all night with no news. Middle ",p:16,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Easterners are masters of body language. My escort made no reply ",p:16,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but simply rubbed his fngers across his thumb. I slipped him a ten-",p:16,x:91,y:678,w:479,h:23},
{t:"pound note and was allowed to use the phone at the British Air desk ",p:16,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to inform my wife that I would not be returning home. As far as I ",p:16,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"knew then, and as far as I know now, I will never return to Egypt.",p:16,x:91,y:760,w:464,h:23},
{t:"A Story of Martyrdom",p:16,x:91,y:816,w:200,h:24},
{t:"Just a few weeks later, I sat up that rainy night in southern ",p:16,x:121,y:852,w:454,h:23},
{t:"England, listening to Steve Saint relate the story of his father’s heroic ",p:16,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CASTiNG A NEW KiND OF viSiON",p:17,x:340,y:55,w:230,h:16},
{t:"5",p:17,x:565,y:955,w:6,h:16},
{t:"death, and I experienced the power of the words “Tey being dead yet ",p:17,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"speak.” Rachel Saint and Elisabeth Elliot responded to that terrible ",p:17,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"event in a way that defes our comfort-seeking culture. Tey waited. ",p:17,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey prepared. When the time came, they moved in and lived among ",p:17,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the very tribe that had taken the lives of Rachel’s brother, Nate, and ",p:17,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Elisabeth ’s husband, Jim.",p:17,x:91,y:238,w:175,h:23},
{t:"Te vicious tribe had defed the friendly advances of peace-",p:17,x:121,y:265,w:450,h:23},
{t:"loving missionaries and speared them mercilessly, seemingly on a ",p:17,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"whim. Te world was left with the perplexing question, why? Could ",p:17,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"any sense be made of their martyrdom? A sense of aha! developed as ",p:17,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reports proliferated about the conversion of the Waorani Indians. A ",p:17,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"neat, evangelical resolution of the tension of martyrdom was found ",p:17,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in that faith birthed deep in the jungle. Yet as Elisabeth Elliot has ",p:17,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pointed out, such neat and happy endings are seldom satisfying: “A ",p:17,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"healthier faith seeks a reference point outside all human experience, ",p:17,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the polestar which marks the course of all human events.” Tat pole-",p:17,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"star is an inscrutable and immutable God—“I will fnd rest nowhere ",p:17,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but in his will, and that will is infnitely, immeasurably, unspeakably ",p:17,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"beyond my largest notions of what he is up to.”1",p:17,x:91,y:595,w:339,h:23},
{t:"I suppose we could stop there. Certainly no one can deny the ",p:17,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"mystery and lack of neat resolution in the current tension between ",p:17,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Western world and radical Islam. If God is up to something, ",p:17,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"most of us are at a loss to discern it. But one focus of this book is to ",p:17,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"suggest that God is, in fact, up to something. Although the tension ",p:17,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will not resolve into a neatly packaged scenario, the current world ",p:17,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"confict has all the makings of a symphony, admittedly discordant at ",p:17,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"times, but led, nonetheless, by a master conductor. Our world is not ",p:17,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"madly spinning out of control while our God fretfully bites his nails. ",p:17,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:18,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"6",p:18,x:91,y:955,w:6,h:16},
{t:"You and I will fnd our purpose and our peace as we rest in a God ",p:18,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who, as C. S. Lewis said of Aslan, is not safe but is good.2",p:18,x:91,y:128,w:404,h:23},
{t:"Another moral of the story of the Ecuadorian martyrs readily ",p:18,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"commends itself. Te treachery of the Waorani, while real, masked a ",p:18,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"more basic motivation—fear. It is no psychological secret that those ",p:18,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"most vulnerable and abused often act most savagely and treacher-",p:18,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ously. Elisabeth Elliot recorded that the Waorani people speared ",p:18,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"foreigners simply because they feared being cannibalized. Rather ",p:18,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"than be eaten, the tribe attacked. Teir provincial view of the world ",p:18,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"did not allow them to trust the kind advances of those who meant ",p:18,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them no harm. Tey had no grid other than that of jungle warriors ",p:18,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through which to process the missionaries’ gifts and acts of kindness.",p:18,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"A large yellow ",p:18,x:121,y:430,w:113,h:23},
{t:"“bird”—an airplane—had allowed men who ",p:18,x:239,y:430,w:336,h:23},
{t:"covered their white skin with funny clothes to penetrate Waorani ",p:18,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"territory. For centuries the dense jungle of Ecuador had been impen-",p:18,x:91,y:485,w:480,h:23},
{t:"etrable. Some of the Waorani had left the jungle never to return, but ",p:18,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this was the frst advance into the Waorani’s homeland. Who could ",p:18,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"say what such an advance would produce? Tese jungle Indians, face-",p:18,x:91,y:568,w:480,h:23},
{t:"to-face for the frst time with people they supposed to be cannibals, ",p:18,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"feared for their lives. Perhaps they were more justifed than we have ",p:18,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been led to believe, as foreigners of a less-kind disposition may well ",p:18,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have abused their simplicity. Much as a wounded animal bites the ",p:18,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hand that would help it, so the Waorani struck out in fear.",p:18,x:91,y:705,w:412,h:23},
{t:"Satellite and Internet technology have penetrated the Muslim ",p:18,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"world to a degree unknown heretofore. Te presence of Western ",p:18,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"military in the Muslim world causes tremendous uncertainty and ",p:18,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"suspicion. While living in the Middle East, I was privy to incessant ",p:18,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"waves of conspiracy theories, most of which had to do with Zionists ",p:18,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and Westerners holding the reigns of world events and directing ",p:18,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CASTiNG A NEW KiND OF viSiON",p:19,x:340,y:55,w:230,h:16},
{t:"7",p:19,x:564,y:955,w:6,h:16},
{t:"them for the beneft of a privileged few. Incredulous, I listened to ",p:19,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"these elaborately detailed schemes of world dominance. I now realize ",p:19,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that fear, similar to that of the Waoranis of Ecuador, dominates the ",p:19,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worldview of much of the Muslim world. Just as the Waorani tribe ",p:19,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"murdered in fear, so radical Muslims are striking at anything associ-",p:19,x:91,y:210,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ated with the West.",p:19,x:91,y:238,w:136,h:23},
{t:"To fear the unknown is not a one-way street. In the West I often ",p:19,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"hear sweeping generalizations about the Middle East, Arabs, and ",p:19,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims: “Tose people are killing each other. Don ’t they know they ",p:19,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"can trust us? Why are they so flled with hate? We’ve always upheld ",p:19,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"justice and returned the country to its people after we leave. We even ",p:19,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"help rebuild the country.” It’s a common malady of humanity that ",p:19,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we see our own (or our group ’s) intentions as noble and pure while ",p:19,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we are skeptical, if not downright antagonistic, toward the motiva-",p:19,x:91,y:458,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tions of others.",p:19,x:91,y:485,w:106,h:23},
{t:"In a class I taught recently in the United States, where I now ",p:19,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"live, I was asked why “the Muslims” are always killing each other. ",p:19,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te reference was to the Sunni-Shiite tension in Iraq. My reply? ",p:19,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“Good question. Let me help you see it from their side. I lived in ",p:19,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a Middle Eastern city of eighteen million people. Yet for all the ",p:19,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"overcrowding and irascible problems of that city, it was a relatively ",p:19,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"safe place to live. Murders were fairly rare. Contrast that with any ",p:19,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"large U.S. city—Los Angeles, New York City, Miami. Middle ",p:19,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Easterners hear the statistics of violence in the United States and ",p:19,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ask me, ",p:19,x:91,y:760,w:61,h:23},
{t:"‘Why are the Americans always killing each other?’ Yes, ",p:19,x:155,y:760,w:421,h:23},
{t:"there is persistent violence in Iraq between Sunnis and Shiites these ",p:19,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"days, but in vast areas of the Muslim world people live in peace and ",p:19,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"go about their daily afairs. Tey want to fnd better education for ",p:19,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:20,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"8",p:20,x:91,y:955,w:7,h:16},
{t:"their children, make their payments on their house, aford a better ",p:20,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"car. Teir concerns are much like yours.”",p:20,x:91,y:128,w:294,h:23},
{t:"Surprise! Or maybe not.",p:20,x:121,y:155,w:170,h:23},
{t:"Incarnation",p:20,x:274,y:209,w:114,h:26},
{t:"Tere is an opposite reaction to fear. Te word I will use to ",p:20,x:121,y:254,w:454,h:23},
{t:"describe this reaction is incarnation, derived from the Latin carnis ",p:20,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(fesh) and in—“in fesh.” In Christian parlance it is most often used ",p:20,x:91,y:309,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Christ as he took on humanity (human fesh) and lived among us.",p:20,x:91,y:337,w:480,h:23},
{t:"In the case of the Waorani of Ecuador, Rachel and Elisabeth ",p:20,x:121,y:364,w:454,h:23},
{t:"adopted much of the Waorani way of life. Tey incarnated among ",p:20,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them, learning the tribe’s language, eating their food, being exposed ",p:20,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to their illnesses. In brief, the women lived among the tribe, embrac-",p:20,x:91,y:447,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing much of the tribe’s life and culture. Te tribe, in turn, learned ",p:20,x:91,y:474,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and embraced much from the women, including the message of ",p:20,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God’s love and grace.",p:20,x:91,y:529,w:149,h:23},
{t:"Te incarnation of the gospel, for all its beneft to the Waorani ",p:20,x:121,y:557,w:454,h:23},
{t:"people, came at great cost. We are fortunate to see the resulting faith ",p:20,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the primitive tribe, but we also do well to remember the immense ",p:20,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"price that was paid. Te process of incarnation is costly, yet it is the ",p:20,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"messy work to which Jesus has called his followers. Perhaps a vignette ",p:20,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from Jesus’ life will further illustrate.",p:20,x:91,y:694,w:258,h:23},
{t:"A Modern-Day Samaria",p:20,x:91,y:750,w:212,h:24},
{t:"Despised and hated people groups are not new to the world ",p:20,x:121,y:786,w:454,h:23},
{t:"scene. In Jesus’ day the despised people group was the Samaritans, a ",p:20,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:23},
{t:"type of Jewish half-breed. From the perspective of the purists, they ",p:20,x:91,y:841,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had corrupted the law, rejected the prophets, and deformed worship; ",p:20,x:91,y:868,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they were an “unclean” people. At one point the Samaritans ofered ",p:20,x:91,y:896,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CASTiNG A NEW KiND OF viSiON",p:21,x:340,y:55,w:230,h:16},
{t:"9",p:21,x:564,y:955,w:7,h:16},
{t:"to help the Jews rebuild their temple after their return from exile. ",p:21,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te Jewish reply was simply, “You have no part in this work” (see ",p:21,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Ezra 4:3). Accordingly, the Samaritans attempted to frustrate and ",p:21,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"halt the reconstruction of the temple by inciting King Artaxerxes ",p:21,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"against the project. As if that weren ’t enough, when the Samaritans ",p:21,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"later built their own temple on Mount Gerazim, they dedicated it to ",p:21,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pagan deities! (Imagine that—rival temples in the Middle East wor-",p:21,x:91,y:265,w:480,h:23},
{t:"shipping diferent gods!) When Jewish leaders sought the supreme ",p:21,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"insult to cast at Jesus, they simply said, “Aren ’t we right in saying that ",p:21,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"you are a Samaritan and demon-possessed?” (John 8:48). In brief, ",p:21,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jewish antagonism toward the Samaritans was political and religious, ",p:21,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"historical and contemporary, with all the elements of a modern-day ",p:21,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ethnic rivalry—spiced with accusations, hatred, even warfare.",p:21,x:91,y:430,w:432,h:23},
{t:"Te story of Jesus’ encounter with a Samaritan woman has ",p:21,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"inspired Christians for centuries. We would expect Jesus to have a ",p:21,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"diferent attitude about the Samaritans, but his disciples, steeped in ",p:21,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the prevailing view of their day, couldn ’t understand it.",p:21,x:91,y:540,w:386,h:23},
{t:"Te Gospel of John relates Jesus’ journey through Samaria on ",p:21,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"his way to Jerusalem. He sent his disciples into a nearby village to ",p:21,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"buy food while he waited near a well. A Samaritan woman came to ",p:21,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the well alone, in the middle of the day. As the story unfolds, we see ",p:21,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that she had a history of immorality and that she had given up on ",p:21,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the institution of marriage—in some ways a very modern woman.",p:21,x:91,y:705,w:466,h:23},
{t:"Te disciples returned and were amazed to see Jesus doing ",p:21,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"something no Jewish rabbi was permitted to do in a public place—",p:21,x:91,y:760,w:479,h:23},
{t:"conversing with a woman. Tis Samaritan woman became one of ",p:21,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the early New Testament missionaries as she scampered of to tell the ",p:21,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people of her village, “Come, see a man who told me everything I ",p:21,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ever did. Could this be the [Messiah]?” (4:29). Te disciples urged ",p:21,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:22,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"10",p:22,x:91,y:955,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Jesus to eat, but he replied, “I have food to eat that you know noth-",p:22,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing about” (4:32).",p:22,x:91,y:128,w:127,h:23},
{t:"Tink about that. Jesus referred to his interaction with a Samaritan ",p:22,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"woman as his food. Food is what sustains and gives strength. For ",p:22,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"most of us, food is a nonnegotiable. We do what we must to obtain ",p:22,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it because our existence requires that we eat. Yet Jesus clarifed for the ",p:22,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"disciples: “My food…is to do the will of him who sent me” (4:34). ",p:22,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Amazing, really! Jesus could heal the blind, raise the dead, and cause ",p:22,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the deaf to hear. When he commanded the winds and waves to be still, ",p:22,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they calmed. His teaching caused thousands to throng behind him ",p:22,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and cling to his every word. Yet his food was this—conversing with an ",p:22,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"immoral woman from a despised people group.",p:22,x:91,y:403,w:326,h:23},
{t:"Te woman returned with the village representatives in tow. ",p:22,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Jesus used imagery common to the time: “Do you not say, ‘Four ",p:22,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"months more and then the harvest’? I tell you, open your eyes and ",p:22,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"look at the felds! Tey are ripe for harvest” (4:35). In efect, “Get a ",p:22,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"new vision. Look at this diferently. Lift up your eyes! See it the way ",p:22,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I see it.”",p:22,x:91,y:568,w:57,h:23},
{t:"Given this unusual dialogue, we have to infer that Jesus was im-",p:22,x:121,y:595,w:449,h:23},
{t:"mensely satisfed with the reaction of the Samaritan people. In fact, ",p:22,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he delayed his journey a full two days while many of the Samaritans ",p:22,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"came to believe in him as the Savior of the world. Although the ",p:22,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"text is not explicit in this regard, we assume that he stayed in the ",p:22,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"homes of the Samaritan people, eating their food and enjoying their ",p:22,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"camaraderie. It’s as though he’d just enjoyed a good meal or brought ",p:22,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in a copious harvest. He found the Samaritan reception of his mis-",p:22,x:91,y:788,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sion and himself to be fulflling.",p:22,x:91,y:815,w:225,h:23},
{t:"In much the same way that Rachel Saint and Elisabeth Elliot en-",p:22,x:121,y:843,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tered the world of their brother’s and husband’s murderers, so Jesus ",p:22,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CASTiNG A NEW KiND OF viSiON",p:23,x:340,y:55,w:230,h:16},
{t:"11",p:23,x:563,y:955,w:7,h:16},
{t:"moved freely among a people who would normally be the object of ",p:23,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hatred and animosity among his people, the Jews. Many Jews inten-",p:23,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tionally avoided traveling through Samaria as they went from Galilee ",p:23,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Jerusalem; Jesus chose to go through Samaria. He chose to sit by ",p:23,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a Samaritan well. He chose to engage a needy Samaritan woman and ",p:23,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"found immense joy in a warm reception by her despised and hated ",p:23,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people. Beyond that, he stayed with them, sleeping in their homes ",p:23,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and eating their food, for two more days.",p:23,x:91,y:293,w:290,h:23},
{t:"We do not know if the disciples “got it,” if they really changed ",p:23,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"their perspective on the Samaritans. It may have taken some time. ",p:23,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"In the book of Acts, we learn that the Samaritans heard the gospel ",p:23,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"message from Philip (not one of the original disciples); Peter and ",p:23,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"John traveled into Samaria and witnessed the Holy Spirit transform ",p:23,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Samaritans into Jesus-followers. So the disciples did “get it” later ",p:23,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"if not on that trip through Samaria.",p:23,x:91,y:485,w:251,h:23},
{t:"Have we gotten it? Tere is, after all, a modern-day Samaria—a ",p:23,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"people who have corrupted our holy faith, moved around our holy ",p:23,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sites, occupied our holy land. I daresay that many of us would avoid ",p:23,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"traveling through their land. To sit down and share a meal with them ",p:23,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is not something we’ve considered.",p:23,x:91,y:623,w:244,h:23},
{t:"Consider it now.",p:23,x:121,y:650,w:117,h:23},
{t:"Confronted with a Choice",p:23,x:91,y:706,w:236,h:24},
{t:"You and I are confronted with a choice. On the one hand is ",p:23,x:121,y:742,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the path of isolation, fear, alienation, and self-preservation—a well-",p:23,x:91,y:769,w:480,h:23},
{t:"worn road. Its rhetoric is comforting and its landmarks reassuring. ",p:23,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"We know that we are in the right because so many of our friends ",p:23,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are going along the same road, ofering their encouragement. Te ",p:23,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"alternative path is clearly less traveled. It calls for self-awareness, ",p:23,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:24,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"12",p:24,x:91,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"empathy for the other, and deep listening. Although excruciatingly ",p:24,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"difcult, its summit is the peak of incarnation.",p:24,x:91,y:128,w:328,h:23},
{t:"Which will it be?",p:24,x:121,y:155,w:120,h:23},
{t:"If you ’re on the path of self-preservation, you won ’t need to look ",p:24,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"far for afrmation. For instance, in 1998 Samuel Huntington wrote ",p:24,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, in which ",p:24,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he portrayed an Islamic resurgence and analyzed the historic tensions ",p:24,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"between the Islamic East and the West. Huntington ’s provocative ",p:24,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"thesis led many to believe that future confict with the Muslim ",p:24,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world was inevitable. Although a religious enemy, Islam was an all-",p:24,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"encompassing way of life, often referred to as a worldview, including ",p:24,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the political, economic, military, educational, social, and religious ",p:24,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dimensions of society.",p:24,x:91,y:430,w:154,h:23},
{t:"Rather than quell the rhetoric of enmity, recent events have ",p:24,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"only reinforced it in the minds of many thinking people. September ",p:24,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"11 was the capstone event that isolated Islamic radicalism (some-",p:24,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"times referred to as Islamism) as a potent and threatening enemy of ",p:24,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Western democracy. However, events prior to 9/11 and since that ",p:24,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"time have confrmed the suspicions of many. Just prior to his demise, ",p:24,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, a Jordanian leader of the Iraqi insurgence, ",p:24,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"declared that his fghters had broken the back of the American mili-",p:24,x:91,y:650,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tary presence in Iraq. While many see this as idle bravado, there is no ",p:24,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"doubt (at the time of this writing) that the insurgence continues to ",p:24,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wreak havoc with the proposed U.S. plan of establishing a democracy ",p:24,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in this crucial Muslim country.",p:24,x:91,y:760,w:218,h:23},
{t:"Iraq is not the only focal point of this tension with the West. ",p:24,x:121,y:788,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Te reemergence of the Taliban (the fundamentalist Islamic militia ",p:24,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Afghanistan); the electoral victories of the Islamist parliamentar-",p:24,x:91,y:843,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ians in Egypt and Gaza; suicide bombings; Ahmedinejad’s persistent ",p:24,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CASTiNG A NEW KiND OF viSiON",p:25,x:340,y:55,w:230,h:16},
{t:"13",p:25,x:561,y:955,w:10,h:16},
{t:"enrichment of uranium while calling for Israel’s destruction; bomb-",p:25,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ings in Bali, Madrid, London, Sharm El Sheikh, Dahab, Amman—",p:25,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"all of this and much more point toward an impasse in relations of ",p:25,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Western democracies with the Muslim world. Small wonder that ",p:25,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many conclude that the Islamic worldview is the present threat to ",p:25,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Western democratic ideal. If you will, the Muslim world is a ",p:25,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"modern-day Samaria.",p:25,x:91,y:265,w:151,h:23},
{t:"Since my return to the United States, I’ve been rather alarmed by ",p:25,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the fact that the discussion of the issue of Islamic radicalism among ",p:25,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians difers little from what I hear in conservative media. I ",p:25,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wonder, are the conservative media moguls now spokespersons for ",p:25,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ’s kingdom? In our present world, torn as it is by conficting ",p:25,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"interests that erupt into bloody attacks, should not Christ-followers ",p:25,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have a unique voice? Is there no fresh vision of the Muslim world ",p:25,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rooted in the values of Christ’s kingdom? Is our only option to con-",p:25,x:91,y:485,w:480,h:23},
{t:"front the Muslim world and eliminate the threat? Can the mind-set ",p:25,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of confrontation give way to incarnation?",p:25,x:91,y:540,w:291,h:23},
{t:"I hear you saying, “Wait a minute. Tey started it! I just want to ",p:25,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"live my life in peace.” It sounds like an acceptable personal reaction ",p:25,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the Muslim world. Unfortunately, it is not credible because of it ",p:25,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"being individualistic and naive. And believe it or not, I’ve heard the ",p:25,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"same line from many acquaintances throughout the Muslim world. ",p:25,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey’re tired of all the killing. Tey’d like to live and let live.",p:25,x:91,y:705,w:423,h:23},
{t:"I believe there is an alternative. It is the second path—the path ",p:25,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of empathy, self-awareness, deep listening, and incarnation. Tose ",p:25,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who choose such a path will be few, and while they are not the only ",p:25,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"candidates, I suggest that good candidates for the second path are ",p:25,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"those who are resolved to follow the way of Christ. Tese people ",p:25,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will recognize immediately that they must ",p:25,x:91,y:870,w:313,h:23},
{t:"“take the plank out of ",p:25,x:407,y:870,w:168,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:26,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"14",p:26,x:91,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"[their own] eye” before they can ",p:26,x:91,y:100,w:243,h:23},
{t:"“see clearly to remove the speck ",p:26,x:337,y:100,w:238,h:23},
{t:"from [their] brother’s eye” (Luke 6:42). Tey know that the option ",p:26,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of retreat into a materialistic revelry of passivity is not workable. ",p:26,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Nor will they be so naive as to think that they will mystically join ",p:26,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hands with Muslims and go walking into the sunset of tolerance and ",p:26,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pluralism. Tey will know instinctively that reconciliation does not ",p:26,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"come cheaply.",p:26,x:91,y:265,w:98,h:23},
{t:"In the case of the Waorani tribe of Ecuador, a band of Christ-",p:26,x:121,y:293,w:450,h:23},
{t:"followers embracing the commission to make disciples of all nations ",p:26,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"established links of peace with the primitive tribe. It was done at ",p:26,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"great cost—loss of life. Yet no one could deny that the principles ",p:26,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and values Jesus taught were the key ingredients allowing a success-",p:26,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ful incarnation of his kingdom to take place. Te determination to ",p:26,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"forgive a murderer, the passion for Christ’s reign of peace, the ferce ",p:26,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"commitment to human dignity—all these equipped those Christ-",p:26,x:91,y:485,w:479,h:23},
{t:"followers with the tools they needed for efective incarnation.",p:26,x:91,y:513,w:431,h:23},
{t:"We are in a similar position with radical Islam. Clearly, radical ",p:26,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Muslims make no apology for acts of violence perpetrated on inno-",p:26,x:91,y:568,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cent, even well-meaning, people. To many Westerners the intention ",p:26,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of radical Islamic groups to eradicate Israel and other enemies of ",p:26,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islam leaves no legitimate option but confrontation or in some cases ",p:26,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"elimination. Tis somber reality cannot be denied. Kill or be killed ",p:26,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"seems to be the order of the day in the Middle East. While it is in-",p:26,x:91,y:705,w:480,h:23},
{t:"deed illegitimate to lump all Muslims together as radical Islamists—a ",p:26,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"deeply inaccurate refection of the complex and multivaried nature ",p:26,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Muslim world—still the violent intentions of Islamic move-",p:26,x:91,y:788,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ments such as Hezbollah (Lebanon), jihad (defense of the religious ",p:26,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"state), Hamas (Palestine), al Qaeda, and Wahabism (Saudi Arabia) ",p:26,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cannot be denied. In such an environment, armed confict may be ",p:26,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CASTiNG A NEW KiND OF viSiON",p:27,x:340,y:55,w:230,h:16},
{t:"15",p:27,x:560,y:955,w:10,h:16},
{t:"inevitable. But is there another way? To state the question diferently, ",p:27,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"what is the unique perspective of a Christ-follower individually and ",p:27,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the kingdom of Jesus collectively to the current conficts of the West ",p:27,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with the Muslim world?",p:27,x:91,y:183,w:169,h:23},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:27,x:188,y:244,w:285,h:25},
{t:"Te premise of this book is that there is an alternative response ",p:27,x:121,y:304,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to this threat that goes beyond the response of confrontation ofered ",p:27,x:91,y:332,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at a state and political level. Tis alternative response is exempli-",p:27,x:91,y:359,w:480,h:23},
{t:"fed in Jesus’ approach to the Samaritans and the reaction of Rachel ",p:27,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Saint and Elisabeth Elliot to the Waorani people—the response of ",p:27,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:23},
{t:"incarnation. Elliot and Saint were motivated not by vindication of ",p:27,x:91,y:442,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their husband’s and brother’s deaths but by passion that Jesus Christ ",p:27,x:91,y:469,w:484,h:23},
{t:"receive his rightful place of glory and honor among the Waorani ",p:27,x:91,y:497,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people. Teir response mirrored Jesus’ joyful encounter with another ",p:27,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:23},
{t:"despised and hated people, the Samaritans.",p:27,x:91,y:552,w:302,h:23},
{t:"Such a response is by no means easy and requires a passionate ",p:27,x:121,y:579,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and radical commitment to Christ. But this is no blind fanaticism. ",p:27,x:91,y:607,w:484,h:23},
{t:"It also calls for a patient and painstaking understanding of people ",p:27,x:91,y:634,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who see reality radically diferent from us. It requires a good deal of ",p:27,x:91,y:662,w:484,h:23},
{t:"self-awareness for overcoming the natural tendency of fear toward ",p:27,x:91,y:689,w:484,h:23},
{t:"self-preservation. Finally, it involves a careful evaluation of long-",p:27,x:91,y:717,w:479,h:23},
{t:"standing beliefs that may have become fetishes to a false tradition.",p:27,x:91,y:744,w:465,h:23},
{t:"So if you are growing more skeptical about the possibility of ",p:27,x:121,y:772,w:454,h:23},
{t:"eliminating the Muslim threat, and if you are looking for a unique ",p:27,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:23},
{t:"response birthed out of the values of Christ’s kingdom, then this book ",p:27,x:91,y:827,w:484,h:23},
{t:"may have something to say to you. I make no claim to providing the ",p:27,x:91,y:854,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fnal word but hope merely to open the discussion by proposing a ",p:27,x:91,y:882,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:28,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"16",p:28,x:91,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"radical and incredibly challenging response to the Muslim world—",p:28,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"the alternative response of incarnation.",p:28,x:91,y:128,w:272,h:23},
{t:"PART II",p:29,x:336,y:438,w:234,h:86},
{t:"A HiSTORiCAL PERSPECTivE",p:29,x:114,y:524,w:456,h:43},
{t:"Te complex web of Christian-Muslim relations is not a recent ",p:29,x:121,y:628,w:454,h:23},
{t:"phenomenon. In order to adopt an informed response to the Muslim ",p:29,x:91,y:655,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world, Christians need to understand the historic advance of Islamic ",p:29,x:91,y:683,w:484,h:23},
{t:"civilization and its impact on Christian peoples. Te reality is that ",p:29,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians also resorted to militaristic responses and thereby con-",p:29,x:91,y:738,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tributed to the current impasse. Te lesson of history is to adopt ",p:29,x:91,y:765,w:484,h:23},
{t:"kingdom principles of response instead of the knee-jerk reaction of ",p:29,x:91,y:793,w:484,h:23},
{t:"self-defense.",p:29,x:91,y:820,w:85,h:23},
{t:"19",p:30,x:560,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 2",p:30,x:244,y:292,w:173,h:36},
{t:"A HISTORY OF COMPLICITY: ",p:30,x:103,y:395,w:467,h:38},
{t:"WHO, ME?",p:30,x:250,y:440,w:162,h:38},
{t:"Now here’s a thought-provoking question for you: Could it be ",p:30,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that we (primarily, Christians) have been complicit in the develop-",p:30,x:91,y:568,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ment of religious tyranny in the Muslim world?",p:30,x:91,y:595,w:335,h:23},
{t:"I hear you saying, “Come on, you can ’t be serious—Western ",p:30,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Christians to blame for what is happening today in the Muslim ",p:30,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world? Give me a break! Is this a case of no good deed shall go ",p:30,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"unpunished? Haven ’t we Western Christians sent missionaries to ",p:30,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim lands? Haven ’t our governments given massive amounts of ",p:30,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"money and assistance to these countries? You can ’t be serious.”",p:30,x:91,y:760,w:437,h:23},
{t:"I recall the comment of my Cairo landlord as we discussed the ",p:30,x:121,y:788,w:454,h:23},
{t:"intricacies of Muslim-Christian relations through the centuries. His ",p:30,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"perspective gave me pause for thought: “You Christians have treated ",p:30,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims far worse than Muslims have treated Christians.” First of all, ",p:30,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:31,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"20",p:31,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"I failed to appreciate his tendency to lump Christians and Europeans ",p:31,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"together. Second, I didn ’t agree.",p:31,x:91,y:128,w:222,h:23},
{t:"No one wants to be blamed for something for which he or she ",p:31,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"bears no direct responsibility. I am not suggesting that you and I ",p:31,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are to blame for what is happening. What I am asking is whether ",p:31,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Western Christians have in any way been complicit in the current ",p:31,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"situation of the Muslim world. Jesus recognized in his contempo-",p:31,x:91,y:265,w:480,h:23},
{t:"raries the same tendencies that were present in their forebears. He ",p:31,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"clearly told them, “Your forefathers . . . killed the prophets, and you ",p:31,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"build their tombs.” His warning to them is absolutely chilling: “Tis ",p:31,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"generation will be held responsible for the blood of all the prophets ",p:31,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that has been shed since the beginning of the world, from the blood ",p:31,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Abel to the blood of Zechariah, who was killed between the altar ",p:31,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and the sanctuary” (Luke 11:48–51). He emphatically pointed out ",p:31,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"how his contemporaries were perpetrating the same murderous acts ",p:31,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and that they would be held responsible. It must have been a shock-",p:31,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing wake-up call for the Jews of Jesus’ day to hear a viewpoint so ",p:31,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"radically opposed to their self-understanding.",p:31,x:91,y:568,w:319,h:23},
{t:"Examining history can be a very self-congratulating act: “Look ",p:31,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"what they did in the era of ignorance. Look how far we have come!” It ",p:31,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"can be an academic exercise of observing events from a safe distance, ",p:31,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with no sense of personal involvement whatsoever. As we take a look ",p:31,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at some high points and sore points of Muslim-Christian interaction, ",p:31,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"let’s be aware of Jesus’ warning to his contemporaries. We may be ",p:31,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"repeating history unawares.",p:31,x:91,y:760,w:193,h:23},
{t:"A HiSTORY OF COMPLiCiTY: WHO, ME?",p:32,x:305,y:55,w:266,h:16},
{t:"21",p:32,x:560,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"Christians and Muhammad",p:32,x:198,y:100,w:266,h:26},
{t:"Our frst stop in the history of Muslim-Christian interaction is ",p:32,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the founding prophet of Islam, Muhammad, who lived from 570 to ",p:32,x:91,y:172,w:484,h:23},
{t:"632 CE in the Arabian Peninsula.",p:32,x:91,y:200,w:238,h:23},
{t:"As a young man Muhammad was deeply disturbed by the ",p:32,x:121,y:227,w:454,h:23},
{t:"polytheism of the Arab tribes. He began to associate with a group ",p:32,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of monotheists (known in Arabic as hunafaa). His eighth-century ",p:32,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"biographer, Ibn Ishaq, stated that Muhammad was taught by Jabr, ",p:32,x:91,y:310,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a Christian, as the two met on a hill called Al-Marwa, overlooking ",p:32,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Mecca. Tis Jabr may have been an Ethiopian. Te same biographer ",p:32,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:23},
{t:"relates the story of Muhammad meeting Bahira, a Syrian monk, on a ",p:32,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:23},
{t:"caravan journey with his uncle while still a youth. Bahira recognized ",p:32,x:91,y:420,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that Muhammad possessed an innate greatness and warned of his ",p:32,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"future enmity with the Jews.1",p:32,x:91,y:475,w:206,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad’s practice was to spend extended times of meditation ",p:32,x:121,y:502,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and prayer in a cave outside the city of Mecca. When Muhammad ",p:32,x:91,y:530,w:484,h:23},
{t:"frst received his call to prophethood in the Hira Cave, he had ",p:32,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"deep reservations about the experience that had taken place. As the ",p:32,x:91,y:585,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hadiith (the written traditions enshrining Muhammad’s sayings and ",p:32,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"actions)2 tells the story, Muhammad was visited by a luminous be-",p:32,x:91,y:640,w:479,h:23},
{t:"ing (in Islamic understanding, the angel Gabriel) who commanded ",p:32,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"him to “recite.” Te word could also be translated “read.” To which ",p:32,x:91,y:695,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad responded, “I am not a reader.” Te being then replied, ",p:32,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“Recite in the name of your lord who created, created man from a ",p:32,x:91,y:750,w:484,h:23},
{t:"clot. Read and your lord is the most benefcent.”3 Tus began the ",p:32,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prophetic revelation given to Muhammad known as the Qur’an.",p:32,x:91,y:805,w:452,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad returned from the Hira Cave quite perturbed in ",p:32,x:121,y:832,w:454,h:23},
{t:"spirit. In fact, with his heart still racing from the experience, his frst ",p:32,x:91,y:860,w:484,h:23},
{t:"words to his wife, Khadija, were, “Cover me, cover me.” He then ",p:32,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:33,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"22",p:33,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"related to her that he feared for himself. Khadija assured Muhammad ",p:33,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that he was a virtuous man and that Allah would never disgrace him. ",p:33,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"She then proceeded to take Muhammad to her cousin Waraqa bin ",p:33,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(the son of) Naufal.",p:33,x:91,y:183,w:140,h:23},
{t:"Tis man Waraqa bin Naufal is an enigma in Islamic history. ",p:33,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"According to the Hadiith, he had become a Christian4 in the pre-",p:33,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"Islamic period. We do not know much about the nature of Waraqa ’s ",p:33,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"faith. Te Hadiith tells us that he “would write from the Gospel in ",p:33,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hebrew as much as Allah wished him to write.”5",p:33,x:91,y:320,w:341,h:23},
{t:"What we do know about Waraqa is that he was the second voice ",p:33,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of afrmation of Muhammad’s prophetic call, Khadija being the ",p:33,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"frst. What he afrmed in Muhammad was the original vision in the ",p:33,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hira Cave. He strongly buttressed Muhammad, saying that the rev-",p:33,x:91,y:430,w:480,h:23},
{t:"elation he had received was the same as the angel Gabriel had given ",p:33,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Moses. Furthermore, he predicted Muhammad’s rejection by his ",p:33,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"own people and expressed regret that he would no longer be alive to ",p:33,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lend Muhammad strong support in his hour of need. Waraqa was an ",p:33,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"old man and died before Muhammad’s revelations took shape.",p:33,x:91,y:568,w:439,h:23},
{t:"Roughly six hundred years had transpired between Pentecost ",p:33,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and Muhammad’s prophetic call. Te Christian church had passed ",p:33,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through a period of intense persecution at the hands of the Roman ",p:33,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Empire and had risen to become a prestigious religion of Rome, ",p:33,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"whose capital was now Byzantine Constantinople (modern-day ",p:33,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Istanbul, Turkey). Te presence ",p:33,x:91,y:733,w:247,h:23},
{t:"of ",p:33,x:345,y:733,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Christians ",p:33,x:371,y:733,w:76,h:23},
{t:"in ",p:33,x:455,y:733,w:18,h:23},
{t:"the ",p:33,x:481,y:733,w:26,h:23},
{t:"Arabian ",p:33,x:515,y:733,w:60,h:23},
{t:"Peninsula is confrmed by Waraqa bin Naufal. Waraqa was likely an ",p:33,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"adherent of Nestorian Christianity,6 considered a heresy by the early ",p:33,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"church councils. He was, nonetheless, a man who evidenced desire ",p:33,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for the things of God. Perhaps we could see him as a type of many ",p:33,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the Arab world today—people who have a zeal for God, a desire ",p:33,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"A HiSTORY OF COMPLiCiTY: WHO, ME?",p:34,x:305,y:55,w:266,h:16},
{t:"23",p:34,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"to know and understand, and yet have limited access to credible ",p:34,x:91,y:493,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sources of information. Waraqa lives on in today’s Muslim world. ",p:34,x:91,y:520,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Samuel Hugh Mofett, professor of ecumenics and mission ",p:34,x:91,y:548,w:461,h:23},
{t:"at ",p:34,x:558,y:548,w:17,h:23},
{t:"Princeton ",p:34,x:91,y:575,w:73,h:23},
{t:"Teological ",p:34,x:174,y:575,w:85,h:23},
{t:"Seminary, ",p:34,x:270,y:575,w:74,h:23},
{t:"suggests ",p:34,x:355,y:575,w:60,h:23},
{t:"three ",p:34,x:426,y:575,w:40,h:23},
{t:"reasons ",p:34,x:476,y:575,w:55,h:23},
{t:"why ",p:34,x:542,y:575,w:34,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad never became a Christian:",p:34,x:91,y:603,w:275,h:23},
{t:"First, there was no Bible in Arabic. Missionaries had translated ",p:34,x:121,y:630,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the Scriptures into other Asian languages, such as Syriac and Chinese, ",p:34,x:91,y:658,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but not Arabic. Some church leaders knew Arabic, and it seems that ",p:34,x:91,y:685,w:484,h:23},
{t:"translation could have progressed.7 Much of the church ’s energy ",p:34,x:91,y:713,w:484,h:23},
{t:"seems to have been expended in discussion of important doctrinal ",p:34,x:91,y:740,w:484,h:23},
{t:"issues related to the nature of Christ.",p:34,x:91,y:768,w:259,h:23},
{t:"Second, Christianity in the Middle East was a sad portrayal ",p:34,x:121,y:795,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of disunity. Muhammad must have had some awareness of the ",p:34,x:91,y:823,w:484,h:23},
{t:"angry divisions of the faith in his area, represented by Nestorians, ",p:34,x:91,y:850,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Monophysites,8 Chalcedonians, and heretical sects. Popes such as ",p:34,x:91,y:878,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Milan",p:34,x:104,y:185,w:29,h:15},
{t:"Ravenna",p:34,x:156,y:196,w:45,h:15},
{t:"Rome",p:34,x:157,y:226,w:30,h:15},
{t:"Naples",p:34,x:187,y:245,w:36,h:15},
{t:"Thessalonica",p:34,x:286,y:241,w:67,h:15},
{t:"Adrianople",p:34,x:332,y:223,w:58,h:15},
{t:"Constantinople",p:34,x:364,y:238,w:81,h:15},
{t:"Nicaea",p:34,x:379,y:253,w:35,h:15},
{t:"Ancyra",p:34,x:437,y:259,w:36,h:15},
{t:"Caesarea",p:34,x:459,y:277,w:47,h:15},
{t:"Ephesus",p:34,x:350,y:290,w:43,h:15},
{t:"Athens",p:34,x:307,y:298,w:37,h:15},
{t:"Edessa",p:34,x:481,y:294,w:35,h:15},
{t:"Antioch",p:34,x:468,y:319,w:41,h:15},
{t:"Carthage",p:34,x:134,y:307,w:48,h:15},
{t:"Alexandria",p:34,x:330,y:385,w:56,h:15},
{t:"Jerusalem",p:34,x:403,y:377,w:53,h:15},
{t:"Mediterranean Sea",p:34,x:197,y:347,w:88,h:17},
{t:"Black Sea",p:34,x:406,y:207,w:44,h:17},
{t:"Moors",p:34,x:134,y:407,w:31,h:15},
{t:"Lombards",p:34,x:126,y:149,w:48,h:15},
{t:"Avars",p:34,x:293,y:139,w:26,h:15},
{t:"Slavs",p:34,x:302,y:180,w:23,h:15},
{t:"Bulgars",p:34,x:357,y:144,w:35,h:15},
{t:"Persian",p:34,x:524,y:317,w:34,h:15},
{t:"Empire",p:34,x:524,y:332,w:35,h:15},
{t:"Lakhmid &",p:34,x:486,y:385,w:56,h:15},
{t:"Ghassanid Arabs",p:34,x:486,y:400,w:80,h:15},
{t:"THE CHRISTIAN BYZANTINE EMPIRE (6TH CENTURY)",p:34,x:116,y:104,w:429,h:15},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:35,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"24",p:35,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Justinian, ruling from Constantinople, had attempted to unify the ",p:35,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"church ’s understanding of crucial doctrinal issues, especially the na-",p:35,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ture of Christ. Inevitably, churches that diverged from the orthodox ",p:35,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"position resented what they viewed as coercion by the powerful See ",p:35,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Constantinople.",p:35,x:91,y:210,w:133,h:23},
{t:"Tird, Christianity at that time and place was associated with ",p:35,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"imperialism. Tere was the Byzantine Empire to the north, which ",p:35,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was Christian. Te Persian Empire, fanking the Arabian Peninsula ",p:35,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the east and south, was largely Zoroastrian but with a notable ",p:35,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Nestorian Christian population. Te two empires had been at war ",p:35,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for nearly a century (540–629),9 and both sides lay exhausted and ",p:35,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"vulnerable. Neither empire could have anticipated that the real ",p:35,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"threat that would end both their ascendancies was being birthed by ",p:35,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the prophetic call of an Arab caravan leader named Muhammad.",p:35,x:91,y:458,w:456,h:23},
{t:"By 650 Mesopotamia, heart of the Persian Empire, had fallen ",p:35,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"into Muslim hands. Carthage, the Byzantine center in modern-",p:35,x:91,y:513,w:479,h:23},
{t:"day Tunisia (North Africa), fell to Islam in 697. Te frst attacks ",p:35,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on Constantinople came in the early eighth century (717–718), ",p:35,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"although the city would not be ruled by Muslims until several cen-",p:35,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"turies later.10",p:35,x:91,y:623,w:88,h:23},
{t:"Te picture that emerges is instructive. Muhammad had personal ",p:35,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:23},
{t:"contact with people who were known as Christians. He may even ",p:35,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have received extensive instruction from Christians. Although he ",p:35,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"viewed his own prophetic revelations as consonant with the former ",p:35,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"revelations to Moses and Christ, he moved beyond these to look for ",p:35,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a new dynamic that would unite the Arab peoples in a faith in one ",p:35,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God. He called this new dynamic Islam.",p:35,x:91,y:815,w:284,h:23},
{t:"A HiSTORY OF COMPLiCiTY: WHO, ME?",p:36,x:305,y:55,w:266,h:16},
{t:"25",p:36,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Conclusions on Church History",p:36,x:174,y:100,w:313,h:26},
{t:"Drawing conclusions from history is complex and often sufers ",p:36,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:23},
{t:"from our modern-day biases. Nevertheless, three conclusions seem ",p:36,x:91,y:172,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inevitable from a superfcial observation of the history of the church ",p:36,x:91,y:200,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Muhammad’s day.",p:36,x:91,y:227,w:147,h:23},
{t:"First, and most obvious, is that the church must devote itself to ",p:36,x:121,y:255,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the fnal commission of Jesus—to make disciples of all nations. Te ",p:36,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"marginalization of the Arabs and the failure to efectively teach the ",p:36,x:91,y:310,w:484,h:23},
{t:"gospel of Christ in Arab lands continue to plague the church and the ",p:36,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world until today.",p:36,x:91,y:365,w:126,h:23},
{t:"Second, the church has a regrettable history of clothing the ",p:36,x:121,y:392,w:454,h:23},
{t:"gospel in political power. Constantine’s attempts to unify the church ",p:36,x:91,y:420,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through church councils were a double-edged sword. On the one ",p:36,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hand, standards of theological confession were established and ",p:36,x:91,y:475,w:484,h:23},
{t:"continue to serve us well today. On the other hand, those standards ",p:36,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"became a tool in the hand of the empire to enforce standardization. ",p:36,x:91,y:530,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te Greek and Latin doctrinal formulations of the early church, ",p:36,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"when clothed with political power, efectively snufed out the di-",p:36,x:91,y:585,w:480,h:23},
{t:"vergent formulations of the Copts, the Syrians, and the Nestorians. ",p:36,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tese Eastern churches resented this theological heavy-handedness ",p:36,x:91,y:640,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that translated itself, in their experience, into religious imperialism.",p:36,x:91,y:667,w:473,h:23},
{t:"Te fact is that the divergent views of the nature of Christ lived ",p:36,x:121,y:695,w:454,h:23},
{t:"on in the area, although variations of language and culture have ",p:36,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"added to the complexity of identifying those divergences precisely. ",p:36,x:91,y:750,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te problem was not the divergent views but the resentful division ",p:36,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of church factions because of the imposition of a particular view by ",p:36,x:91,y:805,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the more powerful churches. In fact, this kind of theological heavy-",p:36,x:91,y:832,w:480,h:23},
{t:"handedness made many of the churches in the Middle East long for a ",p:36,x:91,y:860,w:484,h:23},
{t:"new master to take the place of the old Byzantine Empire (one reason ",p:36,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:37,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"26",p:37,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Islam met with little resistance as Christian Western Asia quickly ",p:37,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fell to Islamic invaders). It also led to confusion among the Arabs ",p:37,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as to who Jesus really is. While it is difcult to suggest an alterna-",p:37,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tive to history, it is instructive to ponder what might have been the ",p:37,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"result if families of churches had respected each other’s theological ",p:37,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"divergences and allowed time and dialogue to efect rapprochement.",p:37,x:91,y:238,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Tird, we must learn from this history that the kingdom of ",p:37,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Christ transcends earthly kingdoms. It is a costly error when his ",p:37,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"kingdom becomes associated with a mere earthly power, no matter ",p:37,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"how just and right that power may seem to its adherents.",p:37,x:91,y:348,w:401,h:23},
{t:"Are we guilty of the same? Is the church today enmeshed with ",p:37,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"political establishment such that other peoples and civilizations ",p:37,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"receive our overtures as heavy-handed imposition rather than gra-",p:37,x:91,y:430,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cious cooperation? Do we maintain our societal and civilizational ",p:37,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"identities at the expense of the kingdom of Christ? Are we Western ",p:37,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians or Christians who happen to live in the West? Are we ",p:37,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"American Christians or Christ-followers who happen to be from the ",p:37,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"United States? Can the world tell the diference?",p:37,x:91,y:568,w:340,h:23},
{t:"The Forward Movement of Islam ",p:37,x:171,y:622,w:325,h:26},
{t:"and the Church of Augustine",p:37,x:189,y:648,w:284,h:26},
{t:"Our second stop in this brief historical overview is the church ",p:37,x:121,y:693,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of North Africa, whose most famous spokesman was Augustine. ",p:37,x:91,y:721,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Although Augustine predated Islam, the church of Augustine existed ",p:37,x:91,y:748,w:484,h:23},
{t:"throughout North Africa in the seventh century when the armies of ",p:37,x:91,y:776,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islam entered North Africa, resulting in a deep-rooted conversion ",p:37,x:91,y:803,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Islam that remains until today. Te immediate question is, Why ",p:37,x:91,y:831,w:484,h:23},
{t:"did this church with access to prominent theologians of Christian ",p:37,x:91,y:858,w:484,h:23},
{t:"A HiSTORY OF COMPLiCiTY: WHO, ME?",p:38,x:305,y:55,w:266,h:16},
{t:"27",p:38,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"history such as Tertullian, Cyprian, and Augustine give way to Islam ",p:38,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and fade out of existence?",p:38,x:91,y:128,w:180,h:23},
{t:"A Missional Misstep",p:38,x:91,y:183,w:183,h:24},
{t:"Te church in North Africa did not die overnight. It sufered ",p:38,x:121,y:219,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a slow death brought on by many contributing factors. One factor ",p:38,x:91,y:247,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cries out for our attention in this overview.",p:38,x:91,y:274,w:301,h:23},
{t:"Very simply, the church of North Africa was a Latin-speaking ",p:38,x:121,y:302,w:454,h:23},
{t:"church; its theology and teaching were carried on in the language ",p:38,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the church of Rome. Te urban centers of North Africa, such as ",p:38,x:91,y:357,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Carthage, were occupied by Latin speakers in those days. However, ",p:38,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the smaller villages and countryside were not nearly so latinized; the ",p:38,x:91,y:412,w:484,h:23},
{t:"languages spoken in these areas were indigenous strains of Berber, ",p:38,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:23},
{t:"such as Tamazight and Imazighen. Tere are good indicators suggest-",p:38,x:91,y:467,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing that the church had extended well into the Berber areas of North ",p:38,x:91,y:494,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Africa and was no longer a uniquely Latin church. Still, the teaching, ",p:38,x:91,y:522,w:484,h:23},
{t:"correspondence, and theologizing of the church took place in Latin; ",p:38,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and its leaders were Latin speakers.",p:38,x:91,y:577,w:245,h:23},
{t:"While discussion of the faith probably took place in the local ",p:38,x:121,y:604,w:454,h:23},
{t:"dialects, the Scriptures were never translated into the indigenous ",p:38,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"languages. Even Latin copies of the Scriptures were hard to come by ",p:38,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in those days. Te result was a compromised faith. Te church was ",p:38,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dependent on word-of-mouth discipleship. Tere was no systematic ",p:38,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"training of the local populace based on the truths of Scripture. Rather, ",p:38,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the church of that day relied on a Latin-speaking, celibate leadership. ",p:38,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te local believers (Berber speakers) who aspired to leadership in the ",p:38,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"churches must have felt it far beyond their reach.",p:38,x:91,y:824,w:345,h:23},
{t:"Te invasion of Arab armies efected a massive defection of ",p:38,x:121,y:852,w:454,h:23},
{t:"church leadership from North Africa over a period of many years. ",p:38,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:39,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"28",p:39,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Te Latin-speaking leadership of the North African church found ",p:39,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it easier to return to its compatriots on the northern side of the ",p:39,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Mediterranean than to hold fast amid the challenge of training an ",p:39,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"indigenous leadership for the North African church. As shepherds ",p:39,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"progressively abandoned their posts, the sheep were left defenseless ",p:39,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and vulnerable. Tus conversions to Islam ensued, such that all that ",p:39,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"remains today of the historic churches of North Africa are artifacts ",p:39,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and ruins.",p:39,x:91,y:293,w:71,h:23},
{t:"North Africa: A Heritage Rich in Faith",p:39,x:91,y:348,w:350,h:24},
{t:"Te church of North Africa has often been referred to as the ",p:39,x:121,y:384,w:454,h:23},
{t:"church of the martyrs. Cyprian himself was beheaded for his refusal ",p:39,x:91,y:412,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to ofer sacrifce to Roman deities. Te account of his death stands ",p:39,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as a memorial to one faithful shepherd who paid the ultimate price.",p:39,x:91,y:467,w:476,h:23},
{t:"Another account tells of Perpetua, a young woman of Carthage, ",p:39,x:121,y:494,w:454,h:23},
{t:"born to status and wealth uncommon to young women of her day. ",p:39,x:91,y:522,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Her father had acquired his wealth in the service of Rome and was ",p:39,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"known as an outstanding and magnanimous citizen of the city. ",p:39,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He had labored to aford his daughter the best education possible. ",p:39,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Bafed by her refusal to renounce her newfound faith, he carried his ",p:39,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"grandson, Perpetua ’s son, in his arms as a fnal plea to his daughter to ",p:39,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"renounce her reckless ways. She asked, “Father, what do you see there ",p:39,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the corner of the cell?”",p:39,x:91,y:714,w:178,h:23},
{t:"“It is a water pot.”",p:39,x:121,y:742,w:128,h:23},
{t:"“Could it be anything else?”",p:39,x:121,y:769,w:198,h:23},
{t:"“No.”",p:39,x:121,y:797,w:40,h:23},
{t:"Perpetua responded, “Nor can I be anything other than what I ",p:39,x:121,y:824,w:454,h:23},
{t:"am—a Christian.” Her fnal days were spent nursing her son in her ",p:39,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fetid prison cell, praying for him.",p:39,x:91,y:879,w:234,h:23},
{t:"A HiSTORY OF COMPLiCiTY: WHO, ME?",p:40,x:305,y:55,w:266,h:16},
{t:"29",p:40,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Perpetua ’s good friend, Felicitas, who was pregnant, entered ",p:40,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"prison with her and prayed to give birth before the date of their ",p:40,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"execution, as pregnant women were customarily spared.",p:40,x:91,y:155,w:392,h:23},
{t:"Te two young women along with three young men died in the ",p:40,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"arena after being mauled by savage beasts. A young Roman soldier ",p:40,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was ordered to end Perpetua ’s life. When he failed to kill her ef-",p:40,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ciently, she steadied his sword to her breast by her own hand.11",p:40,x:91,y:265,w:442,h:23},
{t:"Te historic church in North Africa provided some of the most ",p:40,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"articulate theologians in the history of the church, as well as some of ",p:40,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the most stunning tales of martyrdom. Its heritage stands tall among ",p:40,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the scenes of church history. Yet history has revealed two failures. ",p:40,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"First, the church of that day failed to truly indigenize in every area, ",p:40,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"including worship, teaching, and translation of the Scriptures. ",p:40,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Second, church leadership was held aloof and inaccessible to the ",p:40,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"local Berber population.",p:40,x:91,y:485,w:170,h:23},
{t:"Perhaps we can best honor the legacy of the North African church ",p:40,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"by determining that these failures will not happen again. Much has ",p:40,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been done to provide the Scriptures in local languages and dialects. ",p:40,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tat good work must continue. Care must also be taken that church ",p:40,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"leadership is efectively and quickly passed on to the local people of ",p:40,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"North Africa and the rest of the Muslim world.",p:40,x:91,y:650,w:333,h:23},
{t:"Many more like Cyprian, Augustine, Perpetua, and Felicitas are ",p:40,x:121,y:678,w:454,h:23},
{t:"waiting in the wings. Will they fnd us ready to stand with them as ",p:40,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they establish the church among their people?",p:40,x:91,y:733,w:323,h:23},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:40,x:188,y:794,w:285,h:25},
{t:"I began this chapter by asking if Western Christians have played ",p:40,x:121,y:854,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a role of complicity in the development of religious tyranny in the ",p:40,x:91,y:882,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:41,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"30",p:41,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Muslim world, and I noted the chilling response of Jesus to the reli-",p:41,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"gious rulers of his day as he held them responsible for the persecution ",p:41,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and murder of prophets perpetrated by their forebears. Te answer to ",p:41,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the question may become clearer in subsequent chapters. For now, it ",p:41,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is sufcient to note the attitudes and actions of our forebears during ",p:41,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the early ages of Islam.",p:41,x:91,y:238,w:159,h:23},
{t:"First, the message of the gospel was unclear to Arab peoples. ",p:41,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Tey had no Bible. Tey also lived in the shadow of theological ",p:41,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"controversies that made no sense to them. Second, the theological ",p:41,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"contributions of the surrounding churches had been marginalized ",p:41,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and undervalued by the prevailing Byzantine church. Te early ",p:41,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islamic conquests in the Levant and Egypt found Coptic and Syriac ",p:41,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"churches at odds with Byzantine churches over papal loyalties and ",p:41,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"doctrinal disputes. For many, the Muslims were preferable to the ",p:41,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"domineering Byzantines. A third attitude is a missional misstep with ",p:41,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"overtones of ethnic superiority. Te Berbers of North Africa were not ",p:41,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"enfolded into the leadership of the mighty North African church. ",p:41,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"As the Islamic conquests advanced through North Africa, the Latin ",p:41,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"church leaders gradually abandoned ship, leaving a shepherdless ",p:41,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fock.",p:41,x:91,y:623,w:39,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 2",p:41,x:91,y:678,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Daniel, Robin. Tis Holy Seed: Faith, Hope and Love in the Early Churches of ",p:41,x:91,y:706,w:464,h:20},
{t:"North Africa. Harpenden: Tamarisk Publications, 1992.",p:41,x:121,y:726,w:338,h:20},
{t:"Latourette, Kenneth Scott. A History of Christianity: Volume I, Beginnings to ",p:41,x:91,y:753,w:462,h:20},
{t:"1500. San Francisco: Harper, 1975.",p:41,x:121,y:773,w:217,h:20},
{t:"See also books listed at the end of chapter 3.",p:41,x:91,y:801,w:269,h:20},
{t:"31",p:42,x:561,y:955,w:10,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 3",p:42,x:245,y:292,w:171,h:36},
{t:"GIVE BACK MY HOLY LAND!",p:42,x:107,y:395,w:447,h:38},
{t:"Our next stop on this historical survey is a sore point of Muslim-",p:42,x:121,y:495,w:450,h:23},
{t:"Christian relations: the Crusades.",p:42,x:91,y:523,w:235,h:23},
{t:"Modern-day reaction to the Crusades in the Muslim world is ",p:42,x:121,y:550,w:454,h:23},
{t:"legendary. Being an American Protestant, I was only vaguely familiar ",p:42,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with these religious wars of the Middle Ages. For me (and I suspect ",p:42,x:91,y:605,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for most Americans) they had virtually nothing to do with my faith ",p:42,x:91,y:633,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and practice of Christianity. Was I ever in for a rude awakening!",p:42,x:91,y:660,w:450,h:23},
{t:"Te symbol of the cross embodies our most cherished convic-",p:42,x:121,y:688,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tions. It is a symbol of peace triumphing over violence, of humil-",p:42,x:91,y:715,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ity putting arrogance to route, of reconciliation between God and ",p:42,x:91,y:743,w:484,h:23},
{t:"humanity. My frst recollection of the cross was a large one my ",p:42,x:91,y:770,w:484,h:23},
{t:"grandmother kept in her bedroom. Te cross invokes all we hold ",p:42,x:91,y:798,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dear as followers of Christ.",p:42,x:91,y:825,w:188,h:23},
{t:"As a student of Arabic, I soon learned that translating words ",p:42,x:121,y:853,w:454,h:23},
{t:"is relatively simple; what’s challenging is translating the correct ",p:42,x:91,y:880,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:43,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"32",p:43,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"connotations. Te word cross in Arabic is saliib. Te Crusades are ",p:43,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"known in the Arab world as the wars of the cross-ites or the cross-wars. ",p:43,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Why cross-wars? Te simple answer is that the Crusaders came to ",p:43,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Middle East from Europe with the symbol of their faith, the ",p:43,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cross, emblazoned on their shields and banners. It only made sense ",p:43,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that locals began to call these invaders cross-ites. An amazing irony ",p:43,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of history stripped away the connotations I associated with the cross ",p:43,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for a large percentage of humanity—the Muslim world! Te casual ",p:43,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"referral by a U. S. president to Gulf War II as a crusade raised the ire ",p:43,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Muslim world for the simple reason that it was translated into ",p:43,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the word cross-war.",p:43,x:91,y:375,w:133,h:23},
{t:"No doubt the cross really was central to many Crusader aspira-",p:43,x:121,y:403,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tions. Often the motivation for participating in the Crusades was ",p:43,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the redemption of one’s soul, although of course this was before the ",p:43,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"days of Martin Luther’s insistence on justifcation by faith. Regaining ",p:43,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lands taken by Muslim invaders clearly served as motivation also. ",p:43,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"When early Crusaders took back Jerusalem, the Crusader crown, ",p:43,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they perceived their victory as a token of divine approbation and ",p:43,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"blessing on their cause. However, the crown was lost again.",p:43,x:91,y:595,w:415,h:23},
{t:"Te flm Kingdom of Heaven portrayed the Muslim hero who ",p:43,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"recaptured Jerusalem. I remember viewing this flm in a theater in ",p:43,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Cairo. Saladin ’s appearance evoked sighs and whispers of admiration ",p:43,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from the crowd. Saladin (known in Arabic as Salah al-Diin) may be ",p:43,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"second only to Muhammad in Islamic society as the epitome of man-",p:43,x:91,y:733,w:480,h:23},
{t:"hood, courage, valor, and magnanimity. A wise military strategist ",p:43,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and statesman of Islam, Salah al-Diin was admired for his courage ",p:43,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and moderation in the craft of war. He retains pride of place for hav-",p:43,x:91,y:815,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing rid the Holy Land of the cross-ite scourge. He was remarkably ",p:43,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lenient toward the Crusader population as well.",p:43,x:91,y:870,w:335,h:23},
{t:"GivE BACK MY HOLY LAND!",p:44,x:382,y:55,w:189,h:16},
{t:"33",p:44,x:558,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"And, yes, Jerusalem (in Arabic al-Quds, meaning ",p:44,x:121,y:100,w:363,h:23},
{t:"“the Holy”) ",p:44,x:487,y:100,w:88,h:23},
{t:"is a holy place for Muslims. Muhammad related how he had been ",p:44,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"miraculously transferred from Mecca to Jerusalem and raised up ",p:44,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from there through the seven heavens to see visions of the glory of ",p:44,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Allah. It was in this miraculous midnight journey that Muhammad ",p:44,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"received divine permission to limit the number of required daily ",p:44,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prayers for Muslims to fve. He also led the prophets in prayer and ",p:44,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"even records having seen Jesus in the third of the seven heavens. Te ",p:44,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"magnifcent Dome of the Rock was built to commemorate the site of ",p:44,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad’s transport into heaven.1 Its construction on the temple ",p:44,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mount fuels contention between Muslims, Jews, and Christians to ",p:44,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this day.",p:44,x:91,y:403,w:58,h:23},
{t:"Muslims took Jerusalem and other major Christian strongholds ",p:44,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"such as Damascus and Alexandria within thirty years of Muhammad’s ",p:44,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"death. Byzantium and its capital, Constantinople, were feeling the ",p:44,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"heat of the Islamic advance. Constantinople stood fast against early ",p:44,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islamic incursions but grew weaker through the centuries and even-",p:44,x:91,y:540,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tually called on the Western church to help secure pilgrimage routes ",p:44,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Jerusalem, the ostensible kickof of the Crusades.",p:44,x:91,y:595,w:364,h:23},
{t:"Having ",p:44,x:121,y:623,w:57,h:23},
{t:"begun ",p:44,x:187,y:623,w:48,h:23},
{t:"by ",p:44,x:244,y:623,w:21,h:23},
{t:"successfully ",p:44,x:274,y:623,w:85,h:23},
{t:"recapturing ",p:44,x:369,y:623,w:85,h:23},
{t:"Jerusalem, ",p:44,x:463,y:623,w:77,h:23},
{t:"the ",p:44,x:549,y:623,w:26,h:23},
{t:"Crusades ended some two hundred years later in ignominy, at least ",p:44,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for the European invaders. Te Christian lands that had been re-",p:44,x:91,y:678,w:480,h:23},
{t:"taken were lost again to Muslim armies. History records not only ",p:44,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that Muslims were estranged by the Crusader armies but also that ",p:44,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the wars did irreparable harm to relations between the Eastern and ",p:44,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Western branches of the church, including the Fourth Crusade when ",p:44,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Catholic armies sacked Constantinople and placed a Western king ",p:44,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on the throne. Jews had also sufered a hideous fate at the hands of ",p:44,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:45,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"34",p:45,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"the Crusaders. Although conceived in a spirit of pious devotion, the ",p:45,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Crusades remain a blight on the history of the medieval church.",p:45,x:91,y:128,w:451,h:23},
{t:"Contemporary reactions among Western Christians typically ",p:45,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"abjure the Crusades as Christian zeal gone awry. Protestants and ",p:45,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"evangelicals may tend to plead innocence, such as the friend I spoke ",p:45,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with recently who smiled and said, “Tose Muslims just don ’t real-",p:45,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ize that the Crusaders were not real Christians, do they?” On the ",p:45,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other hand, some Christians have taken seriously the need to redress ",p:45,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the wrongs perpetrated by the Crusades. A recent tour of Western ",p:45,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians through the Middle East to apologize for the wrongs done ",p:45,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was well received by Middle Easterners, even though they detected ",p:45,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a note of irony in the apologies—given the presence of Western ",p:45,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"military throughout the Muslim world.",p:45,x:91,y:430,w:277,h:23},
{t:"Although the Crusades ended centuries ago, Muslims are con-",p:45,x:121,y:458,w:449,h:23},
{t:"vinced that the old enmity has reared its ugly head. As a guest in ",p:45,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Muslim world, I had no sense of continued antagonism toward ",p:45,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Muslim world or any desire to retake territory (actual land) for ",p:45,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ or the church. However, my Muslim friends keenly perceive ",p:45,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"an ever-present attempt to regain infuence over Islamic lands. Tey ",p:45,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"see it in the Western media that food into Islamic countries. Tey ",p:45,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"see it in the predominance of the English language for purposes of ",p:45,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"travel and business. Tey see it in U.S. military bases in the heart ",p:45,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Islamic countries such as Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Most ",p:45,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of all, they see it in the state of Israel, which in their opinion exists ",p:45,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"under the protective shade of Western nations such as the United ",p:45,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"States and Great Britain.",p:45,x:91,y:788,w:173,h:23},
{t:"For many Muslims the tiny state of Israel is a twentieth-century ",p:45,x:121,y:815,w:454,h:23},
{t:"foothold for a new Crusader efort: the cross-ites have returned and ",p:45,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have taken Muslim territory. I’ll return to this delicate subject, but ",p:45,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"GivE BACK MY HOLY LAND!",p:46,x:382,y:55,w:189,h:16},
{t:"35",p:46,x:558,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"it is important, if we wish to gain some appreciation for the Muslim ",p:46,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"perspective, to establish the link between the Crusades and the mod-",p:46,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ern state of Israel. Most of us in the West would never make such a ",p:46,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"link. But in the minds of Muslims, that link is simply self-evident.",p:46,x:91,y:183,w:467,h:23},
{t:"Two Examples of Islamic Largesse",p:46,x:165,y:237,w:332,h:26},
{t:"While living among Muslims, I was exposed to a slightly dif-",p:46,x:121,y:282,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ferent reading of history. For me the Renaissance period, which ",p:46,x:91,y:309,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sparked astounding advances in various felds of scientifc and artistic ",p:46,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"endeavor, resulted from an awakening within Europe, the culmina-",p:46,x:91,y:364,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion of religious, political, and social forces that ultimately led to ",p:46,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the European Enlightenment—a massive leap forward in human ",p:46,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"civilization. Te Protestant Reformation was part of the broad sweep ",p:46,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of this cultural and intellectual movement. Never had I considered ",p:46,x:91,y:474,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the Muslim world may have played some role in this positive ",p:46,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"momentum. I viewed the Muslim world as repressive and regressive, ",p:46,x:91,y:529,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ofering little to human civilization in the way of cultural advance-",p:46,x:91,y:557,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ment. My view was arrogant.",p:46,x:91,y:584,w:205,h:23},
{t:"Islam and the Renaissance",p:46,x:91,y:640,w:237,h:24},
{t:"Imagine my shock at learning from my Muslim friends that ",p:46,x:121,y:676,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the fuel of the European Renaissance was an Islamic Renaissance. ",p:46,x:91,y:703,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Granted, some of my Muslim friends vastly overstated their case. ",p:46,x:91,y:731,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Nevertheless, upon reading the history a little more attentively, I ",p:46,x:91,y:758,w:484,h:23},
{t:"understood that Islamic civilization did make a notable contribution ",p:46,x:91,y:786,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the revival of science in Europe. Te Renaissance was sparked by ",p:46,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a return to Greek thinkers who had largely been lost to European ",p:46,x:91,y:841,w:484,h:23},
{t:"civilization during the medieval period. Just how did that Greek ",p:46,x:91,y:868,w:484,h:23},
{t:"thought reappear among European intellectuals?",p:46,x:91,y:896,w:341,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:47,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"36",p:47,x:91,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"Two Islamic cultural hubs fourished during the medieval pe-",p:47,x:121,y:100,w:449,h:23},
{t:"riod. One, the Abbasid Empire, was based in Baghdad. Te second ",p:47,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was based in southern Spain (Andalusia) and retained the name of ",p:47,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a former Islamic empire based in Damascus, Syria—the Umayyad ",p:47,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Empire. In both Baghdad and Cordoba, science and literature, ",p:47,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"medicine and poetry, philosophy and theology were all the rage. ",p:47,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Intellectual activity was cresting while Christian Europe languished ",p:47,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in its Dark Ages. Muslim intellectuals tout the virtues of Abbasid ",p:47,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Baghdad and Umayyad Cordoba as centers of profound scholarship ",p:47,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and religious tolerance as people of other faiths (Christians and Jews) ",p:47,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"held posts of eminent prestige.2",p:47,x:91,y:375,w:221,h:23},
{t:"Te notable contributions of these two Islamic cities include ",p:47,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:23},
{t:"medicine ",p:47,x:91,y:430,w:69,h:23},
{t:"(sterile ",p:47,x:168,y:430,w:51,h:23},
{t:"surgical ",p:47,x:227,y:430,w:58,h:23},
{t:"techniques ",p:47,x:292,y:430,w:80,h:23},
{t:"were ",p:47,x:380,y:430,w:36,h:23},
{t:"being ",p:47,x:424,y:430,w:43,h:23},
{t:"pioneered ",p:47,x:475,y:430,w:74,h:23},
{t:"in ",p:47,x:557,y:430,w:18,h:23},
{t:"Baghdad), astrology, philosophy (Averroës—known in Arabic as Ibn ",p:47,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Rushd—was from Andalusia), mathematics (algebra is an Arabic ",p:47,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"word, and the West borrowed its numeric system from the Arabs), ",p:47,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"law, and agriculture (Spanish agricultural terms are often derived ",p:47,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from Arabic). To sustain this intellectual thrust, great efort was ",p:47,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expended in translation. Te Abbasids drew on Persian, Indian, and ",p:47,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Greek sources, while Umayyad Cordoba became the most enlight-",p:47,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ened city of Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries, engaging in the ",p:47,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"translation of various works of antiquity.",p:47,x:91,y:678,w:286,h:23},
{t:"It was returning Crusaders who brought news of Abbasid ad-",p:47,x:121,y:705,w:449,h:23},
{t:"vances back to Europe. Cordoba ’s library proved to be a channel of ",p:47,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"vibrant scholarship that fowed back into Europe to help spark the ",p:47,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Renaissance. Greek thinkers such as Aristotle made their way back ",p:47,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"into Europe through Arabic translation, thanks to the foresight of ",p:47,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim scholars. Sicily, which had been Islamic until the Normans ",p:47,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"GivE BACK MY HOLY LAND!",p:48,x:382,y:55,w:189,h:16},
{t:"37",p:48,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"overtook it in the eleventh century, was another conduit through ",p:48,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"which Muslim science made its way back into Europe.",p:48,x:91,y:128,w:383,h:23},
{t:"The Decline of Islamic Cultural Centers",p:48,x:91,y:183,w:364,h:24},
{t:"Tese two great Islamic cities, Baghdad and Cordoba, went ",p:48,x:121,y:219,w:454,h:23},
{t:"into decline. Andalusia was plagued by dissension from within. Te ",p:48,x:91,y:247,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Reconquista (reconquest) of Spain by Christian Europe terminated ",p:48,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the presence of Islam in the Iberian Peninsula but not completely ",p:48,x:91,y:302,w:484,h:23},
{t:"until 1492, when the last Muslim stronghold of Granada was van-",p:48,x:91,y:329,w:480,h:23},
{t:"quished. Muslims were banished from the peninsula. In the same ",p:48,x:91,y:357,w:484,h:23},
{t:"year Jews were either banished or killed during another embarrassing ",p:48,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:23},
{t:"episode of church history—the Spanish Inquisition.",p:48,x:91,y:412,w:366,h:23},
{t:"Te history of Andalusia is remembered fondly by Muslims ",p:48,x:121,y:439,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and often upheld as the epitome of Islamic tolerance and pluralism. ",p:48,x:91,y:467,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te Christian Reconquista combined with the Spanish Inquisition ",p:48,x:91,y:494,w:484,h:23},
{t:"showed extreme intolerance on the part of Christian Europeans. ",p:48,x:91,y:522,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te Abbasid Empire, now weakened by the Crusades, sufered its ",p:48,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"most devastating blow at the hands of Mongol invaders who later ",p:48,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"converted to Islam. At the high point of Abbasid prestige, there was ",p:48,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"relative tolerance for Christians in the empire. As the Abbasid rule ",p:48,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"began to fragment, cases of discrimination and persecution against ",p:48,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians increased.",p:48,x:91,y:687,w:146,h:23},
{t:"Perhaps my Cairo landlord (mentioned at the beginning of ",p:48,x:121,y:714,w:454,h:23},
{t:"chapter 2) had Andalusia and the Abbasids in mind when he insisted ",p:48,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that Muslims had been more fair and open minded in their treat-",p:48,x:91,y:769,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ment of Christians than Christians had been in their treatment of ",p:48,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims. I certainly do not wish to suggest that relations between ",p:48,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the two faiths were rosy as long as Muslims were in power; far from ",p:48,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it. Countless examples of political and religious tyranny lie on both ",p:48,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:49,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"38",p:49,x:91,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"sides of Muslim-Christian interaction. However, the Abbasids of ",p:49,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Baghdad and Umayyads of Cordoba provide refreshing counterex-",p:49,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"amples and continue to serve as a rallying point for reform-minded ",p:49,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims even today. It is important that Christians recognize their ",p:49,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"contribution.",p:49,x:91,y:210,w:94,h:23},
{t:"Two Exceptions from within Christendom",p:49,x:125,y:264,w:412,h:26},
{t:"While ",p:49,x:121,y:309,w:48,h:23},
{t:"the ",p:49,x:178,y:309,w:26,h:23},
{t:"medieval ",p:49,x:214,y:309,w:67,h:23},
{t:"church ",p:49,x:291,y:309,w:53,h:23},
{t:"was ",p:49,x:353,y:309,w:30,h:23},
{t:"detained ",p:49,x:392,y:309,w:65,h:23},
{t:"with ",p:49,x:466,y:309,w:36,h:23},
{t:"wresting ",p:49,x:512,y:309,w:63,h:23},
{t:"“Christian” lands from the hands of Muslims, there arose two re-",p:49,x:91,y:337,w:480,h:23},
{t:"freshing individuals who perceived their mission to Muslims to be of ",p:49,x:91,y:364,w:484,h:23},
{t:"an entirely diferent nature.",p:49,x:91,y:392,w:193,h:23},
{t:"St. Francis of Assisi",p:49,x:91,y:447,w:176,h:24},
{t:"Te forbearance and virtues of St. Francis of Assisi are legendary. ",p:49,x:121,y:483,w:454,h:23},
{t:"He lived in the thirteenth century during the time of the Crusades. ",p:49,x:91,y:511,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Along with his piety and recognition of the hand of God in every ",p:49,x:91,y:538,w:484,h:23},
{t:"detail of creation, St. Francis demonstrated a profound sense of ",p:49,x:91,y:566,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mission. His early preaching moved both men and women to join ",p:49,x:91,y:593,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his ascetic movement, renouncing ",p:49,x:91,y:621,w:260,h:23},
{t:"all ",p:49,x:357,y:621,w:21,h:23},
{t:"material possessions. Te ",p:49,x:384,y:621,w:191,h:23},
{t:"Franciscans moved about itinerantly, joining the agricultural labors ",p:49,x:91,y:648,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of their countrymen and singing forth the praises of God as they ",p:49,x:91,y:676,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worked. Francis ’s devotion and selfess service won the admiration of ",p:49,x:91,y:703,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many as leading men and women of the time voluntarily associated ",p:49,x:91,y:731,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with him in his poverty and itinerant ministry.",p:49,x:91,y:758,w:329,h:23},
{t:"Francis lived in a day not unlike our own, when there was much ",p:49,x:121,y:786,w:454,h:23},
{t:"talk of the Saracen (Muslim) enemy. Vast armies were recruited to ",p:49,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:23},
{t:"retake “Christian lands,” and many saw the salvation of their souls as ",p:49,x:91,y:841,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tied up in this efort to regain lost territory. Lamentably, we do not ",p:49,x:91,y:868,w:484,h:23},
{t:"know more of Francis ’s perception of the events of his era. What we ",p:49,x:91,y:896,w:484,h:23},
{t:"GivE BACK MY HOLY LAND!",p:50,x:382,y:55,w:189,h:16},
{t:"39",p:50,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"do know is that Francis made three separate attempts to go to the ",p:50,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim world, the frst in 1212. A shipwreck prohibited him from ",p:50,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"making his way to Syria. In 1214 he attempted to go to Morocco but ",p:50,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fell ill in Spain and was forced to return home yet again.",p:50,x:91,y:183,w:396,h:23},
{t:"Finally, Francis departed for St. Jean d’Acre in May 1219. He ",p:50,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"had assigned ministry areas to others of his entourage, but for himself ",p:50,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he reserved the seat of the Islamic-Crusader confict so preeminent in ",p:50,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his day. He witnessed the Crusader takeover of Damietta (in Egypt). ",p:50,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"After having preached to the Crusader army, Francis fearlessly crossed ",p:50,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"over to the enemy camp, and the sultan of Egypt received him favor-",p:50,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ably. Very little is known about the actual exchange between the two, ",p:50,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but it is thought that Francis secured a promise from the sultan that ",p:50,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he would treat Crusader prisoners amicably.",p:50,x:91,y:430,w:309,h:23},
{t:"Francis traveled on to various sites in modern-day Israel. Although ",p:50,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"details of his voyage are unknown, it is believed that Francis secured ",p:50,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a foothold for the Franciscans in these lands that remains yet today. ",p:50,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tis suggests that Francis was viewed favorably and trusted even by ",p:50,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim rulers who were sovereign in these lands.3",p:50,x:91,y:568,w:351,h:23},
{t:"What possessed this unassuming saint to believe that he could ",p:50,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"enter the fray of the Crusades and somehow make a diference? How ",p:50,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was it that, living in a time when one’s willingness to fght in the ",p:50,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"way of God was the thermometer of spiritual life, he called on his ",p:50,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"followers to disavow the use of arms forever? Whatever our view of ",p:50,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Francis ’s spirituality and ascetic lifestyle, he confronts us to this day ",p:50,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with a missional view of the Muslim world as unconventional then ",p:50,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as it is now. Francis must have believed that the message of the gospel ",p:50,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had implications for a centuries-old confict known as the Crusades. ",p:50,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He was courageous enough to proclaim his vision before Crusader ",p:50,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and Saracen armies.",p:50,x:91,y:870,w:139,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:51,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"40",p:51,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"Ramon Llull",p:51,x:91,y:100,w:113,h:24},
{t:"Ramon Llull, born to a life of ease and luxury, lived in Spain ",p:51,x:121,y:136,w:454,h:23},
{t:"just after Francis and shared with him a vision for the Muslim world. ",p:51,x:91,y:164,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Recurrent visions of Christ on the cross resulted in his conversion to ",p:51,x:91,y:191,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christianity. Llull promptly sold his possessions, made arrangements ",p:51,x:91,y:219,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for his wife and family, and then devoted himself to his newfound ",p:51,x:91,y:246,w:484,h:23},
{t:"faith and the monastic order of the Franciscans. Perhaps his intrigue ",p:51,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with mysticism was the bridge that led Llull into his work with ",p:51,x:91,y:301,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims. He became fascinated with Suf Islam—a mystical school ",p:51,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of thought that focuses on worshipping Allah through experience. ",p:51,x:91,y:356,w:484,h:23},
{t:"As he delved deeper into Islam, Llull began to train others who ",p:51,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would be missionaries to the Muslim world. Gradually, he developed ",p:51,x:91,y:411,w:484,h:23},
{t:"principles for Christian interaction with Muslims.",p:51,x:91,y:439,w:352,h:23},
{t:"Te frst principle was to develop efective communication with ",p:51,x:121,y:466,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Islamic peoples through a mastery of their language. He studied ",p:51,x:91,y:494,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arabic assiduously and taught it to others. (Might I add parentheti-",p:51,x:91,y:521,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cally that Llull saw in his day what many mission activists today are ",p:51,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"slow to understand: an essential aspect of the incarnation of the gos-",p:51,x:91,y:576,w:480,h:23},
{t:"pel in a given culture is that it must be clothed in the local language.)",p:51,x:91,y:604,w:480,h:23},
{t:"His second principle was to stress philosophy and logic as a ",p:51,x:121,y:631,w:454,h:23},
{t:"means to establishing truth through rational proofs. In his passion to ",p:51,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"engage the Muslim world, he took on the leading Muslim philoso-",p:51,x:91,y:686,w:480,h:23},
{t:"pher of that era, Averroës. Ramon Llull advocated reason as an aid ",p:51,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to faith and vice versa. He was convinced that Averroës had made a ",p:51,x:91,y:741,w:484,h:23},
{t:"complete separation of faith and reason and sought to demonstrate ",p:51,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that in his mission eforts.",p:51,x:91,y:796,w:183,h:23},
{t:"Llull also advocated reform in the medieval church. In his exten-",p:51,x:121,y:824,w:449,h:23},
{t:"sive itinerant ministry, he exhorted the church to lay aside its pomp ",p:51,x:91,y:851,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and luxury in exchange for a missionary vision—particularly a vision ",p:51,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"GivE BACK MY HOLY LAND!",p:52,x:382,y:55,w:189,h:16},
{t:"41",p:52,x:560,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"for the Muslim world. Lastly, he urged that one-tenth of the church ’s ",p:52,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"income should be designated to missionary activity.",p:52,x:91,y:128,w:363,h:23},
{t:"Ramon Llull made numerous journeys into North Africa, where ",p:52,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"he debated Islamic scholars. At the mature age of eighty, Llull was ",p:52,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"still making forays into Muslim North Africa, but during one visit he ",p:52,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was stoned with such severity that he died aboard ship on the return ",p:52,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"voyage to Majorca.4",p:52,x:91,y:265,w:139,h:23},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:52,x:188,y:327,w:285,h:25},
{t:"Te Middle Ages saw the fssure between East and West grow ",p:52,x:121,y:387,w:454,h:23},
{t:"into a gaping fracture. Te initial thrust of the Islamic conquerors ef-",p:52,x:91,y:414,w:480,h:23},
{t:"fected the fall of Western Asia, formerly Christian and under Roman ",p:52,x:91,y:442,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rule, into the hands of Muslims. Islam dominated North Africa and ",p:52,x:91,y:469,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Middle East and threatened the eastern fank of the Byzantine ",p:52,x:91,y:497,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Empire. Already a recipe for cultural and civilizational confict was ",p:52,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:23},
{t:"being concocted.",p:52,x:91,y:552,w:119,h:23},
{t:"Although exceptions existed among the irenic Franciscans and ",p:52,x:121,y:579,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Dominicans of the time, the future did not bode well for Muslim-",p:52,x:91,y:607,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Christian relations nor for the embrace of Christian truth in the ",p:52,x:91,y:634,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lands that had now come to be dominated by Islam.",p:52,x:91,y:662,w:368,h:23},
{t:"A brief survey of history such as this chapter necessarily omits ",p:52,x:121,y:689,w:454,h:23},
{t:"many important elements. Te point I wish to stress is that as the ",p:52,x:91,y:717,w:484,h:23},
{t:"religion of Islam comes under increasing scrutiny for intolerance and ",p:52,x:91,y:744,w:484,h:23},
{t:"its failure to provide basic human freedoms to its people, the history ",p:52,x:91,y:772,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Muslim-Christian relations shows that there were excesses on both ",p:52,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sides of the divide; the examples of Christian coercion and violence ",p:52,x:91,y:827,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are numerous and embarrassing. On the other hand, one can fnd ",p:52,x:91,y:854,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:53,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"42",p:53,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"examples of remarkable tolerance on the part of Muslims, given the ",p:53,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"surrounding culture and worldview.",p:53,x:91,y:128,w:252,h:23},
{t:"Perhaps a broader historical perspective will aford Christians ",p:53,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"more patience as Islamic nations struggle to come to terms with a ",p:53,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"modern and postmodern world. Jesus’ instruction to remove the ",p:53,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"plank from your own eye before attempting to remove the speck ",p:53,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from your brother’s eye will serve us well.",p:53,x:91,y:265,w:291,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 3",p:53,x:91,y:320,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Mallouhi, Christine A. Waging Peace on Islam. London: Monarch Books, ",p:53,x:91,y:348,w:446,h:20},
{t:"2000. Mallouhi draws from her long experience in the Muslim world, ",p:53,x:121,y:368,w:429,h:20},
{t:"pointing to St. Francis as a model of Christian interaction with Muslims.",p:53,x:121,y:388,w:444,h:20},
{t:"Mofett, Samuel Hugh. A History of Christianity in Asia, Volume I: Beginnings ",p:53,x:91,y:416,w:473,h:20},
{t:"to 1500. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1998.",p:53,x:121,y:436,w:315,h:20},
{t:"Riddell, Peter G., and Peter Cotterell. Islam in Context: Past, Present, and ",p:53,x:91,y:463,w:445,h:20},
{t:"Future. Grand Rapids: Baker Academic Books, 2003.",p:53,x:121,y:483,w:323,h:20},
{t:"Zebiri, Kate. Muslims and Christians Face to Face. Oxford: Oneworld, 1997.",p:53,x:91,y:511,w:462,h:20},
{t:"43",p:54,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 4",p:54,x:244,y:292,w:173,h:36},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A ",p:54,x:108,y:395,w:456,h:38},
{t:"NEW REALITY",p:54,x:221,y:440,w:220,h:38},
{t:"A delightful Egyptian proverb reveals much about leadership: ",p:54,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"“Pharaoh, who made you Pharaoh?” Pharaoh ’s reply: “No one stood ",p:54,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in my way.”",p:54,x:91,y:595,w:82,h:23},
{t:"Te fact is that the Islamic world today is without a clearly ap-",p:54,x:121,y:623,w:449,h:23},
{t:"pointed leader. Tat is a sore spot for many Muslims and important ",p:54,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for our understanding of the contemporary situation in the Muslim ",p:54,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world. Here’s how it happened, in brief.",p:54,x:91,y:705,w:281,h:23},
{t:"The Effects of World Wars I and II",p:54,x:161,y:759,w:339,h:26},
{t:"When Muhammad died, the Islamic nation elected to place ",p:54,x:121,y:804,w:454,h:23},
{t:"authority in the hands of a man named Abu Bakr. Tis man became ",p:54,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the frst caliph. Caliph is an Arabic word that can be translated as ",p:54,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“successor.” Abu Bakr was followed by three others who, together ",p:54,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:55,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"44",p:55,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"with Abu Bakr, became known by Sunni Muslims (85 percent of the ",p:55,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world’s Muslims) as the rightly guided caliphate.",p:55,x:91,y:128,w:330,h:23},
{t:"Ali was Muhammad’s nephew and the last of the rightly guided ",p:55,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"caliphs. During his rule a struggle erupted for the caliphate, which ",p:55,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"spawned the Shiite-Sunni controversy. Te leadership of the Islamic ",p:55,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"community moved to Syria under the Umayyad dynasty (660–750). ",p:55,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Later, Islamic civilization reached its zenith in the Abbasid dynasty ",p:55,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Baghdad (750–1258). During these epochs Islam was under the ",p:55,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"guidance of a caliph, a fgure who held political and religious author-",p:55,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ity. Later the caliphate passed into the hands of the Ottoman Turks, ",p:55,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who held it from 1512 to 1922.",p:55,x:91,y:375,w:225,h:23},
{t:"Events of recent times have led to the disappearance of the ",p:55,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Islamic caliphate. Most Westerners do not understand the gravity of ",p:55,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that fact. Te caliph could be compared to the Roman Catholic pope ",p:55,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in terms of his prestige and authority. He was not merely a religious ",p:55,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"authority. He acted as head of state and was the unifying image of the ",p:55,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"far-fung world of Islam, referred to in Arabic as the umma (nation) ",p:55,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Islam.",p:55,x:91,y:568,w:61,h:23},
{t:"Shiites continue to have a diferent perspective on the caliphate. ",p:55,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"In brief, their belief is that the leadership of the Islamic nation should ",p:55,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"remain in the family of Muhammad. Terefore they recognize only ",p:55,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad’s nephew Ali (the fourth of the rightly guided caliphs) ",p:55,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as the legitimate successor of the prophet. Ali’s two sons, Hassan ",p:55,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and Hussein, were both killed at war. In the battle of Karbala (680 ",p:55,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"CE), seventy of Ali’s family were brutally killed in war against the ",p:55,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Umayyad rulers. A succession of eleven imams (leaders of the Islamic ",p:55,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"community, deemed to be successors of Muhammad) followed them ",p:55,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as rulers. Te twelfth imam strangely disappeared, and Shiites await ",p:55,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his reappearance as the ruler of the Islamic nation.",p:55,x:91,y:870,w:354,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:56,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"45",p:56,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"With the rise of the Ottoman Empire, the Sunni caliphate ",p:56,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"passed over to Istanbul and remained until the end of World War I. ",p:56,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Turkey was on the losing side in World War I. Te end of the war ",p:56,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"signaled the demise of the Ottoman Empire. Its constituent parts ",p:56,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were parceled out by the victors of that war, the Allied powers. France ",p:56,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had already established colonies in the North African countries of ",p:56,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Morocco (1912), Algeria (1830), and Tunisia (1881). Italy set up ",p:56,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"its establishment in Libya (1911), and the British controlled Egypt ",p:56,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(1882). After World War I, Western domination extended its reach, ",p:56,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with France taking power in Lebanon and Syria and Great Britain in ",p:56,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"control of Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan.",p:56,x:91,y:375,w:301,h:23},
{t:"With the end of World War I and Attaturk ’s establishment ",p:56,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of Turkey as a secular state (1924), the thirteen-hundred-year-old ",p:56,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"establishment known as the caliphate ended. Te icon of the once-",p:56,x:91,y:458,w:479,h:23},
{t:"powerful Sunni Muslim world simply was no more. It did not merely ",p:56,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"disappear; it was vanquished by the Allied powers, which proceeded ",p:56,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to place its nation-states in subjection. Tose Allied powers were ",p:56,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christian Europe!",p:56,x:91,y:568,w:126,h:23},
{t:"One of Usama bin Laden ’s videotapes, released on October 7, ",p:56,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"2001, contains a reference to the “humiliation and disgrace” sufered ",p:56,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by Islam for a period of “more than eighty years.”1 For Muslims, im-",p:56,x:91,y:650,w:479,h:23},
{t:"minently familiar with and intimately related to their history, there ",p:56,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was no doubt as to what bin Laden was referring. Te abolishment ",p:56,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the caliphate and the fragmentation of the Ottoman Empire were ",p:56,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the signal events of the humiliation of the Muslim world.",p:56,x:91,y:760,w:404,h:23},
{t:"Although World War I was of a vastly diferent nature from the ",p:56,x:121,y:788,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Crusades, to Muslims it had the same efect. It brought Islamic ter-",p:56,x:91,y:815,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ritory under subjection to Christian nations. Tis incredible turn ",p:56,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of events pronounced the verdict of history that Islamic civilization ",p:56,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:57,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"46",p:57,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"was in decline, that the Islamic world no longer held power, and that ",p:57,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Christian West was in a position of superiority. For modern-",p:57,x:91,y:128,w:479,h:23},
{t:"day Muslims it also illustrates the territorial aspirations of Western ",p:57,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(Christian) nations that used their position of authority and military ",p:57,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"supremacy to rule Islamic territory.",p:57,x:91,y:210,w:247,h:23},
{t:"While Europe tended to view itself as the protectors and ad-",p:57,x:121,y:238,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ministrators of these Muslim nations, the nations themselves most ",p:57,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"often took the perspective that the intruders were also exploiters. ",p:57,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Bernard Lewis points out that even the names given to these na-",p:57,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tions (Libya, Syria, etc.) were constructs of the vanquishing Western ",p:57,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"powers forcing a geographic identity on a people who had always ",p:57,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"identifed themselves as Muslims and the aggressors as infdels.2 ",p:57,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"One by one, these nations cast of European domination. In some ",p:57,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cases the Europeans ceded power willingly. In other cases wars of ",p:57,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"independence were fought.",p:57,x:91,y:485,w:190,h:23},
{t:"Te Muslim world was in a weakened position during World ",p:57,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"War II. Its primary role in the war was that of battlefeld. Many vet-",p:57,x:91,y:540,w:480,h:23},
{t:"erans of the war have told me of their sojourn in Morocco, Algeria, ",p:57,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"or Egypt. Te most poignant result of World War II for our purposes ",p:57,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is the establishment of Israel in 1948. (Rather than delve into that ",p:57,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"subject now, let’s fnish our historic survey. Israel deserves special ",p:57,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attention in subsequent chapters.)",p:57,x:91,y:678,w:240,h:23},
{t:"Afghanistan and Iraq",p:57,x:227,y:732,w:207,h:26},
{t:"It would be hard to overestimate the importance of the war in ",p:57,x:121,y:777,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Afghanistan for Muslim peoples. I am not referring to the post-9/11 ",p:57,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"war of the United States against the Taliban but to the long incursion ",p:57,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Soviet Union into Afghanistan (1979–89). A combination of ",p:57,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Saudi oil money, U.S. military technology, and Islamic zeal handed ",p:57,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:58,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"47",p:58,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"the former Soviet Union its own Vietnam and resurrected a ray of ",p:58,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hope for Islamists.3 While Americans viewed Afghanistan as a Cold ",p:58,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"War victory, Muslims viewed it as a victory for Islam. After all, they ",p:58,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had recruited the manpower from Afghanistan and the Arab world ",p:58,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to fend of one of the world’s two superpowers. In the process jihad ",p:58,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"demonstrated its viability, giving birth to an elaborate system of ",p:58,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"training guerrilla fghters through camps that combined Islamic pi-",p:58,x:91,y:265,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ety with military maneuvers. After the Afghan war jihadists returned ",p:58,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to their countries having experienced the power of the Islamic cause ",p:58,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and fueled with a passion to cast the foreigner out of Muslim lands. ",p:58,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te U.S. policy at the time was to provide funding to armed factions ",p:58,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"willing to resist the Soviet incursion. In Afghanistan, those willing to ",p:58,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"resist were the Islamists—the forerunners of today’s al Qaeda.",p:58,x:91,y:430,w:433,h:23},
{t:"Many times ",p:58,x:121,y:458,w:93,h:23},
{t:"I’ve ",p:58,x:219,y:458,w:29,h:23},
{t:"been asked by Middle Easterners why the ",p:58,x:252,y:458,w:323,h:23},
{t:"United States was so shortsighted as to supply bin Laden and his co-",p:58,x:91,y:485,w:479,h:23},
{t:"jihadists with arms and training. “Didn ’t you realize that bin Laden ",p:58,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was a snake in the grass and would turn and bite you?” Although I ",p:58,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"don ’t ofer a ready answer to my friends in the Arab world, I suspect ",p:58,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the U.S. administration was confdent that its initiatives toward ",p:58,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bin Laden and other Middle Eastern states would be recognized as ",p:58,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"benevolent. After all, they sought to repulse a territorial invasion by ",p:58,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Soviets.",p:58,x:91,y:678,w:80,h:23},
{t:"However, from the perspective of many Muslims, the U.S. oc-",p:58,x:121,y:705,w:449,h:23},
{t:"cupation of Iraq and its military presence in the Arabian Peninsula ",p:58,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are equally as pernicious as the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. ",p:58,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te American objective is to further its own economic interests ",p:58,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through the establishment of a free-market economy, and Americans ",p:58,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"feel strongly that this is a service to the Middle East, but Middle ",p:58,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Easterners perceive it as a monopolizing of their limited resources ",p:58,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:59,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"48",p:59,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"by the power-hungry, consumerist American economy. To them, ",p:59,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"securing petroleum and other resources smacks of self-service and ",p:59,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"economic strong-arming of a vulnerable Muslim state. Arabs often ",p:59,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"suspect the United States of a new kind of imperialism—economic ",p:59,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"imperialism. Bin Laden ’s fatwas (religious edicts) voice these suspi-",p:59,x:91,y:210,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cions, as do the Arab media.",p:59,x:91,y:238,w:199,h:23},
{t:"I am neither defending the United States nor lending credence ",p:59,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to charges of imperialism leveled at our country. I merely point out ",p:59,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that what we assume to be benevolence is most often received as bel-",p:59,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ligerence. Te victory of bin Laden ’s mujahideen (guerrilla fghters) ",p:59,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"over the Soviet Union in Afghanistan has won a lasting admiration ",p:59,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from many Muslims. Small wonder that the ideology of jihad seems ",p:59,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be spreading like wildfre through the Muslim world.",p:59,x:91,y:430,w:393,h:23},
{t:"Gulf War I",p:59,x:91,y:486,w:96,h:24},
{t:"Te early 1990s witnessed a direct military intervention of the ",p:59,x:121,y:522,w:454,h:23},
{t:"United States in an Arab Muslim land—the liberation of Kuwait ",p:59,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from the occupation of Saddam Hussein ’s forces. Surely, this was an ",p:59,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"opportunity for the United States to prove its goodwill by coming ",p:59,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the aid of a weak and needy Muslim nation. Great efort was ",p:59,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expended to build a coalition including many Arab nations, some of ",p:59,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"which sent token troops into the confict.",p:59,x:91,y:687,w:292,h:23},
{t:"Tere was signifcant Muslim resistance to the U.S. intervention ",p:59,x:121,y:714,w:454,h:23},
{t:"from the outset. Respected allies such as Jordan and Tunisia refused ",p:59,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to lend support to the war efort. Some of the nations that entered the ",p:59,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:23},
{t:"coalition later gave only qualifed support. Many voiced their opinion ",p:59,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that Saddam was clearly wrong to invade a neighboring Muslim state ",p:59,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but that the United States was not justifed in its attempt to bring ",p:59,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"resolution—this was an in-house situation and needed an inter-Arab ",p:59,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:60,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"49",p:60,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"solution. In the end Gulf War I only compounded suspicion and ",p:60,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"antagonism toward the United States. Te nail in the cofn of Arab ",p:60,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and Muslim sentiment toward the United States was that the holy ",p:60,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land of Saudi Arabia was used as a staging platform for the aggression ",p:60,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"against Iraq. America ’s war would be waged against the fower of ",p:60,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bygone Islamic greatness—Baghdad—from the land of the Prophet’s ",p:60,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"birth and Islam ’s inception. Te foreign invasion could not have ",p:60,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been more ill conceived, shameful, ignominious. Benevolence was ",p:60,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"received as belligerence yet again.",p:60,x:91,y:320,w:234,h:23},
{t:"As I refect over my sojourn in the Middle East, the Gulf War ",p:60,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"was the frst occasion I recall experiencing overt antagonism due to ",p:60,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"my being American. No one I knew was particularly fond of Saddam ",p:60,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hussein, and many would have been happy to see him removed from ",p:60,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"power. However, there was near universal suspicion that the United ",p:60,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"States was acting only to secure its own interests. Te motivation of ",p:60,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"benevolence toward tiny Kuwait rang hollow in the Muslim world. ",p:60,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te importance of Middle Eastern oil to the national interests of the ",p:60,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"United States is no secret. Te United States, in the eyes of many ",p:60,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arabs, simply could not aford the risk that the oil-laden country ",p:60,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Kuwait would fall into the hands of a tyrant with aspirations to ",p:60,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"overrun other oil-rich countries. Once again, what most Americans ",p:60,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"saw as a gesture of nobility was perceived by Middle Easterners to ",p:60,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be a fat and spoiled rich kid grabbing the last chicken leg at a picnic ",p:60,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and trampling over a dignifed grandmother to do it! Of all the Arab ",p:60,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"countries, only Kuwait remains grateful for the intervention.",p:60,x:91,y:760,w:427,h:23},
{t:"9/11: The Muslim Reaction",p:60,x:91,y:816,w:248,h:24},
{t:"Te epoch-making event 9/11 blew the lid of the boiling pot of ",p:60,x:121,y:852,w:454,h:23},
{t:"relations between the Islamic East and the Christian West. What an ",p:60,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:61,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"50",p:61,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"incredible time to be in the heart of a Middle Eastern city and try ",p:61,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to come to terms with the Muslim reaction! What I ofer here is not ",p:61,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a scholarly analysis of data but an experiential observation by one ",p:61,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"American who was desperately trying to understand.",p:61,x:91,y:183,w:370,h:23},
{t:"A week ago I was invited to share a meal with a lovely couple ",p:61,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"whose thirty-eight-year-old son died in one of the towers on that ",p:61,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fateful day. What I say here can never mollify the horrifc evil that ",p:61,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was done that day to thousands of American families as well as many ",p:61,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"guests living in our country. In no way do I wish to make light of that ",p:61,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"event or cast it in such a way as to exonerate the murderers. Please ",p:61,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"understand that is not my desire. I will attempt to portray some of ",p:61,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the emotions displayed by Muslims in response to that day and also ",p:61,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to give my analysis of that display.",p:61,x:91,y:430,w:240,h:23},
{t:"It must be said that some Middle Easterners were horrifed at ",p:61,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"what transpired. I certainly found that to be the case in the Arab ",p:61,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christian church. Our family received calls expressing condolences ",p:61,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from some of our neighbors and friends. Some were Muslim. Many ",p:61,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were Christian.",p:61,x:91,y:568,w:107,h:23},
{t:"In the minds of many Muslims, 9/11 was the revenge of Allah ",p:61,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"paid out to his enemies. You ask, revenge for what? For things de-",p:61,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"scribed in this chapter as well as for American support of Israel. In ",p:61,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the modern era, Muslim countries have been shamefully defeated ",p:61,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by the West. Both world wars saw massive losses by Muslims. Four ",p:61,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"successive ",p:61,x:91,y:733,w:73,h:23},
{t:"wars ",p:61,x:172,y:733,w:36,h:23},
{t:"with ",p:61,x:216,y:733,w:36,h:23},
{t:"Israel ",p:61,x:260,y:733,w:41,h:23},
{t:"have ",p:61,x:309,y:733,w:36,h:23},
{t:"demonstrated ",p:61,x:353,y:733,w:101,h:23},
{t:"Israeli ",p:61,x:461,y:733,w:46,h:23},
{t:"military ",p:61,x:515,y:733,w:60,h:23},
{t:"superiority—a superiority Israel has taken from its Western allies, ",p:61,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"especially the United States. An incursion into Iraq by a coalition ",p:61,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of primarily Western nations proved that even the most resilient of ",p:61,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arab rulers and armies could not stand up against the magnifcent ",p:61,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"U.S. military machine.",p:61,x:91,y:870,w:161,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:62,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"51",p:62,x:560,y:955,w:10,h:16},
{t:"At the end of the twentieth century, the Muslim nations of ",p:62,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the world were down for the count. Te only point of light on the ",p:62,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islamic horizon was a group of young mujahideen in Afghanistan, ",p:62,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"originating from all over the Muslim world and led by a fearless ",p:62,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Saudi Arabian who managed to use Saudi money and American ",p:62,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"military technology to fend of a superpower. Usama bin Laden had ",p:62,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"demonstrated that Allah ’s wars fought in Allah ’s way would never ",p:62,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lack Allah ’s blessing. Afghanistan remained a Muslim nation.",p:62,x:91,y:293,w:428,h:23},
{t:"A further irritant is the constant assault of Western media on the ",p:62,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"eyes and ears of Muslim peoples through the Internet, satellite televi-",p:62,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sion, and print media. Te siren call of Hollywood in Muslim societ-",p:62,x:91,y:375,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ies purveys immorality and Western materialism in a society that is ",p:62,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"supremely God conscious and often materially deprived. Numerous ",p:62,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"times I have listened to Muslim friends’ tirades about the deluge of ",p:62,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"immorality, pornography, and materialism coming from the West. ",p:62,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Typically my response is to gently point out that impurity can come ",p:62,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to rest only in hearts that are receptive to it—human hearts, whether ",p:62,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Western or Eastern. Certainly the Middle East, though typically a ",p:62,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"more conservative society, has its share of vices. Nevertheless, the ",p:62,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"common perception in the Muslim world is that licentious media ",p:62,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fnd their source in the West.",p:62,x:91,y:650,w:205,h:23},
{t:"Would it not be only reasonable that the jihadists—the warriors ",p:62,x:121,y:678,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of Islam—would make the situation right, restoring the splendor ",p:62,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Islamic state and establishing Islamic morality? Usama bin ",p:62,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Laden had demonstrated the force of jihad in Afghanistan. Now ",p:62,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his religious zeal turned on his onetime ally. In a daredevil attempt ",p:62,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to restore some sense of honor to a defeated and dejected Muslim ",p:62,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world, bin Laden ordered his jihadists to carry out the 9/11 attacks. ",p:62,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Teir efect exceeded all hopes and dreams. Te mighty bastions ",p:62,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:63,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"52",p:63,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"of capitalism—symbols of American economic superiority—fell to ",p:63,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the ground in a burst of fame. Te collapse of the twin towers as ",p:63,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"well as the damage inficted on the Pentagon brought an immediate ",p:63,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"surge of hope to Muslims that their civilization would live again. I ",p:63,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"believe that Usama bin Laden ’s message to the Muslim world was, ",p:63,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“If we fght as Allah would have us fght, we will prevail against any ",p:63,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"foe”—for many Muslims a convincing message.",p:63,x:91,y:265,w:336,h:23},
{t:"9/11: A Victory for Jihad?",p:63,x:91,y:321,w:234,h:24},
{t:"Islam is often misread by non-Muslims to refer to a religious ",p:63,x:121,y:357,w:454,h:23},
{t:"belief, one that is largely internal and personal. While this is true, it ",p:63,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is a half-truth. Te personal-faith aspect of Islam fnds a clear parallel ",p:63,x:91,y:412,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Christianity and is therefore understandable for most Western ",p:63,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians. However, there is further dimension of Islam—that of a ",p:63,x:91,y:467,w:484,h:23},
{t:"state—that is misunderstood by non-Muslims as it is quite unfamil-",p:63,x:91,y:494,w:480,h:23},
{t:"iar to them.",p:63,x:91,y:522,w:83,h:23},
{t:"In this sense, the word Islam has “two related but distinct mean-",p:63,x:121,y:549,w:450,h:23},
{t:"ings, as the equivalents both of Christianity and of Christendom.”4 ",p:63,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"In this worldview of a religious state, borders are recognizable and ",p:63,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"territorial. Armies are the means of defense of those borders. Funds ",p:63,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are collected for the support of religious purposes. Finally, defense ",p:63,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the religious state takes on an overwhelming importance. Tat ",p:63,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"defense, in Islam, is known as jihad.5",p:63,x:91,y:714,w:259,h:23},
{t:"We will delve more deeply into jihad in a subsequent chapter. ",p:63,x:121,y:742,w:454,h:23},
{t:"For the time being it will sufce to note that one can hardly read ",p:63,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the primary sources of Islam—Qur’an, Hadiith, the Sira (or Life of ",p:63,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Prophet), and others—without realizing the immense importance ",p:63,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the concept of jihad throughout the history of Islam. Te word ",p:63,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"jihad means “struggle or striving.” It was the term most often used to ",p:63,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:64,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"53",p:64,x:558,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"depict Muhammad’s armed struggle to establish Islam. Muhammad ",p:64,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and the caliphs who succeeded him believed in the validity of jihad ",p:64,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to establish Islam in the world.",p:64,x:91,y:155,w:217,h:23},
{t:"Tis explains in part the sense of euphoria in the Muslim world ",p:64,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"as a street-level reaction when the towers fell on September 11, ",p:64,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"2001. Jihad had won a great victory. While the hope of reversing ",p:64,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the centuries-long decline in Islamic prestige and power remained ",p:64,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"elusive, many Muslims perceived a jihad-like breakthrough in 9/11. ",p:64,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"It was a strike back at Western superiority and belligerence. Al Qaeda ",p:64,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had resurrected jihad and taken the victory. Perhaps what followed ",p:64,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would be a brighter day for Islam. As for the infdels, could 9/11 ",p:64,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be the twilight of their day of supremacy giving way to a dawn of ",p:64,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"descent? Tis major blow to the American economic goliath gave ",p:64,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hope, though little assurance. Te superiority of Islam, eclipsed as ",p:64,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it was in the twentieth century, could reemerge in the twenty-frst ",p:64,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"century led by the vanguard of the mujahideen. Tat hope has yet to ",p:64,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be snufed out.",p:64,x:91,y:540,w:105,h:23},
{t:"I realize this is an inadequate analogy, but many Americans ",p:64,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"will remember the race to put a man on the moon during the Cold ",p:64,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"War era. Te United States had been brought up short as Sputnik ",p:64,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"demonstrated Soviet savvy in space technology. Surely the future lay ",p:64,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the hands of the power that could tame this vast wilderness called ",p:64,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"outer space! Vietnam saw the American malaise degenerate further ",p:64,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"still. Te 1960s witnessed the advent of a youth rebellion giving ",p:64,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expression to a country that had temporarily lost her bearings. I even ",p:64,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"remember hearing sermons as a child that left me chilled with fear of ",p:64,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"an unavoidable nuclear confict with the USSR.",p:64,x:91,y:815,w:337,h:23},
{t:"Suddenly news of the Apollo moon expeditions gave reprieve to ",p:64,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a country struggling with its own destiny on the world scene. Tere ",p:64,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:65,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"54",p:65,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"was a ray of hope, captured in Neil Armstrong’s memorable phrase ",p:65,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” America reas-",p:65,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"serted herself with vigor.",p:65,x:91,y:155,w:172,h:23},
{t:"For some Muslims 9/11 represented a vigorous reassertion of ",p:65,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Islamic power after more than a century of shameful decline. For the ",p:65,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim world the sense of hope was even more palpable than for the ",p:65,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"United States during the Cold War simply because the decline of the ",p:65,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim world was unquestioned. Whereas the reinvigoration of the ",p:65,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"United States demonstrated its technological prowess, the hoped-",p:65,x:91,y:320,w:479,h:23},
{t:"for reinvigoration of the Muslim world was of a religious nature. ",p:65,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“Islam is the solution”—this catchphrase of the Islamic brotherhood ",p:65,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"captured the hope of Islamic resurgence. “Our solution will fow out ",p:65,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of what is most valuable to us and what most clearly distinguishes us ",p:65,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from all the rest—Islam! Allahu akbar [Allah is greater]!”",p:65,x:91,y:458,w:399,h:23},
{t:"Te attack on the prized icon of American capitalism brought ",p:65,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a swift response from the American military machine. Te United ",p:65,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"States was in no mood to negotiate, and once al Qaeda was clearly ",p:65,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"recognized as the culprit, an invasion of Afghanistan became a ",p:65,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"foregone conclusion. Although 9/11 brought a tangible expectation ",p:65,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the streets of the Muslim world, it was a precarious hope. Bin ",p:65,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Laden had clearly overstepped his bounds. Afghanistan, one of the ",p:65,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"poorest of the world’s countries, would endure the rage of a smitten ",p:65,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"superpower. Te Taliban were ousted and power handed to a new ",p:65,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Afghan leadership. Like a champion fghter the American military ",p:65,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"machine made quick work of the Taliban resistance that had seemed ",p:65,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"so invincible during the war with the Soviets. Alas, for the Muslim ",p:65,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world things were not as they seemed. An Islamic stronghold fell ",p:65,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"swiftly and was occupied by the foreign infdels.",p:65,x:91,y:843,w:338,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:66,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"55",p:66,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"Te mujahideen were dispersed. It’s anyone’s guess where they ",p:66,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"ended up after the war in Afghanistan. What is sure is that they later ",p:66,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"made their way into Iraq to carry on their resistance to American ",p:66,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"superiority.",p:66,x:91,y:183,w:79,h:23},
{t:"Gulf War II",p:66,x:91,y:238,w:104,h:24},
{t:"If the frst Gulf War drew only halfhearted support from a few ",p:66,x:121,y:274,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Muslim countries, the second Gulf War would be actively opposed ",p:66,x:91,y:302,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by the Muslim world. While many Muslim countries saw a real threat ",p:66,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in weapons of mass destruction in the hands of Saddam Hussein, no ",p:66,x:91,y:357,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arab country viewed Saddam in the same category as the Taliban ",p:66,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and Usama bin Laden. Saddam was well known throughout the Arab ",p:66,x:91,y:412,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world as a Baathist—a left-leaning tyrant who had exploited religion ",p:66,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:23},
{t:"when it suited him but had little use for fundamentalist Islam. ",p:66,x:91,y:467,w:444,h:23},
{t:"Many of my Muslim friends saw Gulf War II as the American ",p:66,x:121,y:494,w:454,h:23},
{t:"president’s vendetta for the attempt on his father’s life and a desire ",p:66,x:91,y:522,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to capture Baghdad as the prize of his presidential legacy. Te swift ",p:66,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"incursion into Iraq that saw Baghdad fall in a matter of weeks was no ",p:66,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"surprise to the nations of the Muslim world. Arabs chuckled along ",p:66,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with the rest of the world as the Iraqi general emphatically declared ",p:66,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that Baghdad was not under foreign occupation while CNN showed ",p:66,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"American tanks rumbling through Baghdad streets even as the gen-",p:66,x:91,y:687,w:480,h:23},
{t:"eral spoke. But it was an embarrassed laugh. You laugh at yourself to ",p:66,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"avoid further embarrassment—something like that.",p:66,x:91,y:742,w:362,h:23},
{t:"Te strongman of Baghdad was not strong at all. Te American ",p:66,x:121,y:769,w:454,h:23},
{t:"army drove him to hide in a hole in the ground. His only companions ",p:66,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were the dollars he had stolen from his fellow countrymen. I can ’t ",p:66,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"forget the embarrassment to the Arab and Muslim peoples as Saddam ",p:66,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"appeared for the frst time in public, unshaven and disheveled, his ",p:66,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:67,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"56",p:67,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"mouth wide open as a dentist inspected his teeth. It was a degrading ",p:67,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"scene for the deposed statesman, and I believe it symbolized the way ",p:67,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many Muslims saw their own society. Once they were strong, very ",p:67,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"strong. Now the emperor had no clothes. Te reality was only too ",p:67,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"painful. Tere was no dignity, no honor, no Muslim nation.",p:67,x:91,y:210,w:422,h:23},
{t:"Need we mention Abu Ghurayb? Tose soldiers were punished ",p:67,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"quickly and thoroughly for their behavior—I suppose. However, ",p:67,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"if you think the punishment inficted on those soldiers somehow ",p:67,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expunged the horrifc shame of what transpired, think again. As ",p:67,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Westerners we tend to think in categories of right and wrong. Wrong ",p:67,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is punished. Right is rewarded. Fine. Most Muslim societies have a ",p:67,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"diferent way of viewing the world, which has been called shame-",p:67,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"honor. Tere is great incentive to avoid shame, and the ultimate good ",p:67,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is to bring honor on yourself, your family, your clan, your country. ",p:67,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te Abu Ghurayb debacle was shame personifed. Arab families ",p:67,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"watched in horror as female soldiers in American military garb were ",p:67,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"shown exploiting the nudity of Arab male Muslim prisoners of war. ",p:67,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Men who represented the vanguard of Muslim and Arab resistance ",p:67,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"became the play objects of female soldiers.",p:67,x:91,y:595,w:298,h:23},
{t:"Near Mahmoudiya, Iraq, American soldiers watched from their ",p:67,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"checkpoint station as a fourteen-year-old girl tended the family ",p:67,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"garden and carried out her chores at her home about two hundred ",p:67,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"meters from the checkpoint. Because of security risks, her father had ",p:67,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"refused to let young Abeer go to school. On March 12, 2006, the sol-",p:67,x:91,y:733,w:480,h:23},
{t:"diers changed into black civilian clothing and entered Abeer’s house. ",p:67,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Her parents and younger sister were taken into a separate room and ",p:67,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"murdered. Abeer was raped repeatedly by three soldiers. She was ",p:67,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"shot by one of the soldiers after their brutal deed was complete. Te ",p:67,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"soldiers proceeded to set the house on fre.6",p:67,x:91,y:870,w:304,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:68,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"57",p:68,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"I’m sure no sane person would fail to be moved to disgust and ",p:68,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"pity by the account of Abeer’s rape and murder. However, for Iraqis, ",p:68,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arabs, and Muslims, the incident becomes symbolic of American ",p:68,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"disregard of cultural and religious values. Te event takes on col-",p:68,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lective signifcance as Abeer’s innocence and beauty are set in stark ",p:68,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"contrast to the evil intentions of her attackers. Te shame of rape and ",p:68,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"murder can never be absorbed by declarations that the guilty will be ",p:68,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"punished. In the minds of Muslims, the rape of Abeer is tantamount ",p:68,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the rape of Iraq. To say such a thing goes against my love of coun-",p:68,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"try and sense of propriety, but I believe it to be an accurate depiction ",p:68,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the way many Middle Easterners view the presence of American ",p:68,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"troops in Iraq and other countries.",p:68,x:91,y:403,w:243,h:23},
{t:"I must add a side note. I hold the men and women of the U. S. ",p:68,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"armed forces in high regard. My dad is a Marine Corps veteran of the ",p:68,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Korean War. I honor his sacrifce and the sacrifce of thousands who ",p:68,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have paid the ultimate price to provide me and my family a secure ",p:68,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and prosperous society where I am free to express my own opinions ",p:68,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and follow my dreams. Furthermore, I know that the vast majority of ",p:68,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the American soldiers in Iraq have conducted themselves in an hon-",p:68,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"orable fashion. I honor them. Furthermore, many American soldiers ",p:68,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have made a serious efort to cross the cultural divide and befriend ",p:68,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Iraqis. Te dignity of all these soldiers stands in stark contrast to the ",p:68,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ignominy of Abu Ghurayb and the rape and murder of Abeer.",p:68,x:91,y:705,w:437,h:23},
{t:"Te fact remains that Gulf War II, from a Muslim perspective, ",p:68,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"epitomized the relentless pursuit of the West to dominate the East. ",p:68,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"As such, it attracted an insurgency wreaking havoc even today in ",p:68,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Iraq. Make no mistake, Muslims are looking on the U.S. presence in ",p:68,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Iraq with ever-increasing suspicion. Even the most intransigent U.S. ",p:68,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:69,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"58",p:69,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"leaders are beginning to suggest that democracy in the Muslim world ",p:69,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will look diferent than it does in the West. And so it does.",p:69,x:91,y:128,w:413,h:23},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:69,x:188,y:189,w:285,h:25},
{t:"From this quick survey of recent political events in the Muslim ",p:69,x:121,y:249,w:454,h:23},
{t:"world, I have made the following observations:",p:69,x:91,y:277,w:330,h:23},
{t:"•	",p:69,x:121,y:319,w:11,h:23},
{t:"For long centuries, Muslim peoples of the world enjoyed ",p:69,x:151,y:319,w:404,h:23},
{t:"prominence and power, leaving a heritage of notable ",p:69,x:151,y:347,w:374,h:23},
{t:"cultural contributions to world civilization.",p:69,x:151,y:374,w:305,h:23},
{t:"•	",p:69,x:121,y:402,w:11,h:23},
{t:"Islamic civilization has been in decline in recent centuries. ",p:69,x:151,y:402,w:414,h:23},
{t:"Te twentieth century witnessed a drastic decline for the ",p:69,x:151,y:429,w:403,h:23},
{t:"Muslim world as two successive world wars, the birth of ",p:69,x:151,y:457,w:399,h:23},
{t:"Israel, two Gulf wars, and one war in Afghanistan again ",p:69,x:151,y:484,w:397,h:23},
{t:"and again demonstrated the West’s superiority.",p:69,x:151,y:512,w:327,h:23},
{t:"•	",p:69,x:121,y:539,w:11,h:23},
{t:"Te Muslim world has been the object of a continual ",p:69,x:151,y:539,w:378,h:23},
{t:"assault of Western secular media advocating morals and ",p:69,x:151,y:567,w:395,h:23},
{t:"values repulsive to Muslims.",p:69,x:151,y:594,w:198,h:23},
{t:"•	",p:69,x:121,y:622,w:11,h:23},
{t:"September 11 was greeted with street-level euphoria in the ",p:69,x:151,y:622,w:416,h:23},
{t:"Muslim world because Muslims saw in it a ray of hope for ",p:69,x:151,y:649,w:414,h:23},
{t:"an Islamic resurgence.",p:69,x:151,y:677,w:155,h:23},
{t:"•	",p:69,x:121,y:704,w:11,h:23},
{t:"Each new defeat at the hands of the West deepens the ",p:69,x:151,y:704,w:383,h:23},
{t:"Islamic sense of shame and also complicates any hope ",p:69,x:151,y:732,w:381,h:23},
{t:"for peace.",p:69,x:151,y:759,w:68,h:23},
{t:"We are seeking to fnd fresh vision for the Muslim world. Fresh ",p:69,x:121,y:802,w:454,h:23},
{t:"vision begins with a look backward. We need some sense of the ",p:69,x:91,y:829,w:484,h:23},
{t:"complex history of the Muslim world and the involvement of the ",p:69,x:91,y:857,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“Christian” West in it.",p:69,x:91,y:884,w:157,h:23},
{t:"TWO WORLD WARS AND A NEW REALiTY",p:70,x:282,y:55,w:289,h:16},
{t:"59",p:70,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"No doubt you can see that Muslims also have a particular vision ",p:70,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"or perspective of you as a Westerner. Whether you like it or not, you ",p:70,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"carry baggage—the baggage of the West. You are seen as a military ",p:70,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"vanquisher whether or not you wish to be. You are guilty by virtue of ",p:70,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"association with your own culture, which rightly or wrongly is per-",p:70,x:91,y:210,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ceived to be engaged in undying exploitation of the Muslim world.",p:70,x:91,y:238,w:472,h:23},
{t:"I hope you are also beginning to see why the Muslim world is ",p:70,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"striking back at anything Western. You say, “Wait a minute. I don ’t ",p:70,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"want to be seen that way. I don ’t like this.” Nor do I. Yet this is the ",p:70,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reality of the Muslim world. I discovered it while I lived there, and ",p:70,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"you will too if you opt for incarnation as opposed to confrontation ",p:70,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as a response to the Muslim world.",p:70,x:91,y:403,w:245,h:23},
{t:"Viewing ourselves through others’ eyes is absolutely essential. ",p:70,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Our own self-perception is radically diferent from how we are ",p:70,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"perceived by others. Yet to understand how others perceive us is, I ",p:70,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"believe, the frst step in communication and incarnation.",p:70,x:91,y:513,w:401,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 4",p:70,x:91,y:568,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Keppel, Gilles. Jihad: Te Trail of Political Islam. Cambridge: Harvard ",p:70,x:91,y:596,w:427,h:20},
{t:"University Press, 2002.",p:70,x:121,y:616,w:140,h:20},
{t:"Lewis, Bernard. Te Crisis of Islam. New York: Te Modern Library, 2003.",p:70,x:91,y:643,w:451,h:20},
{t:"———. What Went Wrong? New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.",p:70,x:91,y:671,w:429,h:20},
{t:"Muller, Roland, Te Messenger, the Message and the Community. Muller under-",p:70,x:91,y:698,w:472,h:20},
{t:"stands the Middle Eastern cultural values of shame and honor. Available ",p:70,x:121,y:718,w:442,h:20},
{t:"from www.rmuller.com.",p:70,x:121,y:738,w:146,h:20},
{t:"PART III",p:71,x:316,y:438,w:254,h:86},
{t:"A THEOLOGiCAL DiMENSiON ",p:71,x:93,y:524,w:488,h:43},
{t:"Te Islamic worldview is shaped by an understanding of God, ",p:71,x:121,y:628,w:454,h:23},
{t:"humanity, and revelation that is at odds with the Christian world-",p:71,x:91,y:655,w:480,h:23},
{t:"view at numerous points. Understanding these distinctions is a key ",p:71,x:91,y:683,w:484,h:23},
{t:"element of developing fresh vision for the Muslim world. It will ",p:71,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:23},
{t:"help us grasp the deep-seated resistance of Muslims to much that ",p:71,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is “Christian.” It will also enable Christians to articulate a biblical ",p:71,x:91,y:765,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worldview more clearly and attractively.",p:71,x:91,y:793,w:279,h:23},
{t:"Finally, this section will examine the need to refne Western af-",p:71,x:121,y:820,w:449,h:23},
{t:"fnity for Israel. In brief, how do we love Israel without deepening ",p:71,x:91,y:848,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the perceived enmity of the West toward Arabs? We will also look at ",p:71,x:91,y:875,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:72,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"62",p:72,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"related eschatological convictions and how their popular outworking ",p:72,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"supplies further fuel for the confict.",p:72,x:91,y:128,w:255,h:23},
{t:"63",p:73,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 5",p:73,x:245,y:292,w:171,h:36},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MINE?",p:73,x:141,y:395,w:379,h:38},
{t:"I was young when I made my frst forays into the world of ",p:73,x:121,y:495,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Islam—confdent, assured, weapons in hand. Raised in rural North ",p:73,x:91,y:523,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Carolina, I was the benefciary of a deep spiritual heritage bequeathed ",p:73,x:91,y:550,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to me through my grandmother and parents. Our social life revolved ",p:73,x:91,y:578,w:484,h:23},
{t:"around our small church and our friends in that church. I now had a ",p:73,x:91,y:605,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Bible degree from a conservative school in the Southeast—the Bible ",p:73,x:91,y:633,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Belt, to be precise. I knew Greek already at the ripe old age of twenty-",p:73,x:91,y:660,w:479,h:23},
{t:"two. I was pretty convinced that there were unassailable answers for ",p:73,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:23},
{t:"just about every Muslim objection to my Christian faith. I knew the ",p:73,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:23},
{t:"answers, and I knew how to reference them from my Bible.",p:73,x:91,y:743,w:417,h:23},
{t:"Does that sound like arrogance to you? Had you met me in those ",p:73,x:121,y:770,w:454,h:23},
{t:"days, you probably would not have thought so. I certainly didn ’t ",p:73,x:91,y:798,w:484,h:23},
{t:"feel myself to be arrogant but dependent, and most of my Christian ",p:73,x:91,y:825,w:484,h:23},
{t:"friends would have corroborated my humility and faithfulness. In ",p:73,x:91,y:853,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fact, I had met up with a few Christ-followers who had left Islam and ",p:73,x:91,y:880,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:74,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"64",p:74,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"embraced the faith I so heartily believed. My interaction with those ",p:74,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"individuals served to reassure me of the rightness of the gospel for ",p:74,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the people of the Muslim world. I was moved by compassion, and I ",p:74,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"felt it was a sacred duty, a calling if you will, for me to share the good ",p:74,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"things I knew. Nevertheless, looking back I realize that I ventured ",p:74,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"into the Muslim world more to confront than to console, more to ",p:74,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"teach than to learn, more to impart than to incarnate.",p:74,x:91,y:265,w:379,h:23},
{t:"Tose early years of encountering Muslims worked on me like ",p:74,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"sandpaper. I just kept running up against the reality and depth of ",p:74,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Islamic faith and worldview. What I considered to be a garden ",p:74,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"weed that could be uprooted and disposed of turned out to be a ",p:74,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mighty oak, well rooted and impervious to my persistent tugs. In ",p:74,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"time, I grew to respect it not as ultimate truth, but as an incredibly ",p:74,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"straightforward and powerful way of understanding God, humanity, ",p:74,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and the world. As I listened deeply to my Muslim friends, I began ",p:74,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to see why they clung to their faith with such tenacity and how that ",p:74,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"faith had infuenced them so pervasively. I also understood Jesus’ ",p:74,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"words more fully: “No one can come to me unless the Father who ",p:74,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sent me draws him” (John 6:44).",p:74,x:91,y:595,w:231,h:23},
{t:"Although I found Muslims largely intransigent in their faith and ",p:74,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"worldview, I have to confess that I found a lot of joy in our rambling ",p:74,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"discussions. I’ve been asked how one makes an approach to speaking ",p:74,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"about the things of God with a Muslim. In fact, I don ’t know how ",p:74,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"one keeps from speaking about the things of God with a Muslim!",p:74,x:91,y:733,w:461,h:23},
{t:"Someone who obviously didn ’t know once told me that I should ",p:74,x:121,y:760,w:454,h:23},
{t:"avoid talking about politics and religion with Muslims. In fact, that’s ",p:74,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"about all we ever talked about! Muslims are a God-conscious people. ",p:74,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey refer to God constantly in their greetings and leave-takings. ",p:74,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey recognize his sovereign hand in their daily afairs. Tey order ",p:74,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:75,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"65",p:75,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"their lives around their prayers and fasting and extol those who ",p:75,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have dedicated their lives to studying their scriptures and living in ",p:75,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"accordance. Where the typical Westerner views reality through the ",p:75,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"scientifc notion of cause and efect, Muslims declare ma sha ’ Allah ",p:75,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(what Allah has willed). I love talking to Muslims about God, and I ",p:75,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hope to do a lot more of it.",p:75,x:91,y:238,w:191,h:23},
{t:"You ’ve probably read about the fve pillars of Islam and some-",p:75,x:121,y:265,w:449,h:23},
{t:"thing of the life of Muhammad. While these aspects are essential to ",p:75,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"understanding Islam, I believe they are the leaves of the tree rather ",p:75,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"than the trunk or the roots. In the following pages I will attempt to ",p:75,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"give you a perspective on some lesser-known although foundational ",p:75,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"theological tenets of the Islamic faith. Again, bear in mind that we’re ",p:75,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attempting to enter into the worldview of another. If the presenta-",p:75,x:91,y:430,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion sounds good, that’s a good indication we’re succeeding. After all, ",p:75,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims wouldn ’t believe it unless it was convincing.",p:75,x:91,y:485,w:373,h:23},
{t:"Transcendence: Allah’s Complete Otherness",p:75,x:118,y:539,w:426,h:26},
{t:"Laysa mithlihi shay ’. Tis commonly heard Arabic expression is ",p:75,x:121,y:584,w:454,h:23},
{t:"lifted right out of the Qur’an. It means simply, “Tere exists noth-",p:75,x:91,y:612,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing like him” (like Allah). Probably the second most-often quoted ",p:75,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Qur’anic passage in my experience is chapter 112, called the Sincerity ",p:75,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Chapter (surat al-Ikhlaas): “Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; ",p:75,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; ",p:75,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"And there is none like unto Him” (Yusuf Ali translation).",p:75,x:91,y:749,w:403,h:23},
{t:"To appreciate the Islamic view of transcendence, you have to ",p:75,x:121,y:777,w:454,h:23},
{t:"understand a little about the religious environment of the Arabian ",p:75,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Peninsula prior to Muhammad. Essentially, the various Arab tribes ",p:75,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were worshippers of idols, and caravans carried the idols north ",p:75,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and south as they made their way through the Arabian Peninsula. ",p:75,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:76,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"66",p:76,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"At crossroads and oases in the caravan treks where cubic structures ",p:76,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(kaaba) had been erected, the Arabs would dismount their camels, ",p:76,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"unload their idols, enter the cubes, and proceed to prostrate them-",p:76,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"selves before their idols.",p:76,x:91,y:183,w:167,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad and a few others of that era known as hunafaa, ",p:76,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"seekers of the one God, were distraught to see such manifest igno-",p:76,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"rance in worship. Muhammad was aware of the Jewish faith as well ",p:76,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as the form of Christianity that he had encountered in his environ-",p:76,x:91,y:293,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ment; he knew that God had sent a revelation to those people. ",p:76,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad longed for the one God to send down a revelation for ",p:76,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his own people, the Arab people, in a tongue they could understand. ",p:76,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad spent much of his early prophetic ministry disputing ",p:76,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with the idolaters of Mecca who refused to recognize the oneness or ",p:76,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"unity of God (tawhiid).",p:76,x:91,y:458,w:166,h:23},
{t:"Tus, the Islamic creed became, in all simplicity, “Tere is no ",p:76,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet.” Tis simple af-",p:76,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"frmation of the unity of God as opposed to the multiple gods of ",p:76,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Arabian context became the watchword of the nascent faith. To ",p:76,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this day the simple power of this monotheistic afrmation is deeply ",p:76,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rooted in the soul of Muslims. “Such is Allah, your Lord. Tere is ",p:76,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no Allah save Him, the Creator of all things, so worship Him. And ",p:76,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He taketh care of all things” (6:102). Te battle cry of Islam and ",p:76,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the phrase that introduces the call to prayer, Allahu akbar (Allah is ",p:76,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"greater), refects the call of the unity and uniqueness of Allah.",p:76,x:91,y:733,w:433,h:23},
{t:"Christians also view God as transcendent. Some theology books ",p:76,x:121,y:760,w:454,h:23},
{t:"are almost reminiscent of Islam as they speak of the incomprehen-",p:76,x:91,y:788,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sibility of God. However, God’s transcendence has been mitigated ",p:76,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by the event of the incarnation—Christ’s becoming a human being. ",p:76,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:77,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"67",p:77,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Tis unknowable God has now become knowable. Te transcendent ",p:77,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"has become immanent: Immanuel—God with us!1",p:77,x:91,y:128,w:357,h:23},
{t:"Because Allah is one and because there is nothing that can be ",p:77,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"compared to him, it is of utmost importance to the Muslims in their ",p:77,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"thinking and worship that nothing or no one becomes associated with ",p:77,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Allah. You may have heard that Muslims do not appreciate or accept ",p:77,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"artistic representations of God, such as the famous Michelangelo ",p:77,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. Some Muslims go ",p:77,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"beyond this and proscribe any artistic representation of human ",p:77,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"or animal forms. Tis tendency is borne out of a zealous desire to ",p:77,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"uphold the pristine nature of Islam that prohibited the making of ",p:77,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"forms and shapes that would eventually be used in worship. Worship ",p:77,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was to be preserved pure and directed to Allah only, who cannot be ",p:77,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"compared to any earthly representation.",p:77,x:91,y:458,w:281,h:23},
{t:"Additionally, the representation of prophets by artistic forms or ",p:77,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"icons is forbidden. In the recent Danish cartoon debacle, Muhammad ",p:77,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was depicted pejoratively. Tis raised the ire of the entire Muslim ",p:77,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world; Muslims arose with one voice to defend their prophet. Since ",p:77,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that event an increasing fervency to defend the Prophet of Islam has ",p:77,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been evident. Slogans such as “Anything except you, O prophet of ",p:77,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God” (meaning, “We will not tolerate a derogatory treatment of you, ",p:77,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"O Muhammad”) have proliferated.",p:77,x:91,y:678,w:247,h:23},
{t:"Te Islamic prohibition against the use of artistic forms rep-",p:77,x:121,y:705,w:449,h:23},
{t:"resenting God in worship is not unlike the Protestant Reformers ",p:77,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who reacted strongly against the prolifc use of icons in the Roman ",p:77,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Catholic Church. Te Calvinist churches of Europe were known for ",p:77,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their austerity and a complete lack of visual artistic expression. For ",p:77,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims the great danger of visual images is that they cannot convey ",p:77,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"truth about Allah because he is deemed to be completely other.",p:77,x:91,y:870,w:444,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:78,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"68",p:78,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Muslims use the Qur’anic phrase la shariika lahu (he has no as-",p:78,x:121,y:100,w:449,h:23},
{t:"sociate) as another watchword of their faith. By guarding their minds ",p:78,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from association of any earthly thing with Allah, they are preserving ",p:78,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the purity of their worship and faith. Te unpardonable sin of Islam ",p:78,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is association (shirk). Associating any person or object with Allah ",p:78,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cannot be forgiven. “Lo! Allah forgiveth not that a partner should ",p:78,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be ascribed unto Him. He forgiveth (all) save that to whom He ",p:78,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will. Whoso ascribeth partners to Allah, he hath indeed invented a ",p:78,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tremendous sin” (Nisaa’ 4:48).",p:78,x:91,y:320,w:214,h:23},
{t:"If nothing else, this discussion helps us see that Muslims are very ",p:78,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"serious about Allah. Devotion to him is of utmost importance. Tey ",p:78,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cannot take liberties with how they conceive of God or how they ",p:78,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worship him. For most Muslims, Allah is the transcendent other, the ",p:78,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"incomparable, ultimate reality—like no one and nothing on earth. ",p:78,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Allowing for exceptions such as the Sufs, it is commonly held by ",p:78,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims that Allah is unknowable in his essence, although his will is ",p:78,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"knowable through revelation.2 Muslim children hear this creed from ",p:78,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their earliest days: “Tere is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is ",p:78,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his prophet.” Tus begins a conception of Allah that frames and ",p:78,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"informs the entire life. Te transcendence of God afects every aspect ",p:78,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Islamic society. It informs the way business is done, the Islamic ",p:78,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"view of authority, leadership, and the Islamic family.3",p:78,x:91,y:678,w:373,h:23},
{t:"Now picture yourself as a person whose deepest conviction ",p:78,x:121,y:705,w:454,h:23},
{t:"about God is that he is other and transcendent and, above all else, ",p:78,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that you are not allowed to associate anyone or anything with him. ",p:78,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I approach you with the gospel—“good news.” God has appeared as ",p:78,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a human being. Tis “Son of God” is “the radiance of God’s glory ",p:78,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and the exact representation of his being” (Hebrews 1:3). How do ",p:78,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"you feel about that? You immediately recognize me as the perpetrator ",p:78,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:79,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"69",p:79,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"of a false religion, and you begin to warn your co-religionists that I ",p:79,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"am a dangerous person. It becomes apparent that the essence of the ",p:79,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christian faith—God became human being in Christ—is diametri-",p:79,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cally opposed to Islamic faith. While we can minimize the confict by ",p:79,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not making this doctrine our frst point of encounter with Muslims, ",p:79,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it remains nonetheless a difcult idea for Muslims to grasp.",p:79,x:91,y:238,w:416,h:23},
{t:"I am aware that many have argued that the Christian doctrines ",p:79,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of the Trinity and the divinity of Christ do not necessarily contradict ",p:79,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Islamic view of the unity of God (tawhiid). Tey base this on the ",p:79,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fact that Muhammad was confronting an unorthodox view of the ",p:79,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Trinity in the Arabian Peninsula. While I appreciate these eforts of ",p:79,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rapprochement, I conclude that the idea of the incarnation of God ",p:79,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"among humanity is in fagrant violation of Islamic tawhiid. I think ",p:79,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it is critical for Christians to recognize that their mandate to make ",p:79,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"disciples of Christ among all nations—at least in reference to this is-",p:79,x:91,y:485,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sue of the fullness of God dwelling in Christ (Colossians 2:9)—puts ",p:79,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them at theological loggerheads with Islamic faith and practice.",p:79,x:91,y:540,w:446,h:23},
{t:"While eforts at rapprochement may have the appearance of ",p:79,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"charitable love for Muslim people, Christians will be better served if ",p:79,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we understand the depth of the Islamic concept of transcendence and ",p:79,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"then accept the fact that we are presenting an alternative. Hopefully, ",p:79,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as we incarnate the gospel in the Muslim worldview, we will learn to ",p:79,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"present the alternative in love and with grace—realizing how difcult ",p:79,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it is for the Muslim to embrace it. After all, God’s immanent dwelling ",p:79,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"among his people did not end with Christ’s resurrection. Te Holy ",p:79,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Spirit is the mediator of God’s presence among his people. “If anyone ",p:79,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"loves me, he will obey my teaching. My Father will love him, and ",p:79,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we will come to him and make our home with him” (John 14:23). ",p:79,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"If you will, the only convincing proof of God’s dwelling among us ",p:79,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:80,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"70",p:80,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"is us. If Christ lives in us and through us, then the argument against ",p:80,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God’s immanence is defanged. His presence among his people will ",p:80,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be self-evident.",p:80,x:91,y:155,w:106,h:23},
{t:"A number of Muslim friends have asked me something like this: ",p:80,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"“Honestly now, do you really think God was born into this world as ",p:80,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a baby, had his diapers changed, scraped his knee, and went to his ",p:80,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mother crying for help?” Muslims can, nonetheless, be convinced ",p:80,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the possibility of the incarnation. It happens every day. In my ",p:80,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"experience it is normally a process of realization through reading the ",p:80,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Gospels that a Muslim comes to terms with Christ as the incarnate ",p:80,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God. Philosophical and theoretic arguments will do little. But I have ",p:80,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"noticed with my friends who have embraced Christ that the beauty ",p:80,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of God becoming a human being, walking among us, eating our ",p:80,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"food, and teaching us his ways is immensely attractive. For many it is ",p:80,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this very truth, a God who comes seeking his people, that drew them ",p:80,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"into the fold of Christ. Te great British preacher Charles Spurgeon ",p:80,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"exhorted his listeners that the Word of God is a lion. As such, it ",p:80,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"needs no defense but only to be released. Muslims who read of Christ ",p:80,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the Gospels—his forgiveness of sins, his miracles, his teachings, ",p:80,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his death and resurrection—can begin to understand that Christ was ",p:80,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"more than a prophet. “No one can come to me unless the Father who ",p:80,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sent me draws him” (John 6:44).",p:80,x:91,y:678,w:231,h:23},
{t:"Revelation: How Do We Hear from God?",p:80,x:132,y:732,w:398,h:26},
{t:"I remember giving the Gospel of Luke to one of my Muslim ",p:80,x:121,y:777,w:454,h:23},
{t:"friends. When I saw him a few days later, he shrugged indiferently ",p:80,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and expressed his opinion that this book could not be the Word of ",p:80,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God. As I queried him, I discovered the reason: Luke begins by stat-",p:80,x:91,y:859,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing that he had conducted careful research in order to put down in an ",p:80,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:81,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"71",p:81,x:560,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"orderly fashion all that transpired concerning Jesus. To my Muslim ",p:81,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"friend, Luke’s prologue smacked of human efort, inspired by careful ",p:81,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"research and questioning but not by the authoritative voice of Allah. ",p:81,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He was not convinced that Luke was of any more value than the ",p:81,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"daily newspaper.",p:81,x:91,y:210,w:116,h:23},
{t:"Christians are not scandalized when they note diferences of style, ",p:81,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"grammar, and even slightly divergent accounts of an event related ",p:81,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by diferent biblical authors. We believe that God spoke through ",p:81,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the biblical authors, making use of their distinct personalities, ",p:81,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"backgrounds, abilities, and preferences. Te oversight of the Holy ",p:81,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Spirit preserved the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments as the ",p:81,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"authoritative Word of God. “Men spoke from God as they were car-",p:81,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ried along by the Holy Spirit” (2 Peter 1:21). Tis understanding of ",p:81,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God’s inspiration has been called organic inspiration, meaning that ",p:81,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God used the entirety of the authors’ personalities and backgrounds ",p:81,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to produce his Word.",p:81,x:91,y:513,w:150,h:23},
{t:"Te Islamic view of inspiration is signifcantly diferent. I have ",p:81,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"made the mistake of referring to a passage from the Qur’an as the ",p:81,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"words of Muhammad. Tis is a serious misunderstanding of Qur’anic ",p:81,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inspiration, and I was duly reprimanded: the Qur’an contains none ",p:81,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Muhammad’s words but only Allah ’s words. Tese words were ",p:81,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"written on celestial tablets and taught to the prophet Muhammad ",p:81,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by the angel Gabriel. Te revelation of Allah is often referred to as ",p:81,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tanziil (what is sent down). Te Qur’an is a literal word from heaven. ",p:81,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"It is for this reason that every letter must be carefully preserved in ",p:81,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the original language, Arabic. In fact, translations of the Qur’an are ",p:81,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"usually titled Te Meaning of the Glorious Qur’an or something to ",p:81,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that efect. Tey cannot bear the title Qur’an simply because they do ",p:81,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not preserve the Qur’an in its original language.",p:81,x:91,y:870,w:337,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:82,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"72",p:82,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Te miraculous nature of the Qur’anic revelation is captured ",p:82,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"in the term i’jaaz, which means “inability.” Te word connotes ",p:82,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the inability of human beings to replicate the Qur’anic revelation. ",p:82,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muhammad gave the challenge to his opposition to produce a rev-",p:82,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"elation of similar character to the Qur’an. Muslims maintain that ",p:82,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"such has never happened, and thus the integrity of the Qur’an is ",p:82,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"unassailable. “Or say they: He hath invented it? Say: Ten bring a ",p:82,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"surah [a chapter of the Qur’an] like unto it, and call [for help] on all ",p:82,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ye can besides Allah, if ye are truthful” (10:38).",p:82,x:91,y:320,w:333,h:23},
{t:"Tis challenge is accentuated by the fact that most Muslims ",p:82,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"presume Muhammad to have been illiterate. Te Qur’an, being a ",p:82,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"work of literary excellence, could not be the product of an illiterate ",p:82,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"person. God must have sent it down to Muhammad.4",p:82,x:91,y:430,w:378,h:23},
{t:"Te aesthetic beauty of Qur’anic recitation provides a further ",p:82,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"experiential proof of its divine origin. Muslims will often be moved ",p:82,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to tears by the artistic expression of one who is trained in Qur’anic ",p:82,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"recitation (tartiil or tajwiid). In the Muslim world it is very common ",p:82,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to hear recordings of Qur’anic recitation being played continuously ",p:82,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in businesses, taxis, and homes. Memorization of the text of the ",p:82,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Qur’an is highly valued, and young children may memorize the ",p:82,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"entire contents of the Qur’an (about two-thirds the length of the ",p:82,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"New Testament) and compete for prizes in its recitation.",p:82,x:91,y:678,w:397,h:23},
{t:"Tis view of inspiration, often referred to as mechanical inspira-",p:82,x:121,y:705,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tion or dictation inspiration, is the default concept with which most ",p:82,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims operate. Te Qur’an recognizes three other books, in addi-",p:82,x:91,y:760,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion to itself, as the Word of God. Tese three books, in large part, ",p:82,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"correspond to various portions of our Bible. Te Torah of Moses ",p:82,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is the frst prophetic book. Te Zabur of David, the Psalms, is the ",p:82,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:83,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"73",p:83,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"second. Te third is the Injil, or the gospel of Jesus Christ. Certain ",p:83,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Qur’anic passages speak very highly of these preceding books.",p:83,x:91,y:128,w:434,h:23},
{t:"3:3 He hath revealed unto thee [Muhammad] the ",p:83,x:136,y:170,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Scripture with truth, confrming that which was (re-",p:83,x:136,y:198,w:390,h:23},
{t:"vealed) before it, even as He revealed the Torah and the ",p:83,x:136,y:225,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Gospel.",p:83,x:136,y:253,w:54,h:23},
{t:"2:136 Say (O Muslims): We believe in Allah and that ",p:83,x:136,y:303,w:394,h:23},
{t:"which is revealed unto us and that which was revealed ",p:83,x:136,y:330,w:394,h:23},
{t:"unto Abraham, and Ishmael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and ",p:83,x:136,y:358,w:394,h:23},
{t:"the tribes, and that which Moses and Jesus received, and ",p:83,x:136,y:385,w:394,h:23},
{t:"that which the prophets received from their Lord. We ",p:83,x:136,y:413,w:394,h:23},
{t:"make no distinction between any of them, and unto ",p:83,x:136,y:440,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Him we have surrendered.",p:83,x:136,y:468,w:186,h:23},
{t:"5:47 Let the People of the Gospel judge by that which ",p:83,x:136,y:518,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Allah hath revealed therein. Whoso judgeth not by that ",p:83,x:136,y:545,w:394,h:23},
{t:"which Allah hath revealed: such are evil-livers.",p:83,x:136,y:573,w:324,h:23},
{t:"One would think that these passages would lead Muslims to ",p:83,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"investigate the previous Scriptures. Unfortunately, such is not the case, ",p:83,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as the common opinion among Muslims is that Christians and Jews ",p:83,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have corrupted (harrafa) the Scriptures that preceded the Qur’an. In ",p:83,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"some instances the Qur’an indicates that it is a replica of the former ",p:83,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"revelations, only in Arabic: “And lo! it is a revelation of the Lord of the ",p:83,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Worlds, Which the True Spirit hath brought down Upon thy heart, ",p:83,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that thou mayst be (one) of the warners, In plain Arabic speech. And ",p:83,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lo! it is in the Scriptures of the men of old. Is it not a token for them ",p:83,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the doctors of the Children of Israel know it?” (26:192–197).",p:83,x:91,y:870,w:454,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:84,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"74",p:84,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Christians and Jews are commonly referred to as ahl al-kitaab ",p:84,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"(the people of the book), which is a term of respect. However, ",p:84,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims are mystifed by the plethora of biblical versions and trans-",p:84,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lations that exist. Tey fnd a footnoted biblical text that presents a ",p:84,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"variant reading of a passage to be inadmissible. Whereas Christians ",p:84,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"value the scholarly process of comparison of ancient texts, seeing in ",p:84,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it the possibility to ascertain, as nearly as possible, the original text, ",p:84,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims view it with a great deal of suspicion. It is this scholarly ",p:84,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"process, in their opinion, that establishes the corruption of the text ",p:84,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and points to the Qur’an as the only viable Word of God.",p:84,x:91,y:348,w:406,h:23},
{t:"What Muslims are not told is that the text of the Qur’an ",p:84,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"also contains variant readings, as do all ancient manuscripts. Te ",p:84,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"codifcation of the Qur’an in recent years, largely carried on by the ",p:84,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"benevolence of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, now holds forth the il-",p:84,x:91,y:458,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lusion that the Qur’anic text contains no variants whatsoever. While ",p:84,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Qur’anic scholars may recognize the presence of variant readings, ",p:84,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"most Muslims will insist that no such variants exist.",p:84,x:91,y:540,w:364,h:23},
{t:"Tus, the Islamic view of inspiration through divine dictation ",p:84,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"mitigates against a fair hearing for the Scriptures of the Old and New ",p:84,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testaments. It is an extension of the view of God as the transcendent ",p:84,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other. God cannot be likened to anything known by human beings. ",p:84,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"His word comes to us not in the cloak of human language and ",p:84,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"personality but as a fxed message, sent down in a divine language. ",p:84,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Terefore it is untranslatable and unchangeable.5",p:84,x:91,y:733,w:343,h:23},
{t:"How does one overcome this sizable obstacle in the path of ",p:84,x:121,y:760,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Muslims to understanding the Bible? Once again, the Scriptures are ",p:84,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their own advocate. I recall the testimony of one friend who had ",p:84,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been a member of a fundamentalist Islamic group. He began reading ",p:84,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the New Testament. Upon reaching Matthew 5:39–40, where Jesus ",p:84,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:85,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"75",p:85,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"declares, “If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to him the ",p:85,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other also. . . . If someone forces you to go one mile, go with him two ",p:85,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"miles,” my friend concluded that Christians were serving a diferent ",p:85,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God from the God he had been serving. He devoted his eforts to ",p:85,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"determining who this God was and, in the end, embraced Christ.",p:85,x:91,y:210,w:461,h:23},
{t:"Te ultimate proof of the authority and power of God’s Word in ",p:85,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the lives of Christ-followers is their obedience and submission to it. ",p:85,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"One friend working in a Muslim country quoted the Bible at great ",p:85,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"length to validate certain practices such as solitary prayer, fasting, ",p:85,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and defending the orphan and widow. Muslims were deeply moved ",p:85,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by this man ’s devotion to Christ, and many approached him to learn ",p:85,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"more about the Christian Scriptures. Once again, the incarnation of ",p:85,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the gospel in and through the people of the gospel speaks powerfully ",p:85,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Muslims.",p:85,x:91,y:458,w:84,h:23},
{t:"Man, Oh Man! Good, Bad, or Indifferent?",p:85,x:125,y:512,w:412,h:26},
{t:"In Genesis 1–3, Adam and Eve are surrounded by all they need ",p:85,x:121,y:557,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to survive and thrive. Tey have meaningful work, loving relation-",p:85,x:91,y:584,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ships, food and shelter. Tey even have unobstructed friendship with ",p:85,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their creator God. Yet they prefer their own wisdom to God’s. Tat ",p:85,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"decision is depicted in their eating of a fruit in the garden that God ",p:85,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had prohibited eating, the only one he had put of-limits, by the way. ",p:85,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tat much of the story is very familiar. ",p:85,x:91,y:722,w:279,h:23},
{t:"You will fnd the same story in the Qur’an. Adam and Eve have ",p:85,x:121,y:749,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a similar nobility—the angels are instructed to bow down to them. ",p:85,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey have innate knowledge of all the world and are able to name all ",p:85,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Allah ’s creation. Yet there is a subtle but signifcant diference in the ",p:85,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Qur’anic and biblical accounts. In the Qur’an, after the transgression ",p:85,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:86,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"76",p:86,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Adam received words of guidance (huda) from his lord. Allah then ",p:86,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"repented toward him and said to him, “Get thee down.”",p:86,x:91,y:128,w:395,h:23},
{t:"Guidance. Did you get that? What came from God as a result of ",p:86,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Adam ’s transgression was guidance.",p:86,x:91,y:183,w:247,h:23},
{t:"Although one could point to other Qur’anic passages, this one ",p:86,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"is particularly instructive concerning Islam ’s understanding of the ",p:86,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nature of humanity. Te biblical account has God promising that the ",p:86,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“seed of the woman” will crush the head of the Serpent—the Enemy ",p:86,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of humanity; the Qur’anic account has Allah sending Adam words of ",p:86,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"guidance and then sending Adam himself down to the earth, albeit ",p:86,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with enmity. Other passages in the Qur’an refer to Adam ’s defect as ",p:86,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"weakness. One verse states that Adam forgot.",p:86,x:91,y:403,w:317,h:23},
{t:"Te biblical view is that what resulted from the Eden event ",p:86,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"was enmity between God and humans, which God checked by ",p:86,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pronouncing enmity between humanity and the Serpent and then ",p:86,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"proceeded to counteract through the unfolding promise of the “seed ",p:86,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the woman”—Christ. It was a cosmic treason of which the couple ",p:86,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was guilty, which would become the defning event of the biblical ",p:86,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"revelation culminating in redemption—the reconciliation of human-",p:86,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ity to God through the cross. Te Qur’anic view is that man acted ",p:86,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"out of his weakness and that Allah sent him guidance, to which he ",p:86,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"responded. Man proceeded to descend (a geographic descent from ",p:86,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"paradise) to the earth in order to carry out the will of Allah there, ",p:86,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but the eating of the forbidden fruit, in Islamic understanding, does ",p:86,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not require any more of the divine than that Allah give corrective ",p:86,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"guidance to the erring couple.",p:86,x:91,y:788,w:211,h:23},
{t:"To put it bluntly, humanity is not estranged from Allah by sin. ",p:86,x:121,y:815,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Man is separate from Allah as Allah is transcendent other. But there ",p:86,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is no moral chasm that prevents Adam and Eve from living the life ",p:86,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:87,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"77",p:87,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"God intended for them to live. In Islam, humanity is not aficted ",p:87,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by an incurable disease known as sin. Now this statement needs ",p:87,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"some qualifcations. Muslims do believe that human beings sin. Te ",p:87,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Qur’an uses many words to refer to sin and makes it clear that all hu-",p:87,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"man beings sin. However, sin derives not from man ’s desire to usurp ",p:87,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the place of God, as is the case throughout the biblical revelation, but ",p:87,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from man ’s inherent weakness as a creature of the dust.",p:87,x:91,y:265,w:386,h:23},
{t:"Once again, as I’ve interacted with Muslims, I’ve grown to ap-",p:87,x:121,y:293,w:449,h:23},
{t:"preciate the implications of such a view and the ready rationale that ",p:87,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"commends itself manifestly to most Muslims. Let me try to explain.",p:87,x:91,y:348,w:478,h:23},
{t:"Christians often refer to their understanding of humanity’s state ",p:87,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of sinfulness before God as original sin, inherited from Adam and ",p:87,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Eve. Tey sinned; we are their children, and like them, we sin. We, ",p:87,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who are alienated in Adam, are reconciled in Christ—a new Adam. ",p:87,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(Admittedly, to explain this doctrine fully would need more than a ",p:87,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"paragraph. Our purpose is to see the import of this doctrine for our ",p:87,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"interaction with Muslims.) Te Muslim then rightfully asks, “How? ",p:87,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"How is it that I inherited guilt for a transgression that took place ",p:87,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"thousands of years ago? Tis simply is not just. Allah would not ",p:87,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"obligate me for sins committed by my forebears. I am responsible ",p:87,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for my own sin.”",p:87,x:91,y:650,w:118,h:23},
{t:"I have wondered why a religion and worldview that is so corpo-",p:87,x:121,y:678,w:449,h:23},
{t:"rate in nature would take an apparently individualistic turn at this ",p:87,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"point. Te Muslim senses deeply his own responsibility before God. ",p:87,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He knows that he cannot live on his father’s or mother’s piety. He ",p:87,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"himself or she herself must demonstrate the good works that beft ",p:87,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islamic faith. I have been impressed with Muslim young men who ",p:87,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would not participate in Islamic prayers because they knew their ",p:87,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"private lives did not correspond to Islamic teaching. Rather than fake ",p:87,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:88,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"78",p:88,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"piety, they defer, saying that later in life (after they marry), they will ",p:88,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"begin to pray.",p:88,x:91,y:128,w:96,h:23},
{t:"Tere is a deep sense of individual responsibility for the Muslim. ",p:88,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"He does not view himself as dead in trespasses and sins, in the words ",p:88,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the apostle Paul (Ephesians 2:1). He knows that he can make the ",p:88,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"right choices—to pray, to fast, to recite the Islamic creed, to par-",p:88,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ticipate in the hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), and to give alms. Tese ",p:88,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"good works prescribed by Islam are Allah ’s guidance (huda) for the ",p:88,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim. Individuals are neither dead in sin nor in need of redemp-",p:88,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion; rather, they are weak, forgetful, and in need of guidance.",p:88,x:91,y:348,w:437,h:23},
{t:"Te Christian concept of original sin seems like passing the buck ",p:88,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"for many Muslims. Being convinced of human depravity, I have ",p:88,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"spoken at length with Muslims about my own inability to fully keep ",p:88,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God’s law. Like me, they have experienced the constant propensity ",p:88,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"toward self-indulgence. Unlike me, they do not recognize this as an ",p:88,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inherent state of rebellion against Allah. Tey view it as a natural ",p:88,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"consequence of being a creature. Only Allah is without this weak-",p:88,x:91,y:540,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ness; human beings are by nature weak and fallible.",p:88,x:91,y:568,w:361,h:23},
{t:"You can probably surmise how a Muslim feels about the statement ",p:88,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that human beings are created in the image of God. God cannot have ",p:88,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"an image. We cannot refect something that is utterly transcendent ",p:88,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and diferent from ourselves. Tis dynamic tension of Christianity ",p:88,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that human beings are innately noble and yet hopelessly fallen seems ",p:88,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be overdone in the mind of most Muslims I have spoken to. Tey ",p:88,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cannot see why I don ’t just admit that, as a creature of the dust, I am ",p:88,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"weak; I am not in rebellion against Allah; I have not chosen another ",p:88,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"master; I just wander of the right track occasionally and need to be ",p:88,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"brought back to the way of Islam—the way of submission to God.",p:88,x:91,y:843,w:468,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:89,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"79",p:89,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Once again, this concept of man ’s weakness as opposed to his ",p:89,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"fallen nature permeates much of the Islamic worldview. I have ",p:89,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"noticed that Muslims on an individual level often appeal to the ",p:89,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"weakness of their human nature as an excuse for their behavior. A ",p:89,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"commonly heard Arabic word on the streets of the Middle East is ",p:89,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ma’alesh, roughly translated as “not on me” or “not my fault.” Often ",p:89,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it is used as a half apology: “I’m sorry.” But the intent behind the ",p:89,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"word seems to be more a deferral of responsibility than an owning ",p:89,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of it.",p:89,x:91,y:320,w:33,h:23},
{t:"At the risk of oversimplifying, I believe it is fair to say that sin, ",p:89,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"for Muslims, is a serious but superfcial problem requiring guidance ",p:89,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from Allah. Sin, in the biblical worldview, is alienation from God ",p:89,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"incurring the curse of God—“for when you eat of it you will surely ",p:89,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"die” (Genesis 2:17). Death then is more than physical expiration. ",p:89,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"It is spiritual alienation, a cutting of from the source of life—God.",p:89,x:91,y:485,w:474,h:23},
{t:"In conversing with Muslims, I generally fnd better acceptance if ",p:89,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"I preface my words with something like, “Te prophet Jesus taught ",p:89,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:". . .” Jesus applies the law at the level of our inner motivations. Few ",p:89,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"commit murder, but who can claim to be free of hatred? Some claim ",p:89,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be free of adultery, but Jesus teaches that lusting is adultery at ",p:89,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the heart level. Can anyone claim innocence of lust or envy? Do we ",p:89,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"consistently love God with all our heart, soul, strength, and mind? ",p:89,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“Te things that come out of the mouth come from the heart, and ",p:89,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"these make a man ‘unclean.’ For out of the heart come evil thoughts, ",p:89,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"murder, adultery, sexual immorality, theft, false testimony, slander. ",p:89,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tese are what make a man ",p:89,x:91,y:788,w:211,h:23},
{t:"‘ unclean ’” (Matthew 15:18–20). Te ",p:89,x:305,y:788,w:270,h:23},
{t:"teachings of the Bible, especially those of Jesus, make it clear that ",p:89,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sin is a pervasive and irremediable problem. Te solution must be ",p:89,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"radical, coming through divine initiative, not human efort. Once ",p:89,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:90,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"80",p:90,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"again, when Muslims see this fact, the gospel becomes a beautiful ",p:90,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"message of reconciliation, drawing them into the loving arms of a ",p:90,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"heavenly Father.",p:90,x:91,y:155,w:114,h:23},
{t:"Muslim apologists have complained that the Christian doctrine ",p:90,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of original sin amounts to sin being passed on to us by our forebears ",p:90,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through DNA! I have explained it to Muslims this way: If you put ",p:90,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"me beside my biological father, you would see very clear similarities. ",p:90,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Our noses look alike; our ears look alike; we are about the same ",p:90,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"height. Adam is not my physical father but my spiritual father. I ",p:90,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"look like him in a spiritual sense. Just as Adam and Eve did not trust ",p:90,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God to provide what was best for them but took it on themselves to ",p:90,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"better their station, so do I. Adam is not responsible for my rebellion ",p:90,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"against God; I am. In Christ I have been adopted. I now have a new ",p:90,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"spiritual father. Although many of my habits still look like my old ",p:90,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"father, Adam, I am beginning to look more and more like Christ. ",p:90,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"One day I will resemble him perfectly.",p:90,x:91,y:513,w:269,h:23},
{t:"Atonement: How to Be Right with Allah",p:90,x:134,y:567,w:394,h:26},
{t:"If Islam ’s view of God is that of a transcendent other and if ",p:90,x:121,y:612,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Islam ’s view of humanity is that we are fallible but not fallen, it ",p:90,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would naturally follow that Islam ’s view of the solution to the human ",p:90,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dilemma would be of a diferent nature than what Christianity pro-",p:90,x:91,y:694,w:480,h:23},
{t:"poses. If you start out with diferent ingredients, you get a diferent ",p:90,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"stew. Islam ’s proposed solution for the plight of humanity, as we’ve ",p:90,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"discussed, is not redemption but guidance. Tere is no need for a ",p:90,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"radical remaking of human beings such as Jesus spoke of when he ",p:90,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"said, “You must be born again” (John 3:7). Instead, human beings ",p:90,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"must submit and embrace the guidance ofered to them.",p:90,x:91,y:859,w:396,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:91,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"81",p:91,x:560,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"While doing my master’s thesis in Arabic at the American ",p:91,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"University in Cairo, I read an Islamic theologian named Muhammad ",p:91,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abduh, who lived in the early part of the last century. Abduh inter-",p:91,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"acted with Christian thinking to some degree largely because Egypt ",p:91,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was under the British Protectorate, which allowed quite a number of ",p:91,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Protestant missionaries to come into Egypt. Abduh ’s critical mind ",p:91,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"recognized that the diference between his faith and that of the ",p:91,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"British missionaries was not inconsequential; in fact, it touched the ",p:91,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"defning characteristic of Islam and Christianity. It went right to the ",p:91,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"heart of how man is put in right relation with his Creator.",p:91,x:91,y:348,w:408,h:23},
{t:"Abduh quoted a Qur’anic verse that, at the time, I found dif-",p:91,x:121,y:375,w:449,h:23},
{t:"fcult to understand. In Abduh ’s understanding this verse succinctly ",p:91,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"summarized the essence of Islam. Translated simply, the verse states ",p:91,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that ",p:91,x:91,y:458,w:32,h:23},
{t:"“no burden bearer can bear the burden of another” (6:164; ",p:91,x:127,y:458,w:448,h:23},
{t:"17:15; 39:7). While Islam calls on its people to live as one united ",p:91,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nation, emphasizing the corporate nature of the faith, it also reminds ",p:91,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all Muslims that each one must stand before Allah with his own good ",p:91,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"or evil deeds. No father is able to bear responsibility for his son. No ",p:91,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mother can stand in the stead of her daughter. No prophet or holy ",p:91,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"man is able to take anyone else’s place on the day of judgment. All ",p:91,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"persons stand or fall on their own merit.",p:91,x:91,y:650,w:284,h:23},
{t:"We have to be careful in evaluating this doctrine. I have heard ",p:91,x:121,y:678,w:454,h:23},
{t:"some well-meaning Christians refer to Islam as a religion devoid ",p:91,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of grace or a religion that relies on crass works of righteousness. ",p:91,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Actually both of those statements betray a failure to grasp the breadth ",p:91,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Islamic faith. First, we have to remember that righteousness in ",p:91,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Christian sense of moral purity before a holy God is not the ",p:91,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"preeminent value in the Islamic worldview. It seems Muslims are not ",p:91,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"so much asking, “How can I have a righteous standing before God?” ",p:91,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:92,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"82",p:92,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Teir concern is not perfection that, in the Christian view, must be ",p:92,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"imputed to the believer as an alien righteousness (a righteousness ",p:92,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"originating from outside oneself). Rather, their hope is that their ",p:92,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"conduct will demonstrate them to be a Muslim (one submitted to ",p:92,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Allah), and thereby they will escape his wrath and displeasure.",p:92,x:91,y:210,w:437,h:23},
{t:"Admittedly, the concept of grace as God’s favor bestowed on ",p:92,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"undeserving people does not fgure large in the Qur’an. But the idea ",p:92,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that God gives more favor than his slaves deserve is not unknown in ",p:92,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islam. Muslims have related to me how Allah rewards them with ten ",p:92,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"times their earned merit for each good deed. Many also hope for the ",p:92,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"intercession of the Prophet on their day of judgment.",p:92,x:91,y:375,w:375,h:23},
{t:"What then is the solution for man ’s weakness and failure? Islam. ",p:92,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Te word means “to submit.” Te submission in view is to Allah ’s ",p:92,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"revelation for mankind. Man is perfectly able to submit. He is re-",p:92,x:91,y:458,w:480,h:23},
{t:"quired to do so by Allah and will be held responsible for his failure to ",p:92,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"do so on the day of judgment.",p:92,x:91,y:513,w:213,h:23},
{t:"I’ve been told that Islam is a man ’s religion, meaning it is not the ",p:92,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"religion of weaklings—those who depend on others. In other words, ",p:92,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it requires that one be willing to own up to one’s own mistakes and ",p:92,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"accept correction—accept to do the things that Islam prescribes. For ",p:92,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many Muslims the claim that someone else took the punishment of ",p:92,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God for their transgressions is hardly conscionable. How could they ",p:92,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expect God to hold a prophet accountable for their actions? Even if ",p:92,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ could pay for their sin, why would he be required to die? After ",p:92,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all, the sin was theirs, not his. Why was the solution so radical as to ",p:92,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"claim the life of one of Allah ’s prophets? Of what value was Christ’s ",p:92,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"death for their sin?",p:92,x:91,y:815,w:132,h:23},
{t:"In my opinion, these questions that are uppermost in the minds ",p:92,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of Muslims bode well for the future of Christ’s kingdom in that part ",p:92,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:93,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"83",p:93,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"of the world. I much prefer to examine these questions honestly with ",p:93,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a Muslim than to try to broach the same subjects with a Westerner ",p:93,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"whose materialist proclivity may not allow him to even consider ",p:93,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them. By understanding why a Muslim thinks the way he does about ",p:93,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"these questions, you will be better able to address them in everyday ",p:93,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"interactions.",p:93,x:91,y:238,w:87,h:23},
{t:"As an example, Muslims are astute students of world events. ",p:93,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Tey are acutely aware that wars and rumors of wars are ever on ",p:93,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the increase. In casual conversation I might make reference to this ",p:93,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fact and draw ready consent from my Muslim friend. I then suggest ",p:93,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that we often see the same enmity and desire for revenge among ",p:93,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"neighbors and friends. “Yes,” my friend says and shakes his head, ",p:93,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"acknowledging the truth of the proposition. One more assertion ",p:93,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"commends itself to any thinking person: this same enmity has a way ",p:93,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of creeping into the most sacred and honorable of our relationships. ",p:93,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"For instance, we see sons who rebel against their fathers (unthinkable ",p:93,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in an Islamic context, but too true to deny) and men who insult their ",p:93,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wives and at times even resort to abusing them physically. Unable to ",p:93,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"remain true to their wives, they divorce them. Muslims would not ",p:93,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"deny any element of what I’ve just said—assertions that are true in ",p:93,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"East and West, in all societies. By painting this realistic picture of ",p:93,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the degree of incursion of enmity into relationships where it simply ",p:93,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"should not exist, the obvious question is, Where do you think this ",p:93,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"enmity came from? In the Qur’an, Allah tells Adam and Eve to “go ",p:93,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"down, each of you to the other an enemy.”",p:93,x:91,y:760,w:300,h:23},
{t:"Te enmity is there because it originated in our alienation from ",p:93,x:121,y:788,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a loving God. Te Muslim explanation that this is due to human ",p:93,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"weakness is hardly satisfying. Something deeper is taking place here.",p:93,x:91,y:843,w:479,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:94,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"84",p:94,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:94,x:188,y:100,w:285,h:25},
{t:"Tese issues—God, how God communicates to humanity, the ",p:94,x:121,y:160,w:454,h:23},
{t:"problem with humanity, and the solution to that problem—are not ",p:94,x:91,y:187,w:484,h:23},
{t:"minor points of Islamic doctrine. Together, they actually constitute the ",p:94,x:91,y:215,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islamic worldview. When we begin to see the world, God, and human-",p:94,x:91,y:242,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ity as Muslims do, it makes sense why they are not eager to embrace ",p:94,x:91,y:270,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Christian faith. Teir preconceived ideas about these and other ",p:94,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:23},
{t:"issues leave them at a distinct disadvantage when trying to decipher ",p:94,x:91,y:325,w:484,h:23},
{t:"what on earth Christians are talking about. Realizing this theological ",p:94,x:91,y:352,w:484,h:23},
{t:"polarity may cause us to despair at the enormity of the task.",p:94,x:91,y:380,w:410,h:23},
{t:"You may be asking what the solution is. What is the stone that ",p:94,x:121,y:407,w:454,h:23},
{t:"we can place in David’s sling to quickly and easily bring down the ",p:94,x:91,y:435,w:484,h:23},
{t:"giant? Te analogy is unhelpful. First of all, Islam is not our enemy, ",p:94,x:91,y:462,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and we are not fghting Muslims with tangible weapons. But there ",p:94,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is an application here. David did not instantly slay the giant. His ",p:94,x:91,y:517,w:484,h:23},
{t:"deadeye with a slingshot was developed, I suppose, through years of ",p:94,x:91,y:545,w:484,h:23},
{t:"practice in the Judean hillside while tending his father’s sheep. He ",p:94,x:91,y:572,w:484,h:23},
{t:"perfected his shot, taking aim again and again, moving the target just ",p:94,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a bit farther out until he could hit it a perfect ten out of ten times.",p:94,x:91,y:627,w:468,h:23},
{t:"Now the analogy is helpful. Efectiveness in doing God’s work ",p:94,x:121,y:655,w:454,h:23},
{t:"comes by perseverance and practice. Te practice of prayer, thorough ",p:94,x:91,y:682,w:484,h:23},
{t:"study of Scripture, awareness of Islam and its doctrines—all these ",p:94,x:91,y:710,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and more must be diligently attended to. Tere is no quick fx, no ",p:94,x:91,y:737,w:484,h:23},
{t:"golden key that will magically unlock the door of the Muslim world ",p:94,x:91,y:765,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the gospel. After all, the Muslim worldview has been a little over ",p:94,x:91,y:792,w:484,h:23},
{t:"thirteen hundred years in the making.",p:94,x:91,y:820,w:268,h:23},
{t:"Te hope that is driving me to write this book is that we all ",p:94,x:121,y:847,w:454,h:23},
{t:"will accept the call to live out the gospel in the world and among ",p:94,x:91,y:875,w:484,h:23},
{t:"YOUR TRUTH OR MiNE?",p:95,x:410,y:55,w:160,h:16},
{t:"85",p:95,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Muslims. Are you ready, like David, to practice and prepare with ",p:95,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all diligence, waiting on the anointing of God’s Spirit to efect the ",p:95,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"delivery of what you ’ve developed at the right moment?",p:95,x:91,y:155,w:391,h:23},
{t:"Te astounding truth of the New Testament is that the ministry ",p:95,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of reconciliation has been committed to us (2 Corinthians 5:18–19). ",p:95,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jesus makes clear to his disciples that he fully expects them to carry ",p:95,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on his ministry in the power of the Holy Spirit. “‘As the Father has ",p:95,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sent me, I am sending you.’ And with that he breathed on them and ",p:95,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"said, ‘Receive the Holy Spirit’” (John 20:21–22). Te solution for ",p:95,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the human predicament is the gospel of Jesus Christ, committed frst ",p:95,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to his apostles and by extension to the universal church. Tis min-",p:95,x:91,y:375,w:480,h:23},
{t:"istry of reconciliation between God and Muslims is committed to ",p:95,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"us—Jesus-followers. It cannot be done by military might, persuasive ",p:95,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"philosophical arguments, or governmental prestige and infuence. It ",p:95,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is the gospel that must go out in human form through people like ",p:95,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"you and me—incarnation!",p:95,x:91,y:513,w:186,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 5",p:95,x:91,y:568,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Campbell, William. Te Qur’an and the Bible in the Light of History and ",p:95,x:91,y:596,w:439,h:20},
{t:"Science. Upper Darb, PA: Middle East Resources, 1992.",p:95,x:121,y:616,w:339,h:20},
{t:"Geisler, Norman L,. and Abdul Saleeb. Answering Islam: Te Crescent in the ",p:95,x:91,y:643,w:459,h:20},
{t:"Light of the Cross. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1993.",p:95,x:121,y:663,w:322,h:20},
{t:"Gilchrist, John. Te Codifcation of the Qur’an. Warley, UK: T.M.F.M.T., 1989.",p:95,x:91,y:691,w:480,h:20},
{t:"Moucarry, Chawkat. Te Prophet and the Messiah. Downers Grove, IL: ",p:95,x:91,y:718,w:431,h:20},
{t:"InterVarsity Press, 2001.",p:95,x:121,y:738,w:149,h:20},
{t:"87",p:96,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 6",p:96,x:245,y:292,w:173,h:36},
{t:"JESUS ’ KINGDOM IN THE ",p:96,x:134,y:395,w:404,h:38},
{t:"MUSLIM WORLD TODAY",p:96,x:137,y:440,w:388,h:38},
{t:"New births are a bundle of contradictions: the unadulterated ",p:96,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"joy of welcoming a new child into the world and the tremendous ",p:96,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"agony of labor and delivery; the delicate skin of the newborn and ",p:96,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the shedding of blood that brought that newborn to life; the satisfed ",p:96,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sleep of a child who just fed at her mother’s breast and the restless ",p:96,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nights tending to a child with colic or other pains we are helpless ",p:96,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to discern. Sufce it to say that any new life is accompanied by a ",p:96,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"multitude of new challenges. Te joy of the new birth and the distant ",p:96,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hope of a maturing child give parents the staying power to cope with ",p:96,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the challenges. ",p:96,x:91,y:788,w:107,h:23},
{t:"New life is springing up all through the Muslim world. Muslims ",p:96,x:121,y:815,w:454,h:23},
{t:"from Iraq to Indonesia and from Mauritania to Manila are discover-",p:96,x:91,y:843,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing Jesus! Not unlike the birth of a baby, this new life can be a source ",p:96,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:97,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"88",p:97,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"of joy and inspiration while it produces heartbreak and consternation ",p:97,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at the same time. Many books depict the struggles and victories of ",p:97,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"those who, having grown up as Muslims, now are following Christ. ",p:97,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"We have applauded the courage of these people and have been chal-",p:97,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lenged by their willingness to endure hardship. ",p:97,x:91,y:210,w:334,h:23},
{t:"In this chapter we take a look at the miracle of new birth that ",p:97,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"is moving through the Muslim world with great force. No doubt, ",p:97,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslims who opt to follow Christ will be a great encouragement to ",p:97,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"us in our pursuit of fresh vision for the Muslim world. (But before ",p:97,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we get too excited, we need to recall that God loves the world with ",p:97,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"its good, its bad, and its ugly. He loves those Muslims who choose ",p:97,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to follow his Son, and he also loves their brothers, sisters, fathers, ",p:97,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mothers, uncles, and aunts who may never make such a choice.) ",p:97,x:91,y:430,w:456,h:23},
{t:"What follows is simply a series of vignettes—scenes from the ",p:97,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"lives of real people I have known over the years. Hopefully, you will ",p:97,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"get a sense of the elation of their faith as well as see some of the ",p:97,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"authentic struggles that accompany this new birth. What better ",p:97,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"place to start than with one of my favorite little girls. Te names are ",p:97,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"changed, by the way.",p:97,x:91,y:595,w:146,h:23},
{t:"Farah",p:97,x:304,y:649,w:54,h:26},
{t:"Farah lives on the outskirts of a major Middle Eastern city. She ",p:97,x:121,y:694,w:454,h:23},
{t:"attends a school that probably doesn ’t challenge her active mind ",p:97,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"adequately, but it’s the best her mom and dad can aford. She’s in the ",p:97,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fourth grade now.",p:97,x:91,y:777,w:125,h:23},
{t:"Farah ’s dad has quite a story himself.1 Like many lower-class men, ",p:97,x:121,y:804,w:454,h:23},
{t:"he came up through the ranks of a fundamentalist Islamic group ",p:97,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"where he was trained in a worldview of hatred and intolerance. As a ",p:97,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"result of his crimes and those of his group, he was forced to fee his ",p:97,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:98,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"89",p:98,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"country. He remained outside his homeland several years, plotting ",p:98,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to overthrow the government so that a truly Islamic state could be ",p:98,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"established. After he returned to his country, he was assigned the task ",p:98,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of reading “the Christians’ book” and writing a response that would ",p:98,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prove it to be corrupted. You can probably guess the rest of the story. ",p:98,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tis man ’s reading of the Bible was the beginning of a pilgrimage ",p:98,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that led him to faith.",p:98,x:91,y:265,w:147,h:23},
{t:"Farah ’s story is little known. Consider the plight of a young girl ",p:98,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"whose father and mother are both Christ-followers from Islamic ",p:98,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"background. Tere are no believing uncles and aunts. Te grandpar-",p:98,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ents are staunch Muslims. Te family holidays are not Christmas and ",p:98,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Easter but Ramadan and Eid al-Adha (the Feast of the Sacrifce). In ",p:98,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"school Farah will attend a compulsory religion class, yet she under-",p:98,x:91,y:430,w:480,h:23},
{t:"stands that she is a follower of Jesus and desires to be nothing else. ",p:98,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"She attends a church not far from her home; she knows all the songs ",p:98,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and memorizes Bible verses.",p:98,x:91,y:513,w:197,h:23},
{t:"Yet her name tells a diferent story. She takes her father’s name, ",p:98,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"immediately recognizable to all Arabic speakers as a Muslim name. ",p:98,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"All her government papers identify her as a Muslim in a country ",p:98,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"where no Muslim has yet to convert to Christianity with legal recog-",p:98,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"nition by the state. In her religion class Farah will learn the manda-",p:98,x:91,y:650,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tory prayers of Islam and memorize the Qur’an. She will be expected ",p:98,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to recite the creed, “Tere is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is ",p:98,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his prophet.” Farah ’s cousins and friends at school are Muslims. She ",p:98,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is already under pressure to fast during the month of Ramadan. Her ",p:98,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"friends at school are already donning the Muslim veil. Will she? I do ",p:98,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not know.",p:98,x:91,y:815,w:71,h:23},
{t:"Farah is unusually bright and articulate. She’s a little chatterbox ",p:98,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:23},
{t:"who speaks to us foreigners in her rapid-fre Arabic and looks puzzled ",p:98,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:99,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"90",p:99,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"when we don ’t seem to get all she’s saying! Her physical features ",p:99,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"match her precocious personality. Her dark complexion showcases ",p:99,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a bright, inquisitive smile and curious, deep brown eyes. She’s the ",p:99,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"kind of girl you might look at and wonder how far she will go in ",p:99,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"life. I wonder how one so young will navigate the confusing religious ",p:99,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"waters in her society. Her desire to follow Jesus will be increasingly ",p:99,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"difcult to reconcile with her Islamic family and society. Yes, the new ",p:99,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"birth was hilariously joyful, but what comes after that? Who will ",p:99,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"stand with her? Who will guide her? ",p:99,x:91,y:320,w:259,h:23},
{t:"Farag",p:99,x:305,y:374,w:53,h:26},
{t:"“Yes, Mom. Do pray for me, won ’t you? Enjoy your trip, and ",p:99,x:121,y:419,w:454,h:23},
{t:"come back to us safely!”",p:99,x:91,y:447,w:168,h:23},
{t:"I was an eavesdropper on this telephone conversation that con-",p:99,x:121,y:474,w:449,h:23},
{t:"cluded as I made my way to the sofa. Knowing something of Farag’s ",p:99,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"history and his past relationship with his mother, I was slightly ",p:99,x:91,y:529,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mystifed by his request that she pray for him. I noted that he used ",p:99,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the word Muslims typically use for prayer rather than the word com-",p:99,x:91,y:584,w:480,h:23},
{t:"monly used by Christians. As I was to learn later, Farag’s mother was ",p:99,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on yet another of her yearly pilgrimages to Mecca and had called her ",p:99,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wayward son, extolling the virtues of the hajj and assuring him that ",p:99,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"her prayers for him would not go unanswered in the holy sanctuary ",p:99,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Mecca. ",p:99,x:91,y:722,w:73,h:23},
{t:"Farag’s coming to faith had produced quite a scandal for this ",p:99,x:121,y:749,w:454,h:23},
{t:"conservative family that hailed from the birthplace of the Muslim ",p:99,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Brotherhood, a fundamentalist Islamic organization. He was intelli-",p:99,x:91,y:804,w:480,h:23},
{t:"gent and outgoing and identifed as a leader in his school. Te family ",p:99,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"agonized over his conversion (or, as the family viewed it, his shame-",p:99,x:91,y:859,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ful defection from Islam). Was it his wide reading that led him into ",p:99,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:100,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"91",p:100,x:560,y:955,w:11,h:16},
{t:"these divergent views? Was it a classmate who had enticed him away ",p:100,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from his conservative Islamic upbringing? Farag’s mother was a pious ",p:100,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"woman who played hostess to weekly gatherings in her middle-class ",p:100,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"home for prayer and exposition of the Qur’an. His father, shortly ",p:100,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"after Farag’s dangerous defection, had mysteriously passed away ",p:100,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"while still a relatively young man.",p:100,x:91,y:238,w:236,h:23},
{t:"“It is because of you, Farag. You killed your father.” Tis was ",p:100,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the scathing accusation of Farag’s mother, who linked her husband’s ",p:100,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"death to the shock and shame of their son ’s defection. Her interces-",p:100,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sory prayer for him while on pilgrimage was a testimony of her abid-",p:100,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing love for him and her desire that he return to the fold of Islam. ",p:100,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Rather gracious of him, I thought, to accept his mother’s prayer and ",p:100,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"trust that God would bless him through her intercession.",p:100,x:91,y:430,w:402,h:23},
{t:"Jasmine",p:100,x:293,y:484,w:76,h:26},
{t:"Although strange for a single woman to live alone in Cairo, there ",p:100,x:121,y:529,w:454,h:23},
{t:"seemed to be no option. Jasmine had experienced such difculties ",p:100,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"while trying to live with her conservative Muslim family that all had ",p:100,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:23},
{t:"agreed the best thing for her was to move to the capital and try to live ",p:100,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"anonymously among its masses.",p:100,x:91,y:639,w:224,h:23},
{t:"No one knew where she was. But family ties run deep. She could ",p:100,x:121,y:667,w:454,h:23},
{t:"not resist making contact with cousins, aunts, and others in the fam-",p:100,x:91,y:694,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ily circle. Perhaps it was through that contact that her uncles located ",p:100,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"her and picked her up from the street near her apartment. Now her ",p:100,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"day of reckoning had come. Her strange odyssey of faith had begun ",p:100,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"when she accepted employment from a Christian businessman. But ",p:100,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"now her liberty had exceeded all reasonable limits. She was to be ",p:100,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"taught a lesson. She was taken to a deserted apartment building on ",p:100,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the north coast, where her interrogation began. For days, she was fed ",p:100,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:101,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"92",p:101,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"meagerly, questioned incessantly, beaten and tortured intermittently. ",p:101,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Her uncles carefully explained to her that they would rather see her ",p:101,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sufer here than to sufer the eternal punishment of hell.",p:101,x:91,y:155,w:395,h:23},
{t:"She escaped as her captors stepped out for a meal. She managed ",p:101,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to unlock the apartment door and ran for her life. Her return to the ",p:101,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"capital city has been painful. Will they fnd her again? What tactics ",p:101,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will they employ next time?2",p:101,x:91,y:265,w:200,h:23},
{t:"Ali and Bahija",p:101,x:261,y:319,w:140,h:26},
{t:"Marriage is always a monumental challenge for those from ",p:101,x:121,y:364,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Muslim background who seek to follow Christ. For young women, ",p:101,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:23},
{t:"marriages are usually arranged. Te women are usually consulted, ",p:101,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but fnal arrangements are left up to the family. According to Islamic ",p:101,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"law, Muslim men may marry non-Muslim women with the under-",p:101,x:91,y:474,w:480,h:23},
{t:"standing that the children will be raised as Muslims. Muslim women, ",p:101,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"however, are not allowed to marry non-Muslim men. In this way, the ",p:101,x:91,y:529,w:484,h:23},
{t:"progeny is ensured to be Muslim. For this reason, no self-respecting ",p:101,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christian family will allow its daughter to marry a Muslim man.",p:101,x:91,y:584,w:454,h:23},
{t:"For a Christian woman from Islamic background, the odds ",p:101,x:121,y:612,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of fnding a husband with similar beliefs are exceedingly small. ",p:101,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians in the minority community often fear that the male ",p:101,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim-background believer will abandon his faith, leaving their ",p:101,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"daughter in a precarious position—married to a Muslim. Even if he ",p:101,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"remains true to his faith, the children will be regarded as Muslims by ",p:101,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the state. Tis is a difcult pill to swallow for most Christian families.",p:101,x:91,y:777,w:480,h:23},
{t:"Ali had made attempts to marry into the minority Christian com-",p:101,x:121,y:804,w:449,h:23},
{t:"munity. He had high hopes that at least one set of in-laws would be ",p:101,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sympathetic with his new faith. Tat would have been an immense ",p:101,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"beneft in raising the children as Christians. However, he was rejected ",p:101,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:102,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"93",p:102,x:557,y:955,w:13,h:16},
{t:"by the family of his proposed fancée. Te risk was too great. Ali had ",p:102,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no choice but to seek a girl from Islamic background who, like him, ",p:102,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had decided to follow Christ. Te network of Muslim-background ",p:102,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"believers is small but constantly growing. Soon a young woman was ",p:102,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"located who had grown up in the Arabian Peninsula. A hasty meeting ",p:102,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was arranged, and the two accepted the marriage proposal.",p:102,x:91,y:238,w:402,h:23},
{t:"Ali desired that his family—the family of faith—be around him ",p:102,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"on the occasion of his marriage. It happened that a conference had ",p:102,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been planned for a number of Muslim-background believers from ",p:102,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"various countries. Tis was to be the occasion of Ali and Bahija ’s ",p:102,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wedding. What an event! It stands out in my memory as one of ",p:102,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"those rare moments of pure joy that one experiences in this short ",p:102,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"life. We danced, sang, and celebrated late into the night as Ali and ",p:102,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Bahija were joined in the covenant of marriage. It was ftting that ",p:102,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the ofciating pastor was also a believer from Muslim background. ",p:102,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Today, Ali and Bahija make their home in a large Middle Eastern ",p:102,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"city. Tey have a young child. No doubt, this child will grow up ",p:102,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"facing the same pressures as Farah.",p:102,x:91,y:568,w:242,h:23},
{t:"Yasiin",p:102,x:302,y:622,w:58,h:26},
{t:"“You must honor me by coming to my house!” Yasiin ’s hospitable ",p:102,x:121,y:667,w:454,h:23},
{t:"ofer refected the welcoming beauty and simplicity of the town he ",p:102,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had been raised in. Nestled in the hills of North Africa, the buildings ",p:102,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the town were a pristine white, set against the azure waters of the ",p:102,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Mediterranean. As my eyes drank in the sights along our tour route, ",p:102,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Yasiin constantly greeted his friends, cousins, neighbors. “How’s the ",p:102,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wife? Any news from your brother in France? Give my greetings to ",p:102,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"your father.” In a strange way, it reminded me of the small town ",p:102,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"where I had grown up in the mountains of North Carolina.",p:102,x:91,y:887,w:419,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:103,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"94",p:103,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"For pennies we bought a paper cone of sunfower seeds. I tried ",p:103,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"unsuccessfully to match Yasiin ’s technique of separating out the seed ",p:103,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from the shell using only teeth and tongue—a skill I never quite ",p:103,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mastered but one that Arabs seem to be born with! Munching as we ",p:103,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ambled along, we greeted old friends of Yasiin, new acquaintances ",p:103,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for me. Everything seemed as it should be. Kids kicked plastic balls ",p:103,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and erupted into a celebration beftting Renaldo or Beckham after ",p:103,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"releasing the perfect shot between the two rocks that formed a make-",p:103,x:91,y:293,w:480,h:23},
{t:"shift goal. We strolled past the centerpiece of the town—the mosque ",p:103,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prominently situated near the town square. Its ornate calligraphy ",p:103,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and arabesque decor belied the modest station of the townspeople. ",p:103,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Peering through its massive wooden doors, I felt the attraction of its ",p:103,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cool shaded courtyard, open spaces, and peaceful allure. Tere was ",p:103,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no church in the town. Tere were no Christians in the town. At ",p:103,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"least that would have been the common assumption.",p:103,x:91,y:485,w:372,h:23},
{t:"But Yasiin was a Christ-follower. He had given up attending the ",p:103,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"local mosque when he sensed the prayers and confessions made there ",p:103,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were at odds with his new faith. While still very young in his faith, ",p:103,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he proposed marriage to one of the local girls. Now they lived in a ",p:103,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"small apartment. Yasiin was able to pay the bills through a meager ",p:103,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"salary as a functionary of the government. Teir attempts to have ",p:103,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"children had proved unsuccessful. His bride remained a Muslim, and ",p:103,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"although she knew of his rather strange faith, she urged him not ",p:103,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to discuss it in front of her family. She showed no interest in his ",p:103,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"repeated attempts at engaging her in conversation on the subject.",p:103,x:91,y:760,w:459,h:23},
{t:"Yasiin occasionally met with some of the brothers, as he called ",p:103,x:121,y:788,w:454,h:23},
{t:"them, in town. One had moved from a neighboring port city. Another ",p:103,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had secretly listened to Christian radio broadcasts for years. Together ",p:103,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they formed a small cell. Tey kept in touch with a larger group ",p:103,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:104,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"95",p:104,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"based in the capital and exchanged visits whenever they could. To ",p:104,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his surprise, Yasiin had discovered a gift: he could sing. His beautiful ",p:104,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"baritone voice landed him an invitation to record indigenous wor-",p:104,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ship music with some of the brothers and sisters from other cities. ",p:104,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Back at his home, he proudly played a few selections for me, making ",p:104,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no attempt to cover his glee as he expressed clearly that this was “his ",p:104,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"music, music from his country.”",p:104,x:91,y:265,w:225,h:23},
{t:"We shared long conversation that night and a generous breakfast ",p:104,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the next morning before Yasiin accompanied me to the train station. ",p:104,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He requested prayer for his wife. He confessed to me that he loved ",p:104,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"her deeply, but her refusal to listen to his explanations of his faith ",p:104,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had caused deep confict between them. In some ways their failure ",p:104,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to have children had been a relief for him. He knew that if children ",p:104,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"came they would quickly be indoctrinated and whisked away to the ",p:104,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mosque by doting grandparents.",p:104,x:91,y:485,w:228,h:23},
{t:"For Yasiin ’s wife and for her family, Yasiin ’s conversion was a de-",p:104,x:121,y:513,w:449,h:23},
{t:"fection and a source of shame. In this town manliness and integrity ",p:104,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are intimately bound up in one’s religion. To be a good man is to be ",p:104,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a good Muslim. Conversely, to be a non-Muslim is to be a traitor. I ",p:104,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"could understand that, as “good men” in my hometown were often ",p:104,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"referred to as “good Christian men.”",p:104,x:91,y:650,w:255,h:23},
{t:"Yet Yasiin defed the stereotype. His faith, though not widely ",p:104,x:121,y:678,w:454,h:23},
{t:"known, was slowly being discovered by his friends and peers. He ",p:104,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was faithful in his job and a good provider for his wife. How will the ",p:104,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"presence of Yasiin and a handful of other believers afect that town? ",p:104,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hard to say, but I venture that the impact will be a good one and ",p:104,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that Yasiin will discover a few more brothers and sisters in his town ",p:104,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as the years roll by.",p:104,x:91,y:843,w:132,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:105,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"96",p:105,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Abdu Latif",p:105,x:278,y:100,w:105,h:26},
{t:"“I’ m the one Joe told you about—Abdu Latif—Joe told you ",p:105,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:23},
{t:"about me.” I immediately knew two things about the person on the ",p:105,x:91,y:172,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other end of the line: he was from one of the countries of the Arabian ",p:105,x:91,y:200,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Peninsula (I could tell from his dialect), and I was supposed to know ",p:105,x:91,y:227,w:484,h:23},
{t:"him, although I didn ’t. Abdu Latif kept fring away, assuring me that ",p:105,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:23},
{t:"my friend Joe in a country of the Arabian Peninsula had told me ",p:105,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"about him.",p:105,x:91,y:310,w:78,h:23},
{t:"OK. Now I had Joe placed, but who was this Abdu Latif? I drove ",p:105,x:121,y:337,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to the rendezvous, concerned that this might be a setup because I ",p:105,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hadn ’t heard from Joe in over a year.",p:105,x:91,y:392,w:254,h:23},
{t:"From the moment I laid eyes on Abdu Latif, he never ceased ",p:105,x:121,y:420,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to amuse, amaze, and befuddle me. He climbed into my car, and I ",p:105,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"greeted him with the traditional Arabic formality kayf al-haal (How is ",p:105,x:91,y:475,w:484,h:23},
{t:"your condition?). Abdu Latif punctuated his reply with sighs of deep ",p:105,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"satisfaction and expletives of what a uniquely blessed man he was.",p:105,x:91,y:530,w:452,h:23},
{t:"I kept trying to fgure this guy out. He looked pretty aver-",p:105,x:121,y:557,w:449,h:23},
{t:"age—about ffty, but vigorous as a thirty-year-old. He was a talking ",p:105,x:91,y:585,w:484,h:23},
{t:"machine. He just kept talking and talking, but what he had to say ",p:105,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was as interesting as it was entertaining—tales of his family, his busi-",p:105,x:91,y:640,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ness, how he came to know the Lord (through a Sudanese Christian ",p:105,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in India!)—and he had a magnetic belly laugh that exuded joy and ",p:105,x:91,y:695,w:484,h:23},
{t:"even coaxed some chuckles from this melancholy American. ",p:105,x:91,y:722,w:427,h:23},
{t:"Oh, there was much to discover in Abdu Latif! Finding believers ",p:105,x:121,y:750,w:454,h:23},
{t:"from his country was a rarity in itself and begged for an explanation. ",p:105,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Gradually, I heard his story of leaving his home country in search ",p:105,x:91,y:805,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of employment in India. While there he made the acquaintance ",p:105,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of a Sudanese man who thoroughly turned Abdu Latif",p:105,x:91,y:860,w:419,h:23},
{t:"’",p:105,x:512,y:860,w:4,h:23},
{t:"s world ",p:105,x:515,y:860,w:60,h:23},
{t:"upside down as day after day they discussed the merits of Islam and ",p:105,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:106,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"97",p:106,x:557,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Christianity. While working in India, Abdu Latif had met numerous ",p:106,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ-followers and continually compared their morality, language, ",p:106,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"work ethic, and faith to the exemplars of piety from his country. He ",p:106,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"read the Bible for the frst time and decided to become a follower of ",p:106,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ. After returning to his home country, life was not easy; he was ",p:106,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the lone Christ-follower in his family and in his town. Now he had ",p:106,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"made his way to Egypt, desiring to expand the family business but ",p:106,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"also eager to connect with Egyptian Christians.",p:106,x:91,y:293,w:332,h:23},
{t:"After learning that the family business was primarily a mufer ",p:106,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"repair shop, I was confused. What possible beneft could Abdu Latif ",p:106,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"derive from visiting the hole-in-the-wall mufer repair shops I was ",p:106,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"familiar with in Egypt? Nevertheless, Abdu Latif came home with me ",p:106,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and ended up staying in our home for a few weeks. He left early in ",p:106,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the morning to make his way around Cairo on foot! (Later I learned ",p:106,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that a Cairo taxi driver had taken advantage of him and that he ",p:106,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"vowed never to let that happen again.) Each day he came back with ",p:106,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tales of his accomplishments and new ideas for his family business.",p:106,x:91,y:540,w:470,h:23},
{t:"Eventually he ran out of money. He asked to borrow . . . not ",p:106,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"money, but my wife’s sewing machine. In a fash he was working ",p:106,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"away, producing stufed dolls, each with its own handmade cos-",p:106,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tume—pharaoh, upper-Egyptian farmer, Muslim sheikh. Abdu Latif ",p:106,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was a real artisan. He painted portraits, made clothing, produced ",p:106,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"beautiful designs in metal. He was also a gifted sculptor. I will never ",p:106,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"forget the day I came home to fnd Abdu Latif beaming with pride. ",p:106,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“You won ’t believe it,” he said. “You just won ’t believe it!” He led ",p:106,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"me to another room, and there sitting on my desk was a sculpted ",p:106,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bust—of me! I really couldn ’t believe it. Abdu Latif had sculpted my ",p:106,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"head from memory and had achieved a very good likeness (for better ",p:106,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:107,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"98",p:107,x:91,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"or worse!). Now I understood why he had been scrutinizing my face ",p:107,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for the past three days. He was an artist on a mission.",p:107,x:91,y:128,w:376,h:23},
{t:"Abdu Latif spent part of his time in Egypt, making connections ",p:107,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"with the local Arab church (Egyptians born to Christian families). ",p:107,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He was excited to learn of a small group of believers from Islamic ",p:107,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"background—people just like him—and he made the rounds get-",p:107,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ting to know them as well. For Abdu Latif, Egypt presented a rare ",p:107,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"opportunity—an Arab environment where one could get to know ",p:107,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other Christians and be taught in the faith. He returned home with ",p:107,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a purpose—that he would work to come back to Egypt with various ",p:107,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"members of his family. He wanted to replicate his experience in India ",p:107,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for some of his family members.",p:107,x:91,y:403,w:227,h:23},
{t:"Over the years that I was in Egypt, Abdu Latif made three trips ",p:107,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"there. On one he brought along his wife, son, and another family ",p:107,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"member. During that visit his wife placed her faith in Christ. Abdu ",p:107,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Latif",p:107,x:91,y:513,w:33,h:23},
{t:"’",p:107,x:126,y:513,w:4,h:23},
{t:"s son, who inherited his father’s skills as an artisan, came to ",p:107,x:129,y:513,w:446,h:23},
{t:"the faith later, back in their home country. As it happened, some ",p:107,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Egyptian friends moved to Abdu Latif",p:107,x:91,y:568,w:298,h:23},
{t:"’",p:107,x:392,y:568,w:4,h:23},
{t:"s ",p:107,x:395,y:568,w:10,h:23},
{t:"town in the Arabian ",p:107,x:411,y:568,w:164,h:23},
{t:"Peninsula. Tere his family became the nucleus of a new church, and ",p:107,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it remains faithful to the Lord there to this day.",p:107,x:91,y:623,w:333,h:23},
{t:"I haven ’t seen Abdu Latif in a few years, but his memory remains ",p:107,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:23},
{t:"engraved in my mind. Whether telling me the latest joke about ",p:107,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"an Arab politician or recounting the latest heated interaction with ",p:107,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his fundamentalist friends, Abdu Latif loved life. Te memory of ",p:107,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his antics still brings a smile to my face. He had tasted grace, been ",p:107,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"forgiven, and lived life as though each day really mattered. In all ",p:107,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the places I’ve traveled and lived, I don ’t think I’ve ever met a more ",p:107,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"entertaining and engaging personality than Abdu Latif. I thank God ",p:107,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for that phone call.",p:107,x:91,y:870,w:135,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:108,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"99",p:108,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"Abu Kathiir",p:108,x:273,y:100,w:117,h:26},
{t:"Survival of the fttest—that phrase could describe the educational ",p:108,x:121,y:145,w:454,h:23},
{t:"system in this Middle Eastern country. If you pass your secondary ",p:108,x:91,y:172,w:484,h:23},
{t:"school exams with the highest marks, you are allowed to apply to the ",p:108,x:91,y:200,w:484,h:23},
{t:"college of medicine. Tose with the second-highest marks apply to ",p:108,x:91,y:227,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the college of engineering, and so on down the line. Abu Kathiir had ",p:108,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hoped and worked for a place in the college of foreign languages. He ",p:108,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wanted to study English. However, his marks were just a bit shy of ",p:108,x:91,y:310,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that standard, and that’s how it happened that he was consigned to ",p:108,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the college of Semitic languages—read “Hebrew.”",p:108,x:91,y:365,w:349,h:23},
{t:"Hebrew is quite an important language in Middle Eastern coun-",p:108,x:121,y:392,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tries. Similar to the prevailing sentiment in the United States con-",p:108,x:91,y:420,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cerning the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Israel is viewed with ",p:108,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a great deal of suspicion, and those who master Hebrew are called ",p:108,x:91,y:475,w:484,h:23},
{t:"upon to advise and occasionally spy on their Semitic neighbor. It was ",p:108,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through his Hebrew classes that Abu Kathiir was frst introduced ",p:108,x:91,y:530,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the Scriptures of the Old Testament. Along with his readings, he ",p:108,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"made the acquaintance of a colleague whose investigations into the ",p:108,x:91,y:585,w:484,h:23},
{t:"truth of the Hebrew Scriptures had led him to faith in Christ. ",p:108,x:91,y:612,w:441,h:23},
{t:"By the time I encountered him, Abu Kathiir had already made ",p:108,x:121,y:640,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a long journey of faith. He had been under the tutelage of a number ",p:108,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of expatriate Christians. Because he was a thinker and a linguist, we ",p:108,x:91,y:695,w:484,h:23},
{t:"enjoyed some common interests. I recall reading through the Old ",p:108,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament book of Ruth with him in Hebrew. Not only was his grasp ",p:108,x:91,y:750,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Hebrew grammar and morphology impressive, but he also had an ",p:108,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"intuitive understanding of the culture of the book and could easily ",p:108,x:91,y:805,w:484,h:23},
{t:"draw applications for believers like himself—believers from Islamic ",p:108,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"background. Sensing his potential as a scholar and teacher, I tried to ",p:108,x:91,y:860,w:484,h:23},
{t:"encourage him to keep up his studies. He appreciated that, I believe, ",p:108,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:109,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"100",p:109,x:91,y:955,w:21,h:16},
{t:"as very few in his context aspire to a thorough-going study of the ",p:109,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Word of God. Computers and English hold more promise for a prof-",p:109,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"itable career path and the study of Islam more potential for prestige.",p:109,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"Abu Kathiir came from a middle-class Muslim family. His ",p:109,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"older brother had gone into the fundamentalist camp. His father was ",p:109,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"largely absent, so he continued to live with his mother—a loving and ",p:109,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"gentle Muslim woman. He continues to update me on the state of ",p:109,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his mother and brother. In our most recent phone conversation, he ",p:109,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was pleased to report that his brother, rather than threatening him, ",p:109,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"which was the norm, had now begun to ask him sincere questions ",p:109,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"about his faith. His mother, in Abu Kathiir’s estimation, is now a ",p:109,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"believer. She is a simple woman who has no use for doctrinal com-",p:109,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"parisons of Islam and Christianity. However, she knows what she sees ",p:109,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in her son, and inasmuch as she has understood the truth of Christ ",p:109,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from him, she has believed.",p:109,x:91,y:485,w:193,h:23},
{t:"One of my best memories was meeting weekly with Abu Kathiir ",p:109,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and another friend for an intensive study of the book of Romans. ",p:109,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Together we grappled with the implications of Paul’s doctrine. Tere ",p:109,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were heated disagreements while together we built a deepening con-",p:109,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"viction of the truth and authority of God’s Word. I am still amazed ",p:109,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"when I consider the faithfulness and commitment of these two men ",p:109,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who regularly took a full morning out of their week to come to my ",p:109,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ofce and hammer away at Romans.",p:109,x:91,y:705,w:256,h:23},
{t:"While studying at a seminary here in the United States, I began ",p:109,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to appreciate this kind of commitment more fully. My seminary ",p:109,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"colleagues were motivated by their sincere desire to serve Christ, no ",p:109,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"doubt, but also by the real possibility that they would be able to earn ",p:109,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their living teaching and preaching God’s Word. Abu Kathiir, living ",p:109,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in a Muslim context, has no such hope. Is his penchant for study ",p:109,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:110,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"101",p:110,x:554,y:955,w:16,h:16},
{t:"foolishness? I think not. Rather, in searching out God’s Word, he is ",p:110,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"storing up treasure for all of life—the treasure the psalmist extolled, ",p:110,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"saying its worth is more than fne gold.",p:110,x:91,y:155,w:275,h:23},
{t:"Abu Kathiir has recently been summoned by the police and con-",p:110,x:121,y:183,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tinues to be subjected to occasional interrogation. He has sufered ",p:110,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"humiliation and physical abuse at the hands of cruel men. His only ",p:110,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"crime—trusting Christ. For this book, I have chosen to call him Abu ",p:110,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Kathiir—the name of an ancient Islamic scholar meaning ",p:110,x:91,y:293,w:429,h:23},
{t:"“father ",p:110,x:523,y:293,w:52,h:23},
{t:"of many.” I trust that this dear friend, as he dwells in his own land, ",p:110,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cultivating faithfulness to God, will become the father of many.",p:110,x:91,y:348,w:448,h:23},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:110,x:188,y:409,w:285,h:25},
{t:"It would be wrong to assume, as many Christians do, that these ",p:110,x:121,y:469,w:454,h:23},
{t:"believers from Islamic background are the “real heroes” of the faith. In ",p:110,x:91,y:497,w:484,h:23},
{t:"actual fact, they are fesh and blood—men and women made of dust ",p:110,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:23},
{t:"just like you and me. However, their situation has placed them under ",p:110,x:91,y:552,w:484,h:23},
{t:"some unique strains and stresses. Despite their best eforts to avoid it, ",p:110,x:91,y:579,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they are often ostracized or at least misunderstood by family members. ",p:110,x:91,y:607,w:484,h:23},
{t:"If they express their faith overtly, severe persecution may follow. Some ",p:110,x:91,y:634,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have been imprisoned and tortured. Many have lost jobs. Many have ",p:110,x:91,y:662,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been denied their frst choice in seeking a life partner.",p:110,x:91,y:689,w:367,h:23},
{t:"Many Christians in the West have asked me, “What can we do ",p:110,x:121,y:717,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to help?” Our frst recourse is usually to give money. Although that ",p:110,x:91,y:744,w:484,h:23},
{t:"may be necessary in some circumstances, the real gift we can give ",p:110,x:91,y:772,w:484,h:23},
{t:"these brothers and sisters is our solidarity. Tey want to know they ",p:110,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are not alone. Tey want to know they are remembered by their ",p:110,x:91,y:827,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christian brothers and sisters around the world. When three of ",p:110,x:91,y:854,w:484,h:23},
{t:"my friends were imprisoned in Egypt in 1991, Christians in many ",p:110,x:91,y:882,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:111,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"102",p:111,x:91,y:955,w:20,h:16},
{t:"Western countries embarked on a letter-writing campaign. Te ",p:111,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"deluge of letters perplexed the prison authorities, who thought this ",p:111,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was a routine investigation of some youths from a town on the Suez ",p:111,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Canal. Tey began to think diferently when the letters came in by ",p:111,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the thousands. As the young men discovered that believers around ",p:111,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the world were with them, they took courage despite being tortured ",p:111,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and held in solitary confnement.",p:111,x:91,y:265,w:234,h:23},
{t:"Te body of Christ around the world had another occasion to ",p:111,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"stand with the church in the Muslim world recently, as two Turkish ",p:111,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"believers and one German man were martyred in Malatya, Turkey, ",p:111,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on April 18, 2007. Ugur, Necati, and Tilmann were meeting to ",p:111,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"study the Bible with some others who had responded to an invita-",p:111,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion. Unknown to them, the fve men who joined them for the Bible ",p:111,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"study intended to attack the perpetrators of the “false religion” as an ",p:111,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"act of service to their faith. Te massacre was brutal and left behind ",p:111,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mourning widows and fatherless children. Still, it served as a rallying ",p:111,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"point for the emerging Turkish church and made many Christians ",p:111,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the West aware of their brothers and sisters in the Muslim world.",p:111,x:91,y:568,w:477,h:23},
{t:"Sometimes these brothers and sisters will make headlines, but ",p:111,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"most often they will continue to live a quiet life, working as yeast and ",p:111,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"salt in their own societies. Even then they must not be forgotten, but ",p:111,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"upheld in our prayers and uppermost in our minds as an integral part ",p:111,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the fabric of God’s work in the Muslim world.",p:111,x:91,y:705,w:345,h:23},
{t:"Te story of these believers is probably the “tip of the iceberg.” ",p:111,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Because of the kinds of pressures believers in Jesus face in Muslim ",p:111,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"societies, it is probable that there is a vast number of believers whose ",p:111,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"faith is rarely expressed in any visible way. Tose whom I have been ",p:111,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"privileged to know are the elite few. Tere are probably many, many ",p:111,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"others hovering just below the surface whose names and stories may ",p:111,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"JESUS' KiNGDOM iN THE MUSLiM WORLD TODAY",p:112,x:233,y:55,w:338,h:16},
{t:"103",p:112,x:552,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"never be told. As we open our eyes to the Muslim world, we can ",p:112,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"celebrate the reality that Jesus is drawing many people to himself.",p:112,x:91,y:128,w:460,h:23},
{t:"New life in the Muslim world will bring the pain of separation ",p:112,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and the labor of new birth. As an expectant mother clings to the ",p:112,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hope of her newborn child, we also cling to the fact proclaimed by ",p:112,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the angelic herald over the hills of Bethlehem: “I bring you good ",p:112,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"news of great joy that will be for all the people” (Luke 2:10). Jesus ",p:112,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is the source of reconciliation. His kingdom, rightly understood and ",p:112,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lived, will bring great blessing to the Muslim world.",p:112,x:91,y:320,w:365,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 6",p:112,x:91,y:375,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Te following two books are the personal stories of two who have come to ",p:112,x:91,y:403,w:456,h:20},
{t:"Christ from an Islamic context. Both are personal friends, and I can ",p:112,x:121,y:423,w:416,h:20},
{t:"vouch for the accuracy of their stories and the reality of their faith.",p:112,x:121,y:443,w:405,h:20},
{t:"Hawatmeh, Abdalla with Roland Muller. Man from Jabalawi. See www.",p:112,x:91,y:471,w:436,h:20},
{t:"rmuller.com.",p:112,x:121,y:491,w:78,h:20},
{t:"Zeidan, David. Te Fifth Pillar: A Spiritual Pilgrimmage. Carlisle, UK: ",p:112,x:91,y:518,w:431,h:20},
{t:"Piquant, 2000.",p:112,x:121,y:538,w:91,h:20},
{t:"For more stories of Muslims who are turning to Christ, see www.answering-",p:112,x:91,y:566,w:462,h:20},
{t:"islam.de/Main/Testimonies/index.html.",p:112,x:121,y:586,w:242,h:20},
{t:"105",p:113,x:552,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 7",p:113,x:245,y:292,w:172,h:36},
{t:"THE ISRAEL OF GOD",p:113,x:167,y:395,w:328,h:38},
{t:"I suppose it is my favorite story of all times and places. ",p:113,x:121,y:495,w:422,h:23},
{t:"I’ve ",p:113,x:547,y:495,w:29,h:23},
{t:"already referred to it, but let’s revisit the story of the shepherd turned ",p:113,x:91,y:523,w:484,h:23},
{t:"giant slayer.",p:113,x:91,y:550,w:82,h:23},
{t:"David became one of my boyhood heroes. A ruddy shepherd ",p:113,x:121,y:578,w:454,h:23},
{t:"boy is sent by his doting father to take roasted grain and bread to ",p:113,x:91,y:605,w:484,h:23},
{t:"three valiant brothers serving as soldiers in the army of Yahweh. He ",p:113,x:91,y:633,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had grown up in the countryside, taking the sheep out early in the ",p:113,x:91,y:660,w:484,h:23},
{t:"day to graze and then bringing them home at night. Wide spaces and ",p:113,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:23},
{t:"silent hours perfected him in the art of worship. He sought a voice ",p:113,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for his pondering of the inefable God who sculpted the hills and ",p:113,x:91,y:743,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sky around him and found that voice in a lyre, an ancient guitar. He ",p:113,x:91,y:770,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mastered the instrument—a skill that would eventually land him in ",p:113,x:91,y:798,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the presence of a king.",p:113,x:91,y:825,w:158,h:23},
{t:"Life was not all music and worship. Yahweh ’s world held good ",p:113,x:121,y:853,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and evil, predator and prey. Te sheep David led were in a state of ",p:113,x:91,y:880,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:114,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"106",p:114,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"constant vulnerability to the ravenous hunger of lions and bears, ",p:114,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"which, with one swipe of a giant paw, could transform David’s ",p:114,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"meditative watchfulness into soldierlike readiness. Te simplicity of ",p:114,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his weapons belied their deadliness. Again, David had perfected his ",p:114,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"skill in their use in long hours of solitude and perpetual practice. ",p:114,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"His targets got farther and farther away. Te slightest miss meant ",p:114,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tenfold repetition until perfection was attained. Eventually, David ",p:114,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"never missed. He was a sharpshooter—yet another skill that destined ",p:114,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"him for greatness.",p:114,x:91,y:320,w:125,h:23},
{t:"But skill alone fails to explain what possessed him on the day of ",p:114,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that frst visit to the battlefeld. Did he realize by soldier’s intuition ",p:114,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the feld of battle would be his new home? Heart of the worship-",p:114,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"per and skill of the warrior wed on this day, launching this young ",p:114,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"shepherd to the pinnacles of leadership in the ancient world. “Who ",p:114,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is this uncircumcised Philistine that he should defy the armies of the ",p:114,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"living God?” David asked (1 Samuel 17:26).",p:114,x:91,y:513,w:313,h:23},
{t:"“Impudent upstart! Go back to the sheep!”",p:114,x:121,y:540,w:302,h:23},
{t:"Were there other shepherd boys who had killed lions and bears? ",p:114,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Where were they this day? David’s boast of past victories might have ",p:114,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"seemed like ramblings of a braggart in any other circumstance. Te ",p:114,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ruddy shepherd boy was resolute and fearless, even as Goliath ’s taunt ",p:114,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"echoed through the troops: “Tis day I defy the ranks of Israel! Give ",p:114,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"me a man and let us fght each other” (1 Samuel 17:10).",p:114,x:91,y:705,w:397,h:23},
{t:"David’s attempt to use Saul’s armor is laughable. David could ",p:114,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"fght only with his own weapons; he knew that. Tis war would not ",p:114,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be won conventionally. Neither his feetness of foot nor his mobility ",p:114,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"could be sacrifced. Five smooth stones and a well-worn sling—that’s ",p:114,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all the armament David took into this battle:",p:114,x:91,y:843,w:317,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:115,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"107",p:115,x:551,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"“ Am I a dog, that you come at me with sticks?” And the ",p:115,x:136,y:100,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Philistine cursed David by his gods. “Come here,” he ",p:115,x:136,y:128,w:394,h:23},
{t:"said, “and I’ll give your fesh to the birds of the air and ",p:115,x:136,y:155,w:394,h:23},
{t:"the beasts of the feld!”",p:115,x:136,y:183,w:160,h:23},
{t:"David said to the Philistine, “You come against me with ",p:115,x:136,y:210,w:394,h:23},
{t:"sword and spear and javelin, but I come against you in ",p:115,x:136,y:238,w:394,h:23},
{t:"the name of the Lord Almighty, the God of the armies ",p:115,x:136,y:265,w:394,h:23},
{t:"of Israel, whom you have defed. Tis day the Lord will ",p:115,x:136,y:293,w:394,h:23},
{t:"hand you over to me, and I’ll strike you down and cut of ",p:115,x:136,y:320,w:394,h:23},
{t:"your head. Today I will give the carcasses of the Philistine ",p:115,x:136,y:348,w:394,h:23},
{t:"army to the birds of the air and the beasts of the earth, ",p:115,x:136,y:375,w:394,h:23},
{t:"and the whole world will know that there is a God in ",p:115,x:136,y:403,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Israel. All those gathered here will know that it is not by ",p:115,x:136,y:430,w:394,h:23},
{t:"sword or spear that the Lord saves; for the battle is the ",p:115,x:136,y:458,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Lord’s, and he will give all of you into our hands. ”",p:115,x:136,y:485,w:348,h:23},
{t:"As the Philistine moved closer to attack him, David ran ",p:115,x:136,y:513,w:394,h:23},
{t:"quickly toward the battle line to meet him. (1 Samuel ",p:115,x:136,y:540,w:394,h:23},
{t:"17:43–48)",p:115,x:136,y:568,w:74,h:23},
{t:"Te story grabs me. I shout yes in allegiance to the shepherd ",p:115,x:121,y:610,w:454,h:23},
{t:"underdog and fall in behind David’s charge as the giant’s bloody head ",p:115,x:91,y:638,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is hoisted in the air! But what does this story of my boyhood hero ",p:115,x:91,y:665,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have to do with today’s Muslim world?",p:115,x:91,y:693,w:273,h:23},
{t:"Everything.",p:115,x:121,y:720,w:81,h:23},
{t:"Like many who read these lines, I was schooled in the battles of ",p:115,x:121,y:748,w:454,h:23},
{t:"ancient Israel. I memorized their battle songs and pored over their ",p:115,x:91,y:775,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prophecies. I became an avid student of their exiles and watched as ",p:115,x:91,y:803,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they fell away from the law of Yahweh and were renewed. I knew ",p:115,x:91,y:830,w:484,h:23},
{t:"little of the geography of other ancient civilizations, but I could place ",p:115,x:91,y:858,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many of the towns and cities of Israel on a map. I knew the basic ",p:115,x:91,y:885,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:116,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"108",p:116,x:91,y:955,w:20,h:16},
{t:"layout of the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan River, and the Dead Sea. I ",p:116,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was discipled in the stately Shema: “Hear, O Israel: Te Lord our ",p:116,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God, the Lord is one. Love the Lord your God with all your heart ",p:116,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and with all your soul and with all your strength” (Deuteronomy ",p:116,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"6:4–5). Old Testament Israel was the seedbed of my understanding ",p:116,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of God and his purposes in the world.",p:116,x:91,y:238,w:268,h:23},
{t:"My Sunday school upbringing inculcated another dimension of ",p:116,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"my views relative to the contemporary Middle East. I learned that ",p:116,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel had enemies, evil enemies. First there was Ishmael, Abraham ’s ",p:116,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other son: “He will be a wild donkey of a man; his hand will be ",p:116,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, and he will live ",p:116,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in hostility toward all his brothers” (Genesis 16:12). I immediately ",p:116,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"associated Ishmael with the Arabs (a false association, by the way). ",p:116,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Ten there were the Edomites, the Moabites, and various other ",p:116,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Canaanite peoples, all of whom stood in stark contrast to God’s ",p:116,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"chosen people, the Israelites.",p:116,x:91,y:513,w:200,h:23},
{t:"One particular people group constantly plagued the Israelites—",p:116,x:121,y:540,w:450,h:23},
{t:"the Philistines. Teir name in Arabic, flistiin, is precisely the term ",p:116,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"used in contemporary media to designate the residents of the land of ",p:116,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel prior to 1948—Palestine. It appears the ancient enmities live ",p:116,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on between God’s chosen people Israel and the surrounding nations.",p:116,x:91,y:650,w:480,h:23},
{t:"Not all who read these pages will share my fondness for Israel’s ",p:116,x:121,y:678,w:454,h:23},
{t:"ancient history. No doubt some will see in the Old Testament stories ",p:116,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the relics of a vengeful God and an exclusivist religion. Defending ",p:116,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Old Testament against such assertions is beyond the scope of this ",p:116,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"book. Others have excelled at that task.1 Rather, my purpose is to ",p:116,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reexamine our afection for Israel in the hope of refning it (removing ",p:116,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the impurities).",p:116,x:91,y:843,w:109,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:117,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"109",p:117,x:551,y:955,w:20,h:16},
{t:"I suspect that statement raised an immediate red fag in your ",p:117,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"mind: Wait a minute! God will bless those who bless the seed of Abraham ",p:117,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and curse those who curse them. I don",p:117,x:91,y:155,w:250,h:23},
{t:"’t want to be reading anything that ",p:117,x:339,y:155,w:236,h:23},
{t:"leads me away from what I know to be God’s purpose. Neither do I.",p:117,x:91,y:183,w:457,h:23},
{t:"Talking about Israel and the Arabs is a minefeld among evan-",p:117,x:121,y:210,w:449,h:23},
{t:"gelicals. Tere is probably no quicker way to be labeled anti this or ",p:117,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pro that. Jesus himself spoke words that caused the Jews to take up ",p:117,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"stones to put him to death, labeling him “a Samaritan and demon-",p:117,x:91,y:293,w:480,h:23},
{t:"possessed” (John 8:48). He challenged the synagogue worshippers in ",p:117,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his hometown to get a new understanding of their Scriptures as he ",p:117,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pointed to Naaman (a Syrian army ofcer) and a widow of Zeraphath ",p:117,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Sidon (also a non-Jew) as sterling examples of faith. Some of the ",p:117,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ideas in this chapter might make my readers want to throw stones. A ",p:117,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"better alternative is that we all learn to drop our stones (and our labels) ",p:117,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and take a fresh look at God’s Word and his purposes for our world.",p:117,x:91,y:485,w:467,h:23},
{t:"I invite you to think with me through some basic questions. Were ",p:117,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the Old Testament prophecies of the return from exile fulflled in the ",p:117,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Old Testament, or were they fulflled when Israel was reconstituted ",p:117,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as a state in 1948? Is it conceivable that both events are a fulfllment ",p:117,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of prophecy? Could the 1948 establishment of Israel be a preliminary ",p:117,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fulfllment that awaits a fnal fulfllment in the millennial kingdom? ",p:117,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"How do the prophecies of the Old Testament interrelate with the ",p:117,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"teaching of Christ and the apostles in the New Testament? What ",p:117,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"implications do these things have for our view of the modern-day ",p:117,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"state of Israel?",p:117,x:91,y:760,w:98,h:23},
{t:"Granted, my treatment of these subjects will be cursory at best. ",p:117,x:121,y:788,w:454,h:23},
{t:"For those wanting a more detailed discussion, refer to the additional ",p:117,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"resources at the end of the chapter. A subsequent chapter will delve ",p:117,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"into our understanding of the end-times—eschatology. In this ",p:117,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:118,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"110",p:118,x:91,y:955,w:16,h:16},
{t:"chapter we are seeking perspective on the question of precisely who ",p:118,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is “the Israel of God” (Galatians 6:16).",p:118,x:91,y:128,w:271,h:23},
{t:"First, let’s take a look back at the Old Testament.",p:118,x:121,y:155,w:344,h:23},
{t:"Old Testament Israel",p:118,x:229,y:209,w:203,h:26},
{t:"Te Old Testament is rather anticlimactic. Te end of the story ",p:118,x:121,y:254,w:454,h:23},
{t:"is not very exciting or encouraging. If we were to try to tell the story ",p:118,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Old Testament in a few lines, it might look something like ",p:118,x:91,y:309,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this: God created human beings as an act of love. Human beings ",p:118,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rebelled against this loving God. God established a covenant with a ",p:118,x:91,y:364,w:484,h:23},
{t:"family that became a nation. Tis family was the channel of God’s ",p:118,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:23},
{t:"blessing to the nations. Tis nation/family repeatedly failed to walk ",p:118,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in holiness and faithfulness to God. God warned them through the ",p:118,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prophets to change their ways, but they did not. Consequently, the ",p:118,x:91,y:474,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people were uprooted from the land in which God settled them. ",p:118,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey sufered reproach at the hands of other nations and were carried ",p:118,x:91,y:529,w:484,h:23},
{t:"away into exile. But God promised through the prophets that they ",p:118,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would return to the land and that he would bless them yet again. ",p:118,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey did return and rebuild their temple and their society. However, ",p:118,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"even their return and reestablishment in the land left much to be ",p:118,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"desired. Te Old Testament ends with stories of new disobedience ",p:118,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and unfaithfulness to God, and the prophets stopped speaking.",p:118,x:91,y:694,w:445,h:23},
{t:"I suppose a Hollywood scriptwriter would need a better ending. ",p:118,x:121,y:722,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Since we know the New Testament, we know there is a better ending. ",p:118,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"But before we rush ahead to that ending, let’s pause a moment to ",p:118,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"look at some of the prophetic promises of a return of the people of ",p:118,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel to their land after the exile.",p:118,x:91,y:832,w:233,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:119,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"111",p:119,x:559,y:955,w:12,h:16},
{t:"Ancient Promises, New Realities",p:119,x:91,y:100,w:292,h:24},
{t:"It is clear that Jeremiah prophesied at the risk of his own life that ",p:119,x:121,y:136,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Judah (southern Israel) would be carried away into captivity. “Tis ",p:119,x:91,y:164,w:484,h:23},
{t:"whole country will become a desolate wasteland, and these nations ",p:119,x:91,y:191,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will serve the king of Babylon seventy years” (Jeremiah 25:11). After ",p:119,x:91,y:219,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the seventy-year exile, Judah would return to its own land. “Tis is ",p:119,x:91,y:246,w:484,h:23},
{t:"what the Lord says: ‘When seventy years are completed for Babylon, ",p:119,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I will come to you and fulfll my gracious promise to bring you back ",p:119,x:91,y:301,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to this place’” (Jeremiah 29:10).",p:119,x:91,y:329,w:225,h:23},
{t:"Te renowned Daniel, who was carried of into exile, corrobo-",p:119,x:121,y:356,w:449,h:23},
{t:"rated this prophecy as he pored over Jeremiah ’s writings and realized ",p:119,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the time of return from exile was approaching. Daniel began to ",p:119,x:91,y:411,w:484,h:23},
{t:"confess the sins of his people and plead for God’s mercy. In response ",p:119,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to this prayer, found in Daniel 9, Daniel saw a vision, the meaning ",p:119,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of which is still debated by Bible scholars. We will look more closely ",p:119,x:91,y:494,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at Daniel’s vision in the next chapter. Sufce it to say that the basis ",p:119,x:91,y:521,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for Daniel’s prayer was Jeremiah ’s prophecy of a seventy-year exile.",p:119,x:91,y:549,w:466,h:23},
{t:"Daniel ",p:119,x:121,y:576,w:53,h:23},
{t:"relates ",p:119,x:181,y:576,w:49,h:23},
{t:"that ",p:119,x:238,y:576,w:33,h:23},
{t:"a ",p:119,x:278,y:576,w:12,h:23},
{t:"decree would be ",p:119,x:297,y:576,w:134,h:23},
{t:"issued ",p:119,x:438,y:576,w:48,h:23},
{t:"to ",p:119,x:493,y:576,w:19,h:23},
{t:"rebuild ",p:119,x:520,y:576,w:55,h:23},
{t:"Jerusalem. In fact, more than one decree was issued. We read about ",p:119,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"one of these in 2 Chronicles 36:23: “Tis is what Cyrus king of ",p:119,x:91,y:631,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Persia says: ",p:119,x:91,y:659,w:85,h:23},
{t:"‘Te Lord, the God of heaven, has given me all the ",p:119,x:179,y:659,w:396,h:23},
{t:"kingdoms of the earth and he has appointed me to build a temple ",p:119,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for him at Jerusalem in Judah. Anyone of his people among you—",p:119,x:91,y:714,w:479,h:23},
{t:"may the Lord his God be with him, and let him go up.’” Ezra and ",p:119,x:91,y:741,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Nehemiah are the primary Old Testament characters who relate to ",p:119,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:23},
{t:"us the circumstances of this rebuilding.",p:119,x:91,y:796,w:283,h:23},
{t:"So far, so good. We have a neat picture of prophesied exile and ",p:119,x:121,y:824,w:454,h:23},
{t:"prophesied return from exile seventy years later. Both the exile and ",p:119,x:91,y:851,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the return are well documented in the pages of the Old Testament. ",p:119,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:120,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"112",p:120,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"However, history didn ’t stop after the Old Testament. Te picture is ",p:120,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"clouded in our day by several realities:",p:120,x:91,y:128,w:268,h:23},
{t:"Reality #1. Israel was scattered yet again at the end of the ",p:120,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"New Testament era. Te nation sufered unmentionable atrocities ",p:120,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"throughout history.",p:120,x:91,y:210,w:137,h:23},
{t:"Reality #2. Israel has again been regathered and constitutes a na-",p:120,x:121,y:238,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tion in our day. Furthermore, it has reclaimed the land of its ancient ",p:120,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"heritage in the face of considerable opposition from surrounding ",p:120,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arab nations.",p:120,x:91,y:320,w:95,h:23},
{t:"Reality #3. Te Old Testament makes it crystal clear that God’s ",p:120,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"covenant with Israel is an everlasting covenant. He will never forsake ",p:120,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his people. “But Zion said, ‘Te Lord has forsaken me, the Lord has ",p:120,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"forgotten me.’ Can a mother forget the baby at her breast and have ",p:120,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no compassion on the child she has borne? Tough she may forget, ",p:120,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I will not forget you! See, I have engraved you on the palms of my ",p:120,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hands; your walls are ever before me” (Isaiah 49:14–16).",p:120,x:91,y:513,w:396,h:23},
{t:"Is it not right and proper, therefore, that you and I, when we read ",p:120,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the great promises of God of bringing back the people of Israel to ",p:120,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their land understand them to be speaking of our day? Don ’t we look ",p:120,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at the reestablishment of Israel in 1948 as an amazing act of God ",p:120,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in which he revived his ancient promises to bring his people back ",p:120,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to their land after scattering them among the nations of the world? ",p:120,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"It is even more glorious when we begin to think of the atrocities ",p:120,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the Jews sufered in their diaspora and especially at the hands of ",p:120,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Nazis in the twentieth century. Surely we must understand the ",p:120,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ancient prophecies of the Bible in the light of modern-day events. ",p:120,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God has vindicated his Word and reestablished his people.2",p:120,x:91,y:815,w:417,h:23},
{t:"Many Christian teachers have interpreted the events precisely ",p:120,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:23},
{t:"this way. Books and historical fction have been written around these ",p:120,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:121,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"113",p:121,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"realities, and some have topped the best-seller lists of religious and ",p:121,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nonreligious titles. In fact the reestablishment of Israel has evoked an ",p:121,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"end-times enthusiasm. Could it be that the events in today’s Middle ",p:121,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"East are the mere ticking of a prophetic clock? Are we watching a ",p:121,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reenactment of the ancient enmity of Israel with the surrounding ",p:121,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nations just prior to God’s ultimate vindication of his people?",p:121,x:91,y:238,w:434,h:23},
{t:"Tiny Israel has been ruthlessly subjected to wars of aggression ",p:121,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"against her. Just as the young shepherd boy whose star now embla-",p:121,x:91,y:293,w:480,h:23},
{t:"zons the banners of the state of Israel overcame all odds to defeat a ",p:121,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"giant, so Israel stands today in defance of its enemies—the enemies ",p:121,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of God. For many Bible-believing Christians, other nations will be ",p:121,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"blessed in proportion to their support of the state of Israel, and the ",p:121,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"United States owes much of its economic and military prosperity ",p:121,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to its staunch support of Israel. Christians, therefore, should throw ",p:121,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their support behind candidates who uphold Israel against its aggres-",p:121,x:91,y:485,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sors. Any hesitation to endorse Israeli policies can be seen as tacit ",p:121,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"approval of the radical Islamists who call for Israel’s destruction. Te ",p:121,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"presence of Hamas activists and a radical Iranian regime set against ",p:121,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel paint the issue clearly in black-and-white. Surely Israel is a tiny ",p:121,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"persecuted minority, while the Islamists are radically devoted to kill-",p:121,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing innocent civilians in addition to taking their own lives through ",p:121,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"suicide bombings. Fidelity to God’s Word, not to mention common ",p:121,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"human decency, leaves no alternative to an unqualifed endorsement ",p:121,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Israel over against the Islamists.",p:121,x:91,y:733,w:240,h:23},
{t:"The State of Israel in the Light of Prophecy",p:121,x:91,y:788,w:394,h:24},
{t:"Is the modern-day state of Israel a fulfllment of the Old ",p:121,x:121,y:824,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Testament prophecies of a return to Israel’s ancient land? When we ",p:121,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:122,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"114",p:122,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"look at the prophecies, we fnd an Israel that returns to the land in ",p:122,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"belief and covenant faithfulness to its God, who said:",p:122,x:91,y:128,w:374,h:23},
{t:"I will surely gather them from all the lands where I ban-",p:122,x:136,y:170,w:390,h:23},
{t:"ish them in my furious anger and great wrath; I will ",p:122,x:136,y:198,w:394,h:23},
{t:"bring them back to this place and let them live in safety. ",p:122,x:136,y:225,w:394,h:23},
{t:"Tey will be my people, and I will be their God. I will ",p:122,x:136,y:253,w:394,h:23},
{t:"give them singleness of heart and action, so that they ",p:122,x:136,y:280,w:394,h:23},
{t:"will always fear me for their own good and the good ",p:122,x:136,y:308,w:394,h:23},
{t:"of their children after them. I will make an everlasting ",p:122,x:136,y:335,w:394,h:23},
{t:"covenant with them: I will never stop doing good to ",p:122,x:136,y:363,w:394,h:23},
{t:"them, and I will inspire them to fear me, so that they ",p:122,x:136,y:390,w:394,h:23},
{t:"will never turn away from me. I will rejoice in doing ",p:122,x:136,y:418,w:394,h:23},
{t:"them good and will assuredly plant them in this land ",p:122,x:136,y:445,w:394,h:23},
{t:"with all my heart and soul. (Jeremiah 32:37–41)",p:122,x:136,y:473,w:341,h:23},
{t:"While it is clear that God intends to bless Israel in its land, it is ",p:122,x:121,y:515,w:454,h:23},
{t:"equally clear that the Israel he has in mind will be a faithful people, ",p:122,x:91,y:543,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a consecrated kingdom, a holy nation. Te contemporary state of ",p:122,x:91,y:570,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel simply does not ft this description.",p:122,x:91,y:598,w:291,h:23},
{t:"Two options, perhaps more, emerge. Te frst is that the contem-",p:122,x:121,y:625,w:449,h:23},
{t:"porary state of Israel is a fulfllment of these prophecies, although it ",p:122,x:91,y:653,w:484,h:23},
{t:"has yet to become a holy nation. I believe many Christians in the ",p:122,x:91,y:680,w:484,h:23},
{t:"United States embrace this option and look upon the state of Israel ",p:122,x:91,y:708,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as uniquely favored by God and await a coming turning to God in ",p:122,x:91,y:735,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that nation—a revival. Te second option is that God has fulflled ",p:122,x:91,y:763,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and is fulflling that promise as people of all nations are becoming ",p:122,x:91,y:790,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the expanded Israel—the church.",p:122,x:91,y:818,w:234,h:23},
{t:"We will discuss these two options in more detail further on. For ",p:122,x:121,y:845,w:454,h:23},
{t:"now, let’s look at the New Testament.",p:122,x:91,y:873,w:263,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:123,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"115",p:123,x:556,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"A New Testament Perspective",p:123,x:189,y:100,w:284,h:26},
{t:"Jesus showed not the slightest hesitation to provide his authori-",p:123,x:121,y:145,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tative interpretation of the Old Testament. Jesus declared himself ",p:123,x:91,y:172,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be superior to the temple (Matthew 12:6). He proclaimed that ",p:123,x:91,y:200,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Law, the Psalms, and the Prophets revolved around one supreme ",p:123,x:91,y:227,w:484,h:23},
{t:"topic—himself (Luke 24:27, 44)! He showed no reservation about ",p:123,x:91,y:255,w:484,h:23},
{t:"adjusting the Pharisees’ understanding of the Sabbath (Mark 2:27). ",p:123,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"His ingenious use of Old Testament themes such as the shepherd ",p:123,x:91,y:310,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and the vine linked him inextricably to the eternal purposes of God ",p:123,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that Israel’s prophets had proclaimed. He even took on the sensitive ",p:123,x:91,y:365,w:484,h:23},
{t:"subject of the temple and said that his own body was the temple that ",p:123,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would never be destroyed and would, in fact, be resurrected three days ",p:123,x:91,y:420,w:484,h:23},
{t:"after an attempted destruction. As for Herod’s temple in Jerusalem, ",p:123,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jesus proclaimed that not one stone would be left on another! To ",p:123,x:91,y:475,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the heated debates of his day, Jesus gave ready answers. When he ",p:123,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was challenged, “Our fathers worshiped on this mountain, but you ",p:123,x:91,y:530,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews claim that the place where we must worship is in Jerusalem,” he ",p:123,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"responded, “Neither in Jerusalem nor on this mountain, for God is ",p:123,x:91,y:585,w:484,h:23},
{t:"spirit, and those who worship him must do so in spirit and in truth” ",p:123,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(see John. 4:20–24).",p:123,x:91,y:640,w:143,h:23},
{t:"When we look at the Old Testament, we do so through the flter-",p:123,x:121,y:667,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ing lens of the teaching of Jesus and his apostles. Tis is not to say that ",p:123,x:91,y:695,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jesus trumps the Old Testament or that the apostolic teaching replaces ",p:123,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"or amends the Old Testament. Rather, we hold that Jesus provided ",p:123,x:91,y:750,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the authoritative interpretation of the Old Testament. In order to ",p:123,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"understand the Old Testament, its history and its prophecies, we must ",p:123,x:91,y:805,w:484,h:23},
{t:"view it in the light of Jesus ’ teaching. He is the supreme interpreter.",p:123,x:91,y:832,w:462,h:23},
{t:"So what assistance does Jesus ofer us in this thorny issue of ",p:123,x:121,y:860,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Israel? We’ll look at Jesus’ teaching frst, then the apostles’.",p:123,x:91,y:887,w:410,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:124,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"116",p:124,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"The People of Jesus",p:124,x:91,y:100,w:176,h:24},
{t:"Jesus ’ ",p:124,x:121,y:136,w:41,h:23},
{t:"identifcation of his people was not based on ethnic-",p:124,x:168,y:136,w:403,h:23},
{t:"ity.3 When his mother and brothers came to seek him, he declared, ",p:124,x:91,y:164,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“Whoever does the will of my Father in heaven is my brother and ",p:124,x:91,y:191,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sister and mother” (Matthew 12:50). Jesus elevated non-Jews—much ",p:124,x:91,y:219,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the irritation of the Jewish leaders—as paragons of faith: the Roman ",p:124,x:91,y:246,w:484,h:23},
{t:"centurion (a commander of one hundred Roman soldiers) of whom ",p:124,x:91,y:274,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he said, ",p:124,x:91,y:301,w:59,h:23},
{t:"“I have not found anyone in Israel with such great faith” ",p:124,x:153,y:301,w:422,h:23},
{t:"(Matthew 8:10), and a Canaanite woman who humbly implored Jesus ",p:124,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to free her daughter from demon oppression (Matthew 15:21–28).",p:124,x:91,y:356,w:460,h:23},
{t:"Te Jews of Jesus’ day were hardly in a place of world dominance. ",p:124,x:121,y:384,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Tey were under the protection of the Romans, and their repeated ",p:124,x:91,y:411,w:484,h:23},
{t:"maneuvers to displace the heavy hand of Rome went unrewarded. ",p:124,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:23},
{t:"On his way to Jerusalem, Jesus got into a heated showdown with the ",p:124,x:91,y:466,w:484,h:23},
{t:"gatekeepers of Jewish orthodoxy, the Pharisees. He told a parable of ",p:124,x:91,y:494,w:484,h:23},
{t:"two sons. One willingly agreed to do what his father asked him, but ",p:124,x:91,y:521,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it was only lip service; he didn ’t obey. Te other son at frst refused ",p:124,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to obey his father but later went and did as requested. Just to make ",p:124,x:91,y:576,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sure the Pharisees didn ’t miss the point, Jesus told them that the tax ",p:124,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"collectors (servants of the Roman occupation) and prostitutes were ",p:124,x:91,y:631,w:484,h:23},
{t:"making their way into God’s kingdom while the Pharisees stayed ",p:124,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"outside (Matthew 21:31–32)—hardly the way to make friends and ",p:124,x:91,y:686,w:484,h:23},
{t:"infuence people! Ten he put all his cards on the table with another ",p:124,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"little story (vv. 33–39).",p:124,x:91,y:741,w:162,h:23},
{t:"It’s about a landowner who owned a vineyard and went to great ",p:124,x:121,y:769,w:454,h:23},
{t:"lengths to make sure it was well cared for. After that he went on a ",p:124,x:91,y:796,w:484,h:23},
{t:"journey, leaving his vineyard in the care of tenants. Time passed, and ",p:124,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the landowner sent some representatives to bring the produce of his ",p:124,x:91,y:851,w:484,h:23},
{t:"vineyard to him. Tey never made it back. Tey were seized, beaten ",p:124,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:125,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"117",p:125,x:556,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"up, and even killed by the tenants. Te patient landowner tried ",p:125,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"again, sending more emissaries to gather his vineyard’s proceeds. ",p:125,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Again the wretched tenants beat and killed the owner’s representa-",p:125,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tives. Incredibly, the landowner then decided to send someone who ",p:125,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was sure to command the respect of the tenants—his very son! When ",p:125,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the tenants saw the son, they consulted together and decided that ",p:125,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this is the heir of the vineyard; if they killed him, they could possess ",p:125,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it. Although the tenants’ response stretches the imagination, they ",p:125,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"did, in fact, kill the son of the owner!",p:125,x:91,y:320,w:262,h:23},
{t:"Jesus asked the Pharisees what the landowner would do to the ",p:125,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"tenants when he returned to the vineyard himself. “Why, of course, ",p:125,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he will bring those wretched tenants to a wretched end and give the ",p:125,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"vineyard to other tenants,” they replied. Bull’s-eye. “Terefore I tell ",p:125,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"you that the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given ",p:125,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to a people who will produce its fruit” (Matthew 21:43). Jesus told ",p:125,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Jewish religious leaders of his day in no uncertain terms that they ",p:125,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would no longer be the gatekeepers of his vineyard.",p:125,x:91,y:540,w:362,h:23},
{t:"I do not wish to suggest that this parable teaches the ultimate ",p:125,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"rejection of the Jews. It does teach, however, that persistent and ar-",p:125,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"rogant rejection of Christ and his works leads to estrangement from ",p:125,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the kingdom of God. Tat estrangement takes place with absolutely ",p:125,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no regard for ethnicity or religious pedigree; it is based solely on the ",p:125,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"response given to Jesus Christ. It is striking that Jesus seemed to place ",p:125,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no importance on which political entity is sovereign over the land of ",p:125,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel. In his own day, it was Rome. Jesus, however, never denounced ",p:125,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Rome or promised that Rome would be cast out of the land, which ",p:125,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would have been a very popular theme in Israel. Ironically, the Jews ",p:125,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"accused Jesus of assuming kingship. Tey pointed out to Pilate that ",p:125,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this was in opposition to Caesar, hoping to seal Jesus’ fate. Jesus, on ",p:125,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:126,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"118",p:126,x:91,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"the other hand, was mystifyingly silent in reference to Rome but out-",p:126,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"spoken in his scathing rebuke of the spiritual leaders of his people. It ",p:126,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"could not be more obvious that his preoccupation was with another ",p:126,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"kingdom—the kingdom of heaven.",p:126,x:91,y:183,w:250,h:23},
{t:"Te healing of the centurion ’s servant also casts light on Jesus’ ",p:126,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"understanding of the relationship of ethnic Israel to his kingdom. ",p:126,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tis Roman commander came to Jesus with a request for him to ",p:126,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"heal his servant. Calling himself unworthy for Jesus to enter his ",p:126,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"home, the centurion asked that Jesus merely say the words so that his ",p:126,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"servant would be healed. “For I myself am a man under authority, ",p:126,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with soldiers under me. I tell this one, ‘Go,’ and he goes; and that ",p:126,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"one, ‘Come,’ and he comes. I say to my servant, ‘Do this,’ and he ",p:126,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"does it” (Matthew 8:9). Jesus, elated at this demonstration of faith ",p:126,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by the non-Jewish centurion, not only healed his servant but also ",p:126,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"made this startling declaration: “I tell you the truth, I have not found ",p:126,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"anyone in Israel with such great faith. I say to you that many will ",p:126,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"come from the east and the west, and will take their places at the feast ",p:126,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven. But the ",p:126,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"subjects of the kingdom will be thrown outside, into the darkness, ",p:126,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"where there will be weeping and gnashing of teeth” (vv. 10–12). Jesus ",p:126,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"made it explicit: non-Jews will be recognized by Abraham as part of ",p:126,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the family.",p:126,x:91,y:678,w:74,h:23},
{t:"Jesus was a very insightful prophet, was he not? He told Peter ",p:126,x:121,y:705,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that he would deny him and that when he was restored he should ",p:126,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"strengthen his brothers. He perceived clearly that Judas was to betray ",p:126,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"him, and he even gave the command that initiated Judas’ treachery. ",p:126,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He prophesied his own death and resurrection, citing where his ",p:126,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"murder would take place and the number of days that would elapse ",p:126,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"between his death and resurrection.",p:126,x:91,y:870,w:250,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:127,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"119",p:127,x:556,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"Jesus also prophesied clearly and precisely about Jerusalem ",p:127,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"shortly before his death, when he was making his way to that city ",p:127,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be nailed to rough-hewn beams outside the city walls. He had ",p:127,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"just fnished his sevenfold declaration of woes against the Pharisees. ",p:127,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He then cried, “O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kill the prophets ",p:127,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and stone those sent to you, how often I have longed to gather your ",p:127,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"children together, as a hen gathers her chicks under her wings, but ",p:127,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"you were not willing. Look, your house is left to you desolate. For I ",p:127,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tell you, you will not see me again until you say, ‘Blessed is he who ",p:127,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"comes in the name of the Lord’” (Matthew 23:37–39). Te Jewish ",p:127,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"leaders’ rejection of Jesus meant the plundering of their house. It is ",p:127,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"left desolate until such time as they respond to him who comes in the ",p:127,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"name of the Lord by declaring him to be blessed.",p:127,x:91,y:430,w:345,h:23},
{t:"It seems the disciples didn ’t get it. After Jesus’ diatribe against the ",p:127,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Pharisees, the disciples came to Jesus remarking about the beautiful ",p:127,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"stones of the temple. Jesus then clearly told them that not one stone ",p:127,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would be left on another. He indicated the total destruction of the ",p:127,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jerusalem temple, which was the pride of the Jewish people of that ",p:127,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"day. Tat destruction did take place as prophesied in 70 CE, and the ",p:127,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"temple has not been rebuilt to this day.",p:127,x:91,y:623,w:275,h:23},
{t:"Did Jesus prophesy the return of the Jews to their land and the ",p:127,x:121,y:650,w:454,h:23},
{t:"rebuilding of their temple? Two passages are sometimes interpreted ",p:127,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in this way. Te frst is Matthew 23:39, which we just looked at: “I ",p:127,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tell you, you will not see me again until you say, ‘Blessed is he who ",p:127,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"comes in the name of the Lord.’” Te second is Jesus’ prophecy in ",p:127,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Luke 21:24 that “Jerusalem will be trampled on by the Gentiles until ",p:127,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the times of the Gentiles are fulflled.”",p:127,x:91,y:815,w:268,h:23},
{t:"In the frst instance, Jesus indicated that a historic opportunity ",p:127,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:23},
{t:"for the Jewish nation to acknowledge its Messiah had passed. Tere ",p:127,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:128,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"120",p:128,x:91,y:955,w:20,h:16},
{t:"will come a day when they will declare, “Blessed is he who comes in ",p:128,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the name of the Lord.” I believe Jesus to be referring to his second ",p:128,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"coming. Whatever the case, if this prophetic word were fulflled with ",p:128,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the 1948 reestablishment of the state of Israel, why has the nation ",p:128,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"persisted in its refusal to bless Christ? In the second instance, the ",p:128,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fulfllment of the times of the Gentiles may well refer to the Gentile ",p:128,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"occupation of Israel. However, the passage is silent as to a return of ",p:128,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel to its land. In the verses that follow each of these passages, ",p:128,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ turns his attention to his second coming.",p:128,x:91,y:320,w:338,h:23},
{t:"How are we to understand Jesus’ silence about a reestablished ",p:128,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"state of Israel? I suggest his silence is perfectly consistent with his ",p:128,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lack of interest in the geopolitical state of Israel during his earthly ",p:128,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ministry. His concern is with his kingdom—the kingdom of heaven.",p:128,x:91,y:430,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Tose who see the 1948 reconstitution of Israel as a fulfllment ",p:128,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of biblical prophecy normally draw their conclusions from Old ",p:128,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament prophecies that relate to the Jewish return to the land af-",p:128,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ter exile. Tis is done for the simple reason that Jesus’ teaching gives ",p:128,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"very little indication that there will ever be a return to the land or a ",p:128,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rebuilding of the temple. If our guiding principle holds true—that ",p:128,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jesus is the supreme interpreter of the Old Testament—where does ",p:128,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this leave us? Before attempting to answer that question, let’s look ",p:128,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"further at the teaching of the apostles to see what light they have for ",p:128,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"us on the reestablishment of Israel and the return to its ancient land.",p:128,x:91,y:705,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Abraham’s Descendants through the Eyes ",p:128,x:91,y:761,w:375,h:24},
{t:"of the Apostles",p:128,x:91,y:787,w:134,h:24},
{t:"We have minimal knowledge of what transpired between Jesus’ ",p:128,x:121,y:823,w:454,h:23},
{t:"resurrection and his ascension. We’re dependent on inference from ",p:128,x:91,y:851,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the apostles’ words and writings to know exactly what was talked ",p:128,x:91,y:878,w:484,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:129,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"121",p:129,x:555,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"about. Luke informs us that the disciples asked Jesus, “Lord, are you ",p:129,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at this time going to restore the kingdom to Israel?” (Acts 1:6). I ",p:129,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fnd it ironic that this sincere question from the Jewish disciples was ",p:129,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"recorded by Luke, a Gentile doctor.",p:129,x:91,y:183,w:250,h:23},
{t:"Te advance of God’s kingdom to the nations of the earth is the ",p:129,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"theme of the book of Acts. Te restoration of the kingdom to Israel ",p:129,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that so dominated the minds of the disciples was not Jesus’ issue at ",p:129,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all. He explicitly told them that his agenda began with their being ",p:129,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"anointed with power from heaven in the near future. From that ",p:129,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"point on, the disciples would be involved in worldwide conquest, ",p:129,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bringing men and women into the kingdom of Christ through their ",p:129,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"proclamation of his Word.",p:129,x:91,y:403,w:186,h:23},
{t:"Once this Pentecost anointing took place, we fnd that Jesus’ ",p:129,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"values and objectives were reafrmed and further developed by ",p:129,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the apostles. When the Samaritans received the gospel through the ",p:129,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"preaching of Philip, Peter and John were sent to Samaria to verify what ",p:129,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was taking place. Tey witnessed the outpouring of the Holy Spirit ",p:129,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on the Samaritans, similar to what had taken place with the Jews at ",p:129,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Pentecost. Peter’s reticence to eat unclean foods was reprimanded by ",p:129,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a vision in which he learned to call no one unclean. Te result is that ",p:129,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a Roman God-fearer found Christ, and his home became an outpost ",p:129,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Jesus’ kingdom. Tis story is recounted twice in the book of Acts ",p:129,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(10–11) in abundant detail. Te story line turns to Paul in Acts 13, ",p:129,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"where we fnd the Antioch church led by a multicultural team. Small ",p:129,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wonder that Paul’s ministry sees the church established beyond the ",p:129,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"boundaries of the Jewish world as both Jews and Gentiles embrace ",p:129,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the gospel.",p:129,x:91,y:815,w:75,h:23},
{t:"Colin Chapman has pointed out4 that the book of Acts in many ",p:129,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:23},
{t:"ways parallels the book of Joshua in the Old Testament. Joshua was ",p:129,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:130,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"122",p:130,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"commissioned to take possession of the land by military conquest. Te ",p:130,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"apostles, in Acts 1, are commissioned to take the gospel into the entire ",p:130,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world, using not military arms but the proclamation of the Word of ",p:130,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God—the “sword of the Spirit” (Ephesians 6:17). Acts recounts the ",p:130,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"progressive spread of Jesus ’ kingdom beginning from Jerusalem, then ",p:130,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Judea, Samaria, and the uttermost parts of the world.",p:130,x:91,y:238,w:384,h:23},
{t:"Paul distills his apostolic experience of establishing the church ",p:130,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"among the nations of the Mediterranean basin in Romans 2. Abraham ",p:130,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is portrayed not as the father of an ethnic group or a geopolitical state ",p:130,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but as the father of those who have faith. Tose who are children of ",p:130,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abraham are those who are of a similar faith. Tose who are of the ",p:130,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bloodline of Abraham are demonstrated not to be of his line by their ",p:130,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lack of such faith:",p:130,x:91,y:430,w:125,h:23},
{t:"A man is not a Jew if he is only one outwardly, nor ",p:130,x:136,y:473,w:394,h:23},
{t:"is circumcision merely outward and physical. No, a ",p:130,x:136,y:500,w:394,h:23},
{t:"man is a Jew if he is one inwardly; and circumcision ",p:130,x:136,y:528,w:394,h:23},
{t:"is circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit, not by the ",p:130,x:136,y:555,w:394,h:23},
{t:"written code. Such a man ’s praise is not from men, but ",p:130,x:136,y:583,w:394,h:23},
{t:"from God. (Romans 2:28–29)",p:130,x:136,y:610,w:214,h:23},
{t:"Understand, then, that those who believe are children ",p:130,x:136,y:660,w:394,h:23},
{t:"of Abraham. Te Scripture foresaw that God would ",p:130,x:136,y:688,w:394,h:23},
{t:"justify the Gentiles by faith, and announced the gospel ",p:130,x:136,y:715,w:394,h:23},
{t:"in advance to Abraham: ",p:130,x:136,y:743,w:183,h:23},
{t:"“ All nations will be blessed ",p:130,x:324,y:743,w:207,h:23},
{t:"through you.” So those who have faith are blessed along ",p:130,x:136,y:770,w:394,h:23},
{t:"with Abraham, the man of faith. (Galatians 3:7–9)",p:130,x:136,y:798,w:357,h:23},
{t:"Te New Testament indicates clearly that God has removed once ",p:130,x:121,y:840,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and for all the ethnic boundaries of his people. All are welcome—",p:130,x:91,y:868,w:479,h:23},
{t:"both Jews and Gentiles—regardless of race or background.",p:130,x:91,y:895,w:413,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:131,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"123",p:131,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Paul refers to Israel as the native olive tree into which we Gentile ",p:131,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Christians have been grafted. We do well not to forget our debt to ",p:131,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Jewish people in terms of our spiritual heritage. However, this ",p:131,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"debt is best discharged by honoring the purposes of him who was the ",p:131,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"embodiment of the longing of Israel, the fulfllment of Yahweh ’s cov-",p:131,x:91,y:210,w:480,h:23},
{t:"enant promise “I will dwell among them” (Exodus 25:8)—Immanuel.",p:131,x:91,y:238,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Peter refers to the inheritance of believers in 1 Peter 1:3–5. Tis ",p:131,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"word would have normally been used for the land that was the ",p:131,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inheritance of the Jews. Peter, living during the time of Nero ’s ruth-",p:131,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"less persecution of the Jews, encourages Christ-followers that they ",p:131,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have “an inheritance that can never perish, spoil or fade—kept in ",p:131,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"heaven for you.” What a contrast to the earthly inheritance of a land ",p:131,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"occupied by a foreign power! Furthermore, Peter associated Christ-",p:131,x:91,y:430,w:480,h:23},
{t:"followers with the Israel of the Old Testament in a way that well-read ",p:131,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews would fnd indisputable. He drew from the imagery used by ",p:131,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Moses in the prologue to the Ten Commandments and applied this ",p:131,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"imagery to the New Testament people of God, consisting of both ",p:131,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews and Gentiles: “But you are a chosen people, a royal priesthood, ",p:131,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a holy nation, a people belonging to God, that you may declare the ",p:131,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"praises of him who called you out of darkness into his wonderful ",p:131,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"light” (1 Peter 2:9–10; see also Exodus 19:6).",p:131,x:91,y:650,w:318,h:23},
{t:"Te writings of the apostle John are not commonly associ-",p:131,x:121,y:678,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ated with teaching on the state of the Jews and their relation to ",p:131,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the apostolic church. However, in the book of Revelation there is a ",p:131,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"signifcant mention of those Jews who continued to worship in the ",p:131,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"synagogue. Jesus spoke through John to the church in Philadelphia: ",p:131,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“I will make those who are of the synagogue of Satan, who claim to ",p:131,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be Jews though they are not, but are liars—I will make them come ",p:131,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and fall down at your feet and acknowledge that I have loved you.” ",p:131,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:132,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"124",p:132,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"(Revelation 3:9). You might be led to believe there was some kind of ",p:132,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"satanic cult in Philadelphia, but in fact John is more likely referring ",p:132,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the local Jewish synagogue. Did the lie of these synagogue Jews ",p:132,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"consist in their not being ethnically related to Abraham or religiously ",p:132,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the descendants of the Mosaic faith? I think not. It would seem their ",p:132,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lie consisted in their refusal to recognize the seed of Abraham—Jesus ",p:132,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ. Jesus declares that these people are not Jews. How revealing!",p:132,x:91,y:265,w:476,h:23},
{t:"Te expansion of God’s people that began in the Old Testament ",p:132,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"is greatly increased in the New Testament. Jesus, who rejoiced to ",p:132,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"receive the Samaritans into the fold of his kingdom, is yet rejoicing ",p:132,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as people of all tribes and tongues fock to his leadership. He himself ",p:132,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"declared with a note of urgency, “I have other sheep that are not of ",p:132,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this sheep pen [presumably, not of the Jewish fold]. I must bring ",p:132,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them also” (John 10:16).",p:132,x:91,y:458,w:175,h:23},
{t:"What Do We Make of This?",p:132,x:91,y:513,w:248,h:24},
{t:"In our attempt to foster fresh vision for the Muslim world, we ",p:132,x:121,y:549,w:454,h:23},
{t:"are trying to see that part of the world as Jesus sees it. In order to do ",p:132,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"so, we have to return to his teaching, elaborated by his apostles. First, ",p:132,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we’ll need to admit that our own vision may have become skewed by ",p:132,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our predispositions and our constant exposure to various teachings ",p:132,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and views. If we are willing to make that admission, we can come ",p:132,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the New Testament expecting that our understanding may need ",p:132,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be corrected. It is perhaps overly optimistic to hope that such a ",p:132,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"correction can take place in reading a short chapter like this. My ",p:132,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:23},
{t:"modest hope is that this chapter might be the frst step in a long ",p:132,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"journey of change.",p:132,x:91,y:824,w:131,h:23},
{t:"I am not seeking to deconstruct our afection for the state of ",p:132,x:121,y:852,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Israel but merely to refne it. I hope that we can strip our afection for ",p:132,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:133,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"125",p:133,x:552,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"the state of Israel of all that is unbiblical and embrace Israel with new ",p:133,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"awareness and compassion. (In much the same way, we will need to ",p:133,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"strip our view of the Arab and Muslim peoples of the world of all ",p:133,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that is unbiblical and embrace the Arab peoples with new awareness ",p:133,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and compassion.)",p:133,x:91,y:210,w:123,h:23},
{t:"Earlier in this chapter I discussed two main options related to ",p:133,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"our thinking about the present-day state of Israel. Te frst is that this ",p:133,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nation is a fulfllment of biblical prophecies, but we await a full re-",p:133,x:91,y:293,w:480,h:23},
{t:"turn of the Jewish people to their covenant God through Christ. For ",p:133,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"those who embrace this option, it is necessary to remember how God ",p:133,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"has, in the past, addressed the people of Israel; he often expressed his ",p:133,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"love to that people through the dire warnings and stern rebukes of ",p:133,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his prophets. Some of these exhortations remain so poignant that ",p:133,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it makes our hair stand on end. Tink of Hosea, Jeremiah, Ezekiel. ",p:133,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Does it not stand to reason, if we await a revived state of Israel, that ",p:133,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the role of Christ-followers in relation to the state of Israel would be ",p:133,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a prophetic voice, exhorting Israel to faith in Christ and challenging ",p:133,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that people to walk humbly with their God?",p:133,x:91,y:568,w:311,h:23},
{t:"Te second option is that in Jesus Christ the Israel of the Old ",p:133,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Testament has been radically expanded to include people of all na-",p:133,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tions and languages. Te Israel of God is not a geopolitical entity at ",p:133,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all but the kingdom ruled by the Messiah, descended from David, ",p:133,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who ascended to the throne of power at the right hand of Yahweh. ",p:133,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tus the modern-day state of Israel is a geopolitical entity and not ",p:133,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"synonymous with the Israel of God. Within this view are those ",p:133,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who expect many ethnic Jews to embrace Christ as their Messiah. ",p:133,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Romans 11 forms the foundation for this hope, as Paul teaches that ",p:133,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God is able to graft these “natural [olive] branches” back into “their ",p:133,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"own olive tree.”",p:133,x:91,y:870,w:109,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:134,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"126",p:134,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Tus both options have an empathy and a concern for ethnic ",p:134,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Israel. Te frst option identifes the state of Israel as an important ",p:134,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"element in the unfolding of God’s plan. Te second option views the ",p:134,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"state of Israel as incidental and emphasizes the necessity that ethnic ",p:134,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews be restored to a right relationship with their God through their ",p:134,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Messiah, Jesus Christ.",p:134,x:91,y:238,w:154,h:23},
{t:"I will tip my hand to say that I believe the second option fts ",p:134,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"best with the biblical evidence. At the same time, I realize that many ",p:134,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians in the United States will continue to hold to the frst op-",p:134,x:91,y:320,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion. Tat being the case, my plea is that we continue to think of ",p:134,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and pray for the state of Israel not as the fnal fulfllment of biblical ",p:134,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prophecy but as a preliminary to a future fulfllment. Because Israel ",p:134,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"has yet to embrace its Messiah, we should not view the state of Israel ",p:134,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as a uniquely blessed geopolitical entity. Our support of that state ",p:134,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"should be according to God’s standards of truth and righteousness, ",p:134,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as would be the case with any other political state.",p:134,x:91,y:513,w:353,h:23},
{t:"While we may not settle long-standing diferences over the ",p:134,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"identity of Abraham ’s descendants, we can and should adopt the ",p:134,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attitude of Christ and his apostles. Tis attitude can be summed up ",p:134,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in three propositions:",p:134,x:91,y:623,w:155,h:23},
{t:"First, Jesus himself is the great deliverer of Israel. By fol-",p:134,x:121,y:658,w:419,h:23},
{t:"lowing Christ, his people are delivered from bondage and ",p:134,x:121,y:685,w:424,h:23},
{t:"set free to become the sons and daughters of God. Jesus ",p:134,x:121,y:713,w:424,h:23},
{t:"himself is the lawgiver and the fulfllment of the longing of ",p:134,x:121,y:740,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Israel—Immanuel, God with us.",p:134,x:121,y:768,w:230,h:23},
{t:"Second, Jesus lovingly warns Israel that should it persist in ",p:134,x:121,y:810,w:424,h:23},
{t:"its rejection of him, the people will reap the bitter conse-",p:134,x:121,y:838,w:419,h:23},
{t:"quences of that rejection. Tus modern-day Israelis need to ",p:134,x:121,y:865,w:424,h:23},
{t:"hear and understand the gospel of Christ.",p:134,x:121,y:893,w:293,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:135,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"127",p:135,x:552,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Tird, the Israel of God includes both Old Testament Jews ",p:135,x:121,y:100,w:424,h:23},
{t:"and New Testament people of faith who have embraced the ",p:135,x:121,y:128,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Messiah. Tese, like Abraham, have placed their faith in ",p:135,x:121,y:155,w:424,h:23},
{t:"God and are following him in obedience.",p:135,x:121,y:183,w:291,h:23},
{t:"Then Who Are the Arabs?",p:135,x:206,y:244,w:250,h:26},
{t:"A friend recently asked me, “Aren ’t these all secondary matters? ",p:135,x:121,y:289,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Do we not all agree on the basic issues of Scripture, which are clear ",p:135,x:91,y:317,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to all?”",p:135,x:91,y:344,w:48,h:23},
{t:"Our view of Israel necessarily implicates us in a life-and-death ",p:135,x:121,y:372,w:454,h:23},
{t:"struggle currently being waged in the Middle East. Te simple fact ",p:135,x:91,y:399,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is that most of us see the opposite poles of the Arab-Israeli confict ",p:135,x:91,y:427,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and immediately take a side, that of Israel. To our way of thinking, ",p:135,x:91,y:454,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to do anything less would be to oppose God’s people. So our bias in ",p:135,x:91,y:482,w:484,h:23},
{t:"favor of Israel is equally a bias against Arabs and Muslims. We hear ",p:135,x:91,y:509,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the news and read the media with this kind of attitude, such that our ",p:135,x:91,y:537,w:484,h:23},
{t:"predisposition is confrmed over and over again. Te result is that we ",p:135,x:91,y:564,w:484,h:23},
{t:"misread the purposes of God for all peoples, including Jews and Arabs.",p:135,x:91,y:592,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Tis misreading is largely due to a misreading of the Bible. For ",p:135,x:121,y:619,w:454,h:23},
{t:"instance, God’s declaration that Ishmael will be a wild donkey of a ",p:135,x:91,y:647,w:484,h:23},
{t:"man is perceived as a fnal sentencing on all Arab and Muslim people, ",p:135,x:91,y:674,w:484,h:23},
{t:"eternally consigning them as the staunch antagonists of Israel. We ",p:135,x:91,y:702,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fail to question our association of Ishmael with all Arabs (while some ",p:135,x:91,y:729,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arabs may be ethnically linked to Ishmael, many are not). An un-",p:135,x:91,y:757,w:480,h:23},
{t:"published article by M. Harlan5 points out that a fuller appreciation ",p:135,x:91,y:784,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the biblical evidence will lead to a shift in our opinions:",p:135,x:91,y:812,w:411,h:23},
{t:"Recent evangelical scholarship35 reveals how astonishingly ",p:135,x:121,y:847,w:424,h:23},
{t:"mistaken is this stereotype that misses the prevailing positive ",p:135,x:121,y:874,w:424,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:136,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"128",p:136,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"picture of Ishmael and his descendents in Scripture. In ",p:136,x:121,y:100,w:424,h:23},
{t:"summary, God promised to bless Ishmael (Gen. 17:20), ",p:136,x:121,y:128,w:424,h:23},
{t:"whom He so named because He heard Hagar’s afiction. ",p:136,x:121,y:155,w:424,h:23},
{t:"To comfort her and encourage her to return to her mistress, ",p:136,x:121,y:183,w:424,h:23},
{t:"the Lord promised to reverse her subjection, helplessness ",p:136,x:121,y:210,w:424,h:23},
{t:"and fight by making her son free as a nomad who would ",p:136,x:121,y:238,w:424,h:23},
{t:"not be subjugated and who would live in the Arabian ",p:136,x:121,y:265,w:424,h:23},
{t:"desert next to his brothers (Gen. 16:12). God was ",p:136,x:121,y:293,w:373,h:23},
{t:"“with” ",p:136,x:497,y:293,w:48,h:23},
{t:"Ishmael and remained uniquely present in his land of Paran ",p:136,x:121,y:320,w:424,h:23},
{t:"and made him a great nation (Gen. 21:17–21; 25:12–17; ",p:136,x:121,y:348,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Hab. 3:3). Ishmael’s descendants were known as the “sons ",p:136,x:121,y:375,w:424,h:23},
{t:"of the east” renowned for their godly wisdom (as portrayed ",p:136,x:121,y:403,w:424,h:23},
{t:"in the book of Job). Proverbs 30 and 31 were written by ",p:136,x:121,y:430,w:424,h:23},
{t:"the Arab sages, Agur and Lemuel, and included in the Old ",p:136,x:121,y:458,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Testament canon. Prophecies of the restoration of Israel (cf. ",p:136,x:121,y:485,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Isaiah 42 and 60) mention Arab tribes as the frst nations ",p:136,x:121,y:513,w:424,h:23},
{t:"to bring tribute to the Lord—an event in which Matthew ",p:136,x:121,y:540,w:424,h:23},
{t:"fnds initial fulfllment with the coming of the magi who ",p:136,x:121,y:568,w:424,h:23},
{t:"have been convincingly shown to have been Arabs. Moreover, ",p:136,x:121,y:595,w:424,h:23},
{t:"the myth of hostility between Israel and Ishmael has been ",p:136,x:121,y:623,w:424,h:23},
{t:"dispelled; rather biblical history has evidenced a theological ",p:136,x:121,y:650,w:424,h:23},
{t:"cause-efect relationship where Ishmael’s spiritual fortunes ",p:136,x:121,y:678,w:424,h:23},
{t:"have closely followed the ups and downs of Israel’s.36",p:136,x:121,y:705,w:363,h:23},
{t:"35. ",p:136,x:121,y:767,w:20,h:16},
{t:"See the impressive work by Tony Maalouf, Ishmael in Biblical History, ",p:136,x:151,y:767,w:359,h:16},
{t:"Dallas Teological Seminary doctoral dissertation, May 1998 (as well as ",p:136,x:151,y:787,w:377,h:16},
{t:"John Culver’s dissertation at Fuller Teological Seminary, 2001).",p:136,x:151,y:807,w:326,h:16},
{t:"36. ",p:136,x:121,y:835,w:20,h:16},
{t:"Ibid., 252. Evangelical prejudice against the Arabs is even more ironic if, as ",p:136,x:151,y:835,w:387,h:16},
{t:"Dr. Maalouf argues, this remnant of Jewish believers that will be persecuted ",p:136,x:151,y:855,w:385,h:16},
{t:"during the great tribulation (Revelation 12) will be sheltered by Arabs living ",p:136,x:151,y:875,w:390,h:16},
{t:"in the desert. ",p:136,x:151,y:895,w:70,h:16},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:137,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"129",p:137,x:552,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"While Muhammad traced his lineage to Ishmael, it is not true ",p:137,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that all Arabs (and certainly not all Muslims) can be linked directly ",p:137,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Ishmael. Much like the nation of Israel, which has enfolded many ",p:137,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"proselytes who have no ethic connection to Abraham, so the Arabs ",p:137,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are a composite of many nations and peoples. Te original Arabs de-",p:137,x:91,y:210,w:480,h:23},
{t:"scended from Shem, the son of Noah. Genesis 10 records that Shem ",p:137,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had a descendant named Eber who had two sons: Peleg and Joktan. ",p:137,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"It was Joktan ’s descendants who populated the Arabian Peninsula, ",p:137,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"whereas Peleg was the forebear of Abraham and the Jewish people.",p:137,x:91,y:320,w:467,h:23},
{t:"In essence, Christians need to understand that a clear ethnic ",p:137,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"association of Muslim people (and particularly the Arab people) ",p:137,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with Ishmael is inaccurate. Intermarriage, warfare, and migrations ",p:137,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mean that these ethnic lines are blurred at best. Terefore, we will ",p:137,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"need to be wary of transferring our reading of the ancient Scriptures ",p:137,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Old Testament to today’s enmities in the Middle East. It is ",p:137,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"unfortunate that the ancient enemies of Israel are identifed with the ",p:137,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"contemporary residents of the Arab world. I would even go so far as ",p:137,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to say that Christians may need to repent of this misapplication of ",p:137,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Old Testament to modern-day realities.",p:137,x:91,y:595,w:304,h:23},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:137,x:188,y:657,w:285,h:25},
{t:"I cannot overemphasize the importance of such a change of ",p:137,x:121,y:717,w:454,h:23},
{t:"orientation in our thinking in regard to our vision for the Muslim ",p:137,x:91,y:744,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world. If we arrive at our positions based on principles of justice ",p:137,x:91,y:772,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and equity, Muslims will recognize that fact and appreciate it. Tey ",p:137,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are mystifed and enraged when Christians appear biased in their ",p:137,x:91,y:827,w:484,h:23},
{t:"political positions. Furthermore, we must exercise great caution not ",p:137,x:91,y:854,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to generalize in these discussions. Just as all Americans are not alike ",p:137,x:91,y:882,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:138,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"130",p:138,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"in their political views, all Arabs do not wish the destruction of Israel. ",p:138,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"A large number merely wish to live at peace.",p:138,x:91,y:128,w:312,h:23},
{t:"You may feel that your opinion will have little impact on such ",p:138,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a complex and involved confict. Before we close this chapter, may ",p:138,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"I point out that views adopted by Christians on social and political ",p:138,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"issues have helped shape world events both for good and for evil. ",p:138,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Imagine my shock and surprise to learn that some of my forebears ",p:138,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the faith, theologians whom I studied in seminary, defended slav-",p:138,x:91,y:293,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ery as an institution consistent with biblical revelation, the evils of ",p:138,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"which should be limited.6 A similar point could be made about the ",p:138,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"complicity of Christians in Nazi Germany with Hitler’s Tird Reich. ",p:138,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tose who stood up to oppose Hitler’s oppression and persecution ",p:138,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Jews were the blessed exceptions rather than the rule. As a result ",p:138,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Holocaust went forward unabated while the church ’s deafening ",p:138,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"silence remains as a haunting reminder that the enmeshment of the ",p:138,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"church with the political establishment leads inevitably to a loss of ",p:138,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the salty savor.",p:138,x:91,y:540,w:102,h:23},
{t:"Evangelical Christians have a long history of support for the state ",p:138,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of Israel. Te existence of fundamentalist Islamic groups that oppose ",p:138,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel by instigating suicide bombing, murdering noncombatants, ",p:138,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and producing instability in far-fung reaches of the world make this ",p:138,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"support appear to be the only rational option. In our reaction to ",p:138,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"both the fundamentalists and the state of Israel, we must return to ",p:138,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the teachings of Christ for light and wisdom. Uncritical empathy ",p:138,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with the Arab-Muslim side of the confict could lead to a resurrec-",p:138,x:91,y:760,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion of anti-Semitism—an evil that continues to infict torment on ",p:138,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Jewish people. On the other hand, an uncritical empathy with ",p:138,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Jewish people will lead to a deprivation of the legitimate human ",p:138,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rights of the Arab people. Failure to reexamine our positions may ",p:138,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"THE iSRAEL OF GOD",p:139,x:432,y:55,w:138,h:16},
{t:"131",p:139,x:556,y:955,w:14,h:16},
{t:"lead to perpetration of excesses and oppression of the innocent. Te ",p:139,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"stakes are high. Wars are being fought even as I write.",p:139,x:91,y:128,w:377,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 7",p:139,x:91,y:183,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Tese two books add important dimensions to the line of argument being ",p:139,x:91,y:211,w:454,h:20},
{t:"pursued in this chapter.",p:139,x:91,y:231,w:143,h:20},
{t:"Burge, Gary. Whose Land? Whose Promise? Cleveland: Te Pilgrim Press, 2003.",p:139,x:91,y:258,w:475,h:20},
{t:"Chapman, Colin. Whose Promised Land?: Te Continuing Crisis over Israel and ",p:139,x:91,y:286,w:475,h:20},
{t:"Palestine. Oxford: Lion, 2002.",p:139,x:121,y:306,w:183,h:20},
{t:"Tis article is by a friend and fellow minister of the gospel. His views deserve ",p:139,x:91,y:333,w:471,h:20},
{t:"careful attention especially by those who hail from the dispensational camp.",p:139,x:91,y:353,w:461,h:20},
{t:"Harlan, M. “Between Iraq and a Hard Place.” Christian Witness in Pluralistic ",p:139,x:91,y:381,w:468,h:20},
{t:"Contexts in the Twenty-frst Century. Enoch Wan, ed. Evangelical ",p:139,x:121,y:401,w:393,h:20},
{t:"Missiological Society Series, 11. Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library, ",p:139,x:121,y:421,w:433,h:20},
{t:"2004.",p:139,x:121,y:441,w:35,h:20},
{t:"Te last resource is an open letter composed by the faculty of Knox ",p:139,x:91,y:468,w:413,h:20},
{t:"Teological Seminary relative to the contemporary state of Israel.",p:139,x:91,y:488,w:396,h:20},
{t:"“ An Open Letter to Evangelicals and Other Interested Parties: Te People ",p:139,x:91,y:516,w:451,h:20},
{t:"of God, the Land of Israel, and the Impartiality of the Gospel,” www.",p:139,x:121,y:536,w:422,h:20},
{t:"originaldissent.com/forums/archive/index.php?t-3694.html.",p:139,x:121,y:556,w:366,h:20},
{t:"133",p:140,x:554,y:955,w:17,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 8",p:140,x:244,y:292,w:173,h:36},
{t:"WHAT ’S NEXT ",p:140,x:216,y:395,w:240,h:38},
{t:"OR WHAT ’S NOW?",p:140,x:181,y:440,w:299,h:38},
{t:"In the 1960s at the height of the Cold War, missiles carrying ",p:140,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"enough explosive frepower to destroy the earth many times over ",p:140,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were said to be pointed at American cities. (Of course, the sentiment ",p:140,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and preparedness for confict were mutual.) Americans recounted ",p:140,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in hushed tones their vivid memories of the world wars. Korea had ",p:140,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"come and gone, and our nation was heavily engaged in the newest ",p:140,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"front of Communist expansionism—Vietnam. To my young mind it ",p:140,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all made for a terrifying expectation of looming war on our own soil.",p:140,x:91,y:733,w:480,h:23},
{t:"Where do you turn for illumination in such confusing times? ",p:140,x:121,y:760,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Because I grew up in a home that honored Christ, and with his ",p:140,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"church as our primary, if not solitary, source of loyalty, the local ",p:140,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"preacher greatly shaped my vision of the times. My impression ",p:140,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"almost forty years later is that I have never met a man older than this ",p:140,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:141,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"134",p:141,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"village holy man. Short of frame, with penetrating eyes and gray hair ",p:141,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"combed straight back, he accompanied his preaching by persistently ",p:141,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pointing a crooked index fnger, which reinforced the earnest convic-",p:141,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion of a man of much study and contemplation. I cannot claim to ",p:141,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"recall much of the substance of his preaching. No doubt he was a ",p:141,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"faithful shepherd of his fock and much loved by his congregation. ",p:141,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Yet one aspect of his proclamation remains etched on my memory ",p:141,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and demonstrates that this venerable old sage was also a product of ",p:141,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his era: We learned, as countless generations of faithful have, that the ",p:141,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"end of time was upon us.",p:141,x:91,y:348,w:177,h:23},
{t:"Large charts synthesized the complexity of world events into ",p:141,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a comprehensive view of prophetic fulfllment. Te Soviet Union ",p:141,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fgured large in this interpretive scheme. Its military prowess was ",p:141,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"indisputable, and its expansionist thirst made it a prime candidate ",p:141,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for igniting the feared battle of Armageddon. Our preacher adeptly ",p:141,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expounded the number of the beast, 666. Te 144,000 of the twelve ",p:141,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tribes of Israel found their proper place in this description. Te “time, ",p:141,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"times and half a time” of John ’s Revelation was nailed down with ",p:141,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"penetrating accuracy. I remember being mystifed that the United ",p:141,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"States seemed to receive so little attention in this depiction of events ",p:141,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"yet to come; everything focused on events that would transpire in ",p:141,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and around the country of Israel.",p:141,x:91,y:678,w:233,h:23},
{t:"I don ’t recall anyone seriously questioning the teaching we ",p:141,x:121,y:705,w:454,h:23},
{t:"received in that tiny church. In fact, we were all comforted by the ",p:141,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fact that God had a plan for his church, his chosen people (us!)—the ",p:141,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rapture, an odd word and one I heard used only in this context. ",p:141,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Followers of Jesus, we learned, would be removed from the earth be-",p:141,x:91,y:815,w:480,h:23},
{t:"fore the great and awful devastation began to take place. Te preacher ",p:141,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"exhorted us to examine ourselves regarding our preparedness for this ",p:141,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:142,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"135",p:142,x:553,y:955,w:17,h:16},
{t:"great event, and he warned us to be vigilant because the return of ",p:142,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ to take his children home was imminent.",p:142,x:91,y:128,w:338,h:23},
{t:"Te whole scheme seemed inherently reasonable. After all, the ",p:142,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"miracle-like reestablishment of Israel in 1948 certainly meant the ",p:142,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prophetic vision soon would be enacted. Te year 1967 brought a ",p:142,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"further miraculous event—the city of Jerusalem united again under ",p:142,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israeli rule. Surely we were witnessing the beginning of the end of ",p:142,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"time! After all, many Old Testament passages referenced the return ",p:142,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Jews to their Promised Land.",p:142,x:91,y:320,w:250,h:23},
{t:"A wealth of books by evangelical leaders corroborated and ",p:142,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"further developed the theory. Noteworthy among these were Hal ",p:142,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Lindsey’s Te Late Great Planet Earth and the Left Behind series by ",p:142,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tim LaHaye and Jerry Jenkins. Te latter has been developed into a ",p:142,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"flm series that graphically portrays a modern-day interpretation of ",p:142,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many of the events foreseen in the biblical book of Revelation.",p:142,x:91,y:485,w:440,h:23},
{t:"I remember crossing the Allenby Bridge in a taxi on my way ",p:142,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to Jerusalem from Amman, Jordan. I found myself sharing the ride ",p:142,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with a middle-aged woman from Great Britain. Like me, she was ",p:142,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a committed follower of Christ and his teachings. Unlike me, she ",p:142,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had committed several years of her life to living in Israel to assist the ",p:142,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jewish people in resettling their ancient land.",p:142,x:91,y:650,w:318,h:23},
{t:"Tis woman related exciting stories of new kibbutzim and ter-",p:142,x:121,y:678,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ritories Israel was developing in order to settle Jewish emigrants from ",p:142,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all over the world. I sensed she was genuinely excited at the prospect ",p:142,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of playing a part in the outworking of this great prophetic plan. Like ",p:142,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the churchgoers I grew up around, she possessed a solid confdence ",p:142,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the time was near when God would remove the church from ",p:142,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the world scene and resume his Old Testament program for the ",p:142,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews, preserving 144,000 faithful followers of Christ from among ",p:142,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:143,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"136",p:143,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"them—the survivors of the great tribulation. Tey would come ",p:143,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through the most horrid devastation the world has ever known and ",p:143,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be rewarded by Christ himself for their faithfulness. My new friend ",p:143,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"saw herself as preparing the way for God’s revisitation of his ancient ",p:143,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people, Israel.",p:143,x:91,y:210,w:97,h:23},
{t:"Many well-intentioned Christians share this woman ’s zeal to ",p:143,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"prepare the way for the Lord’s return by lending their support (f-",p:143,x:91,y:265,w:480,h:23},
{t:"nancial, spiritual, political) to the state of Israel. My intention in this ",p:143,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"chapter is not so much to advocate a particular view of the end-times ",p:143,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as it is to point out possible implications of such views for what we ",p:143,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are trying to develop—fresh vision for the Muslim world. I will focus ",p:143,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on two contentious issues about which the church lacks consensus: ",p:143,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the identity of the people of God and the Old Testament promises of ",p:143,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"specifc land to Israel.",p:143,x:91,y:458,w:152,h:23},
{t:"Who Are the People of God?",p:143,x:192,y:512,w:277,h:26},
{t:"One of my good friends in Cairo was thrilled to meet a Jewish ",p:143,x:121,y:557,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Messianic Jesus-follower. My friend had come through quite an or-",p:143,x:91,y:584,w:480,h:23},
{t:"deal to make his decision to follow Christ, enduring ostracism from ",p:143,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his family, lost educational and professional opportunities, police ",p:143,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"brutality, isolation, and a host of other troubles. In Europe he made ",p:143,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the acquaintance of a Jewish man who had endured very similar ",p:143,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"challenges in order to follow Jesus. Both men had to leap over some ",p:143,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cultural and linguistic barriers to communicate, and I imagine they ",p:143,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"might have initially looked at each other with some suspicion. As ",p:143,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they became acquainted, however, they discovered a kinship through ",p:143,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their mutual faith in Christ and the common bond of their shared ",p:143,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"suferings. Tey embraced physically and emotionally and declared ",p:143,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the cross of Christ to be the source of their unity.",p:143,x:91,y:887,w:346,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:144,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"137",p:144,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"I suspect that any sincere Christian would rejoice at the prospect ",p:144,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of the cross overcoming a long-standing ethnic and religious animos-",p:144,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ity to reconcile the two men. But what we afrm in practice—the ",p:144,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"unity and brotherhood of these two men—do we deny in our theol-",p:144,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ogy? In other words, do we truly hold that the cross of Jesus Christ ",p:144,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"unifes us in himself and destroys the “dividing wall,” as Paul says in ",p:144,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Ephesians 2:14?",p:144,x:91,y:265,w:112,h:23},
{t:"One of the building blocks of the vision of the end-times that I ",p:144,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"heard from my pastor as a child and that continues to be propagated ",p:144,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"through popular books and flms posits a distinction between the ",p:144,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews as the Old Testament people of God and the church as his New ",p:144,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament people. In the previous chapter I discussed two options ",p:144,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for thinking about Israel: First, that the state of Israel, although not ",p:144,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"walking in faithfulness to God at the present time, may be considered ",p:144,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a precursor to a coming return of Israel to faithfulness to God. Te ",p:144,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"second option sees Israel, the Old Testament people of God, now ",p:144,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"radically expanded to include people of all nations.",p:144,x:91,y:540,w:359,h:23},
{t:"Let’s turn our attention frst to the practical outworking of the ",p:144,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"frst option.",p:144,x:91,y:595,w:83,h:23},
{t:"A Theology of Two Distinct Peoples",p:144,x:91,y:651,w:324,h:24},
{t:"If we insist on the fulfllment of God’s promises to ethnic Israel, ",p:144,x:121,y:687,w:454,h:23},
{t:"we must in efect recognize a fork in the river of God’s people: God ",p:144,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"works out diferent and distinct purposes for his people Israel and his ",p:144,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people the church. In fact, the seventy weeks of Daniel, according to ",p:144,x:91,y:769,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this scheme, applies not to the church but to Israel only. Tat is why ",p:144,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expositors of this view say that Jesus’ life completed the sixty-ninth ",p:144,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"week of Daniel’s seventy weeks when he was ofered to Israel as its ",p:144,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"king and Messiah on Palm Sunday. Each week is a period of seven ",p:144,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:145,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"138",p:145,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"years. Te seventieth week was deferred—held in abeyance—by the ",p:145,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews’ rejection of Christ. Why? Te seventieth week will recommence ",p:145,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"when the church is raptured out of this world.1 Te conversion of ",p:145,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many Jews will take place in the seventieth week (again, a period of ",p:145,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"seven years), which will be followed by Christ’s return and kingly ",p:145,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reign on earth for a thousand years—a golden age of peace and tran-",p:145,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"quility referred to as the millennium.",p:145,x:91,y:265,w:261,h:23},
{t:"Further evidence is marshaled for this view by the lack of refer-",p:145,x:121,y:293,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ence to the church as such in the Apocalypse (the book of Revelation), ",p:145,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"beginning with chapter 4. For most proponents of this school of ",p:145,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"thought, this fact corroborates their position that the church is ",p:145,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not present in the world during the time of tribulation described ",p:145,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in John ’s Revelation. While the tribulation is taking place on earth, ",p:145,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians will be in the presence of Christ in heaven at the marriage ",p:145,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"supper of the Lamb.",p:145,x:91,y:485,w:142,h:23},
{t:"Proponents of this viewpoint hold that God’s covenant with ",p:145,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Abraham was eternal and irrevocable and was reiterated at various ",p:145,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"points during Old Testament history. Tey cannot accept that the ",p:145,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"church (New Testament followers of Christ) replaces Israel (some-",p:145,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"times referred to as replacement theology). God’s purpose during this ",p:145,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"period of time is to bring people of all nations to faith in Christ; ",p:145,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"however, the covenant with Israel made with Abraham stands and ",p:145,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will be fulflled through Abraham ’s biological descendants, the Jews. ",p:145,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Many see the reestablishment of the state of Israel as a key component ",p:145,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the fnal and ultimate fulfllment of God’s covenant with Israel.",p:145,x:91,y:760,w:465,h:23},
{t:"One element of that covenant was God’s promise to Abraham of ",p:145,x:121,y:788,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the land that is now modern-day Israel. Present-day Jews, therefore, ",p:145,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as Abraham ’s descendants, have an unassailable divine right to the ",p:145,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land of Israel. In fact, some proponents of this understanding of ",p:145,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:146,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"139",p:146,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Scripture would go so far as to say the Jews have the right to much ",p:146,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"more land than they currently occupy, as God promised that Israel ",p:146,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would occupy land from the Euphrates River to the great river of ",p:146,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Egypt, the Nile (Genesis 15:18). Terefore, those who hold this ",p:146,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"position are sympathetic with Israel in its quest to possess the land ",p:146,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of its God-given heritage. Furthermore, they are averse to human ",p:146,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"contrivances such as United Nations resolutions that require Israel to ",p:146,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"return land confscated during its successive wars with surrounding ",p:146,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arab nations. Indeed, any such ceding of territory runs counter to ",p:146,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the purposes of God and should be resisted by Christians. Tis view ",p:146,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was echoed in the words of a friend who recently referred to the ",p:146,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israeli withdrawal from Gaza as “giving the land back to the enemy.”",p:146,x:91,y:403,w:479,h:23},
{t:"I’ll refer more to the land later in the chapter, but now let’s ",p:146,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"consider the viewpoint that there is only one people of God, not two.",p:146,x:91,y:458,w:480,h:23},
{t:"A Radically Expanded People from All Nations",p:146,x:91,y:513,w:423,h:24},
{t:"Early in the story of the Bible, God seeks his erring people. His ",p:146,x:121,y:549,w:454,h:23},
{t:"voice in Eden calls, “Adam, where are you?” God’s covenant with ",p:146,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abraham refects that same seeking nature. God chooses Abraham to ",p:146,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be a repository of his blessing and a dispensary of it as well. Abraham ",p:146,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will be blessed, and in him, in his seed, all the nations of the earth ",p:146,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will be blessed also. Teologian and missionary Lesslie Newbigin ",p:146,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pointed out in Te Gospel in a Pluralist Society that God elects not ",p:146,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to a place of superiority or privilege but to a purpose—expressing ",p:146,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God’s continual love and long-sufering in seeking people of all na-",p:146,x:91,y:769,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tions. “Israel is called to embody in her own life God’s agony over his ",p:146,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"disobedient world.”2",p:146,x:91,y:824,w:143,h:23},
{t:"Tis purpose echoes throughout the Old Testament. God dis-",p:146,x:121,y:852,w:449,h:23},
{t:"plays his greatness to the Egyptians, accomplishing the exodus “so ",p:146,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:147,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"140",p:147,x:91,y:955,w:20,h:16},
{t:"that you [the Egyptians as well as the Israelites] may know that there ",p:147,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is no one like the Lord our God” (Exodus 8:10). Te law is given by ",p:147,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Moses so that Israel will be a “kingdom of priests” (Exodus 19:6; see ",p:147,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"also 1 Peter 2:9, where “a royal priesthood” is applied to the universal ",p:147,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people of God, the church). What is the function of a priest if not ",p:147,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that of mediation? Stories about people such as Ruth, Esther, Daniel, ",p:147,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and Jonah clearly illustrate the mission of God among the peoples ",p:147,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the nations.",p:147,x:91,y:293,w:102,h:23},
{t:"By the way, the nation of Israel was not exclusively made up ",p:147,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of descendants of Abraham. Although the people of Israel were ",p:147,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reminded again and again of their distinctiveness from the nations ",p:147,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"surrounding them, Exodus 12:48–49 makes provision for foreigners ",p:147,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who wished to join them. By being circumcised, non-Jews were al-",p:147,x:91,y:430,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lowed to partake in the Passover meal celebrating God’s redemption ",p:147,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of his people. Even in Old Testament times, the promises of God ",p:147,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were not based merely on biological descent but on faith expressing ",p:147,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"itself in obedience.",p:147,x:91,y:540,w:132,h:23},
{t:"My point is this: the distinction of Israel in Old Testament times ",p:147,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"was for a purpose—to reveal the glory and holiness of God to the ",p:147,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other nations of the world. In much the same way, the people of ",p:147,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God in the New Testament are called to “come out” (2 Corinthians ",p:147,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"6:17) from among the world and be holy. Te missional purposes of ",p:147,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Yahweh in the Old Testament are carried on by the people of God in ",p:147,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the New Testament, the church. Clearly, the covenant of God with ",p:147,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abraham is irrevocable. Te critical question, however, is, Who are ",p:147,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abraham ’s descendants?",p:147,x:91,y:788,w:167,h:23},
{t:"Te New Testament explicitly teaches that the seed of Abraham ",p:147,x:121,y:815,w:454,h:23},
{t:"referred to in God’s covenant with Abraham is none other than ",p:147,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ (Galatians 3:16). Tose who are in Christ, the apostles teach ",p:147,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:148,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"141",p:148,x:555,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"us, are in this covenant (Galatians 3:29). Te covenant remains in-",p:148,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tact (Romans 11:1–2), but by the grace of God it includes all—both ",p:148,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jew and Gentile—who believe, love, and obey Jesus Christ. Tat’s ",p:148,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"why Paul can refer to those who follow Christ as “the Israel of God” ",p:148,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(Galatians 6:16).",p:148,x:91,y:210,w:119,h:23},
{t:"I am not suggesting the church replaces Israel; I am suggesting ",p:148,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that Israel is inclusive, not exclusive. Many Jews have found Christ to ",p:148,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"be the fulfllment of the Old Testament promises. Tey are, as Paul ",p:148,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"taught, the original olive tree. Many Gentiles also have embraced ",p:148,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ as the fulfllment of God’s covenant. Tese non-Jews can be ",p:148,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"understood as wild olive branches grafted into the original olive tree. ",p:148,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te wild branches are supported by the cultivated olive tree; one ",p:148,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tree now supports diverse branches.3 Tere are not two! Tis is the ",p:148,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"beauty of the gospel. God’s promises are for all peoples and nations ",p:148,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and tongues. Tere is no exclusivity. Te dividing wall has been ",p:148,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"destroyed! In a world racked by racism and prejudice based on skin ",p:148,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"color, language, and ethnicity, this is good news!",p:148,x:91,y:540,w:340,h:23},
{t:"Te position that there is only one people of God is not anti-",p:148,x:121,y:568,w:449,h:23},
{t:"Jewish (anti-Semitic). I see it as honoring the immense heritage ",p:148,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the Jewish people have bequeathed to the world. It gives me ",p:148,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"incentive to pray earnestly for the Jews. It gives a great sense of ",p:148,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"afnity with their religious history as well as with their struggle for ",p:148,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nationhood in today’s world. It also equips me with a built-in aver-",p:148,x:91,y:705,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sion to associating God’s kingdom with a political entity, whether ",p:148,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that entity is in Washington, Tel Aviv, or Mecca. Te kingdom ",p:148,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of God is under the rule and reign of God’s appointed Messiah, ",p:148,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ. His kingdom comes into the hearts of his people, where ",p:148,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"he rules and continues to pursue the mission of God in this world ",p:148,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"among all peoples and nations.",p:148,x:91,y:870,w:223,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:149,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"142",p:149,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"No doubt some who read these lines will recoil at the suggestion ",p:149,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that there is no distinction between Jew and Gentile. Didn ’t Jesus say ",p:149,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"salvation was from the Jews? Paul, as well, indicated that the Jews ",p:149,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were the source of the Law and the covenants. By positing a theology ",p:149,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of just one people of God, are we not destroying this distinction?",p:149,x:91,y:210,w:458,h:23},
{t:"In the gospel the distinction is not destroyed but the barrier of ",p:149,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"separation is. In other words, we Gentiles still recall with gratitude ",p:149,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our debt to the Jewish people, who bequeathed to us the Law, the ",p:149,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prophets, the covenants, and fnally Christ himself. Needless to say, ",p:149,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"there is no room here for anti-Semitism. Te glorious truth is that ",p:149,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we are made full participants in Christ. Te distinction is one of ",p:149,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"heritage and gratitude. We, nonnative olive branches, are grafted ",p:149,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"into the native olive tree.",p:149,x:91,y:430,w:175,h:23},
{t:"What Does This Have to Do with the Muslim World?",p:149,x:91,y:486,w:479,h:24},
{t:"A signifcant aspect of the gospel is that Christ-followers are to ",p:149,x:121,y:522,w:454,h:23},
{t:"be agents of his reconciliation—peacemakers—in a world of enmity ",p:149,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and confict. But if Christians see the contemporary geopolitical ",p:149,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"state of Israel and ethnic Jews as the special repository of God’s ",p:149,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"blessing—his unique people—we will inevitably be predisposed to ",p:149,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"biased political and social views in favor of Israel. How tragic that ",p:149,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our theological positions can work against our call to be agents of the ",p:149,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mission of God in this world to bring all people to a right relation-",p:149,x:91,y:714,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ship with him. ",p:149,x:91,y:742,w:108,h:23},
{t:"I am fully aware that not every reader will buy into my thesis ",p:149,x:121,y:769,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that there is only one people of God. Many will continue to hold to a ",p:149,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"distinct role for the ethnic Jew. If you are one of those, may I suggest ",p:149,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a few important considerations relative to Israel?",p:149,x:91,y:852,w:340,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:150,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"143",p:150,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"First, beware of adopting an Israel-right-or-wrong position. ",p:150,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"God himself gave Israel repeated warnings and punished the nation ",p:150,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"severely for breaking his covenant. Te role of the Old Testament ",p:150,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prophets was to warn Israel of God’s impending judgment.",p:150,x:91,y:183,w:415,h:23},
{t:"Second, we should exercise great care not to make a one-to-one ",p:150,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"association between Israel’s enemies and those people who made war ",p:150,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with Israel in the Old Testament.",p:150,x:91,y:265,w:233,h:23},
{t:"Tird, Israel was granted its land on condition of covenant faith-",p:150,x:121,y:293,w:449,h:23},
{t:"fulness. It would stand to reason, therefore, that Israel’s right to occupy ",p:150,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the land is not an inalienable, divine right. It has attached conditions.",p:150,x:91,y:348,w:478,h:23},
{t:"Fourth, the state of Israel is not the millennial kingdom ruled ",p:150,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"by Christ. Even for those who believe Israel will become that, the ",p:150,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"evidence compels us to declare that not to be reality at this time. ",p:150,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel is a modern state with its fair share of both good and evil, ",p:150,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"justice and equity, as well as crime, injustice, and oppression. While ",p:150,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"many hope that the establishment of the nation of Israel is a precur-",p:150,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sor to Christ’s return and the establishment of his millennial reign, ",p:150,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this hope remains unfulflled until Israel has declared, “Blessed is he ",p:150,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who comes in the name of the Lord” (Matthew 23:39).",p:150,x:91,y:595,w:390,h:23},
{t:"Finally, whether we see a distinction of two peoples of God (the ",p:150,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"church and Israel) or one unifed people of God (Israel expanded to ",p:150,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"include people of all nations), we have a mandate to fulfll toward ",p:150,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"both Jews and Gentiles—the Great Commission of Jesus. We are ",p:150,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to carry his gospel and teach all that he taught to the nations of ",p:150,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the world. Many Jews in our day are acknowledging Christ as the ",p:150,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Messiah and Savior. Might I suggest that our enthusiasm for the ",p:150,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"establishment of the secular state of Israel should be considerably less ",p:150,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"than our enthusiasm for the establishment of Christ’s reign among ",p:150,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people of all nations of the world—both Jew and Gentile?",p:150,x:91,y:870,w:409,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:151,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"144",p:151,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"I have a friend who is not from the United States but was edu-",p:151,x:121,y:100,w:449,h:23},
{t:"cated in one of the leading Christian colleges here. Having grown ",p:151,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"up in the Middle East, he felt the pain of the crises that continually ",p:151,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"shook the region. While he was in the United States studying, he ",p:151,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"struggled to understand American Christianity, which surrounded ",p:151,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"him on all sides. When Israel pulled out of the Gaza Strip, I remem-",p:151,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ber hearing American Christians denounce Israel for returning its ",p:151,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God-given land to Muslims. Few took the time to investigate what ",p:151,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this development would mean for the people of the region—both ",p:151,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jews and Arabs. My friend’s reaction contrasted greatly with that of ",p:151,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"American Christians. He went to the Gaza Strip. He’s living there ",p:151,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"now as I write these words; I receive e-mails from him just about ",p:151,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"every week.",p:151,x:91,y:430,w:81,h:23},
{t:"Te situation there is horrifc. When Israel pulled out, it also ",p:151,x:121,y:458,w:454,h:23},
{t:"sealed the borders and virtually sealed the ocean ports as well, halt-",p:151,x:91,y:485,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing the fshing industry that was one of the few thriving industries ",p:151,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"among Palestinians of Gaza. Rather than becoming a free and inde-",p:151,x:91,y:540,w:480,h:23},
{t:"pendent country, the Gaza Strip became a prison. A desperately poor ",p:151,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and overcrowded Gaza looked to a powerless Palestinian Authority ",p:151,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to provide some sustenance. Tere are no jobs. People are starving. ",p:151,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Militants recruit young men with absolutely nothing productive to ",p:151,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"do to further stoke the fames of rage and warmongering. Yet my ",p:151,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"friend is there helping a few other like-minded disciples of Jesus ",p:151,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"distribute food and provide basic medical care. He’s an example to ",p:151,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"me, challenging me deeply. Like the Good Samaritan, who found ",p:151,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his enemy battered and bleeding on the side of the road, my friend ",p:151,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is busy tending the wounds and feeding the starving people of Gaza. ",p:151,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"If I may be blunt, while many seem confused about just who are the ",p:151,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people of God, this friend of mine demonstrates what the people of ",p:151,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:152,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"145",p:152,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"God look like by his actions. I suspect Jesus smiles on him, and I ",p:152,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hope his tribe increases.",p:152,x:91,y:128,w:167,h:23},
{t:"A Radical New Vision for Inheriting the Land",p:152,x:107,y:182,w:448,h:26},
{t:"But God promised land! What are we to make of the prom-",p:152,x:121,y:227,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ises of God given to Abraham unconditionally with clearly defned ",p:152,x:91,y:254,w:484,h:23},
{t:"boundaries of land? Admittedly, this is a complex issue, made more ",p:152,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"difcult by the fact that we search in vain for some explicit New ",p:152,x:91,y:309,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament teaching on this issue that is so vital to our understanding ",p:152,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of contemporary events.",p:152,x:91,y:364,w:170,h:23},
{t:"If the Bible forever gives the land of Israel to the biological ",p:152,x:121,y:392,w:454,h:23},
{t:"descendants of Abraham, then it is only reasonable for Christians to ",p:152,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"support the Jews in their quest to repossess the entire land, and many ",p:152,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"do. Also, the struggle for the land pits Jews against Arabs, many of ",p:152,x:91,y:474,w:484,h:23},
{t:"whom are stringent in their fundamentalist Islamic views, which also ",p:152,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fuels Christian support of the Jewish claim to the land. Te situation ",p:152,x:91,y:529,w:484,h:23},
{t:"seems clear: God gave the land to the Jews, and it is our duty to uphold ",p:152,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that. But is the situation really as clean and clear cut as it seems?",p:152,x:91,y:584,w:439,h:23},
{t:"In the previous section I argued that there is only one people ",p:152,x:121,y:612,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of God; the Old Testament people of God, never intended to be ",p:152,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"exclusive, now has been greatly expanded to include both Jews and ",p:152,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Gentiles. If this is an accurate reading of Scripture, it bears heavily ",p:152,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on the whole dilemma of the land and who should own the land; it ",p:152,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would not make sense to argue that the land promises are only for ",p:152,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"those of a particular DNA or genetic chain.",p:152,x:91,y:777,w:307,h:23},
{t:"Te land belongs to the descendants of Abraham; that much ",p:152,x:121,y:804,w:454,h:23},
{t:"is clear. I have argued that those descendants are those with faith ",p:152,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"similar to Abraham ’s—faith in the promises of God through Christ. ",p:152,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tis may seem like a leap of logic for some who are unaccustomed ",p:152,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:153,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"146",p:153,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"to this kind of thinking. Perhaps it will be helpful to consider three ",p:153,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"issues relative to the question of who inherits the land.",p:153,x:91,y:128,w:384,h:23},
{t:"First, we must consider if there is built-in conditionality in the ",p:153,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"promise of the land as given in the Old Testament. Second, did Jesus ",p:153,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"give us any indication about what would happen with this land? ",p:153,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tird, the New Testament teaches that Old Testament worship was ",p:153,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"but a shadow of the reality that is revealed in Christ in the New ",p:153,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament. What does that imply for the Old Testament promise ",p:153,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of land? We can draw these issues together in how Jesus talks about ",p:153,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inheriting the land. ",p:153,x:91,y:348,w:141,h:23},
{t:"Remember, our purpose is to gain fresh vision for the Muslim ",p:153,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"world. Stay with me, and you ’ll see that these questions are important.",p:153,x:91,y:403,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Conditionality",p:153,x:91,y:458,w:121,h:24},
{t:"God’s promise to Abraham that his descendants would possess ",p:153,x:121,y:494,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the land contains no inherent conditions (Genesis 15:18). Tis was ",p:153,x:91,y:522,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God’s covenant with Abraham, and we must assume it was to be ",p:153,x:91,y:549,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fulflled. Later, the promise of God to the people of Israel was that ",p:153,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they would inherit the land. Tis promise was given in the form of ",p:153,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a covenant with clear terms and conditions: the condition on which ",p:153,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the descendants of Abraham would continue to possess the land was ",p:153,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their faithfulness to God expressed primarily through obedience to ",p:153,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Ten Commandments. Listen to Moses’ warning in a solemn ",p:153,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"ceremony of covenant renewal, should the people of Israel fail to ",p:153,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"abide by the terms of the covenant:",p:153,x:91,y:769,w:248,h:23},
{t:"Te whole land will be a burning waste of salt and sul-",p:153,x:136,y:812,w:390,h:23},
{t:"fur—nothing planted, nothing sprouting, no vegetation ",p:153,x:136,y:839,w:394,h:23},
{t:"growing on it. It will be like the destruction of Sodom ",p:153,x:136,y:867,w:394,h:23},
{t:"and Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim, which the Lord ",p:153,x:136,y:894,w:394,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:154,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"147",p:154,x:552,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"overthrew in ferce anger. All the nations will ask: “Why ",p:154,x:136,y:100,w:394,h:23},
{t:"has the Lord done this to this land? Why this ferce, ",p:154,x:136,y:128,w:394,h:23},
{t:"burning anger?”",p:154,x:136,y:155,w:113,h:23},
{t:"And the answer will be: ",p:154,x:136,y:183,w:190,h:23},
{t:"“It ",p:154,x:332,y:183,w:23,h:23},
{t:"is because this people ",p:154,x:361,y:183,w:170,h:23},
{t:"abandoned the covenant of the Lord, the God of their ",p:154,x:136,y:210,w:394,h:23},
{t:"fathers, the covenant he made with them when he ",p:154,x:136,y:238,w:394,h:23},
{t:"brought them out of Egypt.” (Deuteronomy 29:23–25)",p:154,x:136,y:265,w:390,h:23},
{t:"Te sad lament of the author of the Chronicles is a repeated ",p:154,x:121,y:308,w:454,h:23},
{t:"refrain of the Old Testament:",p:154,x:91,y:335,w:206,h:23},
{t:"Te Lord, the God of their fathers, sent word to them ",p:154,x:136,y:378,w:394,h:23},
{t:"through his messengers again and again, because he ",p:154,x:136,y:405,w:394,h:23},
{t:"had pity on his people and on his dwelling place. But ",p:154,x:136,y:433,w:394,h:23},
{t:"they mocked God’s messengers, despised his words and ",p:154,x:136,y:460,w:394,h:23},
{t:"scofed at his prophets until the wrath of the Lord was ",p:154,x:136,y:488,w:394,h:23},
{t:"aroused against his people and there was no remedy. He ",p:154,x:136,y:515,w:394,h:23},
{t:"brought up against them the king of the Babylonians, ",p:154,x:136,y:543,w:394,h:23},
{t:"who killed their young men with the sword in the ",p:154,x:136,y:570,w:394,h:23},
{t:"sanctuary, and spared neither young man nor young ",p:154,x:136,y:598,w:394,h:23},
{t:"woman, old man or aged. God handed all of them over ",p:154,x:136,y:625,w:394,h:23},
{t:"to Nebuchadnezzar. He carried to Babylon all the ar-",p:154,x:136,y:653,w:390,h:23},
{t:"ticles from the temple of God, both large and small, and ",p:154,x:136,y:680,w:394,h:23},
{t:"the treasures of the Lord’s temple and the treasures of ",p:154,x:136,y:708,w:394,h:23},
{t:"the king and his ofcials. Tey set fre to God’s temple ",p:154,x:136,y:735,w:394,h:23},
{t:"and broke down the wall of Jerusalem; they burned all ",p:154,x:136,y:763,w:394,h:23},
{t:"the palaces and destroyed everything of value there.",p:154,x:136,y:790,w:362,h:23},
{t:"He carried into exile to Babylon the remnant, who ",p:154,x:136,y:818,w:394,h:23},
{t:"escaped from the sword, and they became servants to ",p:154,x:136,y:845,w:394,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:155,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"148",p:155,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"him and his sons until the kingdom of Persia came to ",p:155,x:136,y:100,w:394,h:23},
{t:"power. (2 Chronicles 36:15–20)",p:155,x:136,y:128,w:226,h:23},
{t:"Te period of the exile saw the Jews removed from the land. Te ",p:155,x:121,y:170,w:454,h:23},
{t:"prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and others clearly taught that this ",p:155,x:91,y:198,w:484,h:23},
{t:"exile was due to the people ’s unfaithfulness to the covenant of their ",p:155,x:91,y:225,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God. Te Jews were promised a territory with very clearly defned ",p:155,x:91,y:253,w:484,h:23},
{t:"boundaries; however, the promise of that territory was conditional ",p:155,x:91,y:280,w:484,h:23},
{t:"upon their adherence to a covenant. Tey were to be a people of justice ",p:155,x:91,y:308,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who walked humbly before their God. In so doing, they were ensured ",p:155,x:91,y:335,w:484,h:23},
{t:"enjoyment of the land and its blessings throughout their posterity. ",p:155,x:91,y:363,w:484,h:23},
{t:"One element of many in this covenant is that the Israelites were told ",p:155,x:91,y:390,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to remember that they had once been aliens in a foreign land and ",p:155,x:91,y:418,w:484,h:23},
{t:"therefore they were to treat the aliens among them with equity and ",p:155,x:91,y:445,w:484,h:23},
{t:"justice (Deuteronomy 24:14–22). Te story of Ruth relates how one ",p:155,x:91,y:473,w:484,h:23},
{t:"alien received sustenance by the kind favor of Boaz. Ruth, ethnically of ",p:155,x:91,y:500,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the hated Moabites, became the ancestress of King David.",p:155,x:91,y:528,w:398,h:23},
{t:"Te promise of the land to the descendants of Abraham is an ",p:155,x:121,y:555,w:454,h:23},
{t:"abiding covenant. Deuteronomy 30:1–9 assures that even after ",p:155,x:91,y:583,w:484,h:23},
{t:"disobedience, by obeying the Lord’s voice, God’s people could an-",p:155,x:91,y:610,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ticipate being regathered from the nations and reassembled in their ",p:155,x:91,y:638,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land. Te conditions for occupancy of the land still apply. Israel is ",p:155,x:91,y:665,w:484,h:23},
{t:"under obligation to walk before God in faithfulness to him, exercis-",p:155,x:91,y:693,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing justice and equity and upholding his law in the land. Te Old ",p:155,x:91,y:720,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament never promised the Jews that they would live in the land ",p:155,x:91,y:748,w:484,h:23},
{t:"regardless of their behavior.",p:155,x:91,y:775,w:193,h:23},
{t:"I believe you can see how this element of conditionality casts a new ",p:155,x:121,y:803,w:454,h:23},
{t:"light on our thinking about Israel in the land. If we understand Christ ",p:155,x:91,y:830,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be the fulfllment of the Old Testament promises, and that man, by ",p:155,x:91,y:858,w:484,h:23},
{t:"virtue of his descent from Adam, is unable to uphold the Law apart from ",p:155,x:91,y:885,w:484,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:156,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"149",p:156,x:552,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"new birth in Christ and renewing of the Holy Spirit, we have a dilemma. ",p:156,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Is modern-day Israel fulflling its covenant obligations? Some statistics ",p:156,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"suggest that the majority of Jews in Israel are functional atheists. Tere ",p:156,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are, of course, Jews who are zealous for the Law and wish to uphold it as ",p:156,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their national standard. In both cases, we have a problem. Jesus remains ",p:156,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the fulfllment of the Law. Neither those Jews who totally disregard the ",p:156,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Law nor those who cling to it as the basis for national justice can claim ",p:156,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to live in covenant faithfulness to God.",p:156,x:91,y:293,w:261,h:23},
{t:"Jesus’ Teaching concerning the Land",p:156,x:152,y:347,w:357,h:26},
{t:"Jesus told a Samaritan woman who was eager to worship God ",p:156,x:121,y:392,w:454,h:23},
{t:"on her own holy mountain that “a time is coming when you will ",p:156,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worship the Father neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem” (John ",p:156,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"4:21). Jesus was not here afrming Samaritan worship. In fact, he ",p:156,x:91,y:474,w:484,h:23},
{t:"told the Samaritan woman clearly that the Samaritans were worship-",p:156,x:91,y:502,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ping a God they did not know. He pointed out that salvation is from ",p:156,x:91,y:529,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Jews. However, if Jesus saw this salvation tied to an earthly center ",p:156,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of worship in Jerusalem, his response is bafing. He continued, ",p:156,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“Yet a time is coming and has now come when the true worshipers ",p:156,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"will worship the Father in spirit and truth, for they are the kind of ",p:156,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worshipers the Father seeks. God is spirit, and his worshipers must ",p:156,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worship in spirit and in truth” (vv. 23–24). Jesus emphasized not ",p:156,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"locale but attitude and quality of worship. He derived his view of ",p:156,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worship from the nature of God as spirit. Since God is spirit (non-",p:156,x:91,y:749,w:480,h:23},
{t:"material, omnipresent), his worship must not be contained in one ",p:156,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"locale. Solomon recognized this when he dedicated the original Old ",p:156,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament temple: “But will God really dwell on earth? Te heavens, ",p:156,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"even the highest heaven, cannot contain you. How much less this ",p:156,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"temple I have built!” (1 Kings 8:27). ",p:156,x:91,y:887,w:261,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:157,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"150",p:157,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Te temple was the place where God dwelt among his people. ",p:157,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"It symbolized a people frmly planted in their land and their God ",p:157,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dwelling in their midst to bless and protect them. You remember that ",p:157,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"when David proposed to build a temple in the City of Jerusalem, ",p:157,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God responded that he had never asked for a house to dwell in all the ",p:157,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"years of the wandering of the children of Israel. He had dwelt in a tent ",p:157,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(the tabernacle), and that was sufcient. Te tabernacle was mobile; ",p:157,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it moved with the people of God wherever they went. However, the ",p:157,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Lord also revealed that David’s son would be the builder of a house.",p:157,x:91,y:320,w:478,h:23},
{t:"Trough the teaching of Jesus, we grasp new realities about the ",p:157,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"temple that are consonant with the old realities and yet broader. First, ",p:157,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jesus spoke of his own body as the temple. It was, in efect, to be ",p:157,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"destroyed through death on the cross. But it would not remain so. It ",p:157,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would be raised up in three days (John 2:19–21). Te apostles devel-",p:157,x:91,y:458,w:480,h:23},
{t:"oped this imagery further. All followers of Christ who are baptized into ",p:157,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his death become one with him—part of his body (see Ephesians 1:23; ",p:157,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"4:13; 1 Corinthians 12:27). Tis body of Christ becomes the new ",p:157,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"temple made up of the people of God themselves as his Spirit indwells, ",p:157,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"forming them into a holy temple with Christ as the cornerstone. “You ",p:157,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are no longer foreigners and aliens, but fellow citizens with God’s ",p:157,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people and members of God’s household, built on the foundation ",p:157,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the apostles and prophets, with Christ Jesus himself as the chief ",p:157,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cornerstone. In him the whole building is joined together and rises ",p:157,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to become a holy temple in the Lord. And in him you too are being ",p:157,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"built together to become a dwelling in which God lives by his Spirit” ",p:157,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(Ephesians 2:19–22). Jesus promised his disciples that he would come ",p:157,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to them and that he and his Father would dwell with them. Te Old ",p:157,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament spoke of a covenant in which God would dwell among his ",p:157,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:158,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"151",p:158,x:556,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"people. Te temple was the Old Testament representation of a coming ",p:158,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reality—the dwelling of God among his people.",p:158,x:91,y:128,w:329,h:23},
{t:"In fact, the only prophecy Jesus gave about the temple of his day ",p:158,x:121,y:155,w:454,h:23},
{t:"was that it would be completely and utterly destroyed—a prophecy ",p:158,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that was fulflled when the Roman army sacked Jerusalem in 70 CE, ",p:158,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"less than one generation after the crucifxion. We might notice a little ",p:158,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of our own fascination with the Holy Land and Holy Land artifacts ",p:158,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as we read of the disciples pointing out the massive stones of the ",p:158,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"temple of their day, but their admiration failed to impress Jesus: “I ",p:158,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tell you the truth, not one stone here will be left on another; every ",p:158,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"one will be thrown down” (Matthew 24:2).",p:158,x:91,y:375,w:305,h:23},
{t:"How are we to understand these teachings of Jesus? Do we ",p:158,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:23},
{t:"anticipate that after the outpouring of God’s Spirit on people of all ",p:158,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nations and his dwelling with them in the Spirit, we are now to go ",p:158,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"back to a piece of real estate in the Middle East to receive the “real ",p:158,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"promises”? No, it’s the other way around! Te reality of the promise ",p:158,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was in Christ. In him God comes to dwell among us, making us a ",p:158,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"holy temple.",p:158,x:91,y:568,w:88,h:23},
{t:"As mentioned earlier, we fnd precious little explicit teaching ",p:158,x:121,y:595,w:454,h:23},
{t:"about the land in the New Testament. One reason for this might be ",p:158,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that the Jews were in the Promised Land at that time. Te return from ",p:158,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"exile had taken place several hundred years earlier, and little thought ",p:158,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"needed to be directed to this question that, for us, looms large in the ",p:158,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"light of contemporary events. However, it is instructive to note the ",p:158,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"absence of any indication that Jewish sovereignty over the land was ",p:158,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"somehow related to the mission and ministry of Jesus. For instance, ",p:158,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jesus never overtly condemned the Roman occupation of the land. ",p:158,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He never explicitly tied his mission to the geographic boundaries or ",p:158,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the political aspirations of a Jewish state. Tis is certainly not because ",p:158,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:159,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"152",p:159,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"it was a mute issue in Jesus’ day—far from it! So the silence of the ",p:159,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"New Testament about specifc land promises may be a signifcant ",p:159,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"silence—an indicator that new realities have dawned as the old order ",p:159,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"passed away. Te testimony of the New Testament, while not always ",p:159,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"explicit, is remarkably consistent on issues related to the land and the ",p:159,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"temple that sat upon it.",p:159,x:91,y:238,w:165,h:23},
{t:"Even if the evidence ofered here fails to convince you that the ",p:159,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"land promises need to be understood and applied diferently, perhaps ",p:159,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"it will at least cause you to ask serious questions. If a future return ",p:159,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to the land of Israel was central to the plan of God for later ages, it ",p:159,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would stand to reason that Jesus Christ would have given us a strong ",p:159,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"indication of that fact.",p:159,x:91,y:403,w:158,h:23},
{t:"Doubtless some will counter, “Oh, but he did! Te book of ",p:159,x:121,y:430,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Revelation speaks at length about the restoration of Jerusalem.” ",p:159,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tere is much disagreement over the interpretation of this apocalyp-",p:159,x:91,y:485,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tic book. Jerusalem is mentioned three times in the book—once in ",p:159,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"chapter 3 and twice in chapter 21. In both appearances, Jerusalem ",p:159,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is a city that comes down from heaven to the earth. It is clearly ",p:159,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not the same city found in today’s Middle East. Its dimensions are ",p:159,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"astounding—a city built like a cube, the length, height, and depth ",p:159,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of which are each approximately fourteen hundred miles (about half ",p:159,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the distance across the United States!).",p:159,x:91,y:678,w:270,h:23},
{t:"We must not forget our former discussion about the identity of ",p:159,x:121,y:705,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the Israel of God. If, as I have suggested, Israel has been radically ex-",p:159,x:91,y:733,w:480,h:23},
{t:"panded to include people of all nations, then it would be reasonable ",p:159,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to assume that the promise of inheritance of land would be expanded ",p:159,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in parallel. Te promise of land for the seed of Abraham was never ",p:159,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"abrogated; on the contrary, it has been expanded. Remember that ",p:159,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God did not promise Abraham he would become the father of a ",p:159,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nation but the father of many nations (Genesis 17:4).",p:159,x:91,y:898,w:376,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:160,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"153",p:160,x:553,y:955,w:17,h:16},
{t:"My point is simply this: although Israel as a people has yet to ",p:160,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"acknowledge her Lord and Messiah, God is actively bringing the ",p:160,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nations (both Jews and Gentiles) into the kingdom of Jesus. God is ",p:160,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"building a temple that spans the entire earth. His Spirit’s presence ",p:160,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"among his people carries on his purpose of displaying his glory to ",p:160,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all nations that he began in Old Testament Israel. Is it possible that ",p:160,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our persistent focus on Israel as the Holy Land could in fact divert ",p:160,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our attention from lands and peoples that our Lord is visiting today?",p:160,x:91,y:293,w:480,h:23},
{t:"Tere is no denying, of course, that the incarnation was a ",p:160,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"unique event and that Jesus’ earthly ministry in the land of Israel will ",p:160,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"continue to bequeath to it the fascination of the Christian world. ",p:160,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"However, many well-meaning Christians take their fascination with ",p:160,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jerusalem to an extreme, supposing that God is uniquely present and ",p:160,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"active in the Holy Land. I fnd this to be disturbing in the light of the ",p:160,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"book of Hebrews, which describes a new Holy of Holies—the place ",p:160,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"where Jesus is right now. He has entered into that place with his own ",p:160,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"blood as a sufcient plea for our redemption.",p:160,x:91,y:540,w:318,h:23},
{t:"Resurrection of Shadows",p:160,x:91,y:596,w:223,h:24},
{t:"When the apostles met in Jerusalem to determine if the Gentile ",p:160,x:121,y:632,w:454,h:23},
{t:"believers would need to be circumcised, they lit a fre that is still ",p:160,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"going strong in our day and will not be extinguished. Tey opened ",p:160,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a foodgate for peoples of other cultures to enter the fock of Jesus. ",p:160,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tey removed the old Jewish standards, casting away much of the ",p:160,x:91,y:742,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Old Testament law, by establishing a few clearly recognizable prin-",p:160,x:91,y:769,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ciples of conduct that would sufciently demonstrate a godly life to ",p:160,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the watching world.",p:160,x:91,y:824,w:141,h:23},
{t:"Modern-day missions has coined the term contextualization. It’s ",p:160,x:121,y:852,w:454,h:23},
{t:"a hotly debated umbrella word that asks what cultural and religious ",p:160,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:161,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"154",p:161,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"forms (dress, chanting, worship styles, etc.) can be borrowed from ",p:161,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"other cultures such that the Christian faith is not perceived as a ",p:161,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"foreign entity? What is at stake is removing the garb of our own cul-",p:161,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ture from the faith so that it is embraced on its own terms through ",p:161,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"vehicles of expression understood and accepted in the local setting.",p:161,x:91,y:210,w:470,h:23},
{t:"Peter, James, and the others were essentially approving of Paul’s ",p:161,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"and Barnabas ’s contextualization of the gospel to the Gentiles. Tey ",p:161,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"made a tough decision with plenty of dissenters on the other side. ",p:161,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Still, the apostles made the ruling and set the standard for the church ",p:161,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for the coming centuries.",p:161,x:91,y:348,w:177,h:23},
{t:"Te book of Hebrews was written, it seems, to a group of ",p:161,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Hebrew Christians on the brink of apostasy—leaving their faith ",p:161,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Christ and returning to Judaism. Te writer of Hebrews gives ",p:161,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"some instructive insight pertinent to the whole question of what we ",p:161,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"anticipate will take place in the end-times. He begins by pointing to ",p:161,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ as the radiance of the glory of the invisible God and the exact ",p:161,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"representation of his person. Tis Christ entered a tabernacle, not on ",p:161,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"earth, but in heaven. Te priests of the Old Testament entered the ",p:161,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"earthly tabernacle with the blood of bulls and goats, which could ",p:161,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"never atone for sin (see Hebrews 10:4). Te blood of Jesus Christ, ",p:161,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on the other hand, is of infnite value and sufcient to accomplish ",p:161,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"atonement for sins. Te priests of the Old Testament constructed a ",p:161,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tent made after a pattern shown to Moses on the mountain. It was ",p:161,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a replica, an imitation. In the new covenant we do not come to a ",p:161,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"physical mountain that shook and smoked like Mount Sinai; rather, ",p:161,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we come to Mount Zion, the place of Christ’s dwelling.",p:161,x:91,y:788,w:392,h:23},
{t:"Te argument of the book of Hebrews is that the vast superiority ",p:161,x:121,y:815,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of Christ to the old covenant renders its forms and worship of no ",p:161,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"use. Tat is not to say that they were not worthy types and fgures ",p:161,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:162,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"155",p:162,x:553,y:955,w:17,h:16},
{t:"of what was to come. But the advent of Christ’s kingdom rendered ",p:162,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them obsolete. Te Old Testament tabernacle was but a shadow of ",p:162,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the reality that is in Christ.",p:162,x:91,y:155,w:190,h:23},
{t:"Christian scholars who advocate that the temple will be rebuilt ",p:162,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"after the rapture of the church do not see in it an alternative means of ",p:162,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"salvation. Tey caution against a reestablishment of temple worship ",p:162,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as a way of reconciliation to God. However, much of their theological ",p:162,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nuancing is lost on contemporary temple enthusiasts, who would be ",p:162,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"happy for the reconstruction of the temple in our day as it would, in ",p:162,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their estimation, necessarily point to the impending return of Christ. ",p:162,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"While it is easy to see that the temple could, in fact, be rebuilt be-",p:162,x:91,y:375,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cause Israel holds control over the temple mount, what would be the ",p:162,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"implications for a watching world? What message about the gospel ",p:162,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"would be conveyed if Christians fell in line to support such a project? ",p:162,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"What biblical foundations might we be betraying?",p:162,x:91,y:485,w:353,h:23},
{t:"At the very least, the book of Hebrews suggests to us that Christ ",p:162,x:121,y:513,w:454,h:23},
{t:"has entered a heavenly Holy of Holies while the temple on earth is ",p:162,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"made up of his people, with Christ himself as the cornerstone. His ",p:162,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worship has no earthly center or ethnic base, but all peoples and ",p:162,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"tribes and tongues worship with equal validity. Is popular enthu-",p:162,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"siasm among Christians for the rebuilding of the temple sending ",p:162,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a message that is anti-Christian? Are temple enthusiasts grappling ",p:162,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with the implications of a rebuilt temple and a reinstituted sacrifcial ",p:162,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"system for the Jews and for a watching world?",p:162,x:91,y:733,w:323,h:23},
{t:"Te Jerusalem council depicted in Acts 15 and the book of ",p:162,x:121,y:760,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Hebrews have much in common: they both recognize that the Old ",p:162,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Testament forms served to point forward to Christ. Now that Christ ",p:162,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"has come, an insistence on the worship forms of the Old Testament ",p:162,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(as some in Acts 15 desired) or a return to them (as in Hebrews) is out ",p:162,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the question. It just does not line up with what we know of Christ.",p:162,x:91,y:898,w:478,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:163,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"156",p:163,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"I remember walking with a friend in the beautiful mountains ",p:163,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of northern Morocco. We strolled past a village mosque where, he ",p:163,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"told me, he used to pray. I asked him if he ever had the desire to ",p:163,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"return to the mosque. He smiled at me in disbelief. “How could I ",p:163,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"go back?” he said. “Tere’s nothing there.” In fact, my friend had left ",p:163,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"much of his former identity when he embraced Christ. A return to ",p:163,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the mosque for him would be tantamount to a return to his former ",p:163,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"life, apart from Christ. I suspect that for many, a return to Jewish ",p:163,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worship is not in any way parallel to returning to the mosque. After ",p:163,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all, the temple worship was originally given by God and points to ",p:163,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the reality of Christ. Unlike the prayers in a mosque, the worship in ",p:163,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the tabernacle and temple was a pattern that pointed forward to a ",p:163,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"coming reality. Now that the reality has come, the pattern has simply ",p:163,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lost its usefulness.",p:163,x:91,y:458,w:125,h:23},
{t:"When a seamstress sows an article of clothing, the pattern she ",p:163,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"uses is of great value. It is that pattern that gives shape to the gar-",p:163,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ment. However, once the article of clothing is complete, the pattern ",p:163,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is of no further use. Te pattern has fulflled its purpose and lost ",p:163,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"its purpose at the same time—the garment is complete, ready to be ",p:163,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"worn. Jesus Christ is the garment of which the Old Testament wor-",p:163,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ship was the pattern. Now that the reality has come, the pattern can ",p:163,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"safely be discarded.",p:163,x:91,y:678,w:135,h:23},
{t:"Jesus on Inheriting the Land",p:163,x:91,y:733,w:259,h:24},
{t:"Te Sermon on the Mount has been likened to Jesus’ giving of ",p:163,x:121,y:769,w:454,h:23},
{t:"his law—the constitution of his kingdom. Much like Moses ascended ",p:163,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a mountain and heard from God, Jesus ascended a mount and spoke ",p:163,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from his own authority. It remains the most poignant of all sermons, ",p:163,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and its meaning and depth have yet to be plumbed.",p:163,x:91,y:879,w:364,h:23},
{t:"WHAT'S NExT OR WHAT'S NOW?",p:164,x:337,y:55,w:233,h:16},
{t:"157",p:164,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"In one phrase of that sermon Jesus made the simple assertion, ",p:164,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"“Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth.” Some com-",p:164,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"mentators have pointed out that the language bears a similarity ",p:164,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to Psalm 37:11, ",p:164,x:91,y:183,w:124,h:23},
{t:"“But the meek will inherit the land and enjoy ",p:164,x:219,y:183,w:357,h:23},
{t:"great peace.” Te word used in this Old Testament passage for “the ",p:164,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land” is ha-eretz, the common word associated with the land of ",p:164,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel. Te peace these meek ones are said to enjoy is shalom, an ",p:164,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all-encompassing peace with God that results in peace with one’s ",p:164,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"acquaintances and environment.",p:164,x:91,y:320,w:234,h:23},
{t:"Is Jesus asserting in this passage that the inheritance of the land ",p:164,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"is for the meek, for those who live with an awareness of their fallibil-",p:164,x:91,y:375,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ity and imperfections? Could it be that he is teaching his listeners, ",p:164,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"“You have heard that you will inherit the land because you are of ",p:164,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abraham ’s seed, but I say unto you that those who are meek will ",p:164,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inherit the land”? Many assert that Jesus’ words cannot be taken ",p:164,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"so explicitly, that the beatitude is not intended to enlarge on the ",p:164,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"covenant with Abraham in this way. Perhaps they are right, but I fnd ",p:164,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"this reading of the beatitude to be consonant with the tenor of the ",p:164,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"entire New Testament.",p:164,x:91,y:595,w:159,h:23},
{t:"Te Old Testament promised the land of Israel to the seed of ",p:164,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Abraham; in the New Testament we are told explicitly that the seed ",p:164,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Abraham is Jesus Christ. By faith you and I unite ourselves with ",p:164,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ and become adopted daughters and sons of Abraham with ",p:164,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"full rights to his inheritance. Te land is for the meek—for Christ ",p:164,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and for his people. His promise to his disciples was that he would go ",p:164,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"away and prepare a place for them and then come again and receive ",p:164,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them to himself. Only the meek will inherit this land—the New ",p:164,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jerusalem being prepared for Christ and his people. Te criterion for ",p:164,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"receiving this inheritance is not genealogical, biological, or ethnic. It ",p:164,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is our being “in Christ” by faith, whether Jew or Gentile.",p:164,x:91,y:898,w:401,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:165,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"158",p:165,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:165,x:188,y:100,w:285,h:25},
{t:"In this chapter we have sought answers to two critical questions. ",p:165,x:121,y:160,w:454,h:23},
{t:"First, what is the identity of the people of God—one people or ",p:165,x:91,y:187,w:484,h:23},
{t:"two? Te second question concerns the promise of specifc land to ",p:165,x:91,y:215,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abraham. I have said that the people of God are one people, includ-",p:165,x:91,y:242,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing both Jews and Gentiles, and argued that, by extension, the prom-",p:165,x:91,y:270,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ise of land to Abraham has expanded parallel with the identity of ",p:165,x:91,y:297,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Abraham ’s descendants. Te land is no longer bound by geographical ",p:165,x:91,y:325,w:484,h:23},
{t:"borders but is such that God’s presence can be seen clearly in many ",p:165,x:91,y:352,w:484,h:23},
{t:"places on the earth—wherever his people dwell.",p:165,x:91,y:380,w:336,h:23},
{t:"Tese issues grow out of our reading of Scripture, but they are ",p:165,x:121,y:407,w:454,h:23},
{t:"intimately related to very contemporary concerns. Today the battle ",p:165,x:91,y:435,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rages over the possession of land in the Middle East. If we are pre-",p:165,x:91,y:462,w:480,h:23},
{t:"pared to think clearly and biblically about these issues, we will be ",p:165,x:91,y:490,w:484,h:23},
{t:"much better suited to discern the conficting claims to the land in ",p:165,x:91,y:517,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Middle East. Hopefully, this broadening of our understanding of ",p:165,x:91,y:545,w:484,h:23},
{t:"God’s purposes in the land of the Bible will help us gain fresh vision ",p:165,x:91,y:572,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for all the peoples of the Middle East, all of whom need peace and ",p:165,x:91,y:600,w:484,h:23},
{t:"security. Let us not forget that the pressing need of the entire world is ",p:165,x:91,y:627,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to see the manifestation of the kingdom of Jesus in his people.",p:165,x:91,y:655,w:438,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 8",p:165,x:91,y:710,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Burge, Gary. Whose Land? Whose Promise? Cleveland: Te Pilgrim Press, 2003.",p:165,x:91,y:738,w:475,h:20},
{t:"Chapman, Colin. Whose Promised Land?: Te Continuing Crisis over Israel and ",p:165,x:91,y:765,w:475,h:20},
{t:"Palestine. Oxford: Lion, 2002.",p:165,x:121,y:785,w:183,h:20},
{t:"Grenz, Stanley J. Te Millennial Maze. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, ",p:165,x:91,y:813,w:478,h:20},
{t:"1992.",p:165,x:121,y:833,w:35,h:20},
{t:"159",p:166,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 9",p:166,x:245,y:292,w:173,h:36},
{t:"PERSPECTIVE MAKES ALL ",p:166,x:134,y:395,w:404,h:38},
{t:"THE DIFFERENCE",p:166,x:197,y:440,w:269,h:38},
{t:"After I addressed a men ’s group in a U. S. church about the ",p:166,x:121,y:540,w:454,h:23},
{t:"issue of the Israel of God and our end-times expectations, one of my ",p:166,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"listeners raised his hand and commented, “But these are all second-",p:166,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ary issues. Tey have little to do with the primary issues of salvation ",p:166,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and discipleship.” Yes. It is certainly true that we can hold various ",p:166,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"views on these issues, as they are not foundational to the Christian ",p:166,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"faith. Nevertheless, the stakes are incredibly high.",p:166,x:91,y:705,w:348,h:23},
{t:"Take one example from a recent confict in the Middle East.",p:166,x:121,y:733,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Late in 2006, Hezbollah militants managed to seize two Israeli ",p:166,x:121,y:760,w:454,h:23},
{t:"soldiers. Te Israeli reprisal came swiftly and vigorously. Hezbollah ",p:166,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"insisted on a prisoner exchange. Israel wasn ’t taking that bait and ",p:166,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"launched a ferocious air attack over Lebanon, bombing the country ",p:166,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from head to toe. Meanwhile, Hezbollah fexed its rather anemic ",p:166,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:167,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"160",p:167,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"muscles by launching rockets into Israel. Rockets reached Haifa, an ",p:167,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israeli town on the Mediterranean coast about thirty miles south ",p:167,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Lebanese border. Some Israelis died. Europeans and other ",p:167,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nationalities were clamoring to be repatriated, and a general sense of ",p:167,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"panic hovered over the entire region.",p:167,x:91,y:210,w:258,h:23},
{t:"While some secular commentators criticized Israel for what they ",p:167,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"termed its “disproportionate response,” most of the evangelical com-",p:167,x:91,y:265,w:480,h:23},
{t:"munity in the West frmly supported Israel’s right to retaliate in the ",p:167,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"manner it chose. During the confict I attended a prayer meeting in ",p:167,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"which a well-meaning believer suggested we pray for Israel because ",p:167,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"its very life was being threatened. I did pray for Israel, but I could ",p:167,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not shake of the irony of at least a dozen e-mails from friends in ",p:167,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Lebanon stating that hundreds of Lebanese who had nothing to do ",p:167,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with Hezbollah were dying because of Israeli bombs.",p:167,x:91,y:458,w:370,h:23},
{t:"I think some thoughtful questions are in order. First, if the ",p:167,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"evangelical community persists in ",p:167,x:91,y:513,w:258,h:23},
{t:"its ",p:167,x:356,y:513,w:20,h:23},
{t:"unconditional support of ",p:167,x:382,y:513,w:193,h:23},
{t:"Israel, what message are we sending to a watching world, increas-",p:167,x:91,y:540,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ingly networked by the Internet and satellite communication? Do ",p:167,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians care most about military victory for their political allies ",p:167,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"or the containment of the evils of war? Second, what message are ",p:167,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we sending to the church? Lebanon has the highest percentage of ",p:167,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians of all countries in the Middle East. We would do well to ",p:167,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"consider how those brothers and sisters in Christ come to terms with ",p:167,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our enthusiasm for Israeli bombs falling on their heads.",p:167,x:91,y:733,w:390,h:23},
{t:"Tat ",p:167,x:121,y:760,w:37,h:23},
{t:"is ",p:167,x:164,y:760,w:15,h:23},
{t:"not to suggest for ",p:167,x:186,y:760,w:146,h:23},
{t:"a ",p:167,x:338,y:760,w:11,h:23},
{t:"moment any solidarity with ",p:167,x:356,y:760,w:219,h:23},
{t:"Hezbollah. My point is this: there are missional implications to the ",p:167,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"political afnities of evangelicals. Te stakes are high because the ",p:167,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"church is commissioned to make disciples of the nations. Although ",p:167,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"issues such as Israel and the end-times are secondary, they afect our ",p:167,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:168,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"161",p:168,x:556,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"ability to carry on the mission of Jesus Christ in our world. Tey are ",p:168,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"secondary in terms of doctrinal importance but primary in terms of ",p:168,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"missional impact. Tat’s why a fresh examination of these questions ",p:168,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is critical to our pursuit of fresh vision for the Muslim world.",p:168,x:91,y:183,w:431,h:23},
{t:"In this chapter we look at the historical and political process that ",p:168,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"gave rebirth to the nation of Israel. Once again, I am asking you to ",p:168,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attempt to see the world from a perspective that may seem strange ",p:168,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and unnatural; I appeal to you to read with an open mind and heart.",p:168,x:91,y:293,w:479,h:23},
{t:"Beginnings",p:168,x:276,y:347,w:109,h:26},
{t:"Rome ruled the land of Israel after the destruction of the temple ",p:168,x:121,y:392,w:454,h:23},
{t:"in 70 CE. Constantine’s conversion to Christianity brought the ",p:168,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land of Palestine under the rule of a Christian Roman emperor. Te ",p:168,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"emperor moved his capital to Constantinople, and the land became ",p:168,x:91,y:474,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a province of the Byzantine Empire (the eastern half of the Roman ",p:168,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Empire) until 632 CE.1",p:168,x:91,y:529,w:166,h:23},
{t:"In 637, only fve years after the death of the prophet Muhammad, ",p:168,x:121,y:557,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Arab armies overtook Jerusalem. For the next 450 years, Palestine ",p:168,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was part of the Islamic empire. Although Arabic became the most ",p:168,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"widely spoken language, the people of the area were allowed to retain ",p:168,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their religious views, whether Jewish or Christian. Te Islamic capital ",p:168,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"moved from Mecca to Damascus (661, the Umayyads) to Baghdad ",p:168,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"(750, the Abassids), but the land of Palestine remained under Islamic ",p:168,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rule until 1099. Te Catholic Crusaders invaded Palestine and over-",p:168,x:91,y:749,w:480,h:23},
{t:"took Jerusalem, massacring the Jewish and Christian populations of ",p:168,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that city. Tey held power in Jerusalem for less than one hundred ",p:168,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"years, as the Muslim army of Saladin retook the city in 1187. Te ",p:168,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fnal Crusader stronghold—the port of Acre—fell to the Muslims in ",p:168,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"1291. Te Muslim Ottoman Turks overtook Palestine in 1516 and ",p:168,x:91,y:887,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:169,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"162",p:169,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"held power until 1918, which brings us up to World War I. In sum-",p:169,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"mary, the land that constitutes modern-day Israel has been under ",p:169,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim rule for approximately twelve of the past thirteen centuries.",p:169,x:91,y:155,w:477,h:23},
{t:"Two Perspectives",p:169,x:249,y:209,w:164,h:26},
{t:"Te history of the formation of the state of Israel is a sore point ",p:169,x:121,y:254,w:454,h:23},
{t:"among Muslims of the Arab world. In my estimation it is the focal ",p:169,x:91,y:282,w:484,h:23},
{t:"point of the confict in our day and is likely to remain so for some ",p:169,x:91,y:309,w:484,h:23},
{t:"time. We want to peer into the typical Muslim impression about ",p:169,x:91,y:337,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the establishment of Israel. However, before we do that, it will be ",p:169,x:91,y:364,w:484,h:23},
{t:"instructive to identify our own impression of the formation of that ",p:169,x:91,y:392,w:484,h:23},
{t:"state. What is our reading of the historical conditions that brought ",p:169,x:91,y:419,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the state of Israel into being?",p:169,x:91,y:447,w:202,h:23},
{t:"In my attempt to describe our reading of history, I will gen-",p:169,x:121,y:474,w:449,h:23},
{t:"eralize, of necessity. You may not agree with every aspect of this ",p:169,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"description, although I think you will recognize at least the broad ",p:169,x:91,y:529,w:484,h:23},
{t:"contours of this reading of the events. In presenting the following ",p:169,x:91,y:557,w:484,h:23},
{t:"two views of events, my intention is not to sanction or approve either ",p:169,x:91,y:584,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of them. I merely wish to help us recognize that two vastly diferent ",p:169,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"readings of history are being promoted. Let’s consider frst what we ",p:169,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"may recognize as a Western Christian perspective.",p:169,x:91,y:667,w:350,h:23},
{t:"A Western Christian Perspective",p:169,x:91,y:722,w:289,h:24},
{t:"Te modern-day establishment of the state of Israel came about ",p:169,x:121,y:758,w:454,h:23},
{t:"as a fulfllment of divine destiny, bequeathed to the people of Israel ",p:169,x:91,y:786,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by God through their father Abraham. Although the Jews had been ",p:169,x:91,y:813,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dispersed and regathered to their own land numerous times through-",p:169,x:91,y:841,w:480,h:23},
{t:"out history, the fnal regathering of the Jews in our day is perhaps the ",p:169,x:91,y:868,w:484,h:23},
{t:"most remarkable of all.",p:169,x:91,y:896,w:162,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:170,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"163",p:170,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Teir land had lain desolate for centuries after many wars had ",p:170,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"brought about great destruction in Israel. Te Jews themselves had ",p:170,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been subject to recurrent persecutions in the lands to which they had ",p:170,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"been scattered in the Diaspora. Tey were a people without a home-",p:170,x:91,y:183,w:480,h:23},
{t:"land, struggling to maintain their own religious identity in a world ",p:170,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"often bent on their destruction. But their homeland awaited them. ",p:170,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"After the atrocities of World War II and the infamous concentration ",p:170,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"camps that ruthlessly exterminated six million Jews, it was clear that ",p:170,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Jews needed their own homeland. Tis was recognized by the ",p:170,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"leaders of Europe, and a homeland was proclaimed in the historic ",p:170,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"habitation of the Jews—the land of Israel.",p:170,x:91,y:375,w:295,h:23},
{t:"Te reestablishment of the Israeli state brought an immediate ",p:170,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:23},
{t:"reaction from the enemies of Israel. Rather than allow Israel to return ",p:170,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to its God-given heritage, Arab Islamic states surrounding Israel ",p:170,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"proclaimed an immediate war on the new nation. Surely the newly ",p:170,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"established state would fall to its enemies, which so vastly outnum-",p:170,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"bered it. Would this be the end of the dream of the Jews to return to ",p:170,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the land of Zion? Amazingly, the Arab states did not prevail. Israel ",p:170,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"won its frst war against its foes, the Arabs. Te signs were clear to ",p:170,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"all who were willing to read them: Israel was being reestablished by ",p:170,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"direct favor of God.",p:170,x:91,y:650,w:140,h:23},
{t:"Some of the original occupants sold their land to the new Jewish ",p:170,x:121,y:678,w:454,h:23},
{t:"arrivals. Others left voluntarily when Arab regimes informed them ",p:170,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that a war was about to take place. Tey fed in order to save their ",p:170,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lives from the aggression of Arab armies. Rather than choose to live ",p:170,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"peaceably under the Israeli government, the Palestinian Arabs began ",p:170,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to mobilize acts of war against Israel, amassing around her borders to ",p:170,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attack her villages and towns.",p:170,x:91,y:843,w:206,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:171,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"164",p:171,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Te enemies of Israel were not about to lose face. Tese guerrilla ",p:171,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"warriors had foregone the scruples of military conscience. Tey at-",p:171,x:91,y:128,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tacked innocent people and killed unarmed civilians. Calling them-",p:171,x:91,y:155,w:480,h:23},
{t:"selves fedayeen (redeemers), they were obsessed with the destruction ",p:171,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Israel. Tese warriors adopted a mind-set of terror. Gradually they ",p:171,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"collected funding and recruits from outside of Israel. Tey organized ",p:171,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"themselves, over the years, into militant Islamic groups such as ",p:171,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hamas, Fatah, and Hezbollah. Tese groups continue to be a thorn ",p:171,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in Israel’s side and must be resisted steadfastly if Israel is to ofer ",p:171,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"peace and security to its new and old settlements in the land.",p:171,x:91,y:348,w:429,h:23},
{t:"In 1967 the enemies of Israel were again strategizing against it. ",p:171,x:121,y:375,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Egypt, Syria, and Jordan conspired to attack; however, Israel pre-",p:171,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"empted their attack, destroying their air power before it ever got of ",p:171,x:91,y:430,w:482,h:23},
{t:"the ground. Amazingly, this war was won in one day. A few ground ",p:171,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"battles ensued, which Israel won handily within the span of a week. ",p:171,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Tis amazing turn of events has come to be known as the Six-Day ",p:171,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"War. In it Israel demonstrated its complete military mastery over its ",p:171,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arab enemies. For those willing to admit it, the Six-Day War was ",p:171,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"proof positive of a divine seal of approval on the state of Israel.",p:171,x:91,y:595,w:441,h:23},
{t:"During this war Israel made tremendous progress in reclaiming ",p:171,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"its ancient territory. It annexed the West Bank, including the City ",p:171,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Jerusalem, and took over the Golan Heights, creating a security ",p:171,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bufer zone between Israel and Syria. Finally, Israel took the Gaza ",p:171,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Strip and the Sinai Peninsula as well. Not only were the Arab armies ",p:171,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"defeated soundly, but Israel was well on its way to inheriting the ",p:171,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"entire land given to it by God as part of a solemn covenant.",p:171,x:91,y:788,w:419,h:23},
{t:"In 1973, under the leadership of Anwar Sadat, Egypt once ",p:171,x:121,y:815,w:454,h:23},
{t:"again attacked Israel. Although caught of guard, the Israeli army ",p:171,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"regrouped and fended of the Egyptian advance. Te Camp David ",p:171,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:172,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"165",p:172,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Accords brought together Shimon Peres and Anwar Sadat and gave ",p:172,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Sinai Peninsula back to Egypt. In exchange Egypt recognized ",p:172,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel as a country. Egypt was the frst Arab nation to recognize Israel ",p:172,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and begin a formal diplomatic relationship. Te reaction of the rest ",p:172,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Arab world was swift and predictable. Tey ousted Egypt from ",p:172,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Arab League! No country that recognized Israel would be al-",p:172,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lowed. Egypt would have to go it alone!",p:172,x:91,y:265,w:280,h:23},
{t:"Since the Camp David Summit, Israel continues to be plagued ",p:172,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"by militant Muslim groups. Yasser Arafat led the Palestine Liberation ",p:172,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Organization until his death. His implication in terrorist activities ",p:172,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is obvious even to the most casual observer. Te Intifada (often ",p:172,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"translated ",p:172,x:91,y:403,w:73,h:23},
{t:"“uprising” but closer in meaning to ",p:172,x:169,y:403,w:273,h:23},
{t:"“shaking of”) of ",p:172,x:446,y:403,w:129,h:23},
{t:"Palestinians within the state of Israel underlines just how intransigent ",p:172,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Arabs can be. Palestinian youths resort to throwing stones to irritate ",p:172,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Israeli military and upset the delicate balance of power in Israel. ",p:172,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"In recent years a new phenomenon of suicide bombing has come to ",p:172,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the fore. Buses, restaurants, and other public venues have become the ",p:172,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"targets of desperate killers who are willing to die themselves for the ",p:172,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"gratifcation of killing a few Jews.",p:172,x:91,y:595,w:235,h:23},
{t:"Resistance from the outside continues through armed militant ",p:172,x:121,y:623,w:454,h:23},
{t:"groups like Hamas and Hezbollah. Tese groups have signifcant ",p:172,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"arms stashes and receive funding from like-minded states such as ",p:172,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Iran and Syria, which would like nothing better than to wipe Israel ",p:172,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the map. Teir proclivity toward terror-inspiring attacks against ",p:172,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel is not unlike the Scud missiles launched by Saddam Hussein ",p:172,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in his desperation to infict some harm on Israel during Gulf War I. ",p:172,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim nations are fxated on Israel’s destruction.",p:172,x:91,y:815,w:350,h:23},
{t:"Te only acceptable ",p:172,x:121,y:843,w:156,h:23},
{t:"response to such unrestrained aggres-",p:172,x:284,y:843,w:286,h:23},
{t:"sion against Israel is to support Israel in its God-given destiny of ",p:172,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:173,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"166",p:173,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"occupying its ancient land. Western powers must stand frmly behind ",p:173,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their ally, refusing to allow Israel to be eliminated by its enemies. In ",p:173,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fact, God’s ancient promise still stands: “For whoever touches you ",p:173,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"touches the apple of his eye—I will surely raise my hand against ",p:173,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them” (Zechariah 2:8–9).",p:173,x:91,y:210,w:180,h:23},
{t:"A Muslim Perspective",p:173,x:91,y:266,w:194,h:24},
{t:"If the last section contained very few surprises for you, be ",p:173,x:121,y:302,w:454,h:23},
{t:"prepared to be shocked as you read what follows. If you fnd this ",p:173,x:91,y:329,w:484,h:23},
{t:"perspective distressing, keep reading, and remember—I am not out ",p:173,x:91,y:357,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to condone this view but to listen carefully to what Arab Muslims ",p:173,x:91,y:384,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are saying. Readers who are sympathetic with this view may be ",p:173,x:91,y:412,w:484,h:23},
{t:"uncomfortable with some of the generalizations. Remember that I ",p:173,x:91,y:439,w:484,h:23},
{t:"am attempting to present the broad lines of how the establishment ",p:173,x:91,y:467,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the state of Israel is viewed in the Arab world. It is impossible to ",p:173,x:91,y:494,w:484,h:23},
{t:"agree on every detail.",p:173,x:91,y:522,w:148,h:23},
{t:"Te Western world wasted no time in its attempts to overrun ",p:173,x:121,y:549,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Islamic territory. In the aftermath of World War II, when the Islamic ",p:173,x:91,y:577,w:484,h:23},
{t:"countries were being carved up and placed under the care of Western ",p:173,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"powers, a blow was struck right to the heart of Islamic heritage. Tey ",p:173,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cut out a portion of the Muslim heartland and gave it to Jews from ",p:173,x:91,y:659,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Europe in order to assuage their guilty conscience of their own war ",p:173,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"crimes against them. Tey all said this was a “land without a people ",p:173,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for a people without a land.”",p:173,x:91,y:742,w:202,h:23},
{t:"Nothing could possibly be further from the truth. Te Arab ",p:173,x:121,y:769,w:454,h:23},
{t:"peoples of Palestine had cared for the land and passed it down from ",p:173,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"generation to generation for hundreds of years. Te Palestinians ",p:173,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were a hardworking agricultural people with ancient traditions that ",p:173,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"bound them in tight family and tribal units. Tey worked the land, ",p:173,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:174,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"167",p:174,x:552,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"becoming expert farmers who raised fgs, olives, and many other ",p:174,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"kinds of produce. Many also kept livestock. In this ancient land, ",p:174,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christians, Jews, and Muslims lived side by side, sharing their farm ",p:174,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"produce and caring for one another in times of distress. Church, ",p:174,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"mosque, and synagogue existed together in Palestinian villages. To be ",p:174,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sure, they had never developed an industrial economy like their new ",p:174,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Zionist invaders. Tey were left helpless in the face of their invaders.",p:174,x:91,y:265,w:479,h:23},
{t:"For whole villages and towns of Palestinians, there was very ",p:174,x:121,y:293,w:454,h:23},
{t:"little warning. Tey were simply told by the occupying power to ",p:174,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"leave their homelands temporarily in order to protect their families ",p:174,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and loved ones. Tey were also assured that those lands would be ",p:174,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"returned to them in the following weeks. Tey left their farms and ",p:174,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"villages in the hands of the European invaders bearing machine guns, ",p:174,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and many have not returned to this day. Although they have ap-",p:174,x:91,y:458,w:480,h:23},
{t:"pealed numerous times within Israel and outside Israel, their villages ",p:174,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have been destroyed by the hundreds. Tey made their way into the ",p:174,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"surrounding Arab countries—Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and the Gaza ",p:174,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Strip, where many continue to live in refugee camps. Teir numbers ",p:174,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have swelled through successive wars until today there are 5.5 mil-",p:174,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lion Palestinian refugees inside and outside Israel. Despite United ",p:174,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Nations resolutions declaring that Israel should give back the land it ",p:174,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"occupied after the 1967 war, Israel remains resolute in confscating ",p:174,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land through military occupation.",p:174,x:91,y:705,w:240,h:23},
{t:"But the pride of the Palestinians would not die so easily. If the ",p:174,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"world would take no notice of their plight, they would raise their own ",p:174,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"resistance. Many of their young men began to volunteer as freedom ",p:174,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fghters. Tey would no longer allow the Zionist occupier to destroy ",p:174,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their farms and villages. Rather, they would fght, to the death if ",p:174,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"need be. Armed with an Islamic heritage of jihad, Palestinians slowly ",p:174,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:175,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"168",p:175,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"began to efect damage on those who had cast them out of their ",p:175,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"homeland. Forces outside Israel joined with those Palestinians who ",p:175,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"remained inside, many of whom were forced to take menial jobs ",p:175,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"caring for lands that had passed from the hands of their fathers into ",p:175,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the powerful hands of the Zionists. Te Intifada and the Palestinian ",p:175,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"resistance from outside the country made common cause of reassert-",p:175,x:91,y:238,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ing the identity of a proud people, despite its near decimation at the ",p:175,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hands of the Zionists.",p:175,x:91,y:293,w:153,h:23},
{t:"Te world sat by and watched while Israeli tanks, helicop-",p:175,x:121,y:320,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ters, and planes continued to annihilate the Palestinians. When ",p:175,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Palestinians threw stones, Israelis brought in tanks. Israel still denies ",p:175,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the Palestinians—the original occupants of the land—the right to re-",p:175,x:91,y:403,w:480,h:23},
{t:"turn. Not only that, Israel has had a hand in massacring Palestinians ",p:175,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inside their camps, such as happened at Shabra and Shatilla in the ",p:175,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"early 1980s in Lebanon. It was all done in a very calculated way ",p:175,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"such that Israel could claim it was not responsible, but it was Israeli ",p:175,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"guards who stood guard at the camp while the massacre took place. ",p:175,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Furthermore, if Palestinians attack their occupiers, Israel merely ",p:175,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fnds some Palestinian town or village and starts bombing its houses. ",p:175,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"All of this is portrayed in the West as Israel’s self-defense against the ",p:175,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"terrorist Palestinians. Of course, Jews control the media and use ",p:175,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"them as a vehicle of Zionist propaganda.",p:175,x:91,y:678,w:286,h:23},
{t:"Each successive armed confict with the Jews has allowed them ",p:175,x:121,y:705,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to expand their occupation. How is it that the United Nations passed ",p:175,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"resolutions calling Israel to withdraw to its borders before the 1967 ",p:175,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"war, and yet the world sits idly while Israel continually grabs more ",p:175,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and more land away from the Palestinians? Te gigantic eight-meter-",p:175,x:91,y:815,w:480,h:23},
{t:"high wall that they have built through the land splits orchards in ",p:175,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"two, separates towns, drives a wedge between family members, and ",p:175,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:176,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"169",p:176,x:552,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"makes jobs and lands inaccessible. Te border around the West Bank ",p:176,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is about 350 miles. However, Israel, in its attempt to confscate the ",p:176,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land of the West Bank, has built a wall over 600 miles long, taking in ",p:176,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"huge tracts of West Bank land and making much of the West Bank ",p:176,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"inaccessible to Palestinians. Can ’t anyone see that this is a perver-",p:176,x:91,y:210,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sion of justice? Can ’t the Palestinian people at least work on their ",p:176,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"farms and visit uncles, aunts, and cousins who live in various towns ",p:176,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"throughout the land?",p:176,x:91,y:293,w:149,h:23},
{t:"Te West applauded Israel for returning the Gaza Strip. What a ",p:176,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"farce! Tey imprisoned the Palestinian people! Tey sealed the bor-",p:176,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ders and hold control of the seaports, efectively terminating the only ",p:176,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"viable industry the Gazans had—fshing. Tere are no jobs. Gaza ",p:176,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is hopelessly overcrowded. Te people are starving. Te babies are ",p:176,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"dying of diseases. Men have lost their dignity. Of course, Palestinians ",p:176,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"struck back with missiles and detained two Israeli soldiers. But what ",p:176,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"about the hundreds of Palestinian young men who sit in Israeli ",p:176,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"prisons? Won ’t someone listen?",p:176,x:91,y:540,w:217,h:23},
{t:"Why does the world continue to turn a blind eye as powerful ",p:176,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"Israel builds its settlements in areas that belong to Palestinians ac-",p:176,x:91,y:595,w:480,h:23},
{t:"cording to international law and specifc United Nations resolutions? ",p:176,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te Fourth Geneva Convention, Article 49 (1949) declares: “Te ",p:176,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civil-",p:176,x:91,y:678,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ian population into the territory it occupies.”2 Also, UN Resolution ",p:176,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"452 “calls upon the Government and people of Israel to cease, on ",p:176,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"an urgent basis, the establishment, construction and planning of ",p:176,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"settlements in the Arab territories occupied since 1967, including ",p:176,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jerusalem.”3 But the occupied West Bank is dotted with Israeli settle-",p:176,x:91,y:815,w:479,h:23},
{t:"ments and crisscrossed by roads that serve those settlements.",p:176,x:91,y:843,w:424,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:177,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"170",p:177,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"Te only superpower in the world, the United States, continues ",p:177,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"to provide unqualifed support to Israel in its crimes against the ",p:177,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Palestinians. If the UN passes a resolution against Israel, the United ",p:177,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"States is sure to veto it. Tey think that Israel was given to the Jews ",p:177,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by God. How can the United States seriously believe that Israelis ",p:177,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"should own this land because they lived on it thousands of years ago? ",p:177,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"We, the Muslim people, have been the recent occupants of this land. ",p:177,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"We have a right to this land. Although we don ’t have America on our ",p:177,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"side, Allah is on our side, and right will prevail!",p:177,x:91,y:320,w:332,h:23},
{t:"A Fresh Look at Reality",p:177,x:216,y:374,w:230,h:26},
{t:"Both of the perspectives above are precisely that—perspectives ",p:177,x:121,y:419,w:454,h:23},
{t:"on the events. While living in the Middle East, I was constantly ",p:177,x:91,y:447,w:484,h:23},
{t:"amazed at the chasm between the Middle Eastern Muslim per-",p:177,x:91,y:474,w:480,h:23},
{t:"spective and the Western perspective on contemporary events. ",p:177,x:91,y:502,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Obviously, the perspectives fow out of the worldview and presup-",p:177,x:91,y:529,w:480,h:23},
{t:"positions of each side.",p:177,x:91,y:557,w:158,h:23},
{t:"I am not an advocate of relativism. I do not believe that both ",p:177,x:121,y:584,w:454,h:23},
{t:"sides are right. I believe that Jesus Christ, who described himself by ",p:177,x:91,y:612,w:484,h:23},
{t:"saying, “I am the truth,” will be the ultimate arbiter of right and ",p:177,x:91,y:639,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wrong. His truth is not merely a personal truth that efects piety; ",p:177,x:91,y:667,w:484,h:23},
{t:"his truth is also a societal truth that efects justice and righteousness. ",p:177,x:91,y:694,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christ’s truth will restore the downtrodden and mend the broken. ",p:177,x:91,y:722,w:484,h:23},
{t:"He will supply justice to the oppressed and provide security for those ",p:177,x:91,y:749,w:484,h:23},
{t:"who are threatened. I believe that as Christ-followers our perspective ",p:177,x:91,y:777,w:484,h:23},
{t:"on the Muslim world and particularly on the issue of Palestine and ",p:177,x:91,y:804,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel should be refective of Christ’s truth. His truth will separate the ",p:177,x:91,y:832,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wheat from the chaf—penetrating contradictory truth claims and ",p:177,x:91,y:859,w:484,h:23},
{t:"exposing false elements. ",p:177,x:91,y:887,w:172,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:178,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"171",p:178,x:556,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"Christ-followers must take a fresh look at the facts as best we can ",p:178,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"ascertain them. We should listen to both sides. Both perspectives (as ",p:178,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"well as the whole spectrum of perspectives between the two) will need ",p:178,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to be run through a grid well informed by Scripture and the teaching ",p:178,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Christ in order to discern the right course of action. Obviously, ",p:178,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"there are certain givens in the discussion—points of agreement that ",p:178,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"are nonnegotiables. Te killing of innocent civilian noncombatants ",p:178,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"cannot be tolerated. Te suicide bombings of militant groups can be ",p:178,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"viewed only as abhorrent and must be condemned in the strongest ",p:178,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"possible way; it is self-destruction that is also ",p:178,x:91,y:348,w:341,h:23},
{t:"“other-destruction” ",p:178,x:435,y:348,w:140,h:23},
{t:"(murder) and can never refect the high purposes of God for his ",p:178,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"creation. Te senseless taking of Palestinian lives must be decried and ",p:178,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"rejected. An informed Christian worldview insists on the sacredness ",p:178,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of life, whether Palestinian or Israeli.",p:178,x:91,y:458,w:258,h:23},
{t:"Beyond these givens, as we examine the historical events more ",p:178,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"closely, we may be forced to acknowledge that some of our conclu-",p:178,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sions have been in error. Tat is a welcome process and one we ",p:178,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"should not fear. Changing some of our views may not, in the end, ",p:178,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"entail a complete reversal of position. It will, I believe, allow us to ",p:178,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"become more impartial judges and thereby more helpful peacemak-",p:178,x:91,y:623,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ers in a situation in desperate need of peacemaking. Ultimately, this ",p:178,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"process is absolutely essential to preserving the missional nature of ",p:178,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"evangelicalism among the Muslim and Jewish peoples of the world.",p:178,x:91,y:705,w:474,h:23},
{t:"Consider some areas that have not received adequate attention ",p:178,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"in our Western understanding of the Israeli-Palestinian confict.",p:178,x:91,y:760,w:448,h:23},
{t:"The Problem of Palestinian Displacement",p:178,x:91,y:816,w:378,h:24},
{t:"Granted, Jews have sufered unspeakable atrocities due to anti-",p:178,x:121,y:852,w:450,h:23},
{t:"Semitism. Nazism was the climactic expression of hostility toward ",p:178,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:179,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"172",p:179,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"the Jews, but other forms existed throughout the Western world. ",p:179,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Even in our own day, neo-Nazi movements are proclaiming the ",p:179,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"superiority of the Aryan race and the necessity of ridding our society ",p:179,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of the Semitic scourge. Such a despicable evil must be recognized ",p:179,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"for what it is. Te formation of the state of Israel was an attempt to ",p:179,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"redress some of these injustices. Nevertheless, the attempt to resettle ",p:179,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a Jewish people in their ancient homeland has been accompanied by ",p:179,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a displacement of its long-term occupants, the Palestinian people.",p:179,x:91,y:293,w:462,h:23},
{t:"My father-in-law was the proud owner of a thirty-acre farm on ",p:179,x:121,y:320,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the outskirts of a rapidly growing city in the southern United States. ",p:179,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"After marrying his daughter, I became privy to his perpetual struggle ",p:179,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to keep the land he owned. As his thirty acres were annexed by the ",p:179,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"city, taxes tripled in one year. Te political maneuvering that took ",p:179,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"place in order for the city to annex the outlying farm communities ",p:179,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"left landowners like my father-in-law in a vulnerable position. He ",p:179,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"could not aford to pay the taxes. Te farm would have to be sold, ",p:179,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"which was, of course, the intention of the city planners.",p:179,x:91,y:540,w:392,h:23},
{t:"A wealthy land developer purchased the property and built as ",p:179,x:121,y:568,w:454,h:23},
{t:"many as four or fve houses on each acre of land. Te whole process ",p:179,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"had the feel of injustice, but it was an unstoppable process—one that ",p:179,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"my father-in-law accepted, albeit unwillingly. At least he received ",p:179,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"some compensation for his land.",p:179,x:91,y:678,w:229,h:23},
{t:"In our suburban society we may have forgotten the immense ",p:179,x:121,y:705,w:454,h:23},
{t:"value farmers attach to land. Palestinians relied heavily on their ",p:179,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"land for their livelihood—their crops, their focks, housing for their ",p:179,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"families, etc. Teir primary currency was their land. Elias Chacour, a ",p:179,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Palestinian Christian and archbishop of Galilee of the Melkite Greek ",p:179,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Catholic Church, recounts the story of how his family and his entire ",p:179,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"village of Biram were forced from their land in northern Israel. In the ",p:179,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:180,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"173",p:180,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"1940s, shortly after World War II, the residents of Biram were told ",p:180,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they would need to host a group of European Jewish soldiers who ",p:180,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were coming through their area. Although they were anxious about ",p:180,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hosting soldiers in their village, they prepared for their arrival and ",p:180,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"expected that the ordeal would quickly pass.",p:180,x:91,y:210,w:311,h:23},
{t:"In a short time, the villagers were informed that they would ",p:180,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"need to leave their village in the care of the soldiers for a few weeks. ",p:180,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te villagers made their way into the felds and groves surrounding ",p:180,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Biram. Teir exile continued for many weeks as protests and requests ",p:180,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to return to their homes were denied again and again. Te citizens of ",p:180,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Biram fnally received word from the central Israeli government that ",p:180,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they could return to their village. As they strode across the Galilean ",p:180,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"hills in festive procession on Christmas Day to reoccupy their village, ",p:180,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"they were stunned by what they saw. Biram was surrounded by tanks ",p:180,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and bulldozers. Te soldiers opened fre, not on the former residents ",p:180,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Biram, but on their buildings. Teir churches, school, and homes ",p:180,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were destroyed and left in shambles, never again to be occupied.4",p:180,x:91,y:540,w:457,h:23},
{t:"Some would dare to assert that the story of Palestinian displace-",p:180,x:121,y:568,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ment from homes, jobs, schools, mosques, and churches is an efort ",p:180,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of anti-Semite propaganda. Admittedly, it is difcult to fnd a fair ",p:180,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"court of appeal, for the facts and statistics can be manipulated. ",p:180,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Gary Burge, noted Wheaton College professor of New Testament, ",p:180,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"asserts: “Since 1948, 531 Arab villages have been either destroyed ",p:180,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by bulldozers or occupied by Israeli residents despite UN resolutions ",p:180,x:91,y:733,w:484,h:23},
{t:"calling for the rightful return of these homes and lands to their Arab ",p:180,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"owners. According to UN records in June 1999, about 3.6 million ",p:180,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Palestinian refugees are the victims of Israel’s nationhood.”5",p:180,x:91,y:815,w:416,h:23},
{t:"In 1947 a decision of the UN to partition the land into two parts ",p:180,x:121,y:843,w:454,h:23},
{t:"awarded 55 percent of the land to Israeli Jews, who had owned only ",p:180,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:181,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"174",p:181,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"7 percent of the land until that time and composed approximately ",p:181,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"30 percent of the population. By the end of the war in 1948, Israel ",p:181,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"occupied 78 percent of the land, far more than the original UN ",p:181,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"partition mandated. Te renaming of towns, villages, and landmarks ",p:181,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"added insult to injury. To Palestinians, it seemed that their very ",p:181,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"culture was being negated.",p:181,x:91,y:238,w:186,h:23},
{t:"Te Palestinian displacement that began with a massive upheaval ",p:181,x:121,y:265,w:454,h:23},
{t:"in 1948 has continued since that time. Te 1967 war (the Six-Day ",p:181,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"War) enabled Israel to occupy the remaining 22 percent of the land. ",p:181,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Te continual establishment of Israeli settlements in Palestinian ter-",p:181,x:91,y:348,w:480,h:23},
{t:"ritories has been an irritant to Arabs inside and outside of Israel:",p:181,x:91,y:375,w:452,h:23},
{t:"On January 26, 1999, more than a hundred Israeli soldiers ",p:181,x:121,y:410,w:424,h:23},
{t:"accompanied by bulldozers arrived at the village of Isawiyeh ",p:181,x:121,y:438,w:424,h:23},
{t:"on the outskirts of East Jerusalem. In this village the ",p:181,x:121,y:465,w:424,h:23},
{t:"fourteen-member Awais family had outgrown their home ",p:181,x:121,y:493,w:424,h:23},
{t:"and had built a four-room house on their own property. ",p:181,x:121,y:520,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Tey were refused a building permit by Israel—as so often ",p:181,x:121,y:548,w:424,h:23},
{t:"happens in these villages—so that the family would leave. ",p:181,x:121,y:575,w:424,h:23},
{t:"But on this Tuesday, bulldozers arrived and began demolish-",p:181,x:121,y:603,w:419,h:23},
{t:"ing their new home. About a hundred local people gathered ",p:181,x:121,y:630,w:424,h:23},
{t:"and started to throw stones. Soon the army used batons to ",p:181,x:121,y:658,w:424,h:23},
{t:"suppress them. Next the troops shot rubber-coated metal ",p:181,x:121,y:685,w:424,h:23},
{t:"bullets at close range and killed Zaki Ubayd, the twenty-",p:181,x:121,y:713,w:419,h:23},
{t:"eight-year-old father. Te troops then left quickly, leaving ",p:181,x:121,y:740,w:424,h:23},
{t:"the children in shock and tears, standing in the midst of ",p:181,x:121,y:768,w:424,h:23},
{t:"rubble and death.”6",p:181,x:121,y:795,w:136,h:23},
{t:"A report of Amnesty International states that 16,700 Palestinians ",p:181,x:121,y:838,w:454,h:23},
{t:"(including 7,300 children) in East Jerusalem and the West Bank were ",p:181,x:91,y:865,w:484,h:23},
{t:"displaced as over 2,650 homes were demolished. In East Jerusalem ",p:181,x:91,y:893,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:182,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"175",p:182,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"over 10,000 Palestinian homes, fully one-third of the Arab popula-",p:182,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"tion of the city, are threatened by demolition orders.7",p:182,x:91,y:128,w:374,h:23},
{t:"One of the issues standing in the way of any settlement be-",p:182,x:121,y:155,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tween the Palestinians and Israelis is the Palestinian insistence on ",p:182,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the right of refugees to return to their homes. Israel refused to allow ",p:182,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"such a return, insisting that it would be a demographic suicide on ",p:182,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"its part. Palestinians, on the other hand, insist that they should be ",p:182,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"allowed to return to their homeland and occupy the homes that are ",p:182,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"legitimately theirs.",p:182,x:91,y:320,w:133,h:23},
{t:"Te original Balfour Declaration issued in 1917 by Lord Balfour ",p:182,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"of the British government declares: “His majesty’s Government view ",p:182,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the ",p:182,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Jewish people, . . . it being clearly understood that nothing shall be ",p:182,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing ",p:182,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political ",p:182,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.”8 Unfortunately, such ",p:182,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"apparent goodwill toward other ethnic and religious groups has ",p:182,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"not always been apparent in the Zionist agenda. Menachem Begin ",p:182,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and his Likud party’s ascent to power gave further impetus to the ",p:182,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"annexation of Palestinian land. Begin advocated an “iron wall” of ",p:182,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israeli domination, while strengthening ties with leaders of American ",p:182,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"evangelicals.9 It is still too early to claim that historians have reached ",p:182,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a consensus, but some historians are pointing out a disturbing trend ",p:182,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to purge the land of Israel of its original occupants.10",p:182,x:91,y:733,w:371,h:23},
{t:"In recent months, the construction of a security wall has further ",p:182,x:121,y:760,w:454,h:23},
{t:"hardened resentment among Palestinians. Te wall is an impenetrable ",p:182,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"barrier prohibiting the free fow of trafc between Palestinian areas. ",p:182,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"In certain areas the wall separates family members. Brothers and ",p:182,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sisters fnd themselves with no hope of seeing each other, separated ",p:182,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:183,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"176",p:183,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"by an eight-meter-high edifce running between their homes. Many ",p:183,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Palestinians have lost their jobs by the construction of the wall. ",p:183,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Teachers cannot get to their schools. Students are fenced out of their ",p:183,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"universities. Towns are divided. Perhaps the worst efect of the wall ",p:183,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is that it annexes more Palestinian land. Vineyards, orchards, and ",p:183,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"grazing lands formerly belonging to Palestinians are now behind the ",p:183,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"wall and under Israeli control. In desperation, Palestinians watch. ",p:183,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hatred and revenge grow to a fever pitch. Te result is the intractable ",p:183,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"situation we see today in Israel and Palestine.",p:183,x:91,y:320,w:317,h:23},
{t:"In no way do I wish to validate or justify terrorist activities and ",p:183,x:121,y:348,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the slaying of innocent Israelis by enraged Palestinians. My concern ",p:183,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is simply that both sides of the story be told. Aggression against ",p:183,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"innocent Israeli civilians cannot be tolerated, but neither can aggres-",p:183,x:91,y:430,w:480,h:23},
{t:"sion against innocent Palestinians. Proverbs 18:17 urges us to hear ",p:183,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"both sides of a story before making a judgment.",p:183,x:91,y:485,w:336,h:23},
{t:"Abuse of the Innocent",p:183,x:91,y:541,w:199,h:24},
{t:"Te undeniable reality is that war creates an environment where ",p:183,x:121,y:577,w:454,h:23},
{t:"oppression and abuse are likely to proliferate. In the chaos of Israel’s ",p:183,x:91,y:604,w:484,h:23},
{t:"confict with Palestinian Arabs, there has been much abuse of power. ",p:183,x:91,y:632,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Its efects cannot be erased overnight, nor can its presence be can-",p:183,x:91,y:659,w:480,h:23},
{t:"celed out by the murderous attempts of Palestinians to take Israeli ",p:183,x:91,y:687,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lives. Te evil must be exposed. Te balm must be applied for healing ",p:183,x:91,y:714,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to take place.",p:183,x:91,y:742,w:93,h:23},
{t:"Perhaps no other media image has received such wide publicity ",p:183,x:121,y:769,w:454,h:23},
{t:"as the killing of Muhammad al-Dura and his father, Jamaal, during a ",p:183,x:91,y:797,w:484,h:23},
{t:"battle between Palestinian militants and the Israeli forces. Te video ",p:183,x:91,y:824,w:484,h:23},
{t:"graphically portrayed a father frantically begging the combatants to ",p:183,x:91,y:852,w:484,h:23},
{t:"stop shooting so that he and his son could pass through to safety. ",p:183,x:91,y:879,w:484,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:184,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"177",p:184,x:552,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Tere was no cessation of fre. Te father tried valiantly to cover his ",p:184,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"son ’s frail body so as to protect him from the rain of bullets, but to ",p:184,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no avail. Te father took the frst hit while his little boy looked on ",p:184,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in horror. It wasn ’t long until his little life ebbed away as a result of ",p:184,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"a gunshot wound.",p:184,x:91,y:210,w:127,h:23},
{t:"In an amazing show of insensitivity, both sides have sought to ",p:184,x:121,y:238,w:454,h:23},
{t:"prove their innocence. Israelis have defended their role in the inci-",p:184,x:91,y:265,w:480,h:23},
{t:"dent by saying that Palestinian fre killed the pair. Palestinians have ",p:184,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"pointed the accusing fnger at Israelis. Te Arab world was enraged ",p:184,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by the graphic photos that depicted a scene painfully commonplace ",p:184,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"in the confict—the death of the innocent.",p:184,x:91,y:375,w:300,h:23},
{t:"Elias Chacour relates how he stumbled on a mass grave in Gish ",p:184,x:121,y:403,w:454,h:23},
{t:"after his family had relocated there from his original village. As was ",p:184,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the habit of the young men of Palestine, Elias played soccer with his ",p:184,x:91,y:458,w:484,h:23},
{t:"companions. While chasing a stray ball beyond their dustbin feld, ",p:184,x:91,y:485,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Elias caught a glance of a rather strange looking “twig” protruding ",p:184,x:91,y:513,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from the ground. As he pulled it up, he found it to be a human fnger, ",p:184,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attached to a human hand, arm, and body. Two dozen residents of ",p:184,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Gish had been shot and buried in a shallow grave. Te discovery of ",p:184,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the bodies would be a constant reminder to young Elias to work for ",p:184,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"peace in his homeland.11",p:184,x:91,y:650,w:172,h:23},
{t:"Te death toll in the two Intifadas and continued confict be-",p:184,x:121,y:678,w:449,h:23},
{t:"tween Israel and the Palestinians has risen to over four thousand. ",p:184,x:91,y:705,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees have never been al-",p:184,x:91,y:733,w:480,h:23},
{t:"lowed to return to their towns and villages. By order of Israeli courts, ",p:184,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"4,170 Palestinian homes have been demolished, while no Israeli ",p:184,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"homes have been demolished; one Israeli prisoner is being held, ",p:184,x:91,y:815,w:484,h:23},
{t:"while 9,599 Palestinian prisoners are held; 4,126 Palestinians have ",p:184,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"lost their lives, as opposed to 1,084 Israelis; over 30,000 Palestinians ",p:184,x:91,y:870,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:185,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"178",p:185,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"injured and 7,000 Israelis. Te U.S. government gives $15,139,178 ",p:185,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"per day to the Israeli government and military, while Palestinian ",p:185,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"nongovernmental organizations receive $232,290.12 U.S. aid to ",p:185,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Israel totals over fve billion dollars per year.13",p:185,x:91,y:183,w:319,h:23},
{t:"Statistics like these can be abused. However, it is doubtful that ",p:185,x:121,y:210,w:454,h:23},
{t:"members of the highly touted Israeli military would skew the facts in ",p:185,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"favor of the Palestinian aggressors. Te following is a letter submitted ",p:185,x:91,y:265,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by reserve combat ofcers of the Israeli Defense Forces:",p:185,x:91,y:293,w:388,h:23},
{t:"We, reserve combat ofcers and soldiers of the Israel ",p:185,x:136,y:335,w:409,h:22},
{t:"Defense Forces, who were raised upon the principles of ",p:185,x:121,y:363,w:424,h:23},
{t:"Zionism, self-sacrifce and giving to the people of Israel and ",p:185,x:121,y:390,w:424,h:23},
{t:"to the State of Israel, who have always served in the front ",p:185,x:121,y:418,w:424,h:23},
{t:"lines, and who were the frst to carry out any mission in ",p:185,x:121,y:445,w:424,h:23},
{t:"order to protect the State of Israel and strengthen it.",p:185,x:121,y:473,w:367,h:23},
{t:"We, combat ofcers and soldiers who have served the ",p:185,x:136,y:500,w:409,h:23},
{t:"State of Israel for long weeks every year, in spite of the dear ",p:185,x:121,y:528,w:424,h:23},
{t:"cost to our personal lives, have been on reserve duty in ",p:185,x:121,y:555,w:424,h:23},
{t:"the Occupied Territories, and were issued commands and ",p:185,x:121,y:583,w:424,h:23},
{t:"directives that had nothing to do with the security of our ",p:185,x:121,y:610,w:424,h:23},
{t:"country, and that had the sole purpose of perpetuating our ",p:185,x:121,y:638,w:424,h:23},
{t:"control over the Palestinian people.",p:185,x:121,y:665,w:248,h:23},
{t:"We, whose eyes have seen the bloody toll this Occupation ",p:185,x:136,y:693,w:409,h:23},
{t:"exacts from both sides,",p:185,x:121,y:720,w:160,h:23},
{t:"We, who sensed how the commands issued to us in the ",p:185,x:136,y:748,w:409,h:23},
{t:"Occupied Territories destroy all the values that we were ",p:185,x:121,y:775,w:424,h:23},
{t:"raised upon,",p:185,x:121,y:803,w:87,h:23},
{t:"We, who understand now that the price of Occupation is ",p:185,x:136,y:830,w:409,h:23},
{t:"the loss of IDF’s human character and the corruption of the ",p:185,x:121,y:858,w:424,h:23},
{t:"entire Israeli society,",p:185,x:121,y:885,w:142,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:186,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"179",p:186,x:552,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"We, who know that the Territories are not a part of Israel, ",p:186,x:136,y:100,w:409,h:23},
{t:"and that all settlements are bound to be evacuated,",p:186,x:121,y:128,w:358,h:23},
{t:"We hereby declare that we shall not continue to fght this ",p:186,x:136,y:155,w:409,h:23},
{t:"War of the Settlements.",p:186,x:121,y:183,w:166,h:23},
{t:"We shall not continue to fght beyond the 1967 borders in ",p:186,x:136,y:210,w:409,h:23},
{t:"order to dominate, expel, starve and humiliate an entire people.",p:186,x:121,y:238,w:419,h:23},
{t:"We hereby declare that we shall continue serving the Israel ",p:186,x:136,y:265,w:409,h:23},
{t:"Defense Force in any mission that serves Israel’s defense.",p:186,x:121,y:293,w:396,h:23},
{t:"Te missions of occupation and oppression do not serve this ",p:186,x:121,y:320,w:424,h:23},
{t:"purpose—and we shall take no part in them.14",p:186,x:121,y:348,w:326,h:23},
{t:"I have been accosted many times in the Arab world and interro-",p:186,x:121,y:390,w:449,h:23},
{t:"gated as to why my country persistently vetoes UN resolutions that ",p:186,x:91,y:418,w:484,h:23},
{t:"uphold the Palestinian cause. Frankly, I was surprised to discover this ",p:186,x:91,y:445,w:484,h:23},
{t:"reality. Between 1972 and 2002, the United States vetoed approxi-",p:186,x:91,y:473,w:480,h:23},
{t:"mately forty UN resolutions upholding the rights of Palestinians.15 It ",p:186,x:91,y:500,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is not difcult to detect the pattern. But one must ask why.",p:186,x:91,y:528,w:417,h:23},
{t:"Tere was a time in Israel’s history when injustice was rife. Te ",p:186,x:121,y:555,w:454,h:23},
{t:"oppressed were not given just judgments. Aliens and foreigners in ",p:186,x:91,y:583,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the land were not meted out justice. Merchants abused consumers ",p:186,x:91,y:610,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by using false weights and balances. Others based their injustices on ",p:186,x:91,y:638,w:484,h:23},
{t:"false visions and dreams. When these things took place, God raised ",p:186,x:91,y:665,w:484,h:23},
{t:"up prophets who warned his people to abandon their abuses and to ",p:186,x:91,y:693,w:484,h:23},
{t:"walk humbly with their God. He used other nations to discipline his ",p:186,x:91,y:720,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people and even used the Israelites to be a testimony of his grace to ",p:186,x:91,y:748,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the nations where he carried them into exile.",p:186,x:91,y:775,w:315,h:23},
{t:"I am, to be honest, bafed. Te more I investigate the injustices ",p:186,x:121,y:803,w:454,h:23},
{t:"that have led to a perpetual cycle of violence in the Muslim world, ",p:186,x:91,y:830,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the more I fnd my own people are implicated. It is not difcult ",p:186,x:91,y:858,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to trace the direct link between American evangelicals and Israel. ",p:186,x:91,y:885,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:187,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"180",p:187,x:91,y:955,w:20,h:16},
{t:"Admittedly, it is not only evangelical Christians who strongly sup-",p:187,x:91,y:100,w:480,h:23},
{t:"port Israeli policies; there is also a strong Jewish lobby in our land ",p:187,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that wields great power. Nevertheless, the presence of evangelicals ",p:187,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"exerts its infuence on every decision and every policy. Tough we ",p:187,x:91,y:183,w:484,h:23},
{t:"might decry the afliation of American Christianity with injustices ",p:187,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"perpetrated throughout the world, it can no longer be denied.",p:187,x:91,y:238,w:436,h:23},
{t:" SEEKiNG FRESH viSiON ",p:187,x:188,y:299,w:285,h:25},
{t:"You and I are part of a global village. Our decisions and our ",p:187,x:121,y:359,w:454,h:23},
{t:"ballots have implications in this increasingly interconnected world. ",p:187,x:91,y:387,w:484,h:23},
{t:"If we close our eyes to the plight of the oppressed, we become guilty. ",p:187,x:91,y:414,w:484,h:23},
{t:"If we ignore the pleas of the bleeding victim of violence, how can ",p:187,x:91,y:442,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we claim to follow a crucifed Messiah? Should not Christians, of all ",p:187,x:91,y:469,w:484,h:23},
{t:"people, be listening intently to the sufering people of the world? Has ",p:187,x:91,y:497,w:484,h:23},
{t:"our doctrine of the end-times upended Christian compassion? Are ",p:187,x:91,y:524,w:484,h:23},
{t:"we so obsessed with the borders of a Middle East state that we have ",p:187,x:91,y:552,w:484,h:23},
{t:"done away with the kingdom of God?",p:187,x:91,y:579,w:267,h:23},
{t:"One missiologist ",p:187,x:121,y:607,w:129,h:23},
{t:"I ",p:187,x:257,y:607,w:10,h:23},
{t:"know has stated emphatically that the ",p:187,x:274,y:607,w:302,h:23},
{t:"Palestinian issue is a ",p:187,x:91,y:634,w:153,h:23},
{t:"“missiological emergency.” Does unequivocal ",p:187,x:247,y:634,w:328,h:23},
{t:"support of Israel’s actions uphold the teachings of Christ and his ",p:187,x:91,y:662,w:484,h:23},
{t:"apostles, or is it merely a refection of an immature end-times frenzy? ",p:187,x:91,y:689,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Have Christians become so eager for the comfort of heaven that we ",p:187,x:91,y:717,w:484,h:23},
{t:"no longer hear the cries of Lazarus outside our gate? Are we right ",p:187,x:91,y:744,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to infer from passages in the Old Testament that we must uphold ",p:187,x:91,y:772,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the policies of the Israeli state no matter what? Should not these ",p:187,x:91,y:799,w:484,h:23},
{t:"policies be examined in the light of solid biblical criteria such as ",p:187,x:91,y:827,w:484,h:23},
{t:"justice, equality, charity, and the sanctity of human life? Is there no ",p:187,x:91,y:854,w:484,h:23},
{t:"fresh vision for a displaced people?",p:187,x:91,y:882,w:243,h:23},
{t:"PERSPECTivE MAKES ALL THE DiFFERENCE",p:188,x:287,y:55,w:284,h:16},
{t:"181",p:188,x:555,y:955,w:15,h:16},
{t:"Some will, no doubt, respond, “Yes, but Islamic militancy cannot ",p:188,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"be tolerated.” Te objection is a fair one. Tat’s why we must look ",p:188,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"at the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism in the next chapter.",p:188,x:91,y:155,w:473,h:23},
{t:"Additional Resources for Chapter 9",p:188,x:91,y:210,w:240,h:20},
{t:"Alatar, Muhammad. Te Iron Wall. Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees: ",p:188,x:91,y:238,w:483,h:20},
{t:"2006. Tis is a documentary concerning the efects of the Israeli security ",p:188,x:121,y:258,w:445,h:20},
{t:"fence on Palestinians.",p:188,x:121,y:278,w:130,h:20},
{t:"Ruether, Rosemary Radford, and Herman J. Ruether. Te Wrath of Jonah: ",p:188,x:91,y:306,w:450,h:20},
{t:"Te Crisis of Religious Nationalism in the Israeli-Palestinian Confict. ",p:188,x:121,y:326,w:409,h:19},
{t:"Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2002.",p:188,x:121,y:346,w:209,h:20},
{t:"PART IV",p:189,x:313,y:438,w:258,h:86},
{t:"A REALiTY CHECK",p:189,x:277,y:524,w:293,h:43},
{t:"Te Bible presents to us a complex worldview. While human be-",p:189,x:121,y:628,w:449,h:23},
{t:"ings bear the image of God, they are nonetheless radically alienated ",p:189,x:91,y:655,w:484,h:23},
{t:"from him. We humans are capable of great acts marked by nobility ",p:189,x:91,y:683,w:484,h:23},
{t:"and dignity, and at the same time we are capable of destroying our-",p:189,x:91,y:710,w:480,h:23},
{t:"selves and others with unimaginable ferocity. Tis ironic complexity ",p:189,x:91,y:738,w:484,h:23},
{t:"holds true of all human beings everywhere. When encountering the ",p:189,x:91,y:765,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim world, we should not be surprised to fnd a world marked ",p:189,x:91,y:793,w:484,h:23},
{t:"by the good qualities of hospitality and magnanimity as well as the ",p:189,x:91,y:820,w:484,h:23},
{t:"evil qualities of religious fanaticism and despotism, as is true in the ",p:189,x:91,y:848,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Western world. Fresh vision for the Muslim world must not naively ",p:189,x:91,y:875,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:190,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"184",p:190,x:91,y:955,w:19,h:16},
{t:"assume that it is welcome in all quarters of that world. In fact, it will ",p:190,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"encounter great resistance, as Jesus himself predicted of his servants.",p:190,x:91,y:128,w:478,h:23},
{t:"185",p:191,x:553,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"CHAPTER 10",p:191,x:238,y:292,w:185,h:36},
{t:"REFORMATION À LA ISLAM",p:191,x:115,y:395,w:432,h:38},
{t:"In the aftermath of 9/11, political and religious leaders expended ",p:191,x:121,y:495,w:454,h:23},
{t:"much efort to absorb the massive anger being unleashed toward ",p:191,x:91,y:523,w:484,h:23},
{t:"radical Islam.",p:191,x:91,y:550,w:94,h:23},
{t:"Political leaders in the United States and Britain went to great ",p:191,x:121,y:578,w:454,h:23},
{t:"pains to state that Islam is a “religion of peace.” Moderate Islamic ",p:191,x:91,y:605,w:484,h:23},
{t:"clerics were called upon to explain the mysterious actions of the ",p:191,x:91,y:633,w:484,h:23},
{t:"9/11 hijackers. When asked why young Muslims engaged in blatant ",p:191,x:91,y:660,w:484,h:23},
{t:"terrorist activity against innocent people, some clerics resorted to ",p:191,x:91,y:688,w:484,h:23},
{t:"denying that the perpetrators were Muslims. Even if the terrorists ",p:191,x:91,y:715,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were Muslims, some clerics maintained, they were sorely deceived, as ",p:191,x:91,y:743,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Islam is a religion that respects all beliefs and does not force others ",p:191,x:91,y:770,w:484,h:23},
{t:"to embrace its tenets.",p:191,x:91,y:798,w:149,h:23},
{t:"A famous Qur’anic injunction, “Tere is no compulsion in ",p:191,x:121,y:825,w:454,h:23},
{t:"religion” (2:256), constantly came to the attention of the Western ",p:191,x:91,y:853,w:484,h:23},
{t:"world. Many were led to believe that the word Islam means “peace.” ",p:191,x:91,y:880,w:484,h:23},
{t:"FRESH viSiON for the MUSLiM WORLD",p:192,x:88,y:55,w:256,h:16},
{t:"186",p:192,x:91,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"It does not, although it is derived from the same root as the Arabic ",p:192,x:91,y:100,w:484,h:23},
{t:"word for peace. Te word means “submission.” A Muslim, therefore, ",p:192,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"is a “submitted one.”",p:192,x:91,y:155,w:146,h:23},
{t:"In an attempt to provide a frame of reference for the actions of ",p:192,x:121,y:183,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the radicals, Westerners were reminded that there are radical fringes ",p:192,x:91,y:210,w:484,h:23},
{t:"of Christianity as well. As an example, the actions of the Ku Klux ",p:192,x:91,y:238,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Klan in the early twentieth century are abhorrent to Christians to-",p:192,x:91,y:265,w:480,h:23},
{t:"day. Yet the KKK adopted the cross as its symbol and invoked many ",p:192,x:91,y:293,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Christian principles in the propagation of its philosophy. Were not ",p:192,x:91,y:320,w:484,h:23},
{t:"the young radicals of Islam a parallel to the KKK? Although they ",p:192,x:91,y:348,w:484,h:23},
{t:"invoked religion as the cause of their violence, they were, in fact, ",p:192,x:91,y:375,w:484,h:23},
{t:"estranged from the true practice of Islam. It would follow that just ",p:192,x:91,y:403,w:484,h:23},
{t:"as Christians are incensed by the actions of racial bigots, so Muslims ",p:192,x:91,y:430,w:484,h:23},
{t:"were outraged by the actions of these radical fringes of their religion.",p:192,x:91,y:458,w:479,h:23},
{t:"In the minds of most thinking people, the analogy rang hollow. ",p:192,x:121,y:485,w:454,h:23},
{t:"First, there was the fact that many Muslims throughout the world af-",p:192,x:91,y:513,w:480,h:23},
{t:"frmed the religious sincerity of the 9/11 hijackers and even embraced ",p:192,x:91,y:540,w:484,h:23},
{t:"their mission as Allah ’s divine retribution on the United States. I ",p:192,x:91,y:568,w:484,h:23},
{t:"have already made reference to this fact and tried to come to terms ",p:192,x:91,y:595,w:484,h:23},
{t:"with it as a stumbling attempt to resurrect a power-deprived Islamic ",p:192,x:91,y:623,w:484,h:23},
{t:"empire. Nevertheless, the mufed celebrations expressed around the ",p:192,x:91,y:650,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Muslim world betrayed the lie that the work of the young hijackers ",p:192,x:91,y:678,w:484,h:23},
{t:"was merely a radical fringe element of Islam.",p:192,x:91,y:705,w:313,h:23},
{t:"Second, the confession of the 9/11 hijackers confrmed their ",p:192,x:121,y:733,w:454,h:23},
{t:"complete loyalty to Islam as the primary motivation for their action. ",p:192,x:91,y:760,w:484,h:23},
{t:"Teir association with al Qaeda and Usama bin Laden ’s relentless ",p:192,x:91,y:788,w:484,h:23},
{t:"appeal to the Qur’an sealed the verdict. Te young men were con-",p:192,x:91,y:815,w:480,h:23},
{t:"vinced they were giving their lives in jihad in the way of Allah. Teir ",p:192,x:91,y:843,w:484,h:23},
{t:"sacrifce would be rewarded in paradise!",p:192,x:91,y:870,w:279,h:23},
{t:"REFORMATiON Á LA iSLAM",p:193,x:388,y:55,w:183,h:16},
{t:"187",p:193,x:552,y:955,w:18,h:16},
{t:"Whether the young men who carried out the attacks represented ",p:193,x:121,y:100,w:454,h:23},
{t:"the beliefs of Islam is a question that remains open. What is clear is ",p:193,x:91,y:128,w:484,h:23},
{t:"that they perceived themselves to be following the tenets of Islam in ",p:193,x:91,y:155,w:484,h:23},
{t:"attacking one of the most tenacious enemies of their religion—the